/*========================== begin_copyright_notice ============================

Copyright (C) 2017-2024 Intel Corporation

SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

============================= end_copyright_notice ===========================*/

//
/// GenXCoalescing
/// --------------
///
/// The LLVM target independent code generator, used by most backends, has a
/// coalescing pass that runs after de-SSA of the machine IR and two-address
/// handling, and attempts to remove the added copies by coalescing values. It
/// also attempts to coalesce a value with a hardreg that it is copied to/from.
///
/// This GenX coalescing and copy insertion pass is a bit different, in that
/// it runs on LLVM IR, which must remain in SSA, and it attempts to coalesce
/// values to try and avoid adding the copy in the first place. In any phi node
/// or two address op where it fails to coalesce, it inserts a copy (and
/// coalesces the result of the copy into the result of the phi node or
/// two address op).
///
/// There are three different kinds of coalescing. Copy coalescing is done
/// first, then the other two are done together.
///
/// 1. Copy coalescing.
///
///    Generally there are no copy instructions in SSA, but we
///    can treat a bitcast as a copy (the operand and result can live in the
///    same register aliased in different registers), and an extractvalue is
///    treated as a copy to be coalesced, and the "inserted value" operand
///    and the corresponding element(s) of the result in an insertvalue are
///    treated as a copy to be coalesced.
///
///    Copy coalescing represents two values that are known to be identical
///    occupying the same register at the same time, thus it is possible even
///    if the two values interfere (are live at the same point). Because we
///    handle copy coalescing before any other kind of coalescing, it usually
///    succeeds.
///
///    This only works because we do copy coalescing first, so we know that
///    neither value that we want to copy coalesce has already undergone normal
///    or phi coalescing.
///
///    However there is a case when copy coalescing between two live ranges
///    LR1 and LR2 (each of which is possibly already copy coalesced) cannot be
///    allowed: when LR2 loops round and has a phi use in the same basic block
///    as a phi definition in LR1, where the phi use of LR2 is after the phi
///    definition of LR1. This can happen because LLVM IR does not attach any
///    meaning to the order of phi nodes, but the GenX backend does with its
///    instruction numbering.
///
///    This constraint on copy coalescing is embodied in the concept of
///    "copy-interference". The two live ranges LR1 and LR2 copy-interfere,
///    meaning they cannot be copy coalesced, if LR1 has a phi definition,
///    one of whose numbers is within LR2's live range.
///
/// 2. Normal coalescing
///
///    This arises where we have a two-address operation, that is, it has an
///    operand that needs to be in the same register as the result, because the
///    instruction represents a partial write operation. The main example of
///    this is wrregion, but there are also some shared function intrinsics
///    that need this.
///
///    Here, we gather all the possible coalesces (including the phi ones),
///    together with an estimate of the cost of failing to coalesce (due to
///    needing to insert a copy), and then sort them in cost order and process
///    them.
///
///    This kind of coalescing is possible only if the two live ranges do not
///    interfere. If coalescing fails, we need to insert a copy just before
///    the instruction, creating a new value with a very short live range
///    that can trivially be coalesced with the result of the original
///    instruction.
///
///    Some subkinds of normal coalescing are:
///
///    2a. call arg pre-copy
///
///        A call arg needs to be coalesced with or copied to the corresponding
///        function arg.
///
///        Unlike most other kinds of coalescing, if coalescing fails, the copy
///        insertion is delayed until later, so we can ensure that the copies
///        are in the same order as the args, as the live ranges were computed
///        on that basis.
///
///        Normally, call arg pre-copy coalescing occurs, like other normal
///        coalescing, if the two live ranges do not interfere. If this fails,
///        we can still do *call arg special coalescing* (CASC) of call arg A
///        and function arg B as long as both of the following are true:
///
///         i. B has not been normal coalesced into anything (which would be
///            in the subroutine or some other subroutine it calls), except
///            that B is allowed to be call arg pre-copy coalesced;
///
///        ii. For any other call site where the corresponding call arg is not
///            A, A does not interfere with it.
///
///        Call arg special coalescing allows call arg A and function arg B to
///        be in the same register, even if A is used after the call, as long
///        as that register is not already being used for a different value
///        in the subroutine, and as long as a different value for the call
///        arg is not used at a different call site where A is live.
///
///        **Note**: Call arg special coalescing is disabled, because it broke
///        a test and I never got round to investigating why. I don't even know
///        if it would be beneficial any more, given more recent changes to
///        liveness and coalescing.
///
///    2b. ret value pre-copy
///
///        At a ReturnInst, the return value operand needs to be coalesced with
///        or copied to the unified return value for the function. This is
///        handled mostly the same as a normal coalesce.
///
///    2c. ret value post-copy
///
///        After a CallInst for a subroutine call, the unified return value
///        needs to be coalesced with or copied to the result of the call. On
///        failure, the copy insertion is delayed until later.
///
/// 3. Phi coalescing
///
///    This is how we "de-SSA" the code. A phi incoming wants to coalesce with
///    the result of the phi node.
///
///    Again, this kind of coalescing is possible only if the two live ranges
///    do not interfere. (A phi incoming can never interfere with its phi
///    result, but earlier coalescing could make them now interfere.) If
///    coalescing fails, we need to insert a copy at the end of the incoming
///    predecessor basic block. In fact we defer the copy insertion from failed
///    phi coalescing to the end, because we need to make sure the inserted
///    copies are in the same order as the phi nodes, as that is the basis on
///    which the live ranges were constructed.
///
///    After phi coalescing, the LLVM IR is still in SSA form, but the phi
///    coalescing, and the copies inserted where phi coalescing failed, mean
///    that it is trivial to transform into non-SSA vISA code: generate code for
///    the phi copies, and ignore the phi nodes themselves because they are
///    completely coalesced.
///
/// Kernel argument copying
/// ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
///
/// The kernel argument offsets (i.e. where kernel arguments appear in the GRF
/// on entry to the kernel) are set in a very early pass just after Clang
/// codegen. This sets offsets and packs holes in a way that is specific to the
/// language being compiled and its contract with its runtime.
///
/// However, when we get here, we may find that a live range that contains a
/// kernel argument has an alignment requirement that the offset from
/// earlier does not comply with.
///
/// So an extra function of this pass, after doing the coalescing, is to spot
/// this case, where a kernel argument has an offset that is not aligned enough,
/// and insert an extra copy at the start of the function.
///
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "FunctionGroup.h"
#include "GenX.h"
#include "GenXBaling.h"
#include "GenXGotoJoin.h"
#include "GenXIntrinsics.h"
#include "GenXLiveness.h"
#include "GenXModule.h"
#include "GenXNumbering.h"
#include "GenXSubtarget.h"
#include "GenXTargetMachine.h"
#include "GenXUtil.h"
#include "GenXVisitor.h"

#include "vc/Support/GenXDiagnostic.h"
#include "vc/Utils/GenX/GlobalVariable.h"
#include "vc/Utils/GenX/KernelInfo.h"
#include "vc/Utils/GenX/RegCategory.h"

#include "Probe/Assertion.h"
#include "llvmWrapper/IR/InstrTypes.h"
#include "llvmWrapper/IR/Instructions.h"

#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetPassConfig.h"
#include "llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugInfo.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DiagnosticInfo.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DiagnosticPrinter.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <map>
#include <vector>

#define DEBUG_TYPE "GENX_COALESCING"

using namespace llvm;
using namespace genx;

static cl::opt<unsigned> GenXShowCoalesceFailThreshold("genx-show-coalesce-fail-threshold", cl::init(UINT_MAX), cl::Hidden,
                                      cl::desc("GenX size threshold (bytes) for showing coalesce fails."));
static cl::opt<bool> GenXCoalescingLessCopies(
    "genx-coalescing-less-copies", cl::init(true), cl::Hidden,
    cl::desc(
        "GenX Coalescing will try to emit less copies on coalescing failures"));

STATISTIC(NumCoalescingCandidates, "Number of coalescing candidates");
STATISTIC(NumInsertedCopies, "Number of inserted copies");

namespace {

  // Candidate : description of a coalescing candidate
  struct Candidate {
    genx::SimpleValue Dest;
    Use *UseInDest;
    unsigned SourceIndex;
    unsigned Priority;
    Candidate(SimpleValue Dest, Use *UseInDest, unsigned SourceIndex,
              unsigned Priority)
        : Dest(Dest), UseInDest(UseInDest), SourceIndex(SourceIndex),
          Priority(Priority) {}
    bool operator<(const Candidate &C2) const { return Priority > C2.Priority; }
  };

  struct PhiCopy {
    PHINode *Phi;
    unsigned IncomingIdx;
    PhiCopy(PHINode *Phi, unsigned IncomingIdx)
        : Phi(Phi), IncomingIdx(IncomingIdx) {}
  };

  enum CopyType { PHICOPY, PHICOPY_BRANCHING_JP, TWOADDRCOPY };

  struct CopyData {
    SimpleValue Dest;
    SimpleValue Source;
    Use *UseInDest;
    Instruction *InsertPoint;
    CopyType CopyT;
    unsigned DestPos;
    unsigned Serial;
    CopyData(SimpleValue Dest, SimpleValue Source, Use *UseInDest,
             Instruction *InsertPoint, CopyType CopyT, unsigned DestPos,
             unsigned Serial)
        : Dest(Dest), Source(Source), UseInDest(UseInDest),
          InsertPoint(InsertPoint), CopyT(CopyT), DestPos(DestPos),
          Serial(Serial) {}
    bool operator<(const CopyData &CD2) const {
      if (DestPos != CD2.DestPos)
        return DestPos < CD2.DestPos;
      return Serial < CD2.Serial;
    }
  };

  // Copies for values for live range
  struct CopiesForLRData {
    MapVector<SimpleValue, std::set<CopyData>> CopiesPerValue;
    void insertData(Value *SourceVal, CopyData &CD) {
      SimpleValue SourceSV(SourceVal, CD.Source.getIndex());
      CopiesPerValue[SourceSV].insert(CD);
    }
  };

  // Copies for all live ranges
  // Note that SourceVal can differ from CD.Source due to
  // CopyCoalescing (bitcasts between different types one register).
  struct SortedCopies {
    MapVector<LiveRange *, CopiesForLRData> CopiesPerLR;
    void insertData(LiveRange *LR, Value *SourceVal, CopyData &CD) {
      CopiesPerLR[LR].insertData(SourceVal, CD);
    }
  };

