//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All Rights Reserved.
// Copyright by the contributors to the Dafny Project
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
//
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.CommandLine;
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Linq;
using DafnyCore;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
using Bpl = Microsoft.Boogie;

namespace Microsoft.Dafny {

  public enum PrintModes {
    Everything,
    Serialization, // Serializing the program to a file for lossless loading later
    NoIncludes,
    NoGhostOrIncludes
  }

  public record PrintFlags(bool UseOriginalDafnyNames = false);

  public partial class Printer {
    private DafnyOptions options;
    static Printer() {
      DafnyOptions.RegisterLegacyBinding(PrintMode, (options, value) => {
        options.PrintMode = value;
      });

      OptionRegistry.RegisterOption(PrintMode, OptionScope.Cli);
    }

    public static readonly Option<PrintModes> PrintMode = new("--print-mode", () => PrintModes.Everything, @"
Everything - Print everything listed below.
Serialization - print the source that will be included in a compiled dll.
NoIncludes - disable printing of {:verify false} methods
    incorporated via the include mechanism, as well as datatypes and
    fields included from other files.
NoGhost - disable printing of functions, ghost methods, and proof
    statements in implementation methods. It also disables anything
    NoIncludes disables.".TrimStart()) {
      IsHidden = true
    };

    TextWriter wr;
    PrintModes printMode;
    bool afterResolver;
    bool printingExportSet = false;
    bool printingDesugared = false;
    private readonly PrintFlags printFlags;

    [ContractInvariantMethod]
    void ObjectInvariant() {
      Contract.Invariant(wr != null);
    }

    public Printer(TextWriter wr, DafnyOptions options, PrintModes printMode = PrintModes.Everything, [CanBeNull] PrintFlags printFlags = null) {
      Contract.Requires(wr != null);
      this.wr = wr;
      this.options = options;
      this.printMode = printMode;
      this.printFlags = printFlags ?? new PrintFlags();
    }

    public static string ExprToString(DafnyOptions options, Expression expr, [CanBeNull] PrintFlags printFlags = null) {
      Contract.Requires(expr != null);
      using var wr = new StringWriter();
      var pr = new Printer(wr, options, printFlags: printFlags);
      pr.PrintExpression(expr, false);
      return wr.ToString();
    }

    public static string GuardToString(DafnyOptions options, bool isBindingGuard, Expression expr) {
      Contract.Requires(!isBindingGuard || (expr is ExistsExpr && ((ExistsExpr)expr).Range == null));
      using (var wr = new System.IO.StringWriter()) {
        var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
        pr.PrintGuard(isBindingGuard, expr);
        return wr.ToString();
      }
    }

    public static string ExtendedExprToString(DafnyOptions options, Expression expr) {
      Contract.Requires(expr != null);
      using (var wr = new System.IO.StringWriter()) {
        var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
        pr.PrintExtendedExpr(expr, 0, true, false);
        return wr.ToString();
      }
    }

    public static string FrameExprListToString(DafnyOptions options, List<FrameExpression> fexprs) {
      Contract.Requires(fexprs != null);
      using var wr = new StringWriter();
      var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
      pr.PrintFrameExpressionList(fexprs);
      return wr.ToString();
    }

    public static string StatementToString(DafnyOptions options, Statement stmt) {
      Contract.Requires(stmt != null);
      using var wr = new StringWriter();
      var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
      pr.PrintStatement(stmt, 0);
      return ToStringWithoutNewline(wr);
    }

    public static string IteratorClassToString(DafnyOptions options, IteratorDecl iter) {
      Contract.Requires(iter != null);
      using (var wr = new System.IO.StringWriter()) {
        var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
        pr.PrintIteratorClass(iter, 0, null);
        return ToStringWithoutNewline(wr);
      }
    }

    public static string IteratorSignatureToString(DafnyOptions options, IteratorDecl iter) {
      Contract.Requires(iter != null);
      using (var wr = new System.IO.StringWriter()) {
        var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
        pr.PrintIteratorSignature(iter, 0);
        return ToStringWithoutNewline(wr);
      }
    }

    public static string FieldToString(DafnyOptions options, Field field) {
      Contract.Requires(field != null);
      using (var wr = new StringWriter()) {
        var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
        pr.PrintField(field, 0);
        return ToStringWithoutNewline(wr);
      }
    }

    public static string FunctionSignatureToString(DafnyOptions options, Function f) {
      Contract.Requires(f != null);
      using var wr = new StringWriter();
      var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
      pr.PrintFunction(f, 0, true);
      return ToStringWithoutNewline(wr);
    }

    public static string MethodSignatureToString(DafnyOptions options, Method m) {
      Contract.Requires(m != null);
      using (var wr = new System.IO.StringWriter()) {
        var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
        pr.PrintMethod(m, 0, true);
        return ToStringWithoutNewline(wr);
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns a string for all attributes on the list "a".  Each attribute is
    /// followed by a space.
    /// </summary>
    public static string AttributesToString(DafnyOptions options, Attributes a) {
      if (a == null) {
        return "";
      } else {
        return AttributesToString(options, a.Prev) + OneAttributeToString(options, a) + " ";
      }
    }

    public static string OneAttributeToString(DafnyOptions options, Attributes a, string nameSubstitution = null) {
      Contract.Requires(a != null);
      using (var wr = new System.IO.StringWriter()) {
        var pr = new Printer(wr, options);
        pr.PrintOneAttribute(a, nameSubstitution);
        return ToStringWithoutNewline(wr);
      }
    }

