Appendix

Slony-I 2.2.10 Documentation
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# Chapter 7. Appendix

# 7.1. Frequently Asked Questions

1. Slony-I FAQ: Building and Installing Slony-I
  7.1.1.1. I am using Frotznik Freenix 4.5, with its FFPM (Frotznik Freenix Package Manager) package management system. It comes with FFPM packages for PostgreSQL 7.4.7, which are what I am using for my databases, but they don't include Slony-I in the packaging. How do I add Slony-I to this?
  7.1.1.2. Problem building on Fedora/x86-64
  7.1.1.3. I found conflicting types for `yyleng` between `parser.c` and `scan.c`. In one case, it used type `int`, conflicting with `yy_size_t`. What shall I do?
2. Slony-I FAQ: How Do I?
  7.1.2.1. I need to dump a database without getting Slony-I configuration (e.g. - triggers, functions, and such).
  7.1.2.2. How should I run slon processes?
  7.1.2.3. I'd like to renumber the node numbers in my cluster. How can I renumber nodes?
3. Slony-I FAQ: Impossible Things People Try
  7.1.3.1. Can I use Slony-I to replicate changes back and forth on my database between my two offices?
  7.1.3.2. I want to replicate all of the databases for a shared-database system I am managing. There are multiple databases, being used by my customers.
  7.1.3.3. I want to be able to make DDL changes, and have them replicated automatically.
  7.1.3.4. I want to split my cluster into disjoint partitions that are not aware of one another. Slony-I keeps generating Section 4.2 that link those partitions together.
  7.1.3.5. I want to change some of my node numbers. How do I "rename" a node to have a different node number?
  7.1.3.6. My application uses OID attributes; is it possible to replicate tables like this?
4. Slony-I FAQ: Connection Issues
  7.1.4.1. I looked for the `_clustername` namespace, and it wasn't there.
  7.1.4.2. I'm trying to get a slave subscribed, and get the following messages in the logs:

      DEBUG1 copy_set 1
      DEBUG1 remoteWorkerThread_1: connected to provider DB
      WARN	remoteWorkerThread_1: transactions earlier than XID 127314958 are still in progress
      WARN	remoteWorkerThread_1: data copy for set 1 failed - sleep 60 seconds

  7.1.4.3. Same as the above. What I forgot to mention, as well, was that I was trying to add TWO subscribers, concurrently.
  7.1.4.4. We got bitten by something we didn't foresee when completely uninstalling a slony replication cluster from the master and slave...
  7.1.4.5. I'm now the following notice in the logs:
  7.1.4.6. I pointed a subscribing node to a different provider and it stopped replicating
  7.1.4.7. I was starting a slon, and got the following "FATAL" messages in its logs. What's up???
  7.1.4.8. When can I shut down slon processes?
  7.1.4.9. Are there risks to shutting down the slon? How about benefits?
  7.1.4.10. I was trying to subscribe a set involving a multiple GB table, and it failed.
5. Slony-I FAQ: Configuration Issues
  7.1.5.1. ps finds passwords on command line
  7.1.5.2. Table indexes with FQ namespace names

      set add table (set id = 1, origin = 1, id = 27,
                     full qualified name = 'nspace.some_table',
                     key = 'key_on_whatever',
                     comment = 'Table some_table in namespace nspace with a candidate primary key');