  // GenX coalescing pass
  class GenXCoalescing : public FGPassImplInterface,
                         public IDMixin<GenXCoalescing>,
                         public GenXVisitor<GenXCoalescing> {
  private:
    const DataLayout *DL = nullptr;
    const GenXSubtarget *ST = nullptr;
    GenXBaling *Baling = nullptr;
    GenXLiveness *Liveness = nullptr;
    GenXNumbering *Numbering = nullptr;
    DominatorTreeGroupWrapperPass *DTWrapper = nullptr;
    LoopInfoGroupWrapperPass *LIWrapper = nullptr;

    std::vector<Candidate> CopyCandidates;
    std::vector<Candidate> NormalCandidates;
    std::vector<CallInst*> Callables;
    std::vector<CopyData> ToCopy;
    std::map<SimpleValue, Value*> CallToRetVal;
    std::unordered_map<Instruction *, Value *> CopyCoalesced;

  public:
    explicit GenXCoalescing() {}
    static StringRef getPassName() {
      return "GenX coalescing and copy insertion";
    }
    static void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) {
      AU.addRequired<GenXLiveness>();
      AU.addRequired<GenXGroupBaling>();
      AU.addRequired<GenXGroupLiveElementsWrapper>();
      AU.addRequired<GenXNumbering>();
      AU.addRequired<DominatorTreeGroupWrapperPassWrapper>();
      AU.addRequired<LoopInfoGroupWrapperPass>();
      AU.addRequired<TargetPassConfig>();
      AU.addPreserved<DominatorTreeGroupWrapperPass>();
      AU.addPreserved<LoopInfoGroupWrapperPass>();
      AU.addPreserved<GenXGroupBaling>();
      AU.addPreserved<GenXLiveness>();
      AU.addPreserved<GenXModule>();
      AU.addPreserved<GenXNumbering>();
      AU.addPreserved<FunctionGroupAnalysis>();
      AU.setPreservesCFG();
    }
    bool runOnFunctionGroup(FunctionGroup &FG) override;

    void visitPHINode(PHINode &Phi);
    void visitCallInst(CallInst &CI);
    void visitGenXIntrinsicInst(GenXIntrinsicInst &II);
    void visitInternalIntrinsicInst(InternalIntrinsicInst &II);
    void visitCastInst(CastInst &CI);
    void visitExtractValueInst(ExtractValueInst &EVI);
    void visitInsertValueInst(InsertValueInst &IVI);

  private:
    void processTwoAddrIntrinsic(CallInst &CI);

    unsigned getPriority(Type *Ty, BasicBlock *BB) const;
    unsigned getPriority(SimpleValue Val) const;
    // Various permutations of the function to record a coalescing candidate.
    void recordCopyCandidate(SimpleValue Dest, unsigned OperandIndex,
                             unsigned SourceIndex = 0) {
      IGC_ASSERT(isa<User>(Dest.getValue()));
      recordCandidate(Dest, &cast<User>(Dest.getValue())->getOperandUse(OperandIndex),
                      SourceIndex, getPriority(Dest), CopyCandidates);
    }
    void recordNormalCandidate(SimpleValue Dest, unsigned OperandIndex,
                               unsigned SourceIndex = 0) {
      IGC_ASSERT(isa<User>(Dest.getValue()));
      recordCandidate(Dest, &cast<User>(Dest.getValue())->getOperandUse(OperandIndex),
                      SourceIndex, getPriority(Dest), NormalCandidates);
    }
    void recordCallArgCandidate(SimpleValue Dest, Use *UseInDest, unsigned SourceIndex,
                                unsigned Priority) {
      recordCandidate(Dest, UseInDest, SourceIndex, Priority, NormalCandidates);
    }
    void recordUnifiedRetCandidate(SimpleValue Dest, unsigned SourceIndex) {
      recordCandidate(Dest, nullptr, SourceIndex, getPriority(Dest), NormalCandidates);
    }
    void recordPhiCandidate(PHINode &Phi, unsigned IncomingIndex, unsigned Priority) {
      recordCandidate(&Phi, &Phi.getOperandUse(IncomingIndex), 0, Priority,
                      NormalCandidates);
    }
    void recordCandidate(SimpleValue Dest, Use *UseInDest, unsigned SourceIndex,
                         unsigned Priority, std::vector<Candidate> &Candidates);
    void recordCallCandidates(FunctionGroup *FG);
    void recordCallArgCandidates(Value *Dest, unsigned ArgNum,
                                 ArrayRef<Instruction *> Insts);
    // Functions for processing coalecing candidates.
    void processCopyCandidate(const Candidate &Cand) {
      processCandidate(Cand, true /*IsCopy*/);
    }
    void processCandidate(const Candidate &Cand, bool IsCopy = false);
    void processPhiNodes(FunctionGroup *FG);
    void analysePhiCopies(PHINode *Phi, std::vector<PhiCopy> &ToProcess);
    void processPhiCopy(PHINode *Phi, unsigned Inc,
                        std::vector<PHINode *> &Phis);
    void processPhiBranchingJoinLabelCopy(PHINode *Phi, unsigned Inc,
                                          std::vector<PHINode *> &Phis);
    PHINode *copyNonCoalescedPhi(PHINode *PhiPred, PHINode *PhiSucc);
    void processCalls(FunctionGroup *FG);
    void processKernelArgs(FunctionGroup *FG);
    void coalesceOutputArgs(FunctionGroup *FG);
    void coalesceCallables();
    void coalesceGlobalLoads(FunctionGroup *FG);
    Instruction *insertCopy(SimpleValue Input, LiveRange *LR,
                            Instruction *InsertBefore, StringRef Name,
                            unsigned Number);
    Instruction *insertIntoStruct(Type *Ty, unsigned FlattenedIndex,
                                  Value *OldStruct, Instruction *NewVal,
                                  Instruction *InsertBefore);
    void showCoalesceFail(SimpleValue V, const DebugLoc &DL, const char *Intro,
                          LiveRange *DestLR, LiveRange *SourceLR);
    // Functions for creating copies
    void applyCopies();
    Instruction *createCopy(const CopyData &CD);
    void replaceAllUsesWith(Instruction *OldInst, Instruction *NewInst);
    // Functions for opimized copies generation
    SortedCopies getSortedCopyData();
    void applyCopiesOptimized();
    void applyCopiesForValue(const std::set<CopyData> &CDSet);
    template <typename Iter>
    LiveRange* mergeCopiesTillFailed(SimpleValue CopySV, Iter &It, Iter EndIt);
    // Helpers
    DominatorTree *getDomTree(Function *F) const {
      return DTWrapper->getDomTree(F);
    }
    LoopInfo *getLoopInfo(Function *F) const {
      return LIWrapper->getLoopInfo(F);
    }
  };

} // end anonymous namespace

namespace llvm {
void initializeGenXCoalescingWrapperPass(PassRegistry &);
using GenXCoalescingWrapper = FunctionGroupWrapperPass<GenXCoalescing>;
}
INITIALIZE_PASS_BEGIN(GenXCoalescingWrapper, "GenXCoalescingWrapper",
                      "GenXCoalescingWrapper", false, false)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(GenXGroupBalingWrapper)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(GenXGroupLiveElementsWrapper)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(GenXLivenessWrapper)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(GenXNumberingWrapper)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(DominatorTreeGroupWrapperPassWrapper);
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(LoopInfoGroupWrapperPassWrapper);
INITIALIZE_PASS_END(GenXCoalescingWrapper, "GenXCoalescingWrapper",
                    "GenXCoalescingWrapper", false, false)

ModulePass *llvm::createGenXCoalescingWrapperPass() {
  initializeGenXCoalescingWrapperPass(*PassRegistry::getPassRegistry());
  return new GenXCoalescingWrapper();
}

/***********************************************************************
 * runOnFunctionGroup : run the coalescing pass for this FunctionGroup
 */
bool GenXCoalescing::runOnFunctionGroup(FunctionGroup &FG)
{
  DL = &FG.getModule()->getDataLayout();
  // Get analyses that we use and/or modify.
  ST = &getAnalysis<TargetPassConfig>()
            .getTM<GenXTargetMachine>()
            .getGenXSubtarget();
  Baling = &getAnalysis<GenXGroupBaling>();
  Liveness = &getAnalysis<GenXLiveness>();
  Liveness->setLiveElements(&getAnalysis<GenXGroupLiveElements>());
  Numbering = &getAnalysis<GenXNumbering>();
  DTWrapper = &getAnalysis<DominatorTreeGroupWrapperPass>();
  LIWrapper = &getAnalysis<LoopInfoGroupWrapperPass>();

  // Coalesce all global loads prior to normal coalescing.
  coalesceGlobalLoads(&FG);

  // Record all the coalescing candidates except the call arg and return
  // value pre-copy ones.
  visit(FG);

  // Process the copy coalescing candidates.
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != CopyCandidates.size(); ++i)
    processCopyCandidate(CopyCandidates[i]);

  // Record the call arg and return value pre-copy candidates.
  recordCallCandidates(&FG);

  // Sort the array of normal coalescing candidates (including phi ones) then
  // process them. Preserve original ordering for equal priority candidates
  // to get consistent results across different runs.
  std::stable_sort(NormalCandidates.begin(), NormalCandidates.end());
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != NormalCandidates.size(); ++i)
    processCandidate(NormalCandidates[i]);

  // Now scan all phi nodes again, inserting copies where necessary. Doing
  // them in one go here ensures that the copies appear in the predecessor
  // blocks in the same order as the phi nodes, which is the basis on which
  // we computed live ranges.
  processPhiNodes(&FG);

  // Scan all the calls, inserting copies where necessary for call arg
  // pre-copies and return value pre- and post-copies. Doing them in one go
  // here ensures that the copies appear in the order that live range
  // computation assumed they would appear. Also, for call arg and return
  // value pre-copies, a single coalesce candidate is shared across multiple
  // calls/returns using the same LR, so we need this separate scan to find
  // the calls/returns.
  processCalls(&FG);

  // Add a copy for each kernel arg that is not aligned enough.
  processKernelArgs(&FG);
  coalesceCallables();
  coalesceOutputArgs(&FG);

  applyCopies();

  CopyCandidates.clear();
  NormalCandidates.clear();
  Callables.clear();
  CallToRetVal.clear();
  ToCopy.clear();
  CopyCoalesced.clear();
  return true;
}