    public static string ToStringWithoutNewline(System.IO.StringWriter wr) {
      Contract.Requires(wr != null);
      var sb = wr.GetStringBuilder();
      var len = sb.Length;
      while (len > 0 && (sb[len - 1] == '\n' || sb[len - 1] == '\r')) {
        len--;
      }
      return sb.ToString(0, len);
    }

    public void PrintProgramLargeStack(Program prog, bool afterResolver) {
#pragma warning disable VSTHRD002
      DafnyMain.LargeStackFactory.StartNew(() => PrintProgram(prog, afterResolver)).Wait();
#pragma warning restore VSTHRD002
    }

    public void PrintProgram(Program prog, bool afterResolver) {
      Contract.Requires(prog != null);
      this.afterResolver = afterResolver;
      if (options.ShowEnv != Bpl.ExecutionEngineOptions.ShowEnvironment.Never) {
        wr.WriteLine("// " + options.Version);
        wr.WriteLine("// " + options.Environment);
      }
      if (options.PrintMode != PrintModes.Serialization) {
        wr.WriteLine("// {0}", prog.Name);
      }
      if (options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null && options.PrintMode == PrintModes.Everything) {
        wr.WriteLine();
        wr.WriteLine("/*");
        PrintModuleDefinition(prog.Compilation, prog.SystemModuleManager.SystemModule, null, 0, null);
        wr.Write("// bitvector types in use:");
        foreach (var w in prog.SystemModuleManager.Bitwidths) {
          wr.Write(" bv{0}", w);
        }
        wr.WriteLine();
        wr.WriteLine("*/");
      }
      wr.WriteLine();
      PrintCallGraph(prog.DefaultModuleDef, 0);
      PrintTopLevelDecls(prog.Compilation, prog.DefaultModuleDef.TopLevelDecls, 0, null);
      foreach (var tup in prog.DefaultModuleDef.PrefixNamedModules) {
        var decls = new List<TopLevelDecl>() { tup.Module };
        PrintTopLevelDecls(prog.Compilation, decls, 0, tup.Parts);
      }
      wr.Flush();
    }

    public void PrintCallGraph(ModuleDefinition module, int indent) {
      Contract.Requires(module != null);
      Contract.Requires(0 <= indent);
      if (options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null && options.PrintMode == PrintModes.Everything) {
        // print call graph
        Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("/* CALL GRAPH for module {0}:", module.Name);
        var SCCs = module.CallGraph.TopologicallySortedComponents();
        // Sort output SCCs in order of: descending height, then decreasing size of SCC, then alphabetical order of the name of
        // the representative element. By being this specific, we reduce changes in output from minor changes in the code. (With
        // more effort, we could be even more deterministic, if needed in the future.)
        SCCs.Sort((m, n) => {
          var mm = module.CallGraph.GetSCCRepresentativePredecessorCount(m);
          var nn = module.CallGraph.GetSCCRepresentativePredecessorCount(n);
          if (mm < nn) {
            return 1;
          } else if (mm > nn) {
            return -1;
          }
          mm = module.CallGraph.GetSCCSize(m);
          nn = module.CallGraph.GetSCCSize(n);
          if (mm < nn) {
            return 1;
          } else if (mm > nn) {
            return -1;
          }
          return string.CompareOrdinal(m.NameRelativeToModule, n.NameRelativeToModule);
        });
        foreach (var callable in SCCs) {
          Indent(indent);
          wr.WriteLine(" * SCC at height {0}:", module.CallGraph.GetSCCRepresentativePredecessorCount(callable));
          var r = module.CallGraph.GetSCC(callable);
          foreach (var m in r) {
            Indent(indent);
            var maybeByMethod = m is Method method && method.IsByMethod ? " (by method)" : "";
            wr.WriteLine($" *   {m.NameRelativeToModule}{maybeByMethod}");
          }
        }
        Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine(" */");
      }
    }

    public void PrintTopLevelDecls(CompilationData compilation, IEnumerable<TopLevelDecl> decls, int indent,
      IEnumerable<IToken>/*?*/ prefixIds) {
      Contract.Requires(decls != null);
      int i = 0;
      foreach (TopLevelDecl d in decls) {
        Contract.Assert(d != null);
        var project = compilation.Options.DafnyProject;
        if (PrintModeSkipGeneral(project, d.tok)) { continue; }
        if (d is AbstractTypeDecl) {
          var at = (AbstractTypeDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          Indent(indent);
          PrintClassMethodHelper("type", at.Attributes, at.Name + TPCharacteristicsSuffix(at.Characteristics), d.TypeArgs);
          PrintExtendsClause(at);
          if (at.Members.Count == 0) {
            wr.WriteLine();
          } else {
            wr.WriteLine(" {");
            PrintMembers(at.Members, indent + IndentAmount, project);
            Indent(indent);
            wr.WriteLine("}");
          }
        } else if (d is NewtypeDecl) {
          var dd = (NewtypeDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          Indent(indent);
          PrintClassMethodHelper("newtype", dd.Attributes, dd.Name, dd.TypeArgs);
          PrintExtendsClause(dd);
          wr.Write(" = ");
          if (dd.Var == null) {
            PrintType(dd.BaseType);
            wr.WriteLine();
          } else {
            wr.Write(dd.Var.DisplayName);
            if (ShowType(dd.Var.Type)) {
              wr.Write(": ");
              PrintType(dd.BaseType);
            }
            wr.WriteLine();
            Indent(indent + IndentAmount);
            wr.Write("| ");
            PrintExpression(dd.Constraint, true);
            wr.WriteLine();
            if (dd.WitnessKind != SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.CompiledZero) {
              Indent(indent + IndentAmount);
              PrintWitnessClause(dd);
              wr.WriteLine();
            }
          }
          if (dd.Members.Count != 0) {
            Indent(indent);
            wr.WriteLine("{");
            PrintMembers(dd.Members, indent + IndentAmount, project);
            Indent(indent);
            wr.WriteLine("}");
          }
        } else if (d is SubsetTypeDecl subsetTypeDecl) {
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }

          PrintSubsetTypeDecl(subsetTypeDecl, indent);
        } else if (d is TypeSynonymDecl) {
          var dd = (TypeSynonymDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          Indent(indent);
          PrintClassMethodHelper("type", dd.Attributes, dd.Name + TPCharacteristicsSuffix(dd.Characteristics), dd.TypeArgs);
          wr.Write(" = ");
          PrintType(dd.Rhs);
          wr.WriteLine();
        } else if (d is DatatypeDecl) {
          var dd = (DatatypeDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          PrintDatatype(dd, indent, project);
        } else if (d is IteratorDecl) {
          var iter = (IteratorDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          PrintIteratorSignature(iter, indent);

          if (iter.Body != null) {
            Indent(indent);
            PrintStatement(iter.Body, indent);
            wr.WriteLine();
          }

          if (afterResolver) {
            // also print the members that were created as part of the interpretation of the iterator
            Contract.Assert(iter.Members.Count != 0);  // filled in during resolution
            Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("/*---------- iterator members ----------");
            Indent(indent); PrintIteratorClass(iter, indent, project);
            Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("---------- iterator members ----------*/");
          }

        } else if (d is DefaultClassDecl defaultClassDecl) {
          if (defaultClassDecl.Members.Count == 0) {
            // print nothing
          } else {
            if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
            PrintMembers(defaultClassDecl.Members, indent, project);
          }
        } else if (d is ClassLikeDecl) {
          var cl = (ClassLikeDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          PrintClass(cl, indent, project);

        } else if (d is ClassLikeDecl) {
          var cl = (ClassLikeDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          PrintClass(cl, indent, project);

        } else if (d is ValuetypeDecl) {
          var vtd = (ValuetypeDecl)d;
          if (i++ != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          Indent(indent);
          PrintClassMethodHelper("type", vtd.Attributes, vtd.Name, vtd.TypeArgs);
          if (vtd.Members.Count == 0) {
            wr.WriteLine(" { }");
          } else {
            wr.WriteLine(" {");
            PrintMembers(vtd.Members, indent + IndentAmount, project);
            Indent(indent);
            wr.WriteLine("}");
          }

        } else if (d is ModuleDecl md) {
          wr.WriteLine();
          Indent(indent);
          if (d is LiteralModuleDecl modDecl) {
            if (printMode == PrintModes.Serialization && !modDecl.ModuleDef.ShouldCompile(compilation)) {
              // This mode is used to losslessly serialize the source program by the C# and Library backends.
              // Backends don't compile any code for modules not marked for compilation,
              // so it's consistent to skip those modules here too. 
              continue;
            }

            VisibilityScope scope = null;
            if (modDecl.Signature != null) {
              scope = modDecl.Signature.VisibilityScope;
            }
            PrintModuleDefinition(compilation, modDecl.ModuleDef, scope, indent, prefixIds);
          } else if (d is AliasModuleDecl) {
            var dd = (AliasModuleDecl)d;

            wr.Write("import");
            if (dd.Opened) {
              wr.Write(" opened");
            }
            wr.Write(" {0}", dd.Name);
            if (dd.Name != dd.TargetQId.ToString()) {
              wr.Write(" = {0}", dd.TargetQId.ToString());
            }
            if (dd.Exports.Count == 1) {
              wr.Write("`{0}", dd.Exports[0].val);
            }
            if (dd.Exports.Count > 1) {
              wr.Write("`{{{0}}}", Util.Comma(dd.Exports, id => id.val));
            }
            wr.WriteLine();
          } else if (d is AbstractModuleDecl) {
            var dd = (AbstractModuleDecl)d;

            wr.Write("import");
            if (dd.Opened) {
              wr.Write(" opened");
            }
            wr.Write(" {0} ", dd.Name);
            wr.Write(": {0}", dd.QId.ToString());
            if (dd.Exports.Count > 0) {
              wr.Write("`{{{0}}}", Util.Comma(dd.Exports, id => id.val));
            }
            wr.WriteLine();