  7.1.5.3. Replication has fallen behind, and it appears that the queries to draw data from sl_log_1/sl_log_2 are taking a long time to pull just a few `SYNC`s.
  7.1.5.4. I need to rename a column that is in the primary key for one of my replicated tables. That seems pretty dangerous, doesn't it? I have to drop the table out of replication and recreate it, right?
  7.1.5.5. I had a network "glitch" that led to my using SLONIK FAILOVER to fail over to an alternate node. The failure wasn't a disk problem that would corrupt databases; why do I need to rebuild the failed node from scratch?
  7.1.5.6. After notification of a subscription on another node, replication falls over on one of the subscribers, with the following error message:
  7.1.5.7. I just used SLONIK MOVE SET to move the origin to a new node. Unfortunately, some subscribers are still pointing to the former origin node, so I can't take it out of service for maintenance without stopping them from getting updates. What do I do?
  7.1.5.8. After notification of a subscription on another node, replication falls over, starting with the following error message:
  7.1.5.9. Is the ordering of tables in a set significant?
  7.1.5.10. If you have a slonik script something like this, it will hang on you and never complete, because you can't have SLONIK WAIT FOR EVENT inside a Section 1.3 block. A `try` block is executed as one transaction, and the event that you are waiting for can never arrive inside the scope of the transaction.
  7.1.5.11. Slony-I: cannot add table to currently subscribed set 1
  7.1.5.12. ERROR: duplicate key violates unique constraint "sl_table-pkey"
  7.1.5.13. One of my nodes fell over (slon / postmaster was down) and nobody noticed for several days. Now, when the slon for that node starts up, it runs for about five minutes, then terminates, with the error message: `ERROR: remoteListenThread_%d: timeout for event selection` What's wrong, and what do I do?
6. Slony-I FAQ: Performance Issues
  7.1.6.1. Replication has been slowing down, I'm seeing `FETCH 100 FROM LOG` queries running for a long time, sl_log_1/sl_log_2 is growing, and performance is, well, generally getting steadily worse.
  7.1.6.2. After dropping a node, sl_log_1/sl_log_2 aren't getting purged out anymore.
  7.1.6.3. The slon spent the weekend out of commission [for some reason], and it's taking a long time to get a sync through.
  7.1.6.4. I have submitted a SLONIK MOVE SET / SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT request, and it seems to be stuck on one of my nodes. Slony-I logs aren't displaying any errors or warnings
  7.1.6.5. I'm noticing in the logs that a slon is frequently switching in and out of "polling" mode as it is frequently reporting "LISTEN - switch from polling mode to use LISTEN" and "UNLISTEN - switch into polling mode".
7. Slony-I FAQ: Slony-I Bugs in Elder Versions
  7.1.7.1. The slon processes servicing my subscribers are growing to enormous size, challenging system resources both in terms of swap space as well as moving towards breaking past the 2GB maximum process size on my system.
  7.1.7.2. I am trying to replicate `UNICODE` data from PostgreSQL 8.0 to PostgreSQL 8.1, and am experiencing problems.
  7.1.7.3. I am running Slony-I 1.1 and have a 4+ node setup where there are two subscription sets, 1 and 2, that do not share any nodes. I am discovering that confirmations for set 1 never get to the nodes subscribing to set 2, and that confirmations for set 2 never get to nodes subscribing to set 1. As a result, sl_log_1/sl_log_2 grow and grow, and are never purged. This was reported as Slony-I bug 1485 .
  7.1.7.4. I am finding some multibyte columns (Unicode, Big5) are being truncated a bit, clipping off the last character. Why?
  7.1.7.5. Bug #1226 indicates an error condition that can come up if you have a replication set that consists solely of sequences.
  7.1.7.6. I need to drop a table from a replication set
  7.1.7.7. I need to drop a sequence from a replication set
  7.1.7.8. I set up my cluster using pgAdminIII, with cluster name "MY-CLUSTER". Time has passed, and I tried using Slonik to make a configuration change, and this is failing with the following error message:
8. Slony-I FAQ: Anachronisms - Hopefully Obsolete
  7.1.8.1. slon does not restart after crash
  7.1.8.2. I tried the following query which did not work:
  7.1.8.3. I can do a `pg_dump` and load the data back in much faster than the `SUBSCRIBE SET` runs. Why is that?
  7.1.8.4. Replication Fails - Unique Constraint Violation
  7.1.8.5. I started doing a backup using pg_dump, and suddenly Slony stops
  7.1.9.1. I was trying to request SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT or SLONIK MOVE SET, and found messages as follows on one of the subscribers:
  7.1.9.2. Behaviour - all the subscriber nodes start to fall behind the origin, and all the logs on the subscriber nodes have the following error message repeating in them (when I encountered it, there was a nice long SQL statement above each entry):
  7.1.9.3. Node #1 was dropped via SLONIK DROP NODE, and the slon one of the other nodes is repeatedly failing with the error message:
  7.1.9.4. I have a database where we have been encountering the following error message in our application:
  7.1.9.5. I tried building Slony-I 1.1 and got the following error message:

      configure: error: Headers for libpqserver are not found in the includeserverdir.
         This is the path to postgres.h. Please specify the includeserverdir with
         --with-pgincludeserverdir=<dir>

  7.1.9.6. I'm trying to upgrade to a newer version of Slony-I and am running into a problem with SLONIK UPDATE FUNCTIONS. When I run SLONIK UPDATE FUNCTIONS, my postmaster falls over with a Signal 11. There aren't any seeming errors in the log files, aside from the PostgreSQL logs indicating that, yes indeed, the postmaster fell over.
  7.1.9.7. Slonik fails - cannot load PostgreSQL library - `PGRES_FATAL_ERROR load '$libdir/xxid';`
  7.1.9.8. I tried creating a CLUSTER NAME with a "-" in it. That didn't work.
  7.1.9.9. I have a PostgreSQL 7.2-based system that I really, really want to use Slony-I to help me upgrade it to 8.0. What is involved in getting Slony-I to work for that?
  7.1.9.10. I created a "superuser" account, `slony`, to run replication activities. As suggested, I set it up as a superuser, via the following query: `update pg_shadow set usesuper = 't' where usename in ('slony', 'molly', 'dumpy');` (that command also deals with other users I set up to run vacuums and backups).
  7.1.9.11. Some nodes start consistently falling behind

### 1. Slony-I FAQ: Building and Installing Slony-I

7.1.1.1. I am using Frotznik Freenix 4.5, with its FFPM (Frotznik Freenix Package Manager) package management system. It comes with FFPM packages for PostgreSQL 7.4.7, which are what I am using for my databases, but they don't include Slony-I in the packaging. How do I add Slony-I to this?

Frotznik Freenix is new to me, so it's a bit dangerous to give really hard-and-fast definitive answers.

The answers differ somewhat between the various combinations of PostgreSQL and Slony-I versions; the newer versions generally somewhat easier to cope with than are the older versions. In general, it is quite likely that you will need to compile Slony-I from sources; depending on versioning of both Slony-I and PostgreSQL, you may also need to compile PostgreSQL from scratch. (Whether you need to use the PostgreSQL compile is another matter; you probably don't...)

In these modern days, many people are using systems like Puppet where they expect to be able to get versions of PostgreSQL and Slony-I packaged up using their systems' native packaging tools (such as RPM, with yum.postgresql.org, dpkg - with PostgreSQL packages for Debian and Ubuntu ).

It is possible that you will be able to find suitable pre-compiled packages for PostgreSQL and Slony-I for your system, if you are using a popular Linux distribution, and there is a single version of PostgreSQL across your cluster.

If you are using a system distribution that has not attracted such packaging, or if you are using Slony-I to upgrade between PostgreSQL versions, and therefore require it compiled for multiple versions of PostgreSQL, it is quite likely you will need to compile Slony-I (and perhaps PostgreSQL) yourself.

You will likely find it useful to consult the appropriate repository above (YUM, for RPM-based systems, and APT, for Debian derivatives) to obtain configuration to help you build packages yourself.

