/*
 *  SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2020-2024  The DOSBox Staging Team
 *  Copyright (C) 2002-2021  The DOSBox Team
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 *  with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 *  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
 */

#include "dosbox.h"

#include <array>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>

#include "../ints/int10.h"
#include "bitops.h"
#include "checks.h"
#include "control.h"
#include "inout.h"
#include "mapper.h"
#include "math_utils.h"
#include "mem.h"
#include "pic.h"
#include "reelmagic.h"
#include "render.h"
#include "rgb888.h"
#include "string_utils.h"
#include "vga.h"

// CHECK_NARROWING();

using namespace bit;
using namespace bit::literals;

static void write_crtc_index_other(io_port_t, io_val_t value, io_width_t)
{
	const auto val = check_cast<uint8_t>(value);
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	vga.other.index = val;
}

static uint8_t read_crtc_index_other(io_port_t, io_width_t)
{
	// only returns 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	return vga.other.index;
}

static void write_crtc_data_other(io_port_t, io_val_t value, io_width_t)
{
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	auto val = check_cast<uint8_t>(value);

	switch (vga.other.index) {
	case 0x00:		//Horizontal total
		if (vga.other.htotal ^ val) VGA_StartResize();
		vga.other.htotal = val;
		break;
	case 0x01:		//Horizontal displayed chars
		if (vga.other.hdend ^ val) VGA_StartResize();
		vga.other.hdend = val;
		break;
	case 0x02:		//Horizontal sync position
		vga.other.hsyncp = val;
		break;
	case 0x03:		//Horizontal sync width
		if (machine == MCH_TANDY)
			vga.other.vsyncw = val >> 4;
		else
			// The MC6845 has a fixed v-sync width of 16 lines
			vga.other.vsyncw = 16;
		vga.other.hsyncw = val & 0xf;
		break;
	case 0x04:		//Vertical total
		if (vga.other.vtotal ^ val) VGA_StartResize();
		vga.other.vtotal = val;
		break;
	case 0x05:		//Vertical display adjust
		if (vga.other.vadjust ^ val) VGA_StartResize();
		vga.other.vadjust = val;
		break;
	case 0x06:		//Vertical rows
		// Impossible Mission II sets this to zero briefly
		// This leads to a divide by zero crash if VGA resize code is run
		if ((val > 0) && (vga.other.vdend ^ val)) VGA_StartResize();
		vga.other.vdend = val;
		break;
	case 0x07:		//Vertical sync position
		vga.other.vsyncp = val;
		break;
	case 0x09:		//Max scanline
		val &= 0x1f; // VGADOC says bit 0-3 but the MC6845 datasheet says bit 0-4
 		if (vga.other.max_scanline ^ val) VGA_StartResize();
		vga.other.max_scanline = val;
		break;
	case 0x0A:	/* Cursor Start Register */
		vga.other.cursor_start = val & 0x3f;
		vga.draw.cursor.sline = val & 0x1f;
		vga.draw.cursor.enabled = ((val & 0x60) != 0x20);
		break;
	case 0x0B:	/* Cursor End Register */
		vga.other.cursor_end = val & 0x1f;
		vga.draw.cursor.eline = val & 0x1f;
		break;
	case 0x0C:	/* Start Address High Register */
		// Bit 12 (depending on video mode) and 13 are actually masked too,
		// but so far no need to implement it.
		vga.config.display_start = (vga.config.display_start & 0x00FF) |
		                           static_cast<uint16_t>((val & 0x3F) << 8);
		break;
	case 0x0D:	/* Start Address Low Register */
		vga.config.display_start=(vga.config.display_start & 0xFF00) | val;
		break;
	case 0x0E:	/*Cursor Location High Register */
		vga.config.cursor_start &= 0x00ff;
		vga.config.cursor_start |= static_cast<uint16_t>(val << 8);
		break;
	case 0x0F: /* Cursor Location Low Register */
		vga.config.cursor_start &= 0xff00;
		vga.config.cursor_start |= val;
		break;
	case 0x10:	/* Light Pen High */
		vga.other.lightpen &= 0xff;
		vga.other.lightpen |= (val & 0x3f)<<8;		// only 6 bits
		break;
	case 0x11:	/* Light Pen Low */
		vga.other.lightpen &= 0xff00;
		vga.other.lightpen |= val;
		break;
	default:
		LOG(LOG_VGAMISC, LOG_NORMAL)("MC6845:Write %u to illegal index %x", val, vga.other.index);
	}
}
static uint8_t read_crtc_data_other(io_port_t, io_width_t)
{
	// only returns 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	switch (vga.other.index) {
	case 0x00:		//Horizontal total
		return vga.other.htotal;
	case 0x01:		//Horizontal displayed chars
		return vga.other.hdend;
	case 0x02:		//Horizontal sync position
		return vga.other.hsyncp;
	case 0x03:		//Horizontal and vertical sync width
		// hsyncw and vsyncw should only be populated with their lower 4-bits
		assert(vga.other.hsyncw >> 4 == 0);
		assert(vga.other.vsyncw >> 4 == 0);
		if (machine == MCH_TANDY)
			return static_cast<uint8_t>(vga.other.hsyncw | (vga.other.vsyncw << 4));
		else
			return vga.other.hsyncw;
	case 0x04:		//Vertical total
		return vga.other.vtotal;
	case 0x05:		//Vertical display adjust
		return vga.other.vadjust;
	case 0x06:		//Vertical rows
		return vga.other.vdend;
	case 0x07:		//Vertical sync position
		return vga.other.vsyncp;
	case 0x09:		//Max scanline
		return vga.other.max_scanline;
	case 0x0A:	/* Cursor Start Register */
		return vga.other.cursor_start;
	case 0x0B:	/* Cursor End Register */
		return vga.other.cursor_end;
	case 0x0C:	/* Start Address High Register */
		return static_cast<uint8_t>(vga.config.display_start >> 8);
	case 0x0D:	/* Start Address Low Register */
		return static_cast<uint8_t>(vga.config.display_start & 0xff);
	case 0x0E:	/*Cursor Location High Register */
		return static_cast<uint8_t>(vga.config.cursor_start >> 8);
	case 0x0F:	/* Cursor Location Low Register */
		return static_cast<uint8_t>(vga.config.cursor_start & 0xff);
	case 0x10:	/* Light Pen High */
		return static_cast<uint8_t>(vga.other.lightpen >> 8);
	case 0x11:	/* Light Pen Low */
		return static_cast<uint8_t>(vga.other.lightpen & 0xff);
	default:
		LOG(LOG_VGAMISC,LOG_NORMAL)("MC6845:Read from illegal index %x",vga.other.index);
	}
	return static_cast<uint8_t>(~0);
}

static void write_lightpen(io_port_t port, io_val_t, io_width_t)
{
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	switch (port) {
	case 0x3db:	// Clear lightpen latch
		vga.other.lightpen_triggered = false;
		break;
	case 0x3dc:	// Preset lightpen latch
		if (!vga.other.lightpen_triggered) {
			vga.other.lightpen_triggered = true; // TODO: this shows at port 3ba/3da bit 1

			const auto timeInFrame = PIC_FullIndex() - vga.draw.delay.framestart;
			const auto timeInLine = fmod(timeInFrame, vga.draw.delay.htotal);
			Bitu current_scanline = (Bitu)(timeInFrame / vga.draw.delay.htotal);

			vga.other.lightpen = (uint16_t)((vga.draw.address_add/2) * (current_scanline/2));
			vga.other.lightpen += static_cast<uint16_t>(
			        (timeInLine / vga.draw.delay.hdend) *
			        (static_cast<double>(vga.draw.address_add / 2)));
		}
		break;
	}
}

class knob_t {
public:
	knob_t() = delete;
	knob_t(const int default_value, const int min_value, const int max_value)
	        : def(default_value),
	          min(min_value),
	          max(max_value),
	          val(default_value)
	{
		assert(def == val);
		assert(min <= val && val <= max);
		assert(min <= max);
	}
	// modify the value
	int get() const { return val; }
	void set(int new_val) { val = wrap(new_val, min, max); }
	void turn(int amount) { set(val + amount); }
	void reset() { set(def); }