          } else if (d is ModuleExportDecl) {
            ModuleExportDecl e = (ModuleExportDecl)d;
            if (!e.IsDefault) {
              wr.Write("export {0}", e.Name);
            } else {
              wr.Write("export");
            }

            if (e.IsRefining) {
              wr.Write(" ...");
            }
            if (e.Extends.Count > 0) {
              wr.Write(" extends {0}", Util.Comma(e.Extends, id => id.val));
            }

            wr.WriteLine();
            PrintModuleExportDecl(compilation, e, indent + IndentAmount, project);
            wr.WriteLine();
          } else {
            Contract.Assert(false); // unexpected ModuleDecl
          }
        } else {
          Contract.Assert(false); // unexpected TopLevelDecl
        }
      }
    }

    private void PrintSubsetTypeDecl(SubsetTypeDecl dd, int indent) {
      Indent(indent);
      PrintClassMethodHelper("type", dd.Attributes, dd.Name + TPCharacteristicsSuffix(dd.Characteristics), dd.TypeArgs);
      wr.Write(" = ");
      wr.Write(dd.Var.DisplayName);
      if (ShowType(dd.Var.Type)) {
        wr.Write(": ");
        PrintType(dd.Rhs);
      }

      if (dd is NonNullTypeDecl) {
        wr.Write(" ");
      } else {
        wr.WriteLine();
        Indent(indent + IndentAmount);
      }

      wr.Write("| ");
      PrintExpression(dd.Constraint, true);
      if (dd.WitnessKind != SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.CompiledZero) {
        if (dd is NonNullTypeDecl) {
          wr.Write(" ");
        } else {
          wr.WriteLine();
          Indent(indent + IndentAmount);
        }

        PrintWitnessClause(dd);
      }

      wr.WriteLine();
    }

    private void PrintWitnessClause(RedirectingTypeDecl dd) {
      Contract.Requires(dd != null);
      Contract.Requires(dd.WitnessKind != SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.CompiledZero);

      switch (dd.WitnessKind) {
        case SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.Ghost:
          wr.Write("ghost ");
          goto case SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.Compiled;
        case SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.Compiled:
          wr.Write("witness ");
          PrintExpression(dd.Witness, true);
          break;
        case SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.OptOut:
          wr.Write("witness *");
          break;
        case SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.Special:
          wr.Write("/*special witness*/");
          break;
        case SubsetTypeDecl.WKind.CompiledZero:
        default:
          Contract.Assert(false);  // unexpected WKind
          break;
      }
    }

    void PrintModuleExportDecl(CompilationData compilation, ModuleExportDecl m, int indent, DafnyProject project) {
      Contract.Requires(m != null);

      if (m.RevealAll) {
        Indent(indent);
        wr.WriteLine("reveals *");
      }
      if (m.ProvideAll) {
        Indent(indent);
        wr.WriteLine("provides *");
      }
      var i = 0;
      while (i < m.Exports.Count) {
        var start = i;
        var bodyKind = m.Exports[start].Opaque;
        do {
          i++;
        } while (i < m.Exports.Count && m.Exports[i].Opaque == bodyKind);
        // print [start..i)
        Indent(indent);
        wr.Write("{0} ", bodyKind ? "provides" : "reveals");
        wr.WriteLine(Util.Comma(i - start, j => m.Exports[start + j].ToString()));

        if (options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null) {
          Contract.Assert(!printingExportSet);
          printingExportSet = true;
          Indent(indent);
          wr.WriteLine("/*----- exported view:");
          for (int j = start; j < i; j++) {
            var id = m.Exports[j];
            if (id.Decl is TopLevelDecl) {
              PrintTopLevelDecls(compilation, new List<TopLevelDecl> { (TopLevelDecl)id.Decl }, indent + IndentAmount, null);
            } else if (id.Decl is MemberDecl) {
              PrintMembers(new List<MemberDecl> { (MemberDecl)id.Decl }, indent + IndentAmount, project);
            }
          }
          Indent(indent);
          wr.WriteLine("-----*/");
          Contract.Assert(printingExportSet);
          printingExportSet = false;
        }
      }
    }

    public void PrintModuleDefinition(CompilationData compilation, ModuleDefinition module, VisibilityScope scope, int indent, IEnumerable<IToken>/*?*/ prefixIds) {
      Contract.Requires(module != null);
      Contract.Requires(0 <= indent);
      Type.PushScope(scope);
      if (module.ModuleKind == ModuleKindEnum.Abstract) {
        wr.Write("abstract ");
      }
      if (module.ModuleKind == ModuleKindEnum.Replaceable) {
        wr.Write("replaceable ");
      }
      wr.Write("module");
      PrintAttributes(module.Attributes);
      wr.Write(" ");
      if (prefixIds != null) {
        foreach (var p in prefixIds) {
          wr.Write("{0}.", p.val);
        }
      }
      wr.Write("{0} ", module.Name);
      if (module.Implements != null) {
        var kindString = module.Implements.Kind switch {
          ImplementationKind.Refinement => "refines",
          ImplementationKind.Replacement => "replaces",
          _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
        };
        wr.Write($"{kindString} {module.Implements.Target} ");
      }
      if (!module.TopLevelDecls.Any()) {
        wr.WriteLine("{ }");
      } else {
        wr.WriteLine("{");
        PrintCallGraph(module, indent + IndentAmount);
        PrintTopLevelDeclsOrExportedView(compilation, module, indent);
        Indent(indent);
        wr.WriteLine("}");
      }
      Type.PopScope(scope);
    }

    void PrintTopLevelDeclsOrExportedView(CompilationData compilation, ModuleDefinition module, int indent) {
      var decls = module.TopLevelDecls;
      // only filter based on view name after resolver.
      if (afterResolver && options.DafnyPrintExportedViews.Count != 0) {
        var views = options.DafnyPrintExportedViews.ToHashSet();
        decls = decls.Where(d => views.Contains(d.FullName));
      }
      PrintTopLevelDecls(compilation, decls, indent + IndentAmount, null);
      foreach (var tup in module.PrefixNamedModules) {
        PrintTopLevelDecls(compilation, new TopLevelDecl[] { tup.Module }, indent + IndentAmount, tup.Parts);
      }
    }