In the "old days", the build process was more arduous than is the case with version 2.0 and above:

- Slony-I version 1.0.5 and earlier required having a fully configured copy of PostgreSQL sources available when you compile Slony-I.

  Hopefully you can make the configuration this closely match against the configuration in use by the packaged version of PostgreSQL by checking the configuration using the command `pg_config --configure`.

- Slony-I version 1.1 simplified this considerably; it did not require the full copy of PostgreSQL sources, but could, instead, refer to the various locations where PostgreSQL libraries, binaries, configuration, and `#include` files are located.

- PostgreSQL 8.0 and higher have become much easier to deal with in that a "default" installation includes all of the `#include` files.

  If you are using an earlier version of PostgreSQL, you may find it necessary to resort to a source installation if the packaged version did not install the "server `#include`" files, which are installed by the command `make install-all-headers` .

In effect, the "worst case" scenario takes place if you are using a version of Slony-I earlier than 1.1 with an "elderly" version of PostgreSQL, in which case you can expect to need to compile PostgreSQL from scratch in order to have everything that the Slony-I compile needs even though you are using a "packaged" version of PostgreSQL.

If you are running a recent PostgreSQL and a recent Slony-I, then the codependencies can be fairly small, and you may not need extra PostgreSQL sources. These improvements should ease the production of Slony-I packages so that you might soon even be able to hope to avoid compiling Slony-I.

7.1.1.2. Problem building on Fedora/x86-64

When trying to configure Slony-I on a Fedora x86-64 system, where yum was used to install the package `postgresql-libs.x86_64`, the following complaint comes up:

    configure: error: Your version of libpq doesn't have PQunescapeBytea
     this means that your version of PostgreSQL is lower than 7.3
     and thus not supported by Slony-I.

This happened with PostgreSQL 8.2.5, which is certainly rather newer than 7.3.

configure is looking for that symbol by compiling a little program that calls for it, and checking if the compile succeeds. On the `gcc` command line it uses `-lpq` to search for the library.

Unfortunately, in this precise case that package is missing a symlink, from `/usr/lib64/libpq.so` to `libpq.so.5.0`; that is why it fails to link to libpq. The true problem is that the compiler failed to find a library to link to, not that libpq lacked the function call.

Eventually, this should be addressed by those that manage the `postgresql-libs.x86_64` package.

While the problem is reported with a particular system, the complaint about "version lower than 7.3" has been a common one, reported across various sorts of systems.

Note that this same symptom has been a common indicatior for various similar classes of system configuration problems. Bad symlinks, bad permissions, bad behaviour on the part of your C compiler, all may potentially lead to this same error message.

Thus, if you see this error, you need to look in the log file that is generated, `config.log`. Search down to near the end, and see what the actual complaint was. That will be helpful in tracking down the true root cause of the problem.

7.1.1.3. I found conflicting types for `yyleng` between `parser.c` and `scan.c`. In one case, it used type `int`, conflicting with `yy_size_t`. What shall I do?

This has been observed on MacOS, where flex (which generates `scan.c`) and bison (which generates `parser.c`) diverged in their handling of this variable.

- You might might "hack" `scan.c` by hand to use the matching type.

- You might select different versions of bison or flex so as to get versions whose data types match.

- Note that you may have multiple versions of bison or flex around, and might need to modify `PATH` in order to select the appropriate one.

### 2. Slony-I FAQ: How Do I?

7.1.2.1. I need to dump a database without getting Slony-I configuration (e.g. - triggers, functions, and such).

Up to version 1.2, this is fairly nontrivial, requiring careful choice of nodes, and some moderately heavy "procedure". One methodology has been as follows:

- First, dump the schema from the node that has the "master" role. That is the only place, pre-2.0, where you can readily dump the schema using pg_dump and have a consistent schema. You may use the Slony-I tool Section 6.1.6 to do this.

- Take the resulting schema, which will not include the Slony-I-specific bits, and split it into two pieces:

  - Firstly, the portion comprising all of the creations of tables in the schema.

  - Secondly, the portion consisting of creations of indices, constraints, and triggers.

- Pull a data dump, using `pg_dump --data-only`, of some node of your choice. It doesn't need to be for the "master" node. This dump will include the contents of the Slony-I-specific tables; you can discard that, or ignore it. Since the schema dump didn't contain table definitions for the Slony-I tables, they won't be loaded.

- Finally, load the three components in proper order:

  - Schema (tables)

  - Data dump

  - Remainder of the schema

In Slony-I 2.0, the answer becomes simpler: Just take a `pg_dump --exclude-schema=_Cluster` against any node. In 2.0, the schemas are no longer "clobbered" on subscribers, so a straight pg_dump will do what you want.

There is a small issue that will remain; the log triggers that are added to replicated tables will still be included in the dump, although the functions that they refer to are in the excluded schema. You should be prepared to find that those triggers will fail to load. You might use `grep -v` on the dump to filter out the triggers, should that prove to be a problem.

7.1.2.2. How should I run slon processes?

A slon process is required for each database that participates in replication. There are a variety of ways of managing these processes, none strictly "the best." An administrator may find one or another of these to be preferable.

- Perl Watchdog, a script which monitors a node and restarts slon for that node if it sees no activity.

- start_slon.sh, written with a view to managing the slon configuration via the slon runtime configuraiton.

- launch_clusters.sh, which can start up multiple slon processes. This does a one-time startup of missing slon processes, so should be run periodically using a service such as cron.

- Upstart script may be used to start a slon process when the system boots, suitable for systems that use Upstart for managing system services.

- BSD Ports Profile provides Apache-style profiles, suitable for systems managing Slony-I using FreeBSD Ports.

- Slon on Windows describes the use of slon with the Windows "service" concept.

- Not provided, but a straightforward task, would be to create an "init" script suitable for Unix systems that use SysV init.