	// read-only functions to get constraints
	float as_float() const { return static_cast<float>(val); }
	int get_default() const { return def; }
	int get_min() const { return min; }
	int get_max() const { return max; }

private:
	const int def; // "default" is a C++ keyword (don't use it)
	const int min;
	const int max;
	int val;
};

static knob_t hue(0, -360, 360);
static knob_t saturation(100, 0, 360);
static knob_t contrast(100, 0, 360);
static knob_t brightness(0, -100, 100);
static knob_t convergence(0, -50, 50);

enum class COMPOSITE_STATE : uint8_t {
	AUTO = 0,
	ON,
	OFF,
};

static COMPOSITE_STATE cga_comp = COMPOSITE_STATE::AUTO;
static bool is_composite_new_era = false;

static MonochromePalette hercules_palette = {};
static MonochromePalette mono_cga_palette = {};

// clang-format off

// Monochrome CGA palettes with contrast optimised for 4-colour CGA graphics modes
static constexpr Rgb888 mono_cga_graphics_palettes[NumMonochromePalettes][NumCgaColors] = {
	{
		// 0 - Amber,
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x15, 0x05, 0x00}, {0x20, 0x0b, 0x00}, {0x24, 0x0d, 0x00},
		{0x33, 0x18, 0x00}, {0x37, 0x1b, 0x00}, {0x3f, 0x26, 0x01}, {0x3f, 0x2b, 0x06},
		{0x0b, 0x02, 0x00}, {0x1b, 0x08, 0x00}, {0x29, 0x11, 0x00}, {0x2e, 0x14, 0x00},
		{0x3b, 0x1e, 0x00}, {0x3e, 0x21, 0x00}, {0x3f, 0x32, 0x0a}, {0x3f, 0x38, 0x0d},
	}, {
		// 1 - Green
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x00, 0x0d, 0x03}, {0x01, 0x17, 0x05}, {0x01, 0x1a, 0x06},
		{0x02, 0x28, 0x09}, {0x02, 0x2c, 0x0a}, {0x03, 0x39, 0x0d}, {0x03, 0x3c, 0x0e},
		{0x00, 0x07, 0x01}, {0x01, 0x13, 0x04}, {0x01, 0x1f, 0x07}, {0x01, 0x23, 0x08},
		{0x02, 0x31, 0x0b}, {0x02, 0x35, 0x0c}, {0x05, 0x3f, 0x11}, {0x0d, 0x3f, 0x17},
	}, {
		// 2 - White
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x0d, 0x0d, 0x0d}, {0x15, 0x15, 0x15}, {0x18, 0x18, 0x18},
		{0x24, 0x24, 0x24}, {0x27, 0x27, 0x27}, {0x33, 0x33, 0x33}, {0x37, 0x37, 0x37},
		{0x08, 0x08, 0x08}, {0x10, 0x10, 0x10}, {0x1c, 0x1c, 0x1c}, {0x20, 0x20, 0x20},
		{0x2c, 0x2c, 0x2c}, {0x2f, 0x2f, 0x2f}, {0x3b, 0x3b, 0x3b}, {0x3f, 0x3f, 0x3f},
	}, {
		// 3 - Paperwhite
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10}, {0x15, 0x17, 0x18}, {0x18, 0x1a, 0x1b},
		{0x24, 0x25, 0x25}, {0x27, 0x28, 0x28}, {0x33, 0x34, 0x32}, {0x37, 0x38, 0x35},
		{0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b}, {0x11, 0x12, 0x13}, {0x1c, 0x1e, 0x1e}, {0x20, 0x22, 0x22},
		{0x2c, 0x2d, 0x2c}, {0x2f, 0x30, 0x2f}, {0x3c, 0x3c, 0x38}, {0x3f, 0x3f, 0x3b},
	}
};

// Monochrome CGA palettes with contrast optimised for 16-colour CGA text modes
static constexpr Rgb888 mono_cga_text_palettes[NumMonochromePalettes][NumCgaColors] = {
	{
		// 0 - Amber
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x15, 0x05, 0x00}, {0x1e, 0x09, 0x00}, {0x21, 0x0b, 0x00},
		{0x2b, 0x12, 0x00}, {0x2f, 0x15, 0x00}, {0x38, 0x1c, 0x00}, {0x3b, 0x1e, 0x00},
		{0x2c, 0x13, 0x00}, {0x32, 0x17, 0x00}, {0x3a, 0x1e, 0x00}, {0x3c, 0x1f, 0x00},
		{0x3f, 0x27, 0x01}, {0x3f, 0x2a, 0x04}, {0x3f, 0x36, 0x0c}, {0x3f, 0x38, 0x0d},
	}, {
		// 1 - Green
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x00, 0x0d, 0x03}, {0x01, 0x15, 0x05}, {0x01, 0x17, 0x05},
		{0x01, 0x21, 0x08}, {0x01, 0x24, 0x08}, {0x02, 0x2e, 0x0b}, {0x02, 0x31, 0x0b},
		{0x01, 0x22, 0x08}, {0x02, 0x28, 0x09}, {0x02, 0x30, 0x0b}, {0x02, 0x32, 0x0c},
		{0x03, 0x39, 0x0d}, {0x03, 0x3b, 0x0e}, {0x09, 0x3f, 0x14}, {0x0d, 0x3f, 0x17},
	}, {
		// 2 - White
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x0d, 0x0d, 0x0d}, {0x12, 0x12, 0x12}, {0x15, 0x15, 0x15},
		{0x1e, 0x1e, 0x1e}, {0x20, 0x20, 0x20}, {0x29, 0x29, 0x29}, {0x2c, 0x2c, 0x2c},
		{0x1f, 0x1f, 0x1f}, {0x23, 0x23, 0x23}, {0x2b, 0x2b, 0x2b}, {0x2d, 0x2d, 0x2d},
		{0x34, 0x34, 0x34}, {0x36, 0x36, 0x36}, {0x3d, 0x3d, 0x3d}, {0x3f, 0x3f, 0x3f},
	}, {
		// 3 - Paperwhite
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, {0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10}, {0x13, 0x14, 0x15}, {0x15, 0x17, 0x18},
		{0x1e, 0x20, 0x20}, {0x20, 0x22, 0x22}, {0x29, 0x2a, 0x2a}, {0x2c, 0x2d, 0x2c},
		{0x1f, 0x21, 0x21}, {0x23, 0x25, 0x25}, {0x2b, 0x2c, 0x2b}, {0x2d, 0x2e, 0x2d},
		{0x34, 0x35, 0x33}, {0x37, 0x37, 0x34}, {0x3e, 0x3e, 0x3a}, {0x3f, 0x3f, 0x3b},
	}
};
// clang-format on

static constexpr float get_rgbi_coefficient(const bool is_new_cga,
                                            const uint8_t overscan)
{
	const auto r_coefficient = is_new_cga ? 0.10f : 0.0f;
	const auto g_coefficient = is_new_cga ? 0.22f : 0.0f;
	const auto b_coefficient = is_new_cga ? 0.07f : 0.0f;
	const auto i_coefficient = is_new_cga ? 0.32f : 0.28f;

	const auto r = (overscan & 4) ? r_coefficient : 0.0f;
	const auto g = (overscan & 2) ? g_coefficient : 0.0f;
	const auto b = (overscan & 1) ? b_coefficient : 0.0f;
	const auto i = (overscan & 8) ? i_coefficient : 0.0f;
	return r + g + b + i;
}

static void update_cga16_color_pcjr()
{
	assert(machine == MCH_PCJR);