    void PrintIteratorSignature(IteratorDecl iter, int indent) {
      Indent(indent);
      PrintClassMethodHelper("iterator", iter.Attributes, iter.Name, iter.TypeArgs);
      if (iter.IsRefining) {
        wr.Write(" ...");
      } else {
        PrintFormals(iter.Ins, iter);
        if (iter.Outs.Count != 0) {
          if (iter.Ins.Count + iter.Outs.Count <= 3) {
            wr.Write(" yields ");
          } else {
            wr.WriteLine();
            Indent(indent + 2 * IndentAmount);
            wr.Write("yields ");
          }
          PrintFormals(iter.Outs, iter);
        }
      }

      int ind = indent + IndentAmount;
      PrintSpec("requires", iter.Requires, ind);
      if (iter.Reads.Expressions != null) {
        PrintFrameSpecLine("reads", iter.Reads, ind);
      }
      if (iter.Modifies.Expressions != null) {
        PrintFrameSpecLine("modifies", iter.Modifies, ind);
      }
      PrintSpec("yield requires", iter.YieldRequires, ind);
      PrintSpec("yield ensures", iter.YieldEnsures, ind);
      PrintSpec("ensures", iter.Ensures, ind);
      PrintDecreasesSpec(iter.Decreases, ind);
      wr.WriteLine();
    }

    private void PrintIteratorClass(IteratorDecl iter, int indent, DafnyProject project) {
      PrintClassMethodHelper("class", null, iter.Name, iter.TypeArgs);
      wr.WriteLine(" {");
      PrintMembers(iter.Members, indent + IndentAmount, project);
      Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("}");

      Contract.Assert(iter.NonNullTypeDecl != null);
      PrintSubsetTypeDecl(iter.NonNullTypeDecl, indent);
    }

    public void PrintClass(ClassLikeDecl c, int indent, DafnyProject project) {
      Contract.Requires(c != null);

      Indent(indent);
      PrintClassMethodHelper(c is TraitDecl ? "trait" : "class", c.Attributes, c.Name, c.TypeArgs);
      if (c.IsRefining) {
        wr.Write(" ...");
      } else {
        PrintExtendsClause(c);
      }

      if (c.Members.Count == 0) {
        wr.WriteLine(" { }");
      } else {
        wr.WriteLine(" {");
        PrintMembers(c.Members, indent + IndentAmount, project);
        Indent(indent);
        wr.WriteLine("}");
      }

      if (options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null && c.NonNullTypeDecl != null) {
        if (!printingExportSet) {
          Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("/*-- non-null type");
        }
        PrintSubsetTypeDecl(c.NonNullTypeDecl, indent);
        if (!printingExportSet) {
          Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("*/");
        }
      }
    }

    private void PrintExtendsClause(TopLevelDeclWithMembers c) {
      string sep = " extends ";
      foreach (var trait in c.ParentTraits) {
        wr.Write(sep);
        PrintType(trait);
        sep = ", ";
      }
    }

    public void PrintMembers(List<MemberDecl> members, int indent, DafnyProject project) {
      Contract.Requires(members != null);

      int state = 0;  // 0 - no members yet; 1 - previous member was a field; 2 - previous member was non-field
      foreach (MemberDecl m in members) {
        if (PrintModeSkipGeneral(project, m.tok)) { continue; }
        if (printMode == PrintModes.Serialization && Attributes.Contains(m.Attributes, "auto_generated")) {
          // omit this declaration
        } else if (m is Method) {
          if (state != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          PrintMethod((Method)m, indent, false);
          var com = m as ExtremeLemma;
          if (com != null && com.PrefixLemma != null) {
            Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("/***");
            PrintMethod(com.PrefixLemma, indent, false);
            Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("***/");
          }
          state = 2;
        } else if (m is Field) {
          if (state == 2) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          PrintField((Field)m, indent);
          state = 1;
        } else if (m is Function) {
          if (state != 0) { wr.WriteLine(); }
          PrintFunction((Function)m, indent, false);
          if (m is ExtremePredicate fixp && fixp.PrefixPredicate != null) {
            Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("/*** (note, what is printed here does not show substitutions of calls to prefix predicates)");
            PrintFunction(fixp.PrefixPredicate, indent, false);
            Indent(indent); wr.WriteLine("***/");
          }
          state = 2;
        } else {
          Contract.Assert(false); throw new cce.UnreachableException();  // unexpected member
        }
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Prints no space before "kind", but does print a space before "attrs" and "name".
    /// </summary>
    void PrintClassMethodHelper(string kind, Attributes attrs, string name, List<TypeParameter> typeArgs) {
      Contract.Requires(kind != null);
      Contract.Requires(name != null);
      Contract.Requires(typeArgs != null);

      wr.Write(kind);
      PrintAttributes(attrs);

      if (ArrowType.IsArrowTypeName(name)) {
        PrintArrowType(ArrowType.ANY_ARROW, name, typeArgs);
      } else if (ArrowType.IsPartialArrowTypeName(name)) {
        PrintArrowType(ArrowType.PARTIAL_ARROW, name, typeArgs);
      } else if (ArrowType.IsTotalArrowTypeName(name)) {
        PrintArrowType(ArrowType.TOTAL_ARROW, name, typeArgs);
      } else if (SystemModuleManager.IsTupleTypeName(name)) {
        wr.Write(" /*{0}*/ ({1})", name, Util.Comma(typeArgs, TypeParamString));
      } else {
        wr.Write(" {0}", name);
        PrintTypeParams(typeArgs);
      }
    }