/***********************************************************************
 * visitPHINode : for each incoming, record a phi candidate, unless it is a
 * registerless value (EM/RM).
 * If the incoming block is a branching join label block, then we
 * cannot insert any phi copies there, so give the coalescing
 * candidate a high priority to ensure it gets coalesced first.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::visitPHINode(PHINode &Phi) {
  if (!vc::isRealOrNoneCategory(Liveness->getLiveRange(&Phi)->getCategory()))
    return;
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < Phi.getNumIncomingValues(); ++i) {
    auto IncomingBlock = Phi.getIncomingBlock(i);
    unsigned Priority = GotoJoin::isBranchingJoinLabelBlock(IncomingBlock) ?
                        UINT_MAX : getPriority(Phi.getType(), IncomingBlock);
    recordPhiCandidate(Phi, i, Priority);
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * visitCallInst : process inlime asm and direct non-intrinsic calls
 */
void GenXCoalescing::visitCallInst(CallInst &CI) {
  if (CI.isInlineAsm()) {
    InlineAsm *IA = cast<InlineAsm>(IGCLLVM::getCalledValue(CI));
    // Do not process if no constraints provided or it's baled
    // (the coalescing actually needs to be done at the wrregion).
    if (IA->getConstraintString().empty() || Baling->isBaled(&CI))
      return;
    unsigned NumOutputs = genx::getInlineAsmNumOutputs(&CI);
    auto ConstraintsInfo = genx::getGenXInlineAsmInfo(&CI);
    // we need to coalesce if there is a '+' modifier
    // because those operands are tied and have to be in the same
    // registers
    for (unsigned ArgNo = 0; ArgNo < ConstraintsInfo.size(); ArgNo++) {
      auto &Info = ConstraintsInfo[ArgNo];
      if (!Info.isOutput() || !Info.hasMatchingInput())
        continue;
      unsigned ActualIdx = Info.getMatchingInput() - NumOutputs;
      auto OpInst = dyn_cast<Instruction>(CI.getOperand(ActualIdx));
      if (!OpInst || Baling->isBaled(OpInst))
        continue;
      SimpleValue SV (&CI, isa<StructType>(CI.getType()) ? ArgNo : 0);
      recordNormalCandidate(SV, ActualIdx);
    }
    return;
  }
  if (CI.isIndirectCall())
    return;
  // This is a non-intrinsic call. If it returns a value, mark
  // (elements of) the return value for coalescing with the
  // unified return value.
  if (!CI.getType()->isVoidTy()) {
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = IndexFlattener::getNumElements(CI.getType());
         i != e; ++i)
      recordUnifiedRetCandidate(SimpleValue(&CI, i), i);
    return;
  }
  // handle callable kernel
  Function *Callee = CI.getCalledFunction();
  if (!Callee->hasFnAttribute("CMCallable"))
    return;
  if (CI.getFunction()->hasFnAttribute("CMCallable")) {
    vc::diagnose(CI.getContext(), "GenXCoalescing",
                 "Callable function must not call", &CI);
  }
  Callables.push_back(&CI);
}

/***********************************************************************
 * processTwoAddrIntrinsic: process an intrinsic with a two address operand
 * (including the case of operand 0 in wrregion). That operand has to be in
 * the same register as the result.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::processTwoAddrIntrinsic(CallInst &CI) {
  auto IID = vc::getAnyIntrinsicID(&CI);
  IGC_ASSERT(vc::isAnyNonTrivialIntrinsic(IID));

  auto OperandNum = getTwoAddressOperandNum(&CI);
  if (!OperandNum)
    return;

  if (Baling->isBaled(&CI) ||
      GenXIntrinsic::isReadWritePredefReg(CI.getOperand(0))) {
    // The intrinsic is baled into a wrregion. The two address
    // operand must also have a rdregion baled in whose input is
    // the "old value" input of the wrregion, and the coalescing
    // actually needs to be done at the wrregion.  That is handled
    // when this pass reaches the wrregion, so we do not want to do
    // anything here.
    return;
  }

  // Normal unbaled twoaddr operand.
  recordNormalCandidate(&CI, *OperandNum);
}

void GenXCoalescing::visitInternalIntrinsicInst(InternalIntrinsicInst &II) {
  processTwoAddrIntrinsic(II);
}

void GenXCoalescing::visitGenXIntrinsicInst(GenXIntrinsicInst &II) {
  // *.predef.reg intrinsics should not participate in coalescing since they
  // don't have any LR
  if (GenXIntrinsic::isReadWritePredefReg(&II))
    return;
  processTwoAddrIntrinsic(II);
}

/***********************************************************************
 * visitCastInst : the source and destination of a no-op cast can copy coalesce,
 * but only if it is not the case that the source is a phi and
 * the destination has a use in a phi node in the same block and
 * after the source's phi. If the above is the case, then we try
 * and normal coalesce instead, which fails, leading to a copy
 * being generated.
 * Ignore bitcasts of volatile globals as they normally
 * participate in load/store only, so no coalescing is possible anyway.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::visitCastInst(CastInst &CI) {
  if (!genx::isNoopCast(&CI))
    return;
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(!isa<StructType>(CI.getDestTy()), "not expecting cast to struct");
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(!isa<StructType>(CI.getSrcTy()), "not expecting cast from struct");
  if (GenXLiveness::wrapsAround(CI.getOperand(0), &CI))
    recordNormalCandidate(&CI, 0);
  else {
    if (!Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(&CI))
      return;
    if (GenXIntrinsic::isReadWritePredefReg(CI.getOperand(0)))
      return;
    if (auto * GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(CI.getOperandUse(0));
        GV && GV->hasAttribute(VCModuleMD::VCVolatile))
      return;
    recordCopyCandidate(&CI, 0);
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * visitExtractValueInst : copy coalesce the element being extracted, as long as
 * both source and destination have live ranges. The two cases where
 * they don't are:
 *  1. the source live range got removed in the code below that
 *     handles undef elements in an insertvalue chain;
 *  2. this is the extract of the !any(EM) result of a goto/join,
 *     which does not have a live range because it is baled in to the
 *     branch.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::visitExtractValueInst(ExtractValueInst &EVI) {
  if (!Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(&EVI))
    return;
  unsigned StartIndex = IndexFlattener::flatten(
      cast<StructType>(EVI.getAggregateOperand()->getType()), EVI.getIndices());
  unsigned NumElements = IndexFlattener::getNumElements(EVI.getType());
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumElements; ++i)
    if (Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(
            SimpleValue(EVI.getAggregateOperand(), StartIndex + i)))
      recordCopyCandidate(SimpleValue(&EVI, i), 0, StartIndex + i);
}


/***********************************************************************
 * visitInsertValueInst :
 * First, if the struct value input is undef, scan the possible chain
 * of insertvalues and remove the live range for any SimpleValue that
 * is undef. We need to do this to stop a register being allocated
 * later for a coalesced SimpleValue from a chain of insertvalues
 * for a return where that element is never set.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::visitInsertValueInst(InsertValueInst &IVI) {
  auto ST = cast<StructType>(IVI.getType());
  unsigned NumElements = IndexFlattener::getNumElements(ST);
  if (isa<UndefValue>(IVI.getAggregateOperand())) {
    SmallBitVector IsDefined(NumElements);
    // For each insertvalue in the chain:
    for (auto ThisIVI = &IVI; ThisIVI;) {
      // For the element set by this one, set it as defined (unless the
      // input is undef).
      unsigned StartIdx = IndexFlattener::flatten(ST, ThisIVI->getIndices());
      unsigned EndIdx =
          StartIdx + IndexFlattener::getNumElements(
                         ThisIVI->getInsertedValueOperand()->getType());
      if (!isa<UndefValue>(ThisIVI->getInsertedValueOperand()))
        IsDefined.set(StartIdx, EndIdx);
      // For any element that is still undef, remove its live range.
      for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumElements; ++i)
        if (!IsDefined[i])
          Liveness->removeValue(SimpleValue(ThisIVI, i));
      if (!ThisIVI->hasOneUse())
        break;
      ThisIVI = dyn_cast<InsertValueInst>(ThisIVI->use_begin()->getUser());
    }
  }
  // Copy coalesce the element being inserted and the other elements,
  // as long as the appropriate live ranges did not get removed above.
  unsigned StartIdx = IndexFlattener::flatten(ST, IVI.getIndices());
  unsigned EndIdx = StartIdx + IndexFlattener::getNumElements(
                                   IVI.getInsertedValueOperand()->getType());
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumElements; ++i) {
    if (!Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(SimpleValue(&IVI, i)))
      continue;
    if ((StartIdx <= i) && (i < EndIdx)) {
      if (Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(SimpleValue(IVI.getInsertedValueOperand(), i - StartIdx)))
        recordCopyCandidate(SimpleValue(&IVI, i), 1, i - StartIdx);
    } else {
      if (Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(
              SimpleValue(IVI.getAggregateOperand(), i)))
        recordCopyCandidate(SimpleValue(&IVI, i), 0, i);
    }
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * recordCallCandidates : record the call arg pre-copy and ret value
 *                        pre-copy candidates
 *
 * This is done here, after copy coalescing has been done, so we can
 * more accurately estimate the cost of not coalescing a candidate by
 * summing the cost from each call site / return instruction that uses
 * the same (copy coalesced) value.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::recordCallCandidates(FunctionGroup *FG)
{
  // For each subroutine...
  for (auto fgi = FG->begin() + 1, fge = FG->end(); fgi != fge; ++fgi) {
    Function *F = *fgi;
    // Gather the call sites.
    SmallVector<Instruction *, 8> CallSites;
    for (auto *U: F->users())
      if (auto *CI = checkFunctionCall(U, F))
        CallSites.push_back(CI);
    // For each arg...
    unsigned ArgIdx = 0;
    for (auto ai = F->arg_begin(), ae = F->arg_end();
        ai != ae; ++ai, ++ArgIdx) {
      Argument *Arg = &*ai;
      if (Arg->use_empty())
        continue; // Ignore unused arg.
      // Record a coalesce candidate for each unique input LR for each
      // struct element in the arg.
      recordCallArgCandidates(Arg, ArgIdx, CallSites);
    }
    // Now scan for return value pre-copies.
    if (F->getReturnType()->isVoidTy())
      continue;
    // Gather the return insts by looking at the terminator of each BB.
    SmallVector<Instruction *, 8> RetInsts;
    for (auto fi = F->begin(), fe = F->end(); fi != fe; ++fi) {
      auto RetInst = dyn_cast<ReturnInst>(fi->getTerminator());
      if (RetInst)
        RetInsts.push_back(RetInst);
    }
    // Record a coalesce candidate for each unique input LR for each
    // struct element in the return value.
    recordCallArgCandidates(Liveness->getUnifiedRet(F), 0, RetInsts);
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * recordCallArgCandidates : common code for adding a candidate for each
 *    struct element of a call arg or a return value pre-copy
 *
 * Enter:   Dest = destination Value; the Argument for a call arg, or the
 *                 Function's unified return value for a ret pre-copy
 *          ArgNum = argument number for call arg, 0 for ret pre-copy
 *          Insts = array of call sites or return instructions
 *
 * For each struct element, this adds a coalesce candidate for each unique LR
 * used as a call arg or return value.
 */
namespace {
struct CallArg {
  Use *U;
  LiveRange *LR;
  CallArg(Use *U, LiveRange *LR) : U(U), LR(LR) {}
};
} // namespace
void GenXCoalescing::recordCallArgCandidates(Value *Dest, unsigned ArgNum,
    ArrayRef<Instruction *> Insts)
{
  for (unsigned StructIdx = 0,
      StructEnd = IndexFlattener::getNumElements(Dest->getType());
      StructIdx != StructEnd; ++StructIdx) {
    // For each unique LR used as this arg at any call site, sum the
    // cost and add a candidate.
    SmallVector<CallArg, 8> CallArgs;
    for (unsigned i = 0, ie = Insts.size(); i != ie; ++i) {
      Use *U = &Insts[i]->getOperandUse(ArgNum);
      CallArgs.emplace_back(
          U, Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(SimpleValue(*U, StructIdx)));
    }
    for (unsigned i = 0, ie = CallArgs.size(); i != ie; ++i) {
      LiveRange *LR = CallArgs[i].LR;
      if (!LR)
        continue; // Already done this one (or it was an undef).
      Use *U = CallArgs[i].U;
      unsigned Priority = 0;
      for (unsigned j = i, je = CallArgs.size(); j != je; ++j) {
        if (LR != CallArgs[j].LR)
          continue;
        Priority += getPriority(IndexFlattener::getElementType(
              (*U)->getType(), StructIdx), Insts[j]->getParent());
        CallArgs[j].LR = nullptr; // Blank out so we can see we have done this one.
      }
      recordCallArgCandidate(SimpleValue(Dest, StructIdx),
          U, StructIdx, Priority);
    }
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * getPriority : get priority of coalescing candidate
 *
 * Enter:   Ty = type that would need to be copied if coalescing failed,
 *               so we can estimate the copy cost.
 *          BB = basic block where copy would be inserted, so we can use
 *               loop depth to adjust the cost.
 *
 * Return:  priority (estimate of cost of inserting a copy)
 */
unsigned GenXCoalescing::getPriority(Type *Ty, BasicBlock *BB) const
{
  IGC_ASSERT(Ty);
  IGC_ASSERT(BB);
  // Multiplier of priority when copy located in loop.
  constexpr unsigned LoopScale = 4;