	// First composite algorithm based on code by reenigne updated by
	// NewRisingSun and tailored for PCjr-only composite modes (for DOSBox
	// Staging).
	constexpr auto tau = 6.28318531f;    // == 2*pi
	constexpr auto ns = 567.0f / 440.0f; // degrees of hue shift per nanosecond

	const auto tv_brightness = brightness.as_float() / 100.0f;
	const auto tv_saturation = saturation.as_float() / 100.0f;
	const auto tv_contrast = (1 - tv_brightness) * contrast.as_float() / 100.0f;

	const bool bw = vga.tandy.mode.is_black_and_white_mode;
	const bool bpp1 = vga.tandy.mode_control.is_pcjr_640x200_2_color_graphics;

	std::array<float, NumCgaColors> rgbi_coefficients = {};
	for (uint8_t c = 0; c < rgbi_coefficients.size(); c++)
		rgbi_coefficients[c] = get_rgbi_coefficient(is_composite_new_era, c);

	// The pixel clock delay calculation is not accurate for 2bpp, but the
	// difference is small and a more accurate calculation would be too slow.
	constexpr auto rgbi_pixel_delay = 15.5f * ns;

	constexpr float chroma_pixel_delays[8] = {
	        0.0f,       // Black:   no chroma
	        35.0f * ns, // Blue:    no XORs
	        44.5f * ns, // Green:   XOR on rising and falling edges
	        39.5f * ns, // Cyan:    XOR on falling but not rising edge
	        44.5f * ns, // Red:     XOR on rising and falling edges
	        39.5f * ns, // Magenta: XOR on falling but not/ rising edge
	        44.5f * ns, // Yellow:  XOR on rising and falling edges
	        39.5f * ns  // White:   XOR on falling but not rising edge
	};

	constexpr uint8_t overscan = 15;
	constexpr auto cp_d = chroma_pixel_delays[overscan & 7];
	const auto rgbi_d = rgbi_coefficients[overscan];
	const auto chroma_coefficient = is_composite_new_era ? 0.29f : 0.72f;

	constexpr auto burst_delay = 60.0f * ns;
	const auto color_delay = bpp1 ? 0.0f : 25.0f * ns;

	const float pixel_clock_delay = (cp_d * chroma_coefficient + rgbi_pixel_delay * rgbi_d) /
	                                        (chroma_coefficient + rgbi_d) +
	                                burst_delay + color_delay;

	const float hue_adjust = (-(90.0f - 33.0f) - hue.as_float() + pixel_clock_delay) * tau / 360.0f;
	float chroma_signals[8][4];
	for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		chroma_signals[0][i] = 0;
		chroma_signals[7][i] = 1;
		for (uint8_t j = 0; j < 6; j++) {
			constexpr float phases[6] = {270.0f - 21.5f * ns,  // blue
			                             135.0f - 29.5f * ns,  // green
			                             180.0f - 21.5f * ns,  // cyan
			                             000.0f - 21.5f * ns,  // red
			                             315.0f - 29.5f * ns,  // magenta
			                             090.0f - 21.5f * ns}; // yellow/burst

			// All the duty cycle fractions are the same, just under 0.5 as the rising edge is delayed 2ns
			// more than the falling edge.
			constexpr float duty = 0.5f - 2 * ns / 360.0f;

			// We have a rectangle wave with period 1 (in units of the reciprocal of the color burst
			// frequency) and duty cycle fraction "duty" and phase "phase". We band-limit this wave to
			// frequency 2 and sample it at intervals of 1/4. We model our band-limited wave with

			// 4 frequency components:
			//   f(x) = a + b*sin(x*tau) + c*cos(x*tau) +
			//   d*sin(x*2*tau)
			// Then:
			//   a =   integral(0, 1, f(x)*dx) = duty
			//   b = 2*integral(0, 1, f(x)*sin(x*tau)*dx) =
			//   2*integral(0, duty, sin(x*tau)*dx) =
			//   2*(1-cos(x*tau))/tau c = 2*integral(0, 1,
			//   f(x)*cos(x*tau)*dx) = 2*integral(0, duty,
			//   cos(x*tau)*dx) = 2*sin(duty*tau)/tau d =
			//   2*integral(0, 1, f(x)*sin(x*2*tau)*dx) =
			//   2*integral(0, duty, sin(x*4*pi)*dx) =
			//   2*(1-cos(2*tau*duty))/(2*tau)

			constexpr auto a = duty;
			const auto b = 2.0f * (1.0f - cosf(duty * tau)) / tau;
			const auto c = 2.0f * sinf(duty * tau) / tau;
			const auto d = 2.0f * (1.0f - cosf(duty * 2 * tau)) / (2 * tau);
			const auto x = (phases[j] + 21.5f * ns + pixel_clock_delay) / 360.0f + i / 4.0f;

			chroma_signals[j + 1][i] = a + b * sinf(x * tau) + c * cosf(x * tau) + d * sinf(x * 2 * tau);
		}
	}

	// PCjr CGA palette table
	const std::array<uint8_t, 4> pcjr_palette = {
	        vga.attr.palette[0],
	        vga.attr.palette[1],
	        vga.attr.palette[2],
	        vga.attr.palette[3],
	};

	for (uint8_t x = 0; x < 4; ++x) { // Position of pixel in question
		const bool even = !(x & 1);
		for (uint8_t bits = 0; bits < (even ? 0x10 : 0x40); ++bits) {
			float Y = 0.0f, I = 0.0f, Q = 0.0f;
			for (uint8_t p = 0; p < 4; ++p) { // Position within color carrier cycle
				// generate pixel pattern.
				uint8_t rgbi = 0;
				if (bpp1) {
					rgbi = ((bits >> (3 - p)) & (even ? 1 : 2)) != 0 ? overscan : 0;
				} else {
					const size_t i = even ? (bits >> (2 - (p & 2))) & 3
					                      : (bits >> (4 - ((p + 1) & 6))) & 3;
					assert(i < pcjr_palette.size());
					rgbi = pcjr_palette[i];
				}
				const uint8_t c = (bw && rgbi & 7) ? 7 : rgbi & 7;

				// calculate composite output
				const auto chroma = chroma_signals[c][(p + x) & 3] * chroma_coefficient;
				const auto composite = chroma + rgbi_coefficients[rgbi];

				Y += composite;
				if (!bw) { // burst on
					I += composite * 2 * cosf(hue_adjust + (p + x) * tau / 4.0f);
					Q += composite * 2 * sinf(hue_adjust + (p + x) * tau / 4.0f);
				}
			}

			Y = clamp(tv_brightness + tv_contrast * Y / 4.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
			I = clamp(tv_saturation * tv_contrast * I / 4.0f, -0.5957f, 0.5957f);
			Q = clamp(tv_saturation * tv_contrast * Q / 4.0f, -0.5226f, 0.5226f);

			constexpr auto gamma = 2.2f;

			auto normalize_and_apply_gamma = [=](float v) -> float {
				const auto normalized = clamp((v - 0.075f) / (1 - 0.075f), 0.0f, 1.0f);
				return powf(normalized, gamma);
			};
			const auto R = normalize_and_apply_gamma(Y + 0.9563f * I + 0.6210f * Q);
			const auto G = normalize_and_apply_gamma(Y - 0.2721f * I - 0.6474f * Q);
			const auto B = normalize_and_apply_gamma(Y - 1.1069f * I + 1.7046f * Q);

			auto to_linear_rgb = [=](const float v) -> uint8_t {
				// Only operate on reasonably positive v-values
				if (!std::isnormal(v) || v <= 0.0f)
					return 0;
				// switch to linear RGB space and scale to the 8-bit range
				constexpr int max_8bit = UINT8_MAX;
				const auto linear = powf(v, 1.0f / gamma) * max_8bit;
				const auto clamped = clamp(iroundf(linear), 0, max_8bit);
				return check_cast<uint8_t>(clamped);
			};
			const auto r = to_linear_rgb(1.5073f * R - 0.3725f * G - 0.0832f * B);
			const auto g = to_linear_rgb(-0.0275f * R + 0.9350f * G + 0.0670f * B);
			const auto b = to_linear_rgb(-0.0272f * R - 0.0401f * G + 1.1677f * B);