    private void PrintTypeParams(List<TypeParameter> typeArgs) {
      Contract.Requires(typeArgs != null);
      Contract.Requires(
        typeArgs.All(tp => tp.Name.StartsWith("_")) ||
        typeArgs.All(tp => !tp.Name.StartsWith("_")));

      if (typeArgs.Count != 0 && !typeArgs[0].Name.StartsWith("_")) {
        wr.Write("<{0}>", Util.Comma(typeArgs, TypeParamString));
      }
    }

    public string TypeParamString(TypeParameter tp) {
      Contract.Requires(tp != null);
      string variance;
      switch (tp.VarianceSyntax) {
        case TypeParameter.TPVarianceSyntax.Covariant_Permissive:
          variance = "*";
          break;
        case TypeParameter.TPVarianceSyntax.Covariant_Strict:
          variance = "+";
          break;
        case TypeParameter.TPVarianceSyntax.NonVariant_Permissive:
          variance = "!";
          break;
        case TypeParameter.TPVarianceSyntax.NonVariant_Strict:
          variance = "";
          break;
        case TypeParameter.TPVarianceSyntax.Contravariance:
          variance = "-";
          break;
        default:
          Contract.Assert(false);  // unexpected VarianceSyntax
          throw new cce.UnreachableException();
      }
      var paramString = variance + tp.Name + TPCharacteristicsSuffix(tp.Characteristics);
      foreach (var typeBound in tp.TypeBounds) {
        paramString += $" extends {typeBound.TypeName(options, null, true)}";
      }
      return paramString;
    }

    private void PrintArrowType(string arrow, string internalName, List<TypeParameter> typeArgs) {
      Contract.Requires(arrow != null);
      Contract.Requires(internalName != null);
      Contract.Requires(typeArgs != null);
      Contract.Requires(1 <= typeArgs.Count);  // argument list ends with the result type
      wr.Write(" /*{0}*/ ", internalName);
      int arity = typeArgs.Count - 1;
      if (arity != 1) {
        wr.Write("(");
      }
      wr.Write(Util.Comma(arity, i => TypeParamString(typeArgs[i])));
      if (arity != 1) {
        wr.Write(")");
      }
      wr.Write(" {0} {1}", arrow, TypeParamString(typeArgs[arity]));
    }

    private void PrintTypeInstantiation(List<Type> typeArgs) {
      Contract.Requires(typeArgs == null || typeArgs.Count != 0);
      wr.Write(Type.TypeArgsToString(options, typeArgs));
    }

    public void PrintDatatype(DatatypeDecl dt, int indent, DafnyProject dafnyProject) {
      Contract.Requires(dt != null);
      Indent(indent);
      PrintClassMethodHelper(dt is IndDatatypeDecl ? "datatype" : "codatatype", dt.Attributes, dt.Name, dt.TypeArgs);
      PrintExtendsClause(dt);
      wr.Write(" =");
      string sep = "";
      foreach (DatatypeCtor ctor in dt.Ctors) {
        wr.Write(sep);
        PrintClassMethodHelper(ctor.IsGhost ? " ghost" : "", ctor.Attributes, ctor.Name, new List<TypeParameter>());
        if (ctor.Formals.Count != 0) {
          PrintFormals(ctor.Formals, null);
        }
        sep = " |";
      }
      if (dt.Members.Count == 0) {
        wr.WriteLine();
      } else {
        wr.WriteLine(" {");
        PrintMembers(dt.Members, indent + IndentAmount, dafnyProject);
        Indent(indent);
        wr.WriteLine("}");
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Prints a space before each attribute.
    /// </summary>
    public void PrintAttributes(Attributes a) {
      if (a != null) {
        PrintAttributes(a.Prev);
        wr.Write(" ");
        PrintOneAttribute(a);
      }
    }
    public void PrintOneAttribute(Attributes a, string nameSubstitution = null) {
      Contract.Requires(a != null);
      var name = nameSubstitution ?? a.Name;
      var usAttribute = name.StartsWith("_") || (options.DisallowExterns && name == "extern");
      wr.Write("{1}{{:{0}", name, usAttribute ? "/*" : "");
      if (a.Args != null) {
        PrintAttributeArgs(a.Args, false);
      }
      wr.Write("}}{0}", usAttribute ? "*/" : "");

    }

    public void PrintAttributeArgs(List<Expression> args, bool isFollowedBySemicolon) {
      Contract.Requires(args != null);
      string prefix = " ";
      foreach (var arg in args) {
        Contract.Assert(arg != null);
        wr.Write(prefix);
        prefix = ", ";
        PrintExpression(arg, isFollowedBySemicolon);
      }
    }

    public void PrintField(Field field, int indent) {
      Contract.Requires(field != null);
      Indent(indent);
      if (field.HasStaticKeyword) {
        wr.Write("static ");
      }
      if (field.IsGhost) {
        wr.Write("ghost ");
      }
      if (!field.IsMutable) {
        wr.Write("const");
      } else {
        wr.Write("var");
      }
      PrintAttributes(field.Attributes);
      wr.Write(" {0}", field.Name);
      if (ShowType(field.Type)) {
        wr.Write(": ");
        PrintType(field.Type);
      }
      if (field is ConstantField) {
        var c = (ConstantField)field;
        if (c.Rhs != null) {
          wr.Write(" := ");
          PrintExpression(c.Rhs, true);
        }
      } else if (!field.IsUserMutable && field.IsMutable) {
        wr.Write("  // non-assignable");
      }
      wr.WriteLine();
    }