  // Estimate number of moves required for this type.
  unsigned VecWidth = vc::getTypeSize(Ty, DL).inBytesCeil();
  unsigned Priority = VecWidth / ST->getGRFByteSize() +
    countPopulation(VecWidth % ST->getGRFByteSize());
  // Scale by loop depth.
  Priority *= std::pow(LoopScale,
      getLoopInfo(BB->getParent())->getLoopDepth(BB));
  return Priority;
}

unsigned GenXCoalescing::getPriority(SimpleValue SV) const
{
  IGC_ASSERT(isa<Instruction>(SV.getValue()));
  auto *BB = cast<Instruction>(SV.getValue())->getParent();
  auto *Type = IndexFlattener::getElementType(SV.getValue()->getType(), SV.getIndex());
  return getPriority(Type, BB);
}

/***********************************************************************
 * recordCandidate : record a candidate for coalescing
 *
 * Enter:   Dest = destination of copy
 *          UseInDest = pointer to the use of the source in Dest
 *          SourceIndex = flattened index of element in source struct
 *          Priority = priority of coalescing this candidate
 *          Candidates = vector of candidates to push to
 *
 * For call arg coalescing, Dest is the subroutine's Argument, and
 * UseInDest/SourceIndex are the use in one of the possibly many call sites
 * using the same source value.
 *
 * For ret value pre-copy coalescing (before the return inst), Dest is the the
 * unified return value, and UseInDest/SourceIndex are the use in one of the
 * possibly many return instructions using the same source value.
 *
 * For ret value post-copy coalescing (after the call inst), Dest is the
 * CallInst, and UseInDest and SourceIndex are 0.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::recordCandidate(SimpleValue Dest, Use *UseInDest,
    unsigned SourceIndex, unsigned Priority, std::vector<Candidate> &Candidates)
{
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Trying to record cand " << *(Dest.getValue()) << "\n");
  if (UseInDest && (isa<UndefValue>(*UseInDest) || isa<Constant>(*UseInDest)))
    return;
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Recording cand " << *(Dest.getValue()) << "\n");
  Candidates.emplace_back(Dest, UseInDest, SourceIndex, Priority);
  ++NumCoalescingCandidates;
}

/***********************************************************************
 * processCandidate : process a coalescing candidate
 *
 * This attempts to coalesce the candidate. On failure, it inserts a copy
 * if necessary:
 *
 *  - a copy candidate never fails to coalesce;
 *  - a two address candidate needs a copy and it is inserted here;
 *  - a phi candidate needs a copy, but it is not inserted here. Instead it
 *    is inserted later so we can ensure that multiple copies inserted at
 *    the end of an incoming block are in phi node order, which was the
 *    assumption made by the live range calculation.
 *
 * See the comment at the top of recordCandidate for the special values of
 * fields in Candidate for a call arg coalesce and a ret value coalesce.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::processCandidate(const Candidate &Cand, bool IsCopy)
{
  SimpleValue Dest = Cand.Dest;
  SimpleValue Source;
  if (!Cand.UseInDest) {
    auto *Callee = cast<CallInst>(Dest.getValue())->getCalledFunction();
    // Do not process calls to external functions
    if (Callee->isDeclaration())
      return;

    // This is a return value post-copy coalesce candidate. The actual source
    // is the unified return value.
    Source = SimpleValue(Liveness->getUnifiedRet(Callee), Cand.SourceIndex);
  } else
    Source = SimpleValue(*Cand.UseInDest, Cand.SourceIndex);
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Trying coalesce from ";
      Source.printName(dbgs());
      dbgs() << " to ";
      Dest.printName(dbgs());
      dbgs() << " priority " << Cand.Priority;
      if (isa<Argument>(Dest.getValue()))
        dbgs() << " (call arg)";
      else if (Liveness->isUnifiedRet(Dest.getValue()))
        dbgs() << " (ret pre-copy)";
      else if (!Cand.UseInDest)
        dbgs() << " (ret post-copy)";
      dbgs() << "\n");
  LiveRange *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(Dest);
  LiveRange *SourceLR = 0;
  // Source should not be a constant (but could be undef) because
  // GenXLowering ensured that all our two address operands and phi incomings
  // are not constant.
  IGC_ASSERT(!Cand.UseInDest || !isa<Constant>(Source.getValue()) || isa<UndefValue>(Source.getValue()));
  SourceLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(Source);
  IGC_ASSERT(DestLR);
  if (SourceLR == DestLR)
    return; // already coalesced
  if (SourceLR && SourceLR->Category == DestLR->Category) {
    if (IsCopy) {
      // For a copy candidate, we can coalesce if the source and destination do
      // not copy-interfere, i.e. we do not have a situation where DestLR
      // wraps round a loop into a phi use in the same basic block as the phi
      // def of SourceLR but after it.
      if (!Liveness->copyInterfere(SourceLR, DestLR)) {
        Liveness->coalesce(DestLR, SourceLR, /*DisallowCASC=*/ false);
        if (auto *CI = dyn_cast<CastInst>(Dest.getValue());
            CI && genx::isNoopCast(CI)) {
          CopyCoalesced[CI] = Source.getValue();
        }
        return;
      }
    } else {
      // For a normal candidate, we can coalesce if the source and destination
      // do not interfere, i.e. there is no point in the program where both
      // LRs are live.
      if (!Liveness->twoAddrInterfere(DestLR, SourceLR)) {
        // In the coalesce, disallow future call arg special coalescing if this
        // is not a call arg coalesce.
        Liveness->coalesce(DestLR, SourceLR,
            /*DisallowCASC=*/ !isa<Argument>(Dest.getValue()));
        return;
      }
    }
  }
#if 0
  // Disable call arg special coalescing for now, as it seems to break the FRC_MC example.

  if (isa<Argument>(Dest.getValue())
      && SourceLR->Category == DestLR->Category) {
    // This is an attempt at call arg coalescing. The two LRs interfere, but
    // we can still try for "call arg special coalescing" (CASC). See the
    // comment at the top of the file.
    if (!DestLR->DisallowCASC) {
      // CASC not disallowed. (It would have been disallowed if DestLR had
      // already participated in normal coalescing other than CASC.)
      // For any call site where SourceLR is not the corresponding call arg,
      // check that A is not live.
      auto ThisCallSite = cast<CallInst>(Cand->UseInDest->getUser());
      auto Callee = ThisCallSite->getCalledFunction();
      bool FailedCASC = false;
      for (auto ui = Callee->use_begin(), ue = Callee->use_end();
          ui != ue; ++ui) {
        auto CallSite = cast<CallInst>(ui->getUser());
        if (CallSite == ThisCallSite)
          continue;
        auto OtherArg = SimpleValue(CallSite->getArgOperand(cast<Argument>(
                Dest.getValue())->getArgNo()), Dest.getIndex());
        auto OtherLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(OtherArg);
        // Check whether OtherArg is the same as SourceLR. This check covers
        // several cases:
        // 1. OtherArg == SourceLR: the other arg is already coalesced with
        //    our arg, so it would be OK to do CASC.
        // 2. OtherArg is DestLR, meaning that the other call arg has already
        //    been coalesced with the func arg. We cannot do CASC if SourceLR
        //    and OtherArg interfere, which they do because we already know
        //    that DestLR interferes with SourceLR.
        // 3. OtherArg is something else, meaning that some other value will
        //    be copied to the func arg here. We cannot do CASC if SourceLR
        //    and OtherArg interfere.
        if (OtherLR == SourceLR)
          continue;
        if (Liveness->interfere(OtherLR, SourceLR)) {
          FailedCASC = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!FailedCASC) {
        // Can coalesce. Do not disallow future CASC.
        Liveness->coalesce(DestLR, SourceLR, /*DisallowCASC=*/ false);
        return;
      }
    }
  }
#endif

  // Coalescing failed.
  LLVM_DEBUG(
    if (SourceLR) {
      dbgs() << "Live ranges \"";
      DestLR->print(dbgs());
      dbgs() << "\" and \"";
      SourceLR->print(dbgs());
      dbgs() << "\"" << (IsCopy ? " copy" : "") << " interfere, not coalescing\n";
    } else {
      dbgs() << "Need copy of constant \"";
      Source.print(dbgs());
      dbgs() << "\" to \"";
      Dest.printName(dbgs());
      dbgs() << "\"\n";
    }
  );
  if (isa<PHINode>(Dest.getValue()))
    return; // Candidate is phi; copy insertion done later.
  if (isa<Argument>(Dest.getValue()))
    return; // Call arg pre-copy, defer copy insertion
  if (Liveness->isUnifiedRet(Dest.getValue()))
    return; // Return value pre-copy, defer copy insertion
  if (!Cand.UseInDest)
    return; // Return value post-copy, defer copy insertion
  // Ignore SIMD CF
  auto DestCategory = Liveness->getLiveRange(Cand.Dest)->getCategory();
  if (!vc::isRealOrNoneCategory(DestCategory))
    return;
  if (auto *CI = dyn_cast<CastInst>(Dest.getValue());
      CI && genx::isNoopCast(CI)) {
    // A bitcast is normally copy coalesced, which means it cannot fail to
    // coalesce. However, if the source is a phi node and the destination
    // wraps round the loop and is used in another phi node in the same
    // block that is later than the first phi node, then we instead
    // try to normal coalesce, which fails because they interfere.
    // This happens with a bitcast inserted in GenXLiveRanges to resolve
    // an overlapping circular phi, but can happen in other cases too.
    unsigned TySz = vc::getTypeSize(Dest.getValue()->getType(), DL).inBytes();
    if (isPowerOf2_32(TySz) && TySz <= ST->getGRFByteSize()) {
      // This is a bitcast with a legal size for a single copy. We do not
      // insert a copy, because GenXCisaBuilder will generate one.
      // (GenXLegalization does not legalize a bitcast, so it can be
      // illegal size here. We do that on the basis that a bitcast is
      // normally copy coalesced.)
      return;
    }
    // Otherwise, it is a bitcast of size more than 1 GRF or non-power-of-two,
    // so we insert a copy.
  }