			const uint8_t index = bits | ((x & 1) == 0 ? 0x30 : 0x80) | ((x & 2) == 0 ? 0x40 : 0);
			ReelMagic_RENDER_SetPalette(index, r, g, b);
		}
	}
}

template <typename chroma_t>
static constexpr float new_cga_v(const chroma_t c, const float i, const float r,
                                 const float g, const float b)
{
	const auto c_weighted = 0.29f * c / 0.72f;
	const auto i_weighted = 0.32f * i / 0.28f;
	const auto r_weighted = 0.10f * r / 0.28f;
	const auto g_weighted = 0.22f * g / 0.28f;
	const auto b_weighted = 0.07f * b / 0.28f;

	return c_weighted + i_weighted + r_weighted + g_weighted + b_weighted;
}

static void update_cga16_color()
{
	// New algorithm by reenigne
	// Works in all CGA modes/color settings and can simulate older and
	// newer CGA revisions
	constexpr auto tau = static_cast<float>(2 * M_PI);

	constexpr uint8_t chroma_multiplexer[256] = {
	        2,   2,   2,   2,   114, 174, 4,   3,   2,   1,   133, 135, 2,
	        113, 150, 4,   133, 2,   1,   99,  151, 152, 2,   1,   3,   2,
	        96,  136, 151, 152, 151, 152, 2,   56,  62,  4,   111, 250, 118,
	        4,   0,   51,  207, 137, 1,   171, 209, 5,   140, 50,  54,  100,
	        133, 202, 57,  4,   2,   50,  153, 149, 128, 198, 198, 135, 32,
	        1,   36,  81,  147, 158, 1,   42,  33,  1,   210, 254, 34,  109,
	        169, 77,  177, 2,   0,   165, 189, 154, 3,   44,  33,  0,   91,
	        197, 178, 142, 144, 192, 4,   2,   61,  67,  117, 151, 112, 83,
	        4,   0,   249, 255, 3,   107, 249, 117, 147, 1,   50,  162, 143,
	        141, 52,  54,  3,   0,   145, 206, 124, 123, 192, 193, 72,  78,
	        2,   0,   159, 208, 4,   0,   53,  58,  164, 159, 37,  159, 171,
	        1,   248, 117, 4,   98,  212, 218, 5,   2,   54,  59,  93,  121,
	        176, 181, 134, 130, 1,   61,  31,  0,   160, 255, 34,  1,   1,
	        58,  197, 166, 0,   177, 194, 2,   162, 111, 34,  96,  205, 253,
	        32,  1,   1,   57,  123, 125, 119, 188, 150, 112, 78,  4,   0,
	        75,  166, 180, 20,  38,  78,  1,   143, 246, 42,  113, 156, 37,
	        252, 4,   1,   188, 175, 129, 1,   37,  118, 4,   88,  249, 202,
	        150, 145, 200, 61,  59,  60,  60,  228, 252, 117, 77,  60,  58,
	        248, 251, 81,  212, 254, 107, 198, 59,  58,  169, 250, 251, 81,
	        80,  100, 58,  154, 250, 251, 252, 252, 252,
	};

	constexpr float intensity[4] = {
	        77.175381f,
	        88.654656f,
	        166.564623f,
	        174.228438f,
	};

	constexpr auto i0 = intensity[0];
	constexpr auto i3 = intensity[3];

	const auto min_v = is_composite_new_era
	                           ? new_cga_v(chroma_multiplexer[0], i0, i0, i0, i0)
	                           : chroma_multiplexer[0] + i0;

	const auto max_v = is_composite_new_era
	                           ? new_cga_v(chroma_multiplexer[255], i3, i3, i3, i3)
	                           : chroma_multiplexer[255] + i3;

	const auto mode_contrast = 2.56f * contrast.as_float() / (max_v - min_v);

	const auto mode_brightness = brightness.as_float() * 5 - 256 * min_v / (max_v - min_v);

	const bool in_tandy_text_mode = (vga.mode == M_CGA_TEXT_COMPOSITE) &&
	                                (vga.tandy.mode.is_high_bandwidth);
	const auto mode_hue = in_tandy_text_mode ? 14.0f : 4.0f;

	const auto mode_saturation = saturation.as_float() * (is_composite_new_era ? 5.8f : 2.9f) / 100;

	// Update the Composite CGA palette
	const bool in_tandy_mode_4 = vga.tandy.mode.is_black_and_white_mode;
	for (uint16_t x = 0; x < 1024; ++x) {
		const uint16_t right = (x >> 2) & 15;
		const uint16_t rc = in_tandy_mode_4
		                            ? (right & 8) |
		                                      ((right & 7) != 0 ? 7 : 0)
		                            : right;

		const uint16_t left = (x >> 6) & 15;
		const uint16_t lc = in_tandy_mode_4
		                            ? (left & 8) | ((left & 7) != 0 ? 7 : 0)
		                            : left;

		const uint16_t phase = x & 3;
		const float c = chroma_multiplexer[((lc & 7) << 5) | ((rc & 7) << 2) | phase];

		const float i = intensity[(left >> 3) | ((right >> 2) & 2)];

		if (is_composite_new_era) {
			const float r = intensity[((left >> 2) & 1) | ((right >> 1) & 2)];
			const float g = intensity[((left >> 1) & 1) | (right & 2)];
			const float b = intensity[(left & 1) | ((right << 1) & 2)];
			const auto v = new_cga_v(c, i, r, g, b);
			CGA_Composite_Table[x] = static_cast<int>(
			        v * mode_contrast + mode_brightness);
		} else {
			const auto v = c + i;
			CGA_Composite_Table[x] = static_cast<int>(
			        v * mode_contrast + mode_brightness);
		}
	}

	const auto i = static_cast<float>(CGA_Composite_Table[6 * 68] -
	                                  CGA_Composite_Table[6 * 68 + 2]);
	const auto q = static_cast<float>(CGA_Composite_Table[6 * 68 + 1] -
	                                  CGA_Composite_Table[6 * 68 + 3]);

	const auto a = tau * (33 + 90 + hue.as_float() + mode_hue) / 360.0f;
	const auto c = cosf(a);
	const auto s = sinf(a);

	const auto r = in_tandy_mode_4
	                       ? 0.0f
	                       : 256 * mode_saturation / sqrt(i * i + q * q);

	const auto iq_adjust_i = -(i * c + q * s) * r;
	const auto iq_adjust_q = (q * c - i * s) * r;

	constexpr auto ri = 0.9563f;
	constexpr auto rq = 0.6210f;
	constexpr auto gi = -0.2721f;
	constexpr auto gq = -0.6474f;
	constexpr auto bi = -1.1069f;
	constexpr auto bq = 1.7046f;

	// clang-format off
	vga.composite.ri = static_cast<int32_t>( ri * iq_adjust_i + rq * iq_adjust_q);
	vga.composite.rq = static_cast<int32_t>(-ri * iq_adjust_q + rq * iq_adjust_i);
	vga.composite.gi = static_cast<int32_t>( gi * iq_adjust_i + gq * iq_adjust_q);
	vga.composite.gq = static_cast<int32_t>(-gi * iq_adjust_q + gq * iq_adjust_i);
	vga.composite.bi = static_cast<int32_t>( bi * iq_adjust_i + bq * iq_adjust_q);
	vga.composite.bq = static_cast<int32_t>(-bi * iq_adjust_q + bq * iq_adjust_i);
	// clang-format on

	vga.composite.sharpness = convergence.get() * 256 / 100;
}

enum CRT_KNOB : uint8_t {
	ERA = 0,
	HUE,
	SATURATION,
	CONTRAST,
	BRIGHTNESS,
	CONVERGENCE,
	ENUM_END
};
static auto crt_knob = CRT_KNOB::ERA;

static void log_crt_knob_value()
{
	switch (crt_knob) {
	case CRT_KNOB::ERA:
		LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: %s-era CGA selected",
		        is_composite_new_era ? "New" : "Old");
		break;
	case CRT_KNOB::HUE: LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: Hue is %d", hue.get()); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::SATURATION: LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: Saturation is %d", saturation.get()); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::CONTRAST: LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: Contrast is %d", contrast.get()); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::BRIGHTNESS: LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: Brightness is %d", brightness.get()); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::CONVERGENCE: LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: Convergence is %d", convergence.get()); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::ENUM_END: assertm(false, "Should not reach CRT knob end marker"); break;
	}
}
static void turn_crt_knob(bool pressed, const int amount);

static void turn_crt_knob_positive(bool pressed)
{
	turn_crt_knob(pressed, 5);
}

static void turn_crt_knob_negative(bool pressed)
{
	turn_crt_knob(pressed, -5);
}

static void select_next_crt_knob(bool pressed)
{
	if (!pressed)
		return;

	auto next_knob = static_cast<uint8_t>(crt_knob) + 1;