    public void PrintFunction(Function f, int indent, bool printSignatureOnly) {
      Contract.Requires(f != null);

      if (PrintModeSkipFunctionOrMethod(f.IsGhost, f.Attributes, f.Name)) { return; }
      Indent(indent);
      PrintClassMethodHelper(f.GetFunctionDeclarationKeywords(options), f.Attributes, f.Name, f.TypeArgs);
      if (f.SignatureIsOmitted) {
        wr.Write(" ...");
      } else {
        if (f is ExtremePredicate) {
          PrintKTypeIndication(((ExtremePredicate)f).TypeOfK);
        }
        PrintFormals(f.Ins, f, f.Name);
        if (f.Result != null || (f is not Predicate && f is not ExtremePredicate && f is not TwoStatePredicate && f is not PrefixPredicate)) {
          wr.Write(": ");
          if (f.Result != null) {
            wr.Write("(");
            PrintFormal(f.Result, false);
            wr.Write(")");
          } else {
            PrintType(f.ResultType);
          }
        }
      }

      int ind = indent + IndentAmount;
      PrintSpec("requires", f.Req, ind);
      PrintFrameSpecLine("reads", f.Reads, ind);
      PrintSpec("ensures", f.Ens, ind);
      PrintDecreasesSpec(f.Decreases, ind);
      wr.WriteLine();
      if (f.Body != null && !printSignatureOnly) {
        Indent(indent);
        wr.WriteLine("{");
        PrintExtendedExpr(f.Body, ind, true, false);
        Indent(indent);
        wr.Write("}");
        if (f.ByMethodBody != null) {
          wr.Write(" by method ");
          if (options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null && f.ByMethodDecl != null) {
            Contract.Assert(f.ByMethodDecl.Ens.Count == 1);
            wr.Write("/* ensures");
            PrintAttributedExpression(f.ByMethodDecl.Ens[0]);
            wr.Write(" */ ");
          }
          PrintStatement(f.ByMethodBody, indent);
        }
        wr.WriteLine();
      }
    }

    // ----------------------------- PrintMethod -----------------------------

    const int IndentAmount = 2; // The amount of indent for each new scope
    void Indent(int amount) {
      Contract.Requires(0 <= amount);
      wr.Write(new String(' ', amount));
    }

    private bool PrintModeSkipFunctionOrMethod(bool IsGhost, Attributes attributes, string name) {
      if (printMode == PrintModes.NoGhostOrIncludes && IsGhost) { return true; }
      if (printMode == PrintModes.NoIncludes || printMode == PrintModes.NoGhostOrIncludes) {
        bool verify = true;
        if (Attributes.ContainsBool(attributes, "verify", ref verify) && !verify) { return true; }
        if (name.Contains("INTERNAL") || name.StartsWith(HideRevealStmt.RevealLemmaPrefix)) { return true; }
      }
      return false;
    }

    private bool PrintModeSkipGeneral(DafnyProject project, IToken tok) {
      return (printMode == PrintModes.NoIncludes || printMode == PrintModes.NoGhostOrIncludes)
             && tok.Uri != null && !project.ContainsSourceFile(tok.Uri);
    }

    public void PrintMethod(Method method, int indent, bool printSignatureOnly) {
      Contract.Requires(method != null);

      if (PrintModeSkipFunctionOrMethod(method.IsGhost, method.Attributes, method.Name)) { return; }
      Indent(indent);
      string k = method is Constructor ? "constructor" :
        method is LeastLemma ? "least lemma" :
        method is GreatestLemma ? "greatest lemma" :
        method is Lemma || method is PrefixLemma ? "lemma" :
        method is TwoStateLemma ? "twostate lemma" :
        "method";
      if (method.HasStaticKeyword) { k = "static " + k; }
      if (method.IsGhost && !method.IsLemmaLike) {
        k = "ghost " + k;
      }
      string nm = method is Constructor && !((Constructor)method).HasName ? "" : method.Name;
      PrintClassMethodHelper(k, method.Attributes, nm, method.TypeArgs);
      if (method.SignatureIsOmitted) {
        wr.Write(" ...");
      } else {
        if (method is ExtremeLemma) {
          PrintKTypeIndication(((ExtremeLemma)method).TypeOfK);
        }
        PrintFormals(method.Ins, method, method.Name);
        if (method.Outs.Count != 0) {
          if (method.Ins.Count + method.Outs.Count <= 3) {
            wr.Write(" returns ");
          } else {
            wr.WriteLine();
            Indent(indent + 2 * IndentAmount);
            wr.Write("returns ");
          }
          PrintFormals(method.Outs, method);
        }
      }

      int ind = indent + IndentAmount;
      PrintSpec("requires", method.Req, ind);
      var readsExpressions = method.Reads.Expressions;
      if (readsExpressions != null) {
        var isDefault = readsExpressions.Count == 1 && readsExpressions[0].E is WildcardExpr;
        if (!isDefault) {
          PrintFrameSpecLine("reads", method.Reads, ind);
        }
      }
      if (method.Mod.Expressions != null) {
        PrintFrameSpecLine("modifies", method.Mod, ind);
      }
      PrintSpec("ensures", method.Ens, ind);
      PrintDecreasesSpec(method.Decreases, ind);
      wr.WriteLine();