  // Store info for two address op copy
  Instruction *DestInst = cast<Instruction>(Dest.getValue());
  ToCopy.emplace_back(Dest, Source, Cand.UseInDest, DestInst, TWOADDRCOPY,
                      Numbering->getNumber(DestInst), ToCopy.size());
}

/***********************************************************************
 * processPhiNodes : add copies for uncoalesced phi node incomings
 */
void GenXCoalescing::processPhiNodes(FunctionGroup *FG)
{
  std::vector<PhiCopy> PhiCopies;

  for (auto fgi = FG->begin(), fge = FG->end(); fgi != fge; ++fgi) {
    Function *F = *fgi;
    for (Function::iterator fi = F->begin(), fe = F->end(); fi != fe; ++fi) {
      BasicBlock *BB = &*fi;
      for (BasicBlock::iterator bi = BB->begin(), be = BB->end(); bi != be; ++bi) {
        // Scan the phi nodes at the start of this BB, if any.
        PHINode *Phi = dyn_cast<PHINode>(&*bi);
        if (!Phi)
          break;

        // Collect copies to process
        analysePhiCopies(Phi, PhiCopies);
      }
    }
  }

  // Perform copy of uncoalesced phi node incomings.
  // New phis can be created during this, store them.
  std::vector<PHINode *> NewPhis;
  for (auto &Elem : PhiCopies) {
    processPhiCopy(Elem.Phi, Elem.IncomingIdx, NewPhis);
  }
  // Phi copies are resolved. Clean the list.
  PhiCopies.clear();

  // Process newly created phis. This loop is executed
  // when coalescing failed to resolve issues with phis
  // in branching join label blocks. Such situation is
  // very rare because coalescing tries to solve it
  // with the highest priority.
  while (!NewPhis.empty()) {
    // Collect phi copy candidates
    for (auto *Phi : NewPhis) {
      analysePhiCopies(Phi, PhiCopies);
    }
    // Phi copies are collected, clean current Phis worklist
    NewPhis.clear();

    // Perform copy of uncoalesced phi node incomings.
    for (auto &Elem : PhiCopies) {
      processPhiCopy(Elem.Phi, Elem.IncomingIdx, NewPhis);
    }
    // Phi copies are resolved. Clean the list.
    PhiCopies.clear();
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * analysePhiCopies : for one phi node, collect copies for uncoalesced incomings
 */
void GenXCoalescing::analysePhiCopies(PHINode *Phi,
                                      std::vector<PhiCopy> &ToProcess) {
  // Scan each incoming to see if it was successfully coalesced.
  LiveRange *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(Phi);
  if (!vc::isRealOrNoneCategory(DestLR->getCategory()))
    return; // Ignore phi node of EM/RM value.
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Phi->getNumIncomingValues(); i != e; ++i) {
    Value *Incoming = Phi->getIncomingValue(i);
    // Incoming should not be a constant (but could be undef) because
    // GenXPostLegalization and GenXCategory called loadNonSimpleConstants
    // to load the non-simple constant incomings, then GenXCategory also
    // called GenXConstants::loadConstant for each remaining (simple)
    // constant.
    if (isa<UndefValue>(Incoming))
      continue; // undef, no copy needed
    IGC_ASSERT(!isa<Constant>(Incoming));
    if (Liveness->getLiveRange(Incoming) == DestLR)
      continue; // coalesced, no copy needed
    // A phi copy is needed
    auto IncomingBlock = Phi->getIncomingBlock(i);
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Need phi copy " << Incoming->getName() << " -> "
                      << Phi->getName() << " in " << IncomingBlock->getName()
                      << "\n");
    ToProcess.emplace_back(Phi, i);
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * processPhiCopy : for one phi node incoming, add copy
 */
void GenXCoalescing::processPhiCopy(PHINode *Phi, unsigned Inc,
                                    std::vector<PHINode *> &Phis) {
  LiveRange *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(Phi);
  Value *Incoming = Phi->getIncomingValue(Inc);
  auto *IncomingBlock = Phi->getIncomingBlock(Inc);
  // Should be checked in analysePhiCopies
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(vc::isRealOrNoneCategory(DestLR->getCategory()),
                     "Should be checked earlier!");
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(!isa<UndefValue>(Incoming), "Should be checked earlier!");
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(!isa<Constant>(Incoming), "Should be checked earlier!");
  // Check it again: something could change
  if (Liveness->getLiveRange(Incoming) == DestLR) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Already coalesced " << Incoming->getName() << " -> "
                      << Phi->getName() << " in " << IncomingBlock->getName()
                      << "\n");
    return;
  }

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Copying " << Incoming->getName() << " -> "
                    << Phi->getName() << " in " << IncomingBlock->getName()
                    << "\n");

  // Handle branching join label block separately
  if (GotoJoin::isBranchingJoinLabelBlock(IncomingBlock)) {
    processPhiBranchingJoinLabelCopy(Phi, Inc, Phis);
    return;
  }

  DominatorTree *DomTree = getDomTree(IncomingBlock->getParent());
  Instruction *InsertPoint = IncomingBlock->getTerminator();
  InsertPoint = GotoJoin::getLegalInsertionPoint(InsertPoint, DomTree);

  if (auto *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(Incoming)) {
    // This should not happen for good BBs (not join blocks)
    // if DFG is correct.
    IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(DomTree->dominates(I->getParent(), InsertPoint->getParent()),
      "Dominance corrupted!");
  }

  // Store info for copy
  ToCopy.emplace_back(SimpleValue(Phi), SimpleValue(Incoming),
                      &Phi->getOperandUse(Inc), InsertPoint, PHICOPY,
                      Numbering->getNumber(InsertPoint), ToCopy.size());
}

/***********************************************************************
 * processPhiBranchingJoinLabelCopy : for one phi node incoming, add copy
 * for branching join label incoming BB case
 */
void GenXCoalescing::processPhiBranchingJoinLabelCopy(
    PHINode *Phi, unsigned Inc, std::vector<PHINode *> &Phis) {
  LiveRange *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(Phi);
  Value *Incoming = Phi->getIncomingValue(Inc);
  auto *IncomingBlock = Phi->getIncomingBlock(Inc);
  // Should be checked in analysePhiCopies
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(vc::isRealOrNoneCategory(DestLR->getCategory()),
                     "Should be checked earlier!");
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(!isa<UndefValue>(Incoming), "Should be checked earlier!");
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(!isa<Constant>(Incoming), "Should be checked earlier!");
  // Should be checked in processPhiCopy
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(Liveness->getLiveRange(Incoming) != DestLR,
    "Should be checked earlier!");
  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(GotoJoin::isBranchingJoinLabelBlock(IncomingBlock),
    "Should be checked earlier!");

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Handling branching join label block case\n");

  DominatorTree *DomTree = getDomTree(IncomingBlock->getParent());
  Instruction *InsertPoint = IncomingBlock->getTerminator();
  InsertPoint = GotoJoin::getLegalInsertionPoint(InsertPoint, DomTree);

  if (auto *PhiPred = dyn_cast<PHINode>(Incoming)) {
    // In case when pred is Phi, it is possible to meet Phi in
    // branching join blocks since such Phi does not brake
    // SIMD CF Conformance. If such situation happens, we cannot
    // perform copy of a phi value copy, we need to perform copy
    // on all its incoming values. To do that, copy Phi and add
    // it to Phis worklist.
    //
    // This situation is detected via corrupted dominance.
    if (!DomTree->dominates(PhiPred->getParent(), InsertPoint->getParent())) {
      auto *PhiCopy = copyNonCoalescedPhi(PhiPred, Phi);
      IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(PhiCopy, "Invalid phi copy!");
      Phis.push_back(PhiCopy);
      return;
    }
  }

  if (auto *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(Incoming)) {
    // This should not happen for good BBs (not join blocks)
    // if DFG is correct.
    //
    // For join block, def must be somewhere before it
    // because of SIMD CF Conformance. Case for Phi is
    // described and handled above.
    IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(DomTree->dominates(I->getParent(), InsertPoint->getParent()),
      "Dominance corrupted!");
  }

  // Store info for copy
  ToCopy.emplace_back(SimpleValue(Phi), SimpleValue(Incoming),
                      &Phi->getOperandUse(Inc), InsertPoint,
                      PHICOPY_BRANCHING_JP, Numbering->getNumber(InsertPoint),
                      ToCopy.size());
}

/***********************************************************************
 * copyNonCoalescedPhi : copy PhiPred and coalesce copy's LR with
 * PhiSucc's LR
 */
PHINode *GenXCoalescing::copyNonCoalescedPhi(PHINode *PhiPred,
                                             PHINode *PhiSucc) {
  // Perform copy
  auto *PhiCopy = cast<PHINode>(PhiPred->clone());
  PhiCopy->insertBefore(PhiPred->getNextNode());
  PhiCopy->setName(PhiPred->getName() + ".copy");
  Numbering->setNumber(PhiCopy, Numbering->getNumber(PhiPred));

  // Handle LRs
  Liveness->buildLiveRange(PhiCopy);
  LiveRange *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(PhiSucc);
  LiveRange *NewLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(PhiCopy);
  Liveness->coalesce(DestLR, NewLR, false);