	// PCjr doesn't have a convergence knob
	if (machine == MCH_PCJR && next_knob >= CRT_KNOB::CONVERGENCE)
		next_knob++;

	crt_knob = static_cast<CRT_KNOB>(next_knob % CRT_KNOB::ENUM_END);

	log_crt_knob_value();
}

static void write_cga_color_select(uint8_t val)
{
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	vga.tandy.color_select=val;
	switch(vga.mode) {
	case M_TANDY4:
	case M_CGA4_COMPOSITE: {
		uint8_t base = (val & 0x10) ? 0x08 : 0;
		uint8_t bg = val & 0xf;
		if (vga.tandy.mode.is_black_and_white_mode) // cyan red white
			VGA_SetCGA4Table(bg, 3 + base, 4 + base, 7 + base);
		else if (val & 0x20) // cyan magenta white
			VGA_SetCGA4Table(bg, 3 + base, 5 + base, 7 + base);
		else // green red brown
			VGA_SetCGA4Table(bg, 2 + base, 4 + base, 6 + base);
		vga.tandy.border_color = bg;
		vga.attr.overscan_color = bg;
		break;
	}
	case M_TANDY2:
	case M_CGA2_COMPOSITE:
		VGA_SetCGA2Table(0,val & 0xf);
		vga.attr.overscan_color = 0;
		break;
	case M_CGA16: update_cga16_color_pcjr(); break;
	case M_TEXT:
		vga.tandy.border_color = val & 0xf;
		vga.attr.overscan_color = 0;
		break;
	default: //Else unhandled values warning
		break;
	}
}

static void write_cga(io_port_t port, io_val_t value, io_width_t)
{
	const auto val = check_cast<uint8_t>(value);
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	switch (port) {
	case 0x3d8:
		vga.tandy.mode.data = val;
		vga.attr.disabled = (val&0x8)? 0: 1;
		if (vga.tandy.mode.is_graphics_enabled) {
			if (vga.tandy.mode.is_tandy_640_dot_graphics) {
				if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON ||
				    ((cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::AUTO &&
				      !(val & 0x4)) &&
				     !mono_cga)) {

					// composite ntsc 640x200 16 color mode
					if (machine == MCH_PCJR) {
						VGA_SetMode(M_CGA16);
					} else {
						VGA_SetMode(M_CGA2_COMPOSITE);
						update_cga16_color();
					}
				} else {
					VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY2);
				}
			} else {							// lowres mode
				if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON) {
					// composite ntsc 640x200 16 color mode
					if (machine == MCH_PCJR) {
						VGA_SetMode(M_CGA16);
					} else {
						VGA_SetMode(M_CGA4_COMPOSITE);
						update_cga16_color();
					}
				} else if (machine != MCH_PCJR) {
					VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY4);
				}
			}

			write_cga_color_select(vga.tandy.color_select);
		} else {
			if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON) { // composite display
				VGA_SetMode(M_CGA_TEXT_COMPOSITE);
				update_cga16_color();
			} else {
				VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY_TEXT);
			}
		}
		VGA_SetBlinking(val & 0x20);
		break;
	case 0x3d9: // color select
		write_cga_color_select(val);
		break;
	}
}

static void PCJr_FindMode();

static void apply_composite_state()
{
	// Switch RGB and Composite if in graphics mode
	if (machine == MCH_PCJR && vga.tandy.mode.is_graphics_enabled) {
		PCJr_FindMode();
	} else {
		write_cga(0x3d8, vga.tandy.mode.data, io_width_t::byte);
	}

/* 	if (vga.tandy.mode.is_graphics_enabled) {
		if (machine == MCH_PCJR) {
			PCJr_FindMode();
		} else {
			write_cga(0x3d8, vga.tandy.mode.data, io_width_t::byte);
		}
	}
 */

}

static void toggle_cga_composite_mode(bool pressed)
{
	if (!pressed) {
		return;
	}

	// Step through the composite modes
	if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::AUTO) {
		cga_comp = COMPOSITE_STATE::ON;
	} else if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON) {
		cga_comp = COMPOSITE_STATE::OFF;
	} else {
		cga_comp = COMPOSITE_STATE::AUTO;
	}

	LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: State is %s",
	        (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::AUTO
	                 ? "auto"
	                 : (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON ? "on" : "off")));

	apply_composite_state();
}

static void tandy_update_palette() {
	// TODO mask off bits if needed
	if (machine == MCH_TANDY) {
		switch (vga.mode) {
		case M_TANDY2:
			VGA_SetCGA2Table(vga.attr.palette[0],
				vga.attr.palette[vga.tandy.color_select&0xf]);
			break;
		case M_TANDY4:
			if (vga.tandy.mode_control.is_tandy_640x200_4_color_graphics) {
				VGA_SetCGA4Table( // function sets both medium and highres 4color tables
					vga.attr.palette[0], vga.attr.palette[1],
					vga.attr.palette[2], vga.attr.palette[3]);
			} else {
				uint8_t color_set = 0;
				uint8_t r_mask = 0xf;
				if (is(vga.tandy.color_select, b4)) {
					set(color_set, b3); // intensity
				}
				if (is(vga.tandy.color_select, b5)) {
					set(color_set, b0); // Cyan Mag. White
				}
				if (vga.tandy.mode.is_black_and_white_mode) { // Cyan Red White
					set(color_set, b0);
					clear(r_mask, b0);
				}
				VGA_SetCGA4Table(
					vga.attr.palette[vga.tandy.color_select&0xf],
					vga.attr.palette[(2|color_set)& vga.tandy.palette_mask],
					vga.attr.palette[(4|(color_set& r_mask))& vga.tandy.palette_mask],
					vga.attr.palette[(6|color_set)& vga.tandy.palette_mask]);
			}
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
	} else {
		// PCJr
		switch (vga.mode) {
		case M_TANDY2:
			VGA_SetCGA2Table(vga.attr.palette[0],vga.attr.palette[1]);
			break;
		case M_TANDY4:
			VGA_SetCGA4Table(
				vga.attr.palette[0], vga.attr.palette[1],
				vga.attr.palette[2], vga.attr.palette[3]);
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
		if (machine == MCH_PCJR)
			update_cga16_color_pcjr();
		else
			update_cga16_color();
	}
}

void VGA_SetModeNow(VGAModes mode);

static void TANDY_FindMode()
{
	if (vga.tandy.mode.is_graphics_enabled) {
		if (vga.tandy.mode_control.is_tandy_16_color_enabled) {
			if (vga.mode==M_TANDY4) {
				VGA_SetModeNow(M_TANDY16);
			} else VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY16);
		} else if (vga.tandy.mode_control.is_tandy_640x200_4_color_graphics) {
			if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON) {
				// composite ntsc 640x200 16 color mode
				VGA_SetMode(M_CGA4_COMPOSITE);
				update_cga16_color();
			} else {
				VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY4);
			}
		} else if (vga.tandy.mode.is_tandy_640_dot_graphics) {
			if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON) {
				// composite ntsc 640x200 16 color mode
				VGA_SetMode(M_CGA2_COMPOSITE);
				update_cga16_color();
			} else {
				VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY2);
			}
		} else {
			// otherwise some 4-colour graphics mode
			const auto new_mode = (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON)
			                              ? M_CGA4_COMPOSITE
			                              : M_TANDY4;
			if (vga.mode == M_TANDY16) {
				VGA_SetModeNow(new_mode);
			} else {
				VGA_SetMode(new_mode);
			}
		}
		tandy_update_palette();
	} else {
		VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY_TEXT);
	}
}