      if (method.Body != null && !printSignatureOnly) {
        Indent(indent);
        PrintStatement(method.Body, indent);
        wr.WriteLine();
      }
    }

    void PrintKTypeIndication(ExtremePredicate.KType kType) {
      switch (kType) {
        case ExtremePredicate.KType.Nat:
          wr.Write("[nat]");
          break;
        case ExtremePredicate.KType.ORDINAL:
          wr.Write("[ORDINAL]");
          break;
        case ExtremePredicate.KType.Unspecified:
          break;
        default:
          Contract.Assume(false);  // unexpected KType value
          break;
      }
    }

    internal void PrintFormals(List<Formal> ff, ICallable/*?*/ context, string name = null) {
      Contract.Requires(ff != null);
      if (name != null && name.EndsWith("#")) {
        wr.Write("[");
        PrintFormal(ff[0], false);
        wr.Write("]");
        ff = new List<Formal>(ff.Skip(1));
      }
      wr.Write("(");
      string sep = "";
      foreach (Formal f in ff) {
        Contract.Assert(f != null);
        wr.Write(sep);
        sep = ", ";
        PrintFormal(f, (context is TwoStateLemma || context is TwoStateFunction) && f.InParam);
      }
      wr.Write(")");
    }

    void PrintFormal(Formal f, bool showNewKeyword) {
      Contract.Requires(f != null);
      if (showNewKeyword && !f.IsOld) {
        wr.Write("new ");
      }
      if (f.IsOlder) {
        Contract.Assert(f.HasName);
        wr.Write("older ");
      }
      if (f.IsGhost) {
        wr.Write("ghost ");
      }
      if (f.IsNameOnly) {
        Contract.Assert(f.HasName);
        wr.Write("nameonly ");
      }
      if (f.HasName) {
        wr.Write("{0}: ", f.DisplayName);
      }
      PrintType(f.Type);
      if (f.DefaultValue != null) {
        wr.Write(" := ");
        PrintExpression(f.DefaultValue, false);
      }
    }

    internal void PrintDecreasesSpec(Specification<Expression> decs, int indent) {
      Contract.Requires(decs != null);
      if (printMode == PrintModes.NoGhostOrIncludes) { return; }
      if (decs.Expressions != null && decs.Expressions.Count != 0) {
        wr.WriteLine();
        Indent(indent);
        wr.Write("decreases");
        if (decs.HasAttributes()) {
          PrintAttributes(decs.Attributes);
        }
        wr.Write(" ");
        PrintExpressionList(decs.Expressions, true);
      }
    }

    internal void PrintFrameSpecLine(string kind, Specification<FrameExpression> ee, int indent) {
      Contract.Requires(kind != null);
      Contract.Requires(ee != null);
      if (ee != null && ee.Expressions != null && ee.Expressions.Count != 0) {
        wr.WriteLine();
        Indent(indent);
        wr.Write("{0}", kind);
        PrintAttributes(ee.Attributes);
        wr.Write(" ");
        PrintFrameExpressionList(ee.Expressions);
      }
    }

    internal void PrintSpec(string kind, List<AttributedExpression> ee, int indent) {
      Contract.Requires(kind != null);
      Contract.Requires(ee != null);
      if (printMode == PrintModes.NoGhostOrIncludes) { return; }
      foreach (AttributedExpression e in ee) {
        Contract.Assert(e != null);
        wr.WriteLine();
        Indent(indent);
        wr.Write("{0}", kind);
        PrintAttributedExpression(e);
      }
    }

    void PrintAttributedExpression(AttributedExpression e) {
      Contract.Requires(e != null);

      if (e.HasAttributes()) {
        PrintAttributes(e.Attributes);
      }

      wr.Write(" ");
      if (e.Label != null) {
        wr.Write("{0}: ", e.Label.Name);
      }
      PrintExpression(e.E, true);
    }

    // ----------------------------- PrintType -----------------------------

    public void PrintType(Type ty) {
      Contract.Requires(ty != null);
      wr.Write(ty.TypeName(options, null, true));
    }

    public void PrintType(string prefix, Type ty) {
      Contract.Requires(prefix != null);
      Contract.Requires(ty != null);
      if (options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null) {
        ty = TypeRefinementWrapper.NormalizeSansRefinementWrappers(ty);
      }
      string s = ty.TypeName(options, null, true);
      if (ty is TypeRefinementWrapper or not TypeProxy && !s.StartsWith("_")) {
        wr.Write("{0}{1}", prefix, s);
      }
    }

    public string TPCharacteristicsSuffix(TypeParameter.TypeParameterCharacteristics characteristics) {
      string s = null;
      if (characteristics.EqualitySupport == TypeParameter.EqualitySupportValue.Required ||
        (characteristics.EqualitySupport == TypeParameter.EqualitySupportValue.InferredRequired && options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null)) {
        s = "==";
      }
      if (characteristics.HasCompiledValue) {
        var prefix = s == null ? "" : s + ",";
        s = prefix + "0";
      } else if (characteristics.IsNonempty) {
        var prefix = s == null ? "" : s + ",";
        s = prefix + "00";
      }
      if (characteristics.ContainsNoReferenceTypes) {
        var prefix = s == null ? "" : s + ",";
        s = prefix + "!new";
      }
      if (s == null) {
        return "";
      } else {
        return "(" + s + ")";
      }
    }

    bool ShowType(Type t) {
      Contract.Requires(t != null);
      return !(t is TypeProxy) || options.DafnyPrintResolvedFile != null;
    }
  }
}