  // Update incoming values
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = PhiSucc->getNumIncomingValues(); i != e; ++i) {
    Value *IncValue = PhiSucc->getIncomingValue(i);
    if (IncValue == PhiPred)
      PhiSucc->setIncomingValue(i, PhiCopy);
  }

  return PhiCopy;
}

/***********************************************************************
 * processCalls : insert copies where necessary for call args and ret values
 *
 * This scans all the calls, inserting copies where necessary for call arg
 * pre-copies and return value pre- and post-copies.
 *
 * We need to do them in one go here because
 * 1. a call arg or return value pre-copy coalescing candidate covers
 *    possibly multiple sites where the same LR input is used, without giving
 *    any way of getting back to them all;
 * 2. we want the inserted copies to be in the order that live range
 *    computation assumed they would appear.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::processCalls(FunctionGroup *FG)
{
  // For each subroutine...
  for (auto fgi = FG->begin() + 1, fge = FG->end(); fgi != fge; ++fgi) {
    Function *F = *fgi;
    // For each call site...
    for (auto *U: F->users()) {
      if (auto *CI = genx::checkFunctionCall(U, F)) {
        // For each func arg...
        unsigned ArgIdx = 0;
        for (auto ai = F->arg_begin(), ae = F->arg_end(); ai != ae;
             ++ai, ++ArgIdx) {
          Argument *Arg = &*ai;
          if (Arg->use_empty()) {
            // Arg is unused inside the subroutine. Do not try and process
            // further, as its live range probably does not have a category.
            continue;
          }
          Value *CallArg = CI->getOperand(ArgIdx);
          if (isa<UndefValue>(CallArg)) {
            // Call arg undefined. No coalescing needed.
            continue;
          }
          // For each SimpleValue in the func arg...
          for (unsigned StructIdx = 0,
                        se = IndexFlattener::getNumElements(Arg->getType());
               StructIdx != se; ++StructIdx) {
            auto FuncArgSV = SimpleValue(Arg, StructIdx);
            auto CallArgSV = SimpleValue(CallArg, StructIdx);
            // See if they are coalesced.
            auto DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(FuncArgSV);
            auto SourceLR = Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(CallArgSV);
            if (!SourceLR)
              // This probably means that source is undef at this index,
              // so no need to insert copies
              continue;
            if (!DestLR || DestLR == SourceLR || F == CI->getFunction())
              continue;
            if (!vc::isRealOrNoneCategory(DestLR->getCategory()))
              continue; // Called function arg is EM.
            // Need to insert a copy. Give it the number of the arg's pre-copy
            // slot.
            LLVM_DEBUG(showCoalesceFail(CallArgSV, CI->getDebugLoc(),
                                        "call arg", DestLR, SourceLR));
            unsigned Num =
                Numbering->getArgPreCopyNumber(CI, ArgIdx, StructIdx);
            Instruction *NewCopy =
                insertCopy(CallArgSV, DestLR, CI, "callarg.precopy", Num);
            NewCopy = insertIntoStruct(Arg->getType(), StructIdx,
                                       CI->getOperand(ArgIdx), NewCopy, CI);
            // Replace operand in call.
            IGC_ASSERT(CI->getOperand(ArgIdx)->getType() == NewCopy->getType());
            CI->setOperand(ArgIdx, NewCopy);
            // No need to extend the live range like we do in the two address op
            // case in processCandidate(). The live range of a func arg already
            // starts at each point where a copy might need to be inserted.
          }
        }
        // Now check the return value post-copy.
        //
        // The code to handle a coalesce failure in a return value post-copy
        // is different to all other cases of coalesce failure, which are
        // pre-copy. We need to ensure that the post-copied value is in the
        // original live range for the original value (the return value),
        // and all the original value's users are changed to use the post-copied
        // value instead. The original value (the return value) gets moved out
        // of its live range and put into that of the unified return value.
        //
        // If the return value is a struct, all the above happens for each
        // struct element, with the extra complication of more new values to
        // handle because of the extractvalue and insertvalue instructions we
        // need to insert.
        //
        // First remember all uses of the return value, because we want to
        // replace them after adding new ones below. Remember if they are
        // all extractvalue with a non-struct result (which should usually be
        // the case because GenXLowering removes most structs).
        SmallVector<Use *, 8> CIUses;
        bool AllUsesAreExtract = isa<StructType>(CI->getType());
        for (auto ui = CI->use_begin(), ue = CI->use_end(); ui != ue; ++ui) {
          auto EV = dyn_cast<ExtractValueInst>(ui->getUser());
          if (!EV || isa<StructType>(EV->getType()))
            AllUsesAreExtract = false;
          CIUses.push_back(&*ui);
        }
        Instruction *InsertBefore = CI->getNextNode();
        Value *StructValue = CI;
        SmallVector<LiveRange *, 8> PreviousElements;
        // For each SimpleValue in the return value...
        for (unsigned StructIdx = 0,
                      se = IndexFlattener::getNumElements(CI->getType());
             StructIdx != se; ++StructIdx) {
          auto UnifiedSV = SimpleValue(Liveness->getUnifiedRet(F), StructIdx);
          auto SV = SimpleValue(CI, StructIdx);
          // See if (the element in) the returned value is dead, or successfully
          // coalesced with (the element in) the unified return value.
          auto DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(SV);
          PreviousElements.push_back(DestLR);
          if (!DestLR)
            continue; // dead
          auto SourceLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(UnifiedSV);
          if (DestLR == SourceLR)
            continue; // coalesced
          IGC_ASSERT(SourceLR);
          if (!vc::isRealOrNoneCategory(SourceLR->getCategory()))
            continue; // Unified return value is EM, ignore.
          // Remove (the element of) CI, the actual return value, from its
          // own live range, and add it instead to the unified return value.
          // insertCopy() will add the new value to DestLR (what
          // was the LR for the element of CI).
          Liveness->removeValueNoDelete(SV);
          Liveness->setLiveRange(SV, SourceLR);
          // Need to insert a copy. Give it the number of the post-copy slot.
          LLVM_DEBUG(showCoalesceFail(SimpleValue(CI, StructIdx),
                                      CI->getDebugLoc(), "ret postcopy", DestLR,
                                      SourceLR));
          unsigned Num = Numbering->getRetPostCopyNumber(CI, StructIdx);
          SimpleValue Source(CI, StructIdx);
          Instruction *NewCopy =
              insertCopy(Source, DestLR, InsertBefore, "retval.postcopy", Num);
          CallToRetVal[Source] = NewCopy;
          IGC_ASSERT(NewCopy);
          if (AllUsesAreExtract) {
            // For a struct ret value where all the uses are non-struct
            // extractvalue, replace uses of the extractvalues with NewCopy.
            // Doing this, rather than calling insertIntoStruct() and letting
            // the existing extractvalue extract it again, does not improve the
            // code generated by the compiler (insertvalue/extractvalue do not
            // generate any code), but it does make the IR simpler and easier
            // to understand in a dump.
            for (unsigned i = 0, e = CIUses.size(); i != e; ++i) {
              if (!CIUses[i])
                continue;
              auto EV = cast<ExtractValueInst>(CIUses[i]->getUser());
              if (StructIdx ==
                  IndexFlattener::flatten(cast<StructType>(CI->getType()),
                                          EV->getIndices())) {
                NewCopy->takeName(EV);
                replaceAllUsesWith(EV, NewCopy);
                if (EV == InsertBefore)
                  InsertBefore = InsertBefore->getNextNode();
                Liveness->removeValue(SimpleValue(EV));
                EV->eraseFromParent();
                CIUses[i] = 0;
              }
            }
          } else {
            // If this is a struct return value, we also need to insertvalue,
            // creating a new struct value.
            StructValue = insertIntoStruct(CI->getType(), StructIdx,
                                           StructValue, NewCopy, InsertBefore);
            // Also, for this and previously seen elements that are not dead,
            // add that element of StructValue (the new insertvalue) to the live
            // range.
            if (StructValue != NewCopy) {
              for (unsigned k = 0, ke = PreviousElements.size(); k != ke; ++k) {
                if (PreviousElements[k])
                  Liveness->setLiveRange(SimpleValue(StructValue, k),
                                         PreviousElements[k]);
              }
            }
          }
        }
        if (!AllUsesAreExtract) {
          // Replace uses of the whole return value that existed before we added
          // more uses above.
          for (unsigned i = 0, e = CIUses.size(); i != e; ++i) {
            IGC_ASSERT(CIUses[i]->get()->getType() == StructValue->getType());
            *CIUses[i] = StructValue;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (F->getReturnType()->isVoidTy())
      continue; // no return value from this func
    // For each return inst in the func...
    for (auto fi = F->begin(), fe = F->end(); fi != fe; ++fi) {
      auto RI = dyn_cast<ReturnInst>(fi->getTerminator());
      if (!RI)
        continue;
      Value *Input = RI->getOperand(0);
      // *.predef.reg intrinsics should not participate in coalescing
      // since they don't have any LR
      if (isa<UndefValue>(Input) || GenXIntrinsic::isReadWritePredefReg(Input))
        continue;
      Value *UnifiedRet = Liveness->getUnifiedRet(F);
      // For each struct element in the return value...
      for (unsigned StructIdx = 0,
          StructEnd = IndexFlattener::getNumElements(UnifiedRet->getType());
          StructIdx != StructEnd; ++StructIdx) {
        auto DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(SimpleValue(UnifiedRet, StructIdx));
        auto SourceLR = Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(SimpleValue(Input, StructIdx));
        if (!SourceLR)
          // Source is undef at this index
          continue;
        if (DestLR == SourceLR)
          continue; // coalesced
        // Need to insert a copy. Give it the number of the ret pre-copy slot.
        LLVM_DEBUG(showCoalesceFail(SimpleValue(Input, StructIdx),
                                    RI->getDebugLoc(), "ret precopy", DestLR,
                                    SourceLR));
        unsigned Num = Numbering->getNumber(RI) - StructEnd + StructIdx;
        Instruction *NewCopy = insertCopy(SimpleValue(Input, StructIdx),
            DestLR, RI, "retval.precopy", Num);
        NewCopy = insertIntoStruct(UnifiedRet->getType(), StructIdx,
            RI->getOperand(0), NewCopy, RI);
        // Replace operand in call.
        IGC_ASSERT(RI->getOperand(0)->getType() == NewCopy->getType());
        RI->setOperand(0, NewCopy);
        // No need to extend the live range like we do in the two address op
        // case in processCandidate(). The live range of the unified return
        // value already starts at each point where a copy might need to be
        // inserted.
      }
    }
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * processKernelArgs : add a copy for each kernel arg that is not aligned enough
 */
void GenXCoalescing::processKernelArgs(FunctionGroup *FG)
{
  auto F = FG->getHead();
  if (!vc::isKernel(F))
    return;
  Instruction *InsertBefore = F->front().getFirstNonPHIOrDbg();
  vc::KernelMetadata KM{F};
  unsigned Idx = 0;
  for (auto ai = F->arg_begin(), ae = F->arg_end(); ai != ae; ++ai) {
    if (KM.shouldSkipArg(Idx++))
      continue;
    auto Arg = &*ai;
    auto LR = Liveness->getLiveRange(Arg);
    if (!(LR->Offset & ((1U << LR->LogAlignment) - 1)))
      continue; // aligned enough
    // Insert a copy and give the original arg its own new live range. This
    // leaves the original live range still live from the start of the
    // function, and thus interfering with the new live range for the arg,
    // but that doesn't matter.
    SmallVector<Use *, 4> Uses;
    for (auto ui = Arg->use_begin(), ue = Arg->use_end(); ui != ue; ++ui)
      Uses.push_back(&*ui);
    unsigned Num = Numbering->getKernelArgCopyNumber(Arg);
    auto Copy = insertCopy(Arg, LR, InsertBefore, "argcopy", Num);
    Liveness->removeValueNoDelete(Arg);
    for (auto ui = Uses.begin(), ue = Uses.end(); ui != ue; ++ui)
      **ui = Copy;
    auto NewLR = Liveness->getOrCreateLiveRange(Arg);
    NewLR->setCategory(LR->getCategory());
    NewLR->push_back(Numbering->getNumber(F), Num);
    NewLR->Offset = LR->Offset;
    LR->Offset = 0;
  }
}

void GenXCoalescing::coalesceOutputArgs(FunctionGroup *FG) {
  auto *F = FG->getHead();
  if (!vc::isKernel(F))
    return;

  vc::KernelMetadata KM{F};