static void PCJr_FindMode()
{
	assert(machine == MCH_PCJR);
	if (vga.tandy.mode.is_graphics_enabled) {
		if (vga.tandy.mode.is_pcjr_16_color_graphics) {
			if (vga.mode == M_TANDY4) {
				VGA_SetModeNow(M_TANDY16); // TODO lowres mode only
			} else {
				VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY16);
			}
		} else if (vga.tandy.mode_control.is_pcjr_640x200_2_color_graphics) {
			// bit3 of mode control 2 signals 2 colour graphics mode
			if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON ||
			    (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::AUTO &&
			     !(vga.tandy.mode.is_black_and_white_mode))) {
				VGA_SetMode(M_CGA16);
			} else {
				VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY2);
			}
		} else {
			// otherwise some 4-colour graphics mode
			const auto new_mode = (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON) ? M_CGA16 : M_TANDY4;
			if (vga.mode == M_TANDY16) {
				VGA_SetModeNow(new_mode);
			} else {
				VGA_SetMode(new_mode);
			}
		}
		if (vga.mode == M_CGA16) {
			update_cga16_color_pcjr();
		}
		tandy_update_palette();
	} else {
		VGA_SetMode(M_TANDY_TEXT);
	}
}

static void TandyCheckLineMask(void ) {
	if ( vga.tandy.extended_ram & 1 ) {
		vga.tandy.line_mask = 0;
	} else if (vga.tandy.mode.is_graphics_enabled) {
		set(vga.tandy.line_mask, b0);
	}
	if ( vga.tandy.line_mask ) {
		vga.tandy.line_shift = 13;
		vga.tandy.addr_mask = (1 << 13) - 1;
	} else {
		vga.tandy.addr_mask = (Bitu)(~0);
		vga.tandy.line_shift = 0;
	}
}

static void write_tandy_reg(uint8_t val)
{
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	switch (vga.tandy.reg_index) {
	case 0x0:
		if (machine==MCH_PCJR) {
			vga.tandy.mode.data = val;
			VGA_SetBlinking(val & 0x20);
			PCJr_FindMode();
			if (is(val, b3))
				clear(vga.attr.disabled, b0);
			else
				set(vga.attr.disabled, b0);
		} else {
			LOG(LOG_VGAMISC,LOG_NORMAL)("Unhandled Write %2X to tandy reg %X",val,vga.tandy.reg_index);
		}
		break;
	case 0x1:	/* Palette mask */
		vga.tandy.palette_mask = val;
		tandy_update_palette();
		break;
	case 0x2:	/* Border color */
		vga.tandy.border_color=val;
		break;
	case 0x3:	/* More control */
		vga.tandy.mode_control.data = val;
		if (machine==MCH_TANDY) TANDY_FindMode();
		else PCJr_FindMode();
		break;
	case 0x5:	/* Extended ram page register */
		// Bit 0 enables extended ram
		// Bit 7 Switches clock, 0 -> cga 28.6 , 1 -> mono 32.5
		vga.tandy.extended_ram = val;
		//This is a bit of a hack to enable mapping video memory differently for highres mode
		TandyCheckLineMask();
		VGA_SetupHandlers();
		break;
	default:
		if ((vga.tandy.reg_index & 0xf0) == 0x10) { // color palette
			vga.attr.palette[vga.tandy.reg_index-0x10] = val&0xf;
			tandy_update_palette();
		} else
			LOG(LOG_VGAMISC,LOG_NORMAL)("Unhandled Write %2X to tandy reg %X",val,vga.tandy.reg_index);
	}
}

static void write_tandy(io_port_t port, io_val_t value, io_width_t)
{
	auto val = check_cast<uint8_t>(value);
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	switch (port) {
	case 0x3d8:
		clear(val, b7 | b6); // only bits 0-5 are used
		if (vga.tandy.mode.data ^ val) {
			vga.tandy.mode.data = val;
			if (is(val, b3))
				clear(vga.attr.disabled, b0);
			else
				set(vga.attr.disabled, b0);
			TandyCheckLineMask();
			VGA_SetBlinking(val & 0x20);
			TANDY_FindMode();
			VGA_StartResize();
		}
		break;
	case 0x3d9:
		vga.tandy.color_select=val;
		tandy_update_palette();
		// Re-apply the composite mode after updating the palette
		if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON)
			apply_composite_state();
		break;
	case 0x3da:
		vga.tandy.reg_index = val;
		//if (val&0x10) vga.attr.disabled |= 2;
		//else vga.attr.disabled &= ~2;
		break;
//	case 0x3dd:	//Extended ram page address register:
//		break;
	case 0x3de: write_tandy_reg(val); break;
	case 0x3df:
		// CRT/processor page register
		// See the comments on the PCJr version of this register.
		// A difference to it is:
		// Bit 3-5: Processor page CPU_PG
		// The remapped range is 32kB instead of 16. Therefore CPU_PG bit 0
		// appears to be ORed with CPU A14 (to preserve some sort of
		// backwards compatibility?), resulting in odd pages being mapped
		// as 2x16kB. Implemeted in vga_memory.cpp Tandy handler.

		vga.tandy.line_mask = val >> 6;
		vga.tandy.draw_bank = val & ((vga.tandy.line_mask&2) ? 0x6 : 0x7);
		vga.tandy.mem_bank = (val >> 3) & 7;
		TandyCheckLineMask();
		VGA_SetupHandlers();
		break;
	}
}

static void write_pcjr(io_port_t port, io_val_t value, io_width_t)
{
	// only receives 8-bit data per its IO port registration
	const auto val = check_cast<uint8_t>(value);
	switch (port) {
	case 0x3da:
		if (vga.tandy.pcjr_flipflop)
			write_tandy_reg(val);
		else {
			vga.tandy.reg_index = val;
			if (is(vga.tandy.reg_index, b4))
				set(vga.attr.disabled, b1);
			else
				clear(vga.attr.disabled, b1);
		}
		vga.tandy.pcjr_flipflop=!vga.tandy.pcjr_flipflop;
		break;
	case 0x3df:
		// CRT/processor page register

		// Bit 0-2: CRT page PG0-2
		// In one- and two bank modes, bit 0-2 select the 16kB memory
		// area of system RAM that is displayed on the screen.
		// In 4-banked modes, bit 1-2 select the 32kB memory area.
		// Bit 2 only has effect when the PCJR upgrade to 128k is installed.