A single answer will not fit all, as different operating systems have different mechanisms for dealing with persistent processes, and as administrators may wish to have one, or several slon processes running on a particular server.

7.1.2.3. I'd like to renumber the node numbers in my cluster. How can I renumber nodes?

The first answer is "you can't do that" - Slony-I node numbers are quite "immutable." Node numbers are deeply woven into the fibres of the schema, by virtue of being written into virtually every table in the system, but much more importantly by virtue of being used as the basis for event propagation. The only time that it might be "OK" to modify a node number is at some time where we know that it is not in use, and we would need to do updates against each node in the cluster in an organized fashion.

To do this in an automated fashion seems like a huge challenge, as it changes the structure of the very event propagation system that already needs to be working in order for such a change to propagate.

If it is enormously necessary to renumber nodes, this might be accomplished by dropping and re-adding nodes to get rid of the node formerly using the node ID that needs to be held by another node.

### 3. Slony-I FAQ: Impossible Things People Try

7.1.3.1. Can I use Slony-I to replicate changes back and forth on my database between my two offices?

At one level, it is theoretically possible to do something like that, if you design your application so that each office has its own distinct set of tables, and you then have some system for consolidating the data to give them some common view. However, this requires a great deal of design work to create an application that performs this consolidation.

In practice, the term for that is "multimaster replication," and Slony-I does not support "multimaster replication."

7.1.3.2. I want to replicate all of the databases for a shared-database system I am managing. There are multiple databases, being used by my customers.

Slony-I cannot be directly used for this, as it expects to capture changes from a database, not a set of several databases.

For this purpose, something like PostgreSQL PITR (Point In Time Recovery) is likely to be much more suitable. Slony-I requires a slon process (and multiple connections) for each identifiable database, and if you have a PostgreSQL cluster hosting 50 or 100 databases, this will require hundreds of database connections. Typically, in "shared hosting" situations, DML is being managed by customers, who can change anything they like whenever they want. Slony-I does not work out well when not used in a disciplined manner.

7.1.3.3. I want to be able to make DDL changes, and have them replicated automatically.

Slony-I requires that Section 3.3 be planned for explicitly and carefully. Slony-I captures changes using triggers, and PostgreSQL does not provide a way to use triggers to capture DDL changes.

> Note: There has been quite a bit of discussion, off and on, about how PostgreSQL might capture DDL changes in a way that would make triggers useful; nothing concrete has yet emerged despite several years of discussion.

> The EVENT TRIGGERs added in PostgreSQL 9.3 are drawing steps closer on this, but a usable solution has not yet emerged. Perhaps in 9.4...

7.1.3.4. I want to split my cluster into disjoint partitions that are not aware of one another. Slony-I keeps generating Section 4.2 that link those partitions together.

The notion that all nodes are aware of one another is deeply imbedded in the design of Slony-I. For instance, its handling of cleanup of obsolete data depends on being aware of whether any of the nodes are behind, and thus might still depend on older data.

7.1.3.5. I want to change some of my node numbers. How do I "rename" a node to have a different node number?

You don't. The node number is used to coordinate inter-node communications, and changing the node ID number "on the fly" would make it essentially impossible to keep node configuration coordinated.

7.1.3.6. My application uses OID attributes; is it possible to replicate tables like this?

It is worth noting that oids, as a regular table attribute, have been deprecated since PostgreSQL version 8.1, back in 2005. Slony-I has never collected oids to replicate them, and, with that functionality being deprecated, the developers do not intend to add this functionality.

PostgreSQL implemented oids as a way to link its internal system tables together; to use them with application tables is considered poor practice, and it is recommended that you use sequences to populate your own ID column on application tables.

Of course, nothing prevents you from creating a table without oids, and then add in your own application column called `oid`, preferably with type information `SERIAL NOT NULL UNIQUE`, which can be replicated, and which is likely to be suitable as a candidate primary key for the table.

### 4. Slony-I FAQ: Connection Issues

7.1.4.1. I looked for the `_clustername` namespace, and it wasn't there.

If the DSNs are wrong, then slon instances can't connect to the nodes.

This will generally lead to nodes remaining entirely untouched.

Recheck the connection configuration. By the way, since slon links to libpq, you could have password information stored in `$HOME/.pgpass`, partially filling in right/wrong authentication information there.

7.1.4.2. I'm trying to get a slave subscribed, and get the following messages in the logs:

    DEBUG1 copy_set 1
    DEBUG1 remoteWorkerThread_1: connected to provider DB
    WARN	remoteWorkerThread_1: transactions earlier than XID 127314958 are still in progress
    WARN	remoteWorkerThread_1: data copy for set 1 failed - sleep 60 seconds

There is evidently some reasonably old outstanding transaction blocking Slony-I from processing the sync. You might want to take a look at pg_locks to see what's up:

    sampledb=# select * from pg_locks where transaction is not null order by transaction;
     relation | database | transaction |  pid    |     mode      | granted
    ----------+----------+-------------+---------+---------------+---------
              |          |   127314921 | 2605100 | ExclusiveLock | t
              |          |   127326504 | 5660904 | ExclusiveLock | t
    (2 rows)

See? 127314921 is indeed older than 127314958, and it's still running. While the situation may be undesirable, there is no error in the behaviour of Slony-I.

A long running accounting report, a runaway search query, a pg_dump, all can open up transactions that may run for substantial periods of time. Until they complete, or are interrupted, you will continue to see the message " data copy for set 1 failed - sleep 60 seconds ".

By the way, if there is more than one database on the PostgreSQL cluster, and activity is taking place on the OTHER database, that will lead to there being "transactions earlier than XID whatever" being found to be still in progress. The fact that it's a separate database on the cluster is irrelevant; Slony-I will wait until those old transactions terminate.