  SmallVector<Value*, 4> OutputArgs;
  for(unsigned i = 0; i < KM.getNumArgs(); ++i)
    if (KM.isOutputArg(i))
      OutputArgs.push_back(F->arg_begin() + i);

  if (OutputArgs.empty())
    return;

  auto GetNextGenXOutput = [](Instruction *StartFrom) -> CallInst* {
    while(StartFrom) {
      if (auto CI = dyn_cast<CallInst>(StartFrom))
        if (GenXIntrinsic::getGenXIntrinsicID(CI) ==
            GenXIntrinsic::genx_output_1)
          return CI;
      StartFrom = StartFrom->getNextNode();
    };
    return nullptr;
  };

  // Iterate over all basic blocks with genx.output.1 intrinsics and coalesce
  // corresponding output argument with intrinsic argument (assuming that their
  // number and ordering are exactly the same).
  for (auto &BB : *F) {
    CallInst *CI = GetNextGenXOutput(BB.getFirstNonPHI());
    if (!CI)
      continue;

    for (auto Arg : OutputArgs) {
      IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(CI, "No genx.output.1 intrinsic for output argument");

      // This is the final value stored into the output argument.
      // If this is coalesced into kernel argument, nothing to do.
      // Otherwise, insert a copy.
      Value *V = CI->getArgOperand(0);
      LiveRange *LR1 = Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(V);
      LiveRange *LR2 = Liveness->getLiveRange(Arg);

      auto coalesceInput = [=]() {
        // When LR1 is null, the input value should be Undef. Otherwise, it
        // should be loaded as a constant.
        if (LR1 == nullptr || LR1 == LR2)
          return false;

        if (!Liveness->interfere(LR1, LR2)) {
          Liveness->coalesce(LR1, LR2, false);
          return false;
        }

        // A copy is needed.
        return true;
      };

      if (coalesceInput()) {
        // Insert copy and add a short live range for copy-out.
        unsigned Num = Numbering->getNumber(CI);
        auto Copy = insertCopy(V, LR2, CI, "copyout", Num);
        CI->setArgOperand(0, Copy);
        LR2->push_back(Num, Num + 1);
        LR2->sortAndMerge();
      }
      CI = GetNextGenXOutput(CI->getNextNode());
    }
  }
}

void GenXCoalescing::coalesceCallables() {
  for (auto CI : Callables) {
    auto NI = CI->getNextNode();
    // if the next instruction is a CM-output intrinsic,
    // we don't really need that cm-output because CMCallable can serve as
    // the anchor for preventing DCE
    while (true) {
      if (NI && isa<CallInst>(NI)) {
        CallInst *OC = cast<CallInst>(NI);
        if (GenXIntrinsic::getGenXIntrinsicID(OC) == GenXIntrinsic::genx_output_1) {
          NI = NI->getNextNode();
          OC->eraseFromParent();
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }

    auto Nxt = CI->getNextNode();
    auto Ret = Nxt;

    // 1. Possible next node is branch to return
    auto Br = dyn_cast<BranchInst>(Nxt);
    if (Br && Br->isUnconditional())
      Ret = &Br->getSuccessor(0)->front();

    // 2. Possible several next nodes are GenXIntrinsic::genx_output_1
    while (GenXIntrinsic::getGenXIntrinsicID(Ret) == GenXIntrinsic::genx_output_1)
      Ret = Ret->getNextNode();

    // Check if next node is correct return insn
    if (!Ret || !isa<ReturnInst>(Ret)) {
      // getRetVal could not determine what happens to this return value.
      DiagnosticSeverity DS_Type = ST->warnCallable() ? DS_Warning : DS_Error;
      vc::diagnose(CI->getContext(), "GenXCoalescing",
                   "Callable Call must be right before function return",
                   DS_Type, vc::WarningName::Generic, CI);
    }
    Function *F = CI->getFunction();
    IGC_ASSERT(vc::isKernel(F));
    vc::KernelMetadata KM{F};
    unsigned Idx = 0; // kernel argument index
    unsigned i = 0;   // call argument index
    for (auto I = F->arg_begin(), E = F->arg_end(); I != E; ++I) {
      if (!KM.isFastCompositeArg(Idx++))
        continue;

      // This is the final value stored into the output argument.
      // If this is coalesced into kernel argument, nothing to do.
      // Otherwise, insert a copy.
      Value *V = CI->getArgOperand(i);
      Value *Arg = &*I;
      LiveRange *LR1 = Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(V);
      LiveRange *LR2 = Liveness->getLiveRange(Arg);

      auto coalesceInput = [=]() {
        // When LR1 is null, the input value should be Undef. Otherwise, it
        // should be loaded as a constant.
        if (LR1 == nullptr || LR1 == LR2)
          return false;

        if (!Liveness->interfere(LR1, LR2)) {
          Liveness->coalesce(LR1, LR2, false);
          return false;
        }

        // A copy is needed.
        return true;
      };

      if (coalesceInput()) {
        // Insert copy and add a short live range for copy-out.
        unsigned Num = Numbering->getNumber(CI);
        auto Copy = insertCopy(V, LR2, CI, "copyout", Num);
        CI->setArgOperand(i, Copy);
        LR2->push_back(Num, Num + 1);
        LR2->sortAndMerge();
      }
      ++i;
    }
  }
}

void GenXCoalescing::coalesceGlobalLoads(FunctionGroup *FG) {
  for (auto &GV : FG->getModule()->globals()) {
    if (!GV.hasAttribute(genx::FunctionMD::GenXVolatile))
      continue;
    LiveRange *LR1 = Liveness->getLiveRangeOrNull(&GV);
    if (!LR1)
      continue;

    // Collect all loads.
    SetVector<Instruction *> LoadsInGroup;
    for (auto UI : GV.users()) {
      if (auto LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(UI)) {
        IGC_ASSERT(LI->getPointerOperand() == &GV);
        auto Fn = LI->getFunction();
        // Check this load is inside the group.
        if (std::find(FG->begin(), FG->end(), Fn) != FG->end())
          LoadsInGroup.insert(LI);
      }
      // Global variable is used in a constexpr.
      if (&GV != vc::getUnderlyingGlobalVariable(UI))
        continue;
      for (auto U : UI->users())
        if (auto LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(U)) {
          auto Fn = LI->getFunction();
          // Check this load is inside the group.
          if (std::find(FG->begin(), FG->end(), Fn) != FG->end())
            LoadsInGroup.insert(LI);
        }
    }

    // Do coalescing.
    for (auto LI : LoadsInGroup) {
      LiveRange *LR2 = Liveness->getLiveRange(LI);
      LR1 = Liveness->coalesce(LR1, LR2, false);
    }
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * insertCopy : insert a copy of a non-struct value
 *
 * Enter:   Input = value to copy
 *          LR = live range to add the new value to
 *          InsertBefore = insert copy before this inst
 *          Name = name to give the new value
 *          Number = number to give the new instruction(s)
 *
 * Return:  The new copy instruction
 *
 * This inserts multiple copies if the input value is a vector that is
 * bigger than two GRFs or a non power of two size.
 */
Instruction *GenXCoalescing::insertCopy(SimpleValue Input, LiveRange *LR,
    Instruction *InsertBefore, StringRef Name, unsigned Number)
{
  IGC_ASSERT(!isa<Constant>(Input.getValue()));
  if (auto ST = dyn_cast<StructType>(Input.getValue()->getType())) {
    // Input is a struct element. First extract it. This
    // extract is created coalesced by adding it to the live
    // range of the struct element. An extractvalue is always
    // coalesced and never generates code.
    auto Indices = IndexFlattener::unflatten(ST, Input.getIndex());
    Instruction *Extract = ExtractValueInst::Create(Input.getValue(), Indices,
        "twoaddr.extract", InsertBefore);
    auto SourceLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(Input);
    IGC_ASSERT(SourceLR);
    Liveness->setLiveRange(SimpleValue(Extract), SourceLR);
    Input = SimpleValue(Extract);
  }
  ++NumInsertedCopies;
  return Liveness->insertCopy(Input.getValue(), LR, InsertBefore, Name, Number,
                              ST);
}

/***********************************************************************
 * insertIntoStruct : create an insertvalue to insert a new value into a
 *                    struct
 *
 * Enter:   Ty = type of putative struct
 *          FlattenedIndex = flattened index within the struct
 *          OldStruct = old value of struct
 *          NewVal = new value to insert into it
 *          InsertBefore = where to insert new instruction before
 *
 * Return:  the new InsertValueInst
 *
 * If Ty is not a struct type, this just returns NewVal.
 */
Instruction *GenXCoalescing::insertIntoStruct(Type *Ty,
    unsigned FlattenedIndex, Value *OldStruct, Instruction *NewVal,
    Instruction *InsertBefore)
{
  auto ST = dyn_cast<StructType>(Ty);
  if (!ST)
    return NewVal;
  // We're copying into struct element. We need to add an insertvalue.
  auto Indices = IndexFlattener::unflatten(ST, FlattenedIndex);
  return InsertValueInst::Create(OldStruct, NewVal,
      Indices, "coalescefail.insert", InsertBefore);
}

/***********************************************************************
 * showCoalesceFail : output a message to say that coalescing has failed
 */
void GenXCoalescing::showCoalesceFail(SimpleValue V, const DebugLoc &DL,
                                      const char *Intro, LiveRange *DestLR,
                                      LiveRange *SourceLR) {
  if (isa<Constant>(V.getValue()))
    return;
  if (V.getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits() >=
      GenXShowCoalesceFailThreshold * 8U) {
    dbgs() << "GenX " << Intro << " coalesce failed on ";
    V.printName(dbgs());
    dbgs() << " size " << V.getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits() / 8U
           << " bytes at ";
    DL.print(dbgs());
    dbgs() << "\nDestLR: " << *DestLR << "\nSourceLR: " << *SourceLR << "\n";
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * applyCopies : insert copies according to collected data.
 *
 * Postponed insertion is possible during coalescing because all
 * liveranges already contains insertion points. The only possible
 * exception is Branching Join Blocks copy: the copy will be
 * created on joins falling path.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::applyCopies() {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Applying copies\n");

  if (GenXCoalescingLessCopies) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Emitting optimized copies\n");

    applyCopiesOptimized();
  } else {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Emitting all copies\n");

    // Just emit all copies
    for (auto &CD : ToCopy) {
      createCopy(CD);
    }
  }

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Finished applying copies\n");
}