		// Bit 3-5: Processor page CPU_PG
		// Selects the 16kB area of system RAM that is mapped to
		// the B8000h IBM PC video memory window. Since A14-A16 of the
		// processor are unconditionally replaced with these bits when
		// B8000h is accessed, the 16kB area is mapped to the 32kB
		// range twice in a row. (Scuba Venture writes across the boundary)

		// Bit 6-7: Video Address mode
		// 0: CRTC addresses A0-12 directly, accessing 8k characters
		//    (+8k attributes). Used in text modes (one bank).
		//    PG0-2 in effect. 16k range.
		// 1: CRTC A12 is replaced with CRTC RA0 (see max_scanline).
		//    This results in the even/odd scanline two bank system.
		//    PG0-2 in effect. 16k range.
		// 2: Documented as unused. CRTC addresses A0-12, PG0 is replaced
		//    with RA1. Looks like nonsense.
		//    PG1-2 in effect. 32k range which cannot be used completely.
		// 3: CRTC A12 is replaced with CRTC RA0, PG0 is replaced with
		//    CRTC RA1. This results in the 4-bank mode.
		//    PG1-2 in effect. 32k range.

		vga.tandy.line_mask = val >> 6;
		vga.tandy.draw_bank = val & ((vga.tandy.line_mask&2) ? 0x6 : 0x7);
		vga.tandy.mem_bank = (val >> 3) & 7;
		vga.tandy.draw_base = &MemBase[vga.tandy.draw_bank * 16 * 1024];
		vga.tandy.mem_base = &MemBase[vga.tandy.mem_bank * 16 * 1024];
		TandyCheckLineMask();
		VGA_SetupHandlers();
		break;
	}
}

void VGA_SetMonochromePalette(const enum MonochromePalette _palette)
{
	if (machine == MCH_HERC) {
		hercules_palette = _palette;
		VGA_SetHerculesPalette();

	} else if (machine == MCH_CGA && mono_cga) {
		mono_cga_palette = _palette;
		VGA_SetMonochromeCgaPalette();
	}
}

static MonochromePalette cycle_forward(const MonochromePalette _palette)
{
	auto value = (enum_val(_palette) + 1) % NumMonochromePalettes;
	return static_cast<MonochromePalette>(value);
}

static void cycle_mono_cga_palette(bool pressed)
{
	if (!pressed) {
		return;
	}

	mono_cga_palette = cycle_forward(mono_cga_palette);
	VGA_SetMonochromeCgaPalette();

	RENDER_SyncMonochromePaletteSetting(mono_cga_palette);
}

void VGA_SetMonochromeCgaPalette()
{
	for (uint8_t color_idx = 0; color_idx < NumCgaColors; ++color_idx) {
		const auto color = [&] {
			const auto palette_idx = enum_val(mono_cga_palette);
			if (INT10_IsTextMode(*CurMode)) {
				return mono_cga_text_palettes[palette_idx][color_idx];
			} else {
				return mono_cga_graphics_palettes[palette_idx][color_idx];
			}
		}();

		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(color_idx, color.red, color.green, color.blue);
		VGA_DAC_CombineColor(color_idx, color_idx);
	}
}

static void cycle_hercules_palette(bool pressed)
{
	if (!pressed) {
		return;
	}

	hercules_palette = cycle_forward(hercules_palette);
	VGA_SetHerculesPalette();

	RENDER_SyncMonochromePaletteSetting(hercules_palette);
}

void VGA_SetHerculesPalette()
{
	switch (hercules_palette) {
	case MonochromePalette::Amber:
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0x7, 0x34, 0x20, 0x00);
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0xf, 0x3f, 0x34, 0x00);
		break;
	case MonochromePalette::Green:
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0x7, 0x00, 0x26, 0x00);
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0xf, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x00);
		break;
	case MonochromePalette::White:
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0x7, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x2a);
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0xf, 0x3f, 0x3f, 0x3f);
		break;
	case MonochromePalette::Paperwhite:
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0x7, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0x2d);
		VGA_DAC_SetEntry(0xf, 0x3f, 0x3f, 0x3b);
		break;
	default: assertm(false, "Invalid MonochromePalette value");
	}

	VGA_DAC_CombineColor(0, 0);
	VGA_DAC_CombineColor(1, 7);
}

static void write_hercules(io_port_t port, io_val_t value, io_width_t)
{
	const auto val = check_cast<uint8_t>(value);
	switch (port) {
	case 0x3b8: {
		// the protected bits can always be cleared but only be set if the
		// protection bits are set
		if (is(vga.herc.mode_control, b1)) {
			// already set
			if (cleared(val, b1)) {
				clear(vga.herc.mode_control, b1);
				VGA_SetMode(M_HERC_TEXT);
			}
		} else {
			// not set, can only set if protection bit is set
			if (is(val, b1) && is(vga.herc.enable_bits, b0)) {
				set(vga.herc.mode_control, b1);
				VGA_SetMode(M_HERC_GFX);
			}
		}
		if (is(vga.herc.mode_control, b7)) {
			if (cleared(val, b7)) {
				clear(vga.herc.mode_control, b7);
				vga.tandy.draw_base = &vga.mem.linear[0];
			}
		} else {
			if (is(val, b7) && is(vga.herc.enable_bits, b1)) {
				set(vga.herc.mode_control, b7);
				vga.tandy.draw_base = &vga.mem.linear[32 * 1024];
			}
		}
		vga.draw.blinking = is(val, b5);
		retain(vga.herc.mode_control, b7 | b1);
		set(vga.herc.mode_control, mask_off(val, b7 | b1));
		break;
	}
	case 0x3bf:
		if ( vga.herc.enable_bits ^ val) {
			vga.herc.enable_bits=val;
			// Bit 1 enables the upper 32k of video memory,
			// so update the handlers
			VGA_SetupHandlers();
		}
		break;
	}
}

static uint8_t read_herc_status(io_port_t, io_width_t)
{
	// only returns 8-bit data per its IO port registration

	// 3BAh (R):  Status Register
	// bit   0  Horizontal sync
	//       1  Light pen status (only some cards)
	//       3  Video signal
	//     4-6	000: Hercules
	//			001: Hercules Plus
	//			101: Hercules InColor
	//			111: Unknown clone
	//       7  Vertical sync inverted

	const auto timeInFrame = PIC_FullIndex() - vga.draw.delay.framestart;
	uint8_t retval = 0x72; // Hercules ident; from a working card (Winbond
	                       // W86855AF) Another known working card has 0x76
	                       // ("KeysoGood", full-length)
	if (timeInFrame < vga.draw.delay.vrstart || timeInFrame > vga.draw.delay.vrend)
		retval |= 0x80;

	const auto timeInLine = fmod(timeInFrame, vga.draw.delay.htotal);
	if (timeInLine >= vga.draw.delay.hrstart &&
		timeInLine <= vga.draw.delay.hrend) retval |= 0x1;

	// 688 Attack sub checks bit 3 - as a workaround have the bit enabled
	// if no sync active (corresponds to a completely white screen)
	if ((retval&0x81)==0x80) retval |= 0x8;
	return retval;
}

void VGA_SetupOther()
{
	// Reset our Tandy struct
	vga.tandy.pcjr_flipflop     = 0;
	vga.tandy.mode.data         = 0;
	vga.tandy.color_select      = 0;
	vga.tandy.disp_bank         = 0;
	vga.tandy.reg_index         = 0;
	vga.tandy.mode_control.data = 0;
	vga.tandy.palette_mask      = 0;
	vga.tandy.extended_ram      = 0;
	vga.tandy.border_color      = 0;
	vga.tandy.line_mask         = 0;
	vga.tandy.line_shift        = 0;
	vga.tandy.draw_bank         = 0;
	vga.tandy.mem_bank          = 0;
	vga.tandy.draw_base         = nullptr;
	vga.tandy.mem_base          = nullptr;
	vga.tandy.addr_mask         = 0;

	vga.attr.disabled = 0;
	vga.config.bytes_skip=0;