7.1.4.3. Same as the above. What I forgot to mention, as well, was that I was trying to add TWO subscribers, concurrently.

That doesn't work out happily: Slony-I can't work on the `COPY` commands concurrently. See `src/slon/remote_worker.c`, function `copy_set()`

    $ ps -aef | egrep '[2]605100'
    postgres 2605100  205018	0 18:53:43  pts/3  3:13 postgres: postgres sampledb localhost COPY

This happens to be a `COPY` transaction involved in setting up the subscription for one of the nodes. All is well; the system is busy setting up the first subscriber; it won't start on the second one until the first one has completed subscribing. That represents one possible cause.

This has the (perhaps unfortunate) implication that you cannot populate two slaves concurrently from a single provider. You have to subscribe one to the set, and only once it has completed setting up the subscription (copying table contents and such) can the second subscriber start setting up the subscription.

7.1.4.4. We got bitten by something we didn't foresee when completely uninstalling a slony replication cluster from the master and slave...

Warning
MAKE SURE YOU STOP YOUR APPLICATION RUNNING AGAINST YOUR MASTER DATABASE WHEN REMOVING THE WHOLE SLONY CLUSTER, or at least re-cycle all your open connections after the event!

The connections "remember" or refer to OIDs which are removed by the uninstall node script. And you will get lots of errors as a result...

There are two notable areas of PostgreSQL that cache query plans and OIDs:

- Prepared statements

- pl/pgSQL functions

The problem isn't particularly a Slony-I one; it would occur any time such significant changes are made to the database schema. It shouldn't be expected to lead to data loss, but you'll see a wide range of OID-related errors.

The problem occurs when you are using some sort of "connection pool" that keeps recycling old connections. If you restart the application after this, the new connections will create new query plans, and the errors will go away. If your connection pool drops the connections, and creates new ones, the new ones will have new query plans, and the errors will go away.

In our code we drop the connection on any error we cannot map to an expected condition. This would eventually recycle all connections on such unexpected problems after just one error per connection. Of course if the error surfaces as a constraint violation which is a recognized condition, this won't help either, and if the problem is persistent, the connections will keep recycling which will drop the effect of the pooling, in the latter case the pooling code could also announce an admin to take a look...

7.1.4.5. I'm now the following notice in the logs:

    NOTICE:  Slony-I: log switch to sl_log_2 still in progress - sl_log_1 not truncated

Both `sl_log_1` and `sl_log_2` are continuing to grow, and `sl_log_1` is never getting truncated. What's wrong?

Observe that it is indicated as a NOTICE, not as an ERROR, so this is an expected sort of behaviour.

This may be symptomatic of the same issue as above with dropping replication: if there are still old connections lingering that are using old query plans that reference the old stored functions, resulting in the inserts to `sl_log_1`

Closing those connections and opening new ones will resolve the issue.

7.1.4.6. I pointed a subscribing node to a different provider and it stopped replicating

We noticed this happening when we wanted to re-initialize a node, where we had configuration thus:

- Node 1 - provider

- Node 2 - subscriber to node 1 - the node we're reinitializing

- Node 3 - subscriber to node 2 - node that should keep replicating

The subscription for node 3 was changed to have node 1 as provider, and we did SLONIK DROP SET /SLONIK SUBSCRIBE SET for node 2 to get it repopulating.

Unfortunately, replication suddenly stopped to node 3.

The problem was that there was not a suitable set of "listener paths" in sl_listen to allow the events from node 1 to propagate to node 3. The events were going through node 2, and blocking behind the SLONIK SUBSCRIBE SET event that node 2 was working on.

The following slonik script dropped out the listen paths where node 3 had to go through node 2, and added in direct listens between nodes 1 and 3.

    cluster name = oxrslive;
     node 1 admin conninfo='host=32.85.68.220 dbname=oxrslive user=postgres port=5432';
     node 2 admin conninfo='host=32.85.68.216 dbname=oxrslive user=postgres port=5432';
     node 3 admin conninfo='host=32.85.68.244 dbname=oxrslive user=postgres port=5432';
     node 4 admin conninfo='host=10.28.103.132 dbname=oxrslive user=postgres port=5432';
    try {
      store listen (origin = 1, receiver = 3, provider = 1);
      store listen (origin = 3, receiver = 1, provider = 3);
      drop listen (origin = 1, receiver = 3, provider = 2);
      drop listen (origin = 3, receiver = 1, provider = 2);
    }

Immediately after this script was run, `SYNC` events started propagating again to node 3. This points out two principles:

- If you have multiple nodes, and cascaded subscribers, you need to be quite careful in populating the SLONIK STORE LISTEN entries, and in modifying them if the structure of the replication "tree" changes.

- Version 1.1 provides better tools to help manage this, and later versions of Slony-I hopefully populate the listener table automatically and correctly such that you should not encounter this problem.

The issues of "listener paths" are discussed further at Section 4.2

7.1.4.7. I was starting a slon, and got the following "FATAL" messages in its logs. What's up???

    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC CONFIG main: slon version 1.2.0 starting up
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC DEBUG2 slon: watchdog process started
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC DEBUG2 slon: watchdog ready - pid = 28326
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC DEBUG2 slon: worker process created - pid = 28327
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC CONFIG main: local node id = 1
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC DEBUG2 main: main process started
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC CONFIG main: launching sched_start_mainloop
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC CONFIG main: loading current cluster configuration
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC CONFIG storeSet: set_id=1 set_origin=1 set_comment='test set'
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC DEBUG2 sched_wakeup_node(): no_id=1 (0 threads + worker signaled)
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC DEBUG2 main: last local event sequence = 7
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC CONFIG main: configuration complete - starting threads
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC DEBUG1 localListenThread: thread starts
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC FATAL  localListenThread: "select "_test1538".cleanupNodelock(); insert into "_test1538".sl_nodelock values (    1, 0, "pg_catalog".pg_backend_pid()); " - ERROR:  duplicate key violates unique constraint "sl_nodelock-pkey"

    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC FATAL  Do you already have a slon running against this node?
    2006-03-29 16:01:34 UTC FATAL  Or perhaps a residual idle backend connection from a dead slon?