/***********************************************************************
 * applyCopiesOptimized : insert copies according to collected data.
 * Try to use less number of copies if possible.
 *
 * There are several assumptions in current algorithm:
 *   - Possible bitcast sequences (bitcast->bitcast) are not handled.
 *     Assuming that they were resolved earlier as redundant. However,
 *     such sequences would not brake functionality, but can block
 *     possible redundant copy elimination.
 *   - The most suitable copy candidate is handled only. This is
 *     done to simplify algorithm complexity in the first place.
 *     Also, this is the most common case that can happen in single
 *     liverange.
 *   - The most suitable copy candidate is the one with smaller
 *     number. This comes from GenX blocks layout.
 *   - The most suitable copy candidate is the latest created copy.
 *     That is to prevent unnecessary liverange interference. This
 *     comes from the previous two bullets.
 *
 * These assumptions represent heuristic for the basic case when
 * redundant copies appear. It is possible that there are some
 * other cases to be optimized. However, the good thing here is
 * that current algorithm cannot make situation any worse compared to
 * non-optimized copy generator: the number of generated copies is
 * less or equal to one produced by non-optimized generator. Also,
 * this optimization doesn't affect any existing insertion points.
 *
 * The algorithm does the following steps:
 *   1. Sort CopyData (see sortCopyData for details)
 *      - It defines the traverse order.
 *   2. Create initial copy
 *   3. Try to apply it in other users
 *      - There are several checks: same LR, same value, dominance,
 *        interference. Same value check takes into account possible
 *        copy coalescing that could be applied on source
 *        value earlier.
 *   4. Repeat from 2 on failure.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::applyCopiesOptimized() {
  // Sort ToCopy array for simple traverse
  SortedCopies SortedCD = getSortedCopyData();

  // The loop hierarchy looks quite scary. However,
  // it is still simple linear traverse through all copies.

  // Traverse all LRs
  for (auto &LRDataIt : SortedCD.CopiesPerLR) {
    // Traverse all copy values
    for (auto &CDIt : LRDataIt.second.CopiesPerValue) {
      // Finally we got into current copy candidates.
      // Traverse all copy data.
      applyCopiesForValue(CDIt.second);
    }
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * applyCopiesForValue: apply copies for CDSet set of copies candidates.
 *
 * For more details, check applyCopiesOptimized description.
 */
void GenXCoalescing::applyCopiesForValue(const std::set<CopyData> &CDSet) {
  auto It = CDSet.begin(), EndIt = CDSet.end();
  while (It != EndIt) {
    // Create initial copy.
    SimpleValue DestSV = It->Dest;
    SimpleValue SourceSV = It->Source;
    Instruction *CurrCopy = createCopy(*It);
    unsigned Idx = It->Source.getIndex();

    // Unlink copy from LR and build its own one. This LR
    // is used to detect possible interference.
    auto CopySV = SimpleValue(CurrCopy, Idx);
    Liveness->removeValueNoDelete(CopySV);
    auto *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(DestSV);

    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Created copy for LR: "; DestLR->print(dbgs());
               dbgs() << "\nValue that was copied: "; SourceSV.print(dbgs());
               dbgs() << "\nCopy inst: "; CopySV.print(dbgs()); dbgs() << "\n");

    // Try to apply this copy in other copy candidates.
    auto *CopyLR = mergeCopiesTillFailed(CopySV, ++It, EndIt);

    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Finished processing all candidates for that copy\n";
               dbgs() << "Final copy val LR: "; CopyLR->print(dbgs());
               dbgs() << "\n");

    // All possible copies were handled. Coalesce copy with its dst.
    DestLR = Liveness->coalesce(DestLR, CopyLR, false);

    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Updated dest LR: "; DestLR->print(dbgs());
               dbgs() << "\n");
  }
}

/***********************************************************************
 * mergeCopiesTillFailed: merge all possible copy users until failure
 * is met.
 *
 * Returns iterator to the element where merge has stopped or EndIt
 * in case when all elements were handled.
 *
 * For more details, check applyCopiesOptimized description.
 */
template <typename Iter>
LiveRange *GenXCoalescing::mergeCopiesTillFailed(SimpleValue CopySV, Iter &It,
                                                 Iter EndIt) {
  auto *CopyLR = Liveness->buildLiveRange(CopySV);
  if (It == EndIt)
    return CopyLR;

  auto *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(It->Dest);
  Instruction *CurrCopy = cast<Instruction>(CopySV.getValue());

  while (It != EndIt) {
    // Interference detection
    if (Liveness->interfere(DestLR, CopyLR)) {
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Interference detected\n");
      return CopyLR;
    }
    // Dominance detection
    if (!getDomTree(CurrCopy->getFunction())
             ->dominates(CurrCopy, cast<Instruction>(It->Dest.getValue()))) {
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Copy doesn't dominate user\n");
      return CopyLR;
    }

    // Copy may be redundant. Check interference after copy applied.
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Current copy value LR: "; CopyLR->print(dbgs());
               dbgs() << "\nChecking updated interference\n");
    Value *OldValue = It->UseInDest->get();
    BitCastInst *BCI = nullptr;
    if (It->Source.getValue()->getType() == CurrCopy->getType()) {
      *It->UseInDest = CurrCopy;
    } else {
      IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(
          It->Source.getIndex() == 0,
          "Must be non-aggregated type: should come from bitcast");
      IRBuilder<> Builder(CurrCopy->getNextNode());
      BCI = cast<BitCastInst>(Builder.CreateBitCast(
          CurrCopy, It->Source.getValue()->getType(), "red_copy_type_conv"));
      Numbering->setNumber(BCI, Numbering->getNumber(CurrCopy));
      *It->UseInDest = BCI;
      auto *BitcastLR = Liveness->buildLiveRange(SimpleValue(BCI, 0));
      CopyLR = Liveness->coalesce(CopyLR, BitcastLR, false);
    }

    Liveness->rebuildLiveRange(CopyLR);
    if (Liveness->twoAddrInterfere(DestLR, CopyLR)) {
      // Undo copy elimination
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Interference detected\n");
      *It->UseInDest = OldValue;
      if (BCI) {
        Liveness->removeValue(BCI);
        BCI->eraseFromParent();
      }
      Liveness->rebuildLiveRange(CopyLR);
      return CopyLR;
    }

    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Success. Moving to next candidate\n");
    It++;
  }

  return CopyLR;
}

/***********************************************************************
 * getSortedCopyData : sort CopyData for optimizal traverse.
 *
 * The idea is to group CopyData in the following hierarchy:
 *   - Destination LR
 *     - Value to be copied
 *       - Copy data with the same Source Idx
 *         - Copy data sorted by instruction Num
 *
 * This is simply done by adding data into SortHelper. See
 * SortedCopies struct implementation for details.
 */
SortedCopies GenXCoalescing::getSortedCopyData() {
  SortedCopies SortHelper;

  std::for_each(ToCopy.begin(), ToCopy.end(), [&](auto &CD) {
    LiveRange *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(CD.Dest);
    Value *SourceVal = CD.Source.getValue();
    // Apply copy coalesced value for source
    if (Instruction *CopyInst = dyn_cast<Instruction>(SourceVal)) {
      if (CopyCoalesced.count(CopyInst))
        SourceVal = CopyCoalesced[CopyInst];
    }
    SortHelper.insertData(DestLR, SourceVal, CD);
  });

  return SortHelper;
}

/***********************************************************************
 * createCopy : insert copy according to collected data.
 *
 * Only twoaddr and phi copies are handled now.
 */
Instruction *GenXCoalescing::createCopy(const CopyData &CD) {
  LiveRange *DestLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(CD.Dest);
  LiveRange *SourceLR = Liveness->getLiveRange(CD.Source);
  SimpleValue Source = CD.Source;
  if (auto It = CallToRetVal.find(Source); It != CallToRetVal.end())
    Source = SimpleValue{It->second};
  Instruction *NewCopy = nullptr;
  switch (CD.CopyT) {
  case PHICOPY:
  case PHICOPY_BRANCHING_JP: {
    PHINode *Phi = dyn_cast<PHINode>(CD.Dest.getValue());
    IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(Phi, "Expected PHI");
    unsigned Num =
        (CD.CopyT == PHICOPY)
            ? Numbering->getPhiNumber(
                  Phi, Phi->getIncomingBlock(CD.UseInDest->getOperandNo()))
            : Numbering->getNumber(CD.InsertPoint);
    LLVM_DEBUG(showCoalesceFail(CD.Dest, CD.InsertPoint->getDebugLoc(), "phi",
                                DestLR, SourceLR));
    NewCopy = insertCopy(Source, DestLR, CD.InsertPoint, "phicopy", Num);
    Phi->setIncomingValue(CD.UseInDest->getOperandNo(), NewCopy);
    break;
  }
  case TWOADDRCOPY: {
    // Insert the copy now for a two address op. Give it the number of the
    // pre-copy slot, which is one less than the number of the two address
    // instruction.
    Instruction *DestInst = cast<Instruction>(CD.Dest.getValue());
    LLVM_DEBUG(showCoalesceFail(CD.Dest, DestInst->getDebugLoc(), "two address",
                                DestLR, SourceLR));
    NewCopy = insertCopy(Source, DestLR, DestInst, "twoaddr",
                         Numbering->getNumber(DestInst) - 1);
    NewCopy =
        insertIntoStruct(CD.UseInDest->get()->getType(), CD.Dest.getIndex(),
                         *CD.UseInDest, NewCopy, DestInst);
    // Replace the use of the old source.
    IGC_ASSERT(CD.UseInDest->get()->getType() == NewCopy->getType());
    *CD.UseInDest = NewCopy;
    // No need to extend the live range, as the result of the two address op was
    // already marked as defined at the pre-copy slot.
    break;
  }
  default:
    IGC_ASSERT_EXIT_MESSAGE(0, "Unknown copy type!");
  }

  if (CD.CopyT == PHICOPY_BRANCHING_JP) {
    // Extend liverange: we skipped some basic blocks
    Liveness->rebuildLiveRange(DestLR);
  }

  IGC_ASSERT_MESSAGE(NewCopy, "Bad copy");

  return NewCopy;
}

/***********************************************************************
 * replaceAllUsesWith : replace all uses of OldInst with new instruction
 *   with regard to GenXCoalescing structs
 */
void GenXCoalescing::replaceAllUsesWith(Instruction *OldInst,
                                        Instruction *NewInst) {
  for (auto &&CD : ToCopy) {
    if (CD.InsertPoint == OldInst)
      CD.InsertPoint = cast<Instruction>(NewInst);
  }
  ToCopy.erase(std::remove_if(ToCopy.begin(), ToCopy.end(),
                              [&](CopyData const &CD) {
                                if (CD.Dest.getValue() == OldInst)
                                  return true;
                                if (CD.Source.getValue() == OldInst)
                                  return true;
                                return false;
                              }),
               ToCopy.end());
  OldInst->replaceAllUsesWith(NewInst);
}