	//Initialize values common for most machines, can be overwritten
	vga.tandy.draw_base = vga.mem.linear;
	vga.tandy.mem_base = vga.mem.linear;
	vga.tandy.addr_mask = 8*1024 - 1;
	vga.tandy.line_mask = 3;
	vga.tandy.line_shift = 13;

	if (machine==MCH_CGA || IS_TANDY_ARCH) {
		extern uint8_t int10_font_08[256 * 8];
		for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
			memcpy(&vga.draw.font[i * 32], &int10_font_08[i * 8], 8);
		}
		vga.draw.font_tables[0] = vga.draw.font_tables[1] = vga.draw.font;
	}
	if (machine==MCH_CGA || IS_TANDY_ARCH || machine==MCH_HERC) {
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3db, write_lightpen, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3dc, write_lightpen, io_width_t::byte);
	}
	if (machine==MCH_HERC) {
		extern uint8_t int10_font_14[256 * 14];
		for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
			memcpy(&vga.draw.font[i * 32], &int10_font_14[i * 14], 14);
		}
		vga.draw.font_tables[0] = vga.draw.font_tables[1] = vga.draw.font;
		MAPPER_AddHandler(cycle_hercules_palette, SDL_SCANCODE_F11, 0,
		                  "hercpal", "Herc Pal");
	}
	if (machine==MCH_CGA) {
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3d8, write_cga, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3d9, write_cga, io_width_t::byte);
		if (mono_cga) {
			MAPPER_AddHandler(cycle_mono_cga_palette,
			                  SDL_SCANCODE_F11,
			                  0,
			                  "monocgapal",
			                  "Mono CGA Pal");
		}
	}
	if (machine==MCH_TANDY) {
		write_tandy(0x3df, 0x0, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3d8, write_tandy, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3d9, write_tandy, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3da, write_tandy, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3de, write_tandy, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3df, write_tandy, io_width_t::byte);
	}
	if (machine == MCH_PCJR) {
		//write_pcjr will setup base address
		write_pcjr(0x3df, 0x7 | (0x7 << 3), io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3da, write_pcjr, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3df, write_pcjr, io_width_t::byte);
	}
	// Add composite hotkeys for CGA, Tandy, and PCjr
	if ((machine == MCH_CGA && !mono_cga) || machine == MCH_TANDY ||
	    machine == MCH_PCJR) {
		MAPPER_AddHandler(select_next_crt_knob, SDL_SCANCODE_F10, 0,
		                  "select", "Sel Knob");
		MAPPER_AddHandler(turn_crt_knob_positive, SDL_SCANCODE_F11, 0,
		                  "incval", "Inc Knob");
		MAPPER_AddHandler(turn_crt_knob_negative, SDL_SCANCODE_F11,
		                  MMOD2, "decval", "Dec Knob");
		MAPPER_AddHandler(toggle_cga_composite_mode, SDL_SCANCODE_F12, 0, "cgacomp",
		                  "CGA Comp");
	}

	auto register_crtc_port_handlers_at_base = [](const io_port_t base) {
		for (io_port_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
			const auto index_port = check_cast<io_port_t>(base + 2 * i);
			IO_RegisterWriteHandler(index_port, write_crtc_index_other, io_width_t::byte);
			IO_RegisterReadHandler(index_port, read_crtc_index_other, io_width_t::byte);

			const auto data_port = check_cast<io_port_t>(index_port + 1);
			IO_RegisterWriteHandler(data_port, write_crtc_data_other, io_width_t::byte);
			IO_RegisterReadHandler(data_port, read_crtc_data_other, io_width_t::byte);
		}
	};

	if (machine == MCH_HERC) {
		vga.herc.enable_bits = 0;
		vga.herc.mode_control = 0xa; // first mode written will be text mode
		vga.crtc.underline_location = 13;
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3b8, write_hercules, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterWriteHandler(0x3bf, write_hercules, io_width_t::byte);
		IO_RegisterReadHandler(0x3ba, read_herc_status, io_width_t::byte);
		register_crtc_port_handlers_at_base(0x3b0);
	} else if (!IS_EGAVGA_ARCH) {
		register_crtc_port_handlers_at_base(0x3d0);
	}
}

static void composite_init(Section *sec)
{
	assert(sec);
	const auto conf = static_cast<Section_prop *>(sec);
	assert(conf);
	const std::string state = conf->Get_string("composite");

	if (state == "auto") {
		cga_comp = COMPOSITE_STATE::AUTO;
	} else {
		const auto state_has_bool = parse_bool_setting(state);
		if (state_has_bool) {
			cga_comp = *state_has_bool ? COMPOSITE_STATE::ON
			                           : COMPOSITE_STATE::OFF;
		} else {
			LOG_WARNING("COMPOSITE: Invalid 'composite' setting: '%s', using 'off'",
			            state.data());
			cga_comp = COMPOSITE_STATE::OFF;
		}
	}

	const std::string era_choice = conf->Get_string("era");
	is_composite_new_era = era_choice == "new" ||
	                       (machine == MCH_PCJR && era_choice == "auto");

	hue.set(conf->Get_int("hue"));
	saturation.set(conf->Get_int("saturation"));
	contrast.set(conf->Get_int("contrast"));
	brightness.set(conf->Get_int("brightness"));
	convergence.set(conf->Get_int("convergence"));

	if (cga_comp == COMPOSITE_STATE::ON) {
		LOG_MSG("COMPOSITE: %s-era enabled with settings: hue %d, saturation %d,"
		        " contrast %d, brightness %d, and convergence %d",
		        is_composite_new_era ? "New" : "Old", hue.get(), saturation.get(), contrast.get(),
		        brightness.get(), convergence.get());
	}
}

static void composite_settings(Section_prop& secprop)
{
	constexpr auto when_idle = Property::Changeable::WhenIdle;

	const char* states[] = {"auto", "on", "off", nullptr};
	auto str_prop = secprop.Add_string("composite", when_idle, "auto");
	str_prop->Set_values(states);
	str_prop->Set_help(
	        "Enable composite mode on start (only for 'cga', 'pcjr', and 'tandy' machine\n"
	        "types; 'auto' by default). 'auto' lets the program decide.\n"
	        "Note: Fine-tune the settings below (i.e., 'hue') using the composite hotkeys,\n"
	        "      then copy the new settings from the logs into your config.");

	const char* eras[] = {"auto", "old", "new", nullptr};
	str_prop           = secprop.Add_string("era", when_idle, "auto");
	str_prop->Set_values(eras);
	str_prop->Set_help("Era of composite technology ('auto' by default).\n"
	                   "When 'auto', PCjr uses 'new', and CGA/Tandy use 'old'.");

	auto int_prop = secprop.Add_int("hue", when_idle, hue.get_default());
	int_prop->SetMinMax(hue.get_min(), hue.get_max());
	int_prop->Set_help(format_string("Hue of the RGB palette (%d by default).\n"
	                                 "For example, adjust until the sky is blue.",
	                                 hue.get_default()));

	int_prop = secprop.Add_int("saturation", when_idle, saturation.get_default());
	int_prop->SetMinMax(saturation.get_min(), saturation.get_max());
	int_prop->Set_help(format_string("Intensity of colors, from washed out to vivid (%d by default).",
	                                 saturation.get_default()));

	int_prop = secprop.Add_int("contrast", when_idle, contrast.get_default());
	int_prop->SetMinMax(contrast.get_min(), contrast.get_max());
	int_prop->Set_help(format_string("Ratio between the dark and light area (%d by default).",
	                                 contrast.get_default()));

	int_prop = secprop.Add_int("brightness", when_idle, brightness.get_default());
	int_prop->SetMinMax(brightness.get_min(), brightness.get_max());
	int_prop->Set_help(format_string("Luminosity of the image, from dark to light (%d by default).",
	                                 brightness.get_default()));

	int_prop = secprop.Add_int("convergence", when_idle, convergence.get_default());
	int_prop->SetMinMax(convergence.get_min(), convergence.get_max());
	int_prop->Set_help(format_string("Convergence of subpixel elements, from blurry to sharp (%d by default).",
	                                 convergence.get_default()));
}

static void turn_crt_knob(bool pressed, const int amount)
{
	if (!pressed)
		return;
	switch (crt_knob) {
	case CRT_KNOB::ERA: is_composite_new_era = !is_composite_new_era; break;
	case CRT_KNOB::HUE: hue.turn(amount); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::SATURATION: saturation.turn(amount); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::CONTRAST: contrast.turn(amount); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::BRIGHTNESS: brightness.turn(amount); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::CONVERGENCE: convergence.turn(amount); break;
	case CRT_KNOB::ENUM_END: assertm(false, "Should not reach CRT knob end marker"); break;
	}
	if (machine == MCH_PCJR)
		update_cga16_color_pcjr();
	else
		update_cga16_color();

	log_crt_knob_value();
}

void VGA_AddCompositeSettings(Config& conf)
{
	constexpr auto changeable_at_runtime = true;

	auto sec = conf.AddSection_prop("composite",
	                                &composite_init,
	                                changeable_at_runtime);
	assert(sec);
	composite_settings(*sec);
}