The table `sl_nodelock` is used as an "interlock" to prevent two slon processes from trying to manage the same node at the same time. The slon tries inserting a record into the table; it can only succeed if it is the only node manager.

This error message is typically a sign that you have started up a second slon process for a given node. The slon asks the obvious question: "Do you already have a slon running against this node?"

Supposing you experience some sort of network outage, the connection between slon and database may fail, and the slon may figure this out long before the PostgreSQL instance it was connected to does. The result is that there will be some number of idle connections left on the database server, which won't be closed out until TCP/IP timeouts complete, which seems to normally take about two hours. For that two hour period, the slon will try to connect, over and over, and will get the above fatal message, over and over.

An administrator may clean this out by logging onto the server and issuing `kill -2` to any of the offending connections. Unfortunately, since the problem took place within the networking layer, neither PostgreSQL nor Slony-I have a direct way of detecting this.

You can mostly avoid this by making sure that slon processes always run somewhere nearby the server that each one manages. If the slon runs on the same server as the database it manages, any "networking failure" that could interrupt local connections would be likely to be serious enough to threaten the entire server.

It is likely that the "several hours" TCP timeout is rather longer than it should be in these days where people expect their servers to be pretty synchronously connected. Configuring the PostgreSQL to use much shorter timeouts is likely a wise idea. The relevant `postgresql.conf` parameters are `tcp_keepalives_idle`, `tcp_keepalives_interval`, and `tcp_keepalives_count`. See `man 7 tcp` for more details.

7.1.4.8. When can I shut down slon processes?

Generally, when things are running properly, it's no big deal to shut down a slon process. Each one is "merely" a PostgreSQL client, managing one node, which spawns threads to manage receiving events from other nodes.

The "event listening" threads are no big deal; they are doing nothing fancier than periodically checking remote nodes to see if they have work to be done on this node. If you kill off the slon these threads will be closed, which should have little or no impact on much of anything. Events generated while the slon is down will be picked up when it is restarted.

The "node managing" thread is a bit more interesting; most of the time, you can expect, on a subscriber, for this thread to be processing `SYNC` events. If you shut off the slon during an event, the transaction will fail, and be rolled back, so that when the slon restarts, it will have to go back and reprocess the event.

The only situation where this will cause particular "heartburn" is if the event being processed was one which takes a long time to process, the worst case being where `COPY_SET` is doing initial processing of a large replication set.

The other thing that might cause trouble is if the slon runs fairly distant from nodes that it connects to; you could discover that database connections are left `idle in transaction`. This would normally only occur if the network connection is destroyed without either slon or database being made aware of it. In that case, you may discover that "zombied" connections are left around for as long as two hours if you don't go in by hand and kill off the PostgreSQL backends. See the Multiple Slon Connections entry for more details.

There is one other case that could cause trouble; when the slon managing the origin node is not running, no `SYNC` events run against that node. If the slon stays down for an extended period of time, and something like Section 6.1.12 isn't running, you could be left with one big `SYNC` to process when it comes back up. But that should only be a concern if that slon is down for an extended period of time; shutting it down for a few seconds shouldn't cause any great problem.

7.1.4.9. Are there risks to shutting down the slon? How about benefits?

In short, if you don't have something like an 18 hour `COPY_SET` under way, it's normally not at all a big deal to take a slon down for a little while, or perhaps even cycle all the slon processes.

7.1.4.10. I was trying to subscribe a set involving a multiple GB table, and it failed.

    Jul 31 22:52:53 dbms TICKER[70295]: [153-1] CONFIG remoteWorkerThread_3: copy table "public"."images"
    Jul 31 22:52:53 dbms TICKER[70295]: [154-1] CONFIG remoteWorkerThread_3: Begin COPY of table "public"."images"
    Jul 31 22:54:24 dbms TICKER[70295]: [155-1] ERROR  remoteWorkerThread_3: PGgetCopyData() server closed the connection unexpectedly
    Jul 31 22:54:24 dbms TICKER[70295]: [155-2]     This probably means the server terminated abnormally
    Jul 31 22:54:24 dbms TICKER[70295]: [155-3]     before or while processing the request.
    Jul 31 22:54:24 dbms TICKER[70295]: [156-1] WARN   remoteWorkerThread_3: data copy for set 1 failed 1 times - sleep 15 seconds

Oh, by the way, I'm using SSL-based PostgreSQL conenctions.

A further examination of PostgreSQL logs indicated errors of the form:

    Jul 31 23:00:00 tickerforum postgres[27093]: [9593-2] STATEMENT:  copy "public"."images"
    ("post_ordinal","ordinal","caption","image","login","file_type","thumb","thumb_width","thumb_height","hidden") to stdout;
    Jul 31 23:00:00 tickerforum postgres[27093]: [9594-1] LOG:  SSL error: internal error
    Jul 31 23:00:00 tickerforum postgres[27093]: [9594-2] STATEMENT:  copy "public"."images" ("post_ordinal","ordinal","caption","image","login","file_type","thumb","thumb_width","thumb_height","hidden") to stdout;
    Jul 31 23:00:01 tickerforum postgres[27093]: [9595-1] LOG:  SSL error: internal error

This demonstrates a problem with PostgreSQL handling of SSL connections, which is "out of scope" for Slony-I proper (e.g. - there's no "there" inside Slony-I for us to try to fix).

The resolution to the underlying problem will presumably be handled upstream in the PostgreSQL project; the workaround is to, at least for the initial `SUBSCRIBE SET` event, switch to a non-SSL PostgreSQL connection.

### 5. Slony-I FAQ: Configuration Issues

7.1.5.1. ps finds passwords on command line

If I run a `ps` command, I, and everyone else, can see passwords on the command line.

Take the passwords out of the Slony configuration, and put them into `$(HOME)/.pgpass.`

7.1.5.2. Table indexes with FQ namespace names

    set add table (set id = 1, origin = 1, id = 27,
                   full qualified name = 'nspace.some_table',
                   key = 'key_on_whatever',
                   comment = 'Table some_table in namespace nspace with a candidate primary key');

If you have `key = 'nspace.key_on_whatever'` the request will FAIL.

7.1.5.3. Replication has fallen behind, and it appears that the queries to draw data from sl_log_1/sl_log_2 are taking a long time to pull just a few `SYNC`s.

Until version 1.1.1, there was only one index on sl_log_1/sl_log_2, and if there were multiple replication sets, some of the columns on the index would not provide meaningful selectivity. If there is no index on column `log_xid`, consider adding it. See `slony1_base.sql` for an example of how to create the index.

That's not quite the end of the story; a critical query had the potential to scan the entirety of these log tables even in Slony-I 2.1. You generally want to be on the latest version of Slony-I as there have been efficiency improvements, and in this area, pretty substantial improvements.

7.1.5.4. I need to rename a column that is in the primary key for one of my replicated tables. That seems pretty dangerous, doesn't it? I have to drop the table out of replication and recreate it, right?

Actually, this is a scenario which works out remarkably cleanly. Slony-I does indeed make intense use of the primary key columns, but actually does so in a manner that allows this sort of change to be made very nearly transparently.

Suppose you revise a column name, as with the SQL DDL `alter table accounts alter column aid rename to cid;` This revises the names of the columns in the table; it simultaneously renames the names of the columns in the primary key index. The result is that the normal course of things is that altering a column name affects both aspects simultaneously on a given node.

The ideal and proper handling of this change would involve using SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT to deploy the alteration, which ensures it is applied at exactly the right point in the transaction stream on each node.

Interestingly, that isn't forcibly necessary. As long as the alteration is applied on the replication set's origin before application on subscribers, things won't break irrepairably. Some `SYNC` events that do not include changes to the altered table can make it through without any difficulty... At the point that the first update to the table is drawn in by a subscriber, that is the point at which `SYNC` events will start to fail, as the provider will indicate the "new" set of columns whilst the subscriber still has the "old" ones. If you then apply the alteration to the subscriber, it can retry the `SYNC`, at which point it will, finding the "new" column names, work just fine.

7.1.5.5. I had a network "glitch" that led to my using SLONIK FAILOVER to fail over to an alternate node. The failure wasn't a disk problem that would corrupt databases; why do I need to rebuild the failed node from scratch?

The action of SLONIK FAILOVER is to abandon the failed node so that no more Slony-I activity goes to or from that node. As soon as that takes place, the failed node will progressively fall further and further out of sync.

The big problem with trying to recover the failed node is that it may contain updates that never made it out of the origin. If they get retried, on the new origin, you may find that you have conflicting updates. In any case, you do have a sort of "logical" corruption of the data even if there never was a disk failure making it "physical."

As discusssed in Section 3.4, using SLONIK FAILOVER should be considered a last resort as it implies that you are abandoning the origin node as being corrupted.

7.1.5.6. After notification of a subscription on another node, replication falls over on one of the subscribers, with the following error message:

    ERROR  remoteWorkerThread_1: "begin transaction; set transaction isolation level serializable; lock table "_livesystem".sl_config_lock; select "_livesystem".enableSubscription(25506, 1, 501); notify "_livesystem_Event"; notify "_livesystem_Confirm"; insert into "_livesystem".sl_event     (ev_origin, ev_seqno, ev_timestamp,      ev_minxid, ev_maxxid, ev_xip, ev_type , ev_data1, ev_data2, ev_data3, ev_data4    ) values ('1', '4896546', '2005-01-23 16:08:55.037395', '1745281261', '1745281262', '', 'ENABLE_SUBSCRIPTION', '25506', '1', '501', 't'); insert into "_livesystem".sl_confirm      (con_origin, con_received, con_seqno, con_timestamp)    values (1, 4, '4896546', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP); commit transaction;" PGRES_FATAL_ERROR ERROR:  insert or update on table "sl_subscribe" violates foreign key constraint "sl_subscribe-sl_path-ref"
    DETAIL:  Key (sub_provider,sub_receiver)=(1,501) is not present in table "sl_path".

This is then followed by a series of failed syncs as the slon shuts down:

    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897517 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897518 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897519 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897520 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteWorker_event: ignore new events due to shutdown
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897521 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteWorker_event: ignore new events due to shutdown
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897522 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteWorker_event: ignore new events due to shutdown
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897523 SYNC

If you see a slon shutting down with ignore new events due to shutdown log entries, you typically need to step back in the log to before they started failing to see indication of the root cause of the problem.

In this particular case, the problem was that some of the SLONIK STORE PATH commands had not yet made it to node 4 before the SLONIK SUBSCRIBE SET command propagated.

This demonstrates yet another example of the need to not do things in a rush; you need to be sure things are working right before making further configuration changes.

7.1.5.7. I just used SLONIK MOVE SET to move the origin to a new node. Unfortunately, some subscribers are still pointing to the former origin node, so I can't take it out of service for maintenance without stopping them from getting updates. What do I do?

You need to use SLONIK SUBSCRIBE SET to alter the subscriptions for those nodes to have them subscribe to a provider that will be sticking around during the maintenance.

Warning
What you don't do is to SLONIK UNSUBSCRIBE SET; that would require reloading all data for the nodes from scratch later.

7.1.5.8. After notification of a subscription on another node, replication falls over, starting with the following error message:

    ERROR  remoteWorkerThread_1: "begin transaction; set transaction isolation level serializable; lock table "_livesystem".sl_config_lock; select "_livesystem".enableSubscription(25506, 1, 501); notify "_livesystem_Event"; notify "_livesystem_Confirm"; insert into "_livesystem".sl_event     (ev_origin, ev_seqno, ev_timestamp,      ev_minxid, ev_maxxid, ev_xip, ev_type , ev_data1, ev_data2, ev_data3, ev_data4    ) values ('1', '4896546', '2005-01-23 16:08:55.037395', '1745281261', '1745281262', '', 'ENABLE_SUBSCRIPTION', '25506', '1', '501', 't'); insert into "_livesystem".sl_confirm      (con_origin, con_received, con_seqno, con_timestamp)    values (1, 4, '4896546', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP); commit transaction;" PGRES_FATAL_ERROR ERROR:  insert or update on table "sl_subscribe" violates foreign key constraint "sl_subscribe-sl_path-ref"
    DETAIL:  Key (sub_provider,sub_receiver)=(1,501) is not present in table "sl_path".

This is then followed by a series of failed syncs as the slon shuts down:

    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897517 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897518 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897519 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897520 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteWorker_event: ignore new events due to shutdown
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897521 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteWorker_event: ignore new events due to shutdown
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897522 SYNC
    DEBUG2 remoteWorker_event: ignore new events due to shutdown
    DEBUG2 remoteListenThread_1: queue event 1,4897523 SYNC

If you see a slon shutting down with ignore new events due to shutdown log entries, you'll typically have to step back to before they started failing to see indication of the root cause of the problem.

In this particular case, the problem was that some of the SLONIK STORE PATH commands had not yet made it to node 4 before the SLONIK SUBSCRIBE SET command propagated.

This is yet another example of the need to not do things too terribly quickly; you need to be sure things are working right before making further configuration changes.

7.1.5.9. Is the ordering of tables in a set significant?

Most of the time, it isn't. You might imagine it of some value to order the tables in some particular way in order that "parent" entries would make it in before their "children" in some foreign key relationship; that isn't the case since foreign key constraint triggers are turned off on subscriber nodes.

(Jan Wieck comments) The order of table ID's is only significant during a SLONIK LOCK SET in preparation of switchover. If that order is different from the order in which an application is acquiring its locks, it can lead to deadlocks that abort either the application or slon.

(David Parker) I ran into one other case where the ordering of tables in the set was significant: in the presence of inherited tables. If a child table appears before its parent in a set, then the initial subscription will end up deleting that child table after it has possibly already received data, because the `copy_set` logic does a `delete`, not a `delete only`, so the delete of the parent will delete the new rows in the child as well.

7.1.5.10. If you have a slonik script something like this, it will hang on you and never complete, because you can't have SLONIK WAIT FOR EVENT inside a Section 1.3 block. A `try` block is executed as one transaction, and the event that you are waiting for can never arrive inside the scope of the transaction.

    try {
          echo 'Moving set 1 to node 3';
          lock set (id=1, origin=1);
          echo 'Set locked';
          wait for event (origin = 1, confirmed = 3);
          echo 'Moving set';
          move set (id=1, old origin=1, new origin=3);
          echo 'Set moved - waiting for event to be confirmed by node 3';
          wait for event (origin = 1, confirmed = 3);
          echo 'Confirmed';
    } on error {
          echo 'Could not move set for cluster foo';
          unlock set (id=1, origin=1);
          exit -1;
    }

You must not invoke SLONIK WAIT FOR EVENT inside a "try" block.

7.1.5.11. Slony-I: cannot add table to currently subscribed set 1

I tried to add a table to a set, and got the following message:

    	Slony-I: cannot add table to currently subscribed set 1

You cannot add tables to sets that already have subscribers.

The workaround to this is to create ANOTHER set, add the new tables to that new set, subscribe the same nodes subscribing to "set 1" to the new set, and then merge the sets together.

7.1.5.12. ERROR: duplicate key violates unique constraint "sl_table-pkey"

I tried setting up a second replication set, and got the following error:

    stdin:9: Could not create subscription set 2 for oxrslive!
    stdin:11: PGRES_FATAL_ERROR select "_oxrslive".setAddTable(2, 1, 'public.replic_test', 'replic_test__Slony-I_oxrslive_rowID_key', 'Table public.replic_test without primary key');  - ERROR:  duplicate key violates unique constraint "sl_table-pkey"
    CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function "setaddtable_int" line 71 at SQL statement

The table IDs used in SLONIK SET ADD TABLE are required to be unique ACROSS ALL SETS. Thus, you can't restart numbering at 1 for a second set; if you are numbering them consecutively, a subsequent set has to start with IDs after where the previous set(s) left off.

7.1.5.13. One of my nodes fell over (slon / postmaster was down) and nobody noticed for several days. Now, when the slon for that node starts up, it runs for about five minutes, then terminates, with the error message: `ERROR: remoteListenThread_%d: timeout for event selection` What's wrong, and what do I do?

The problem is that the listener thread (in `src/slon/remote_listener.c`) timed out when trying to determine what events were outstanding for that node. By default, the query will run for five minutes; if there were many days worth of outstanding events, this might take too long.

On versions of Slony-I before 1.1.7, 1.2.7, and 1.3, a solution was to increase the timeout in `src/slon/remote_listener.c`, recompile slon, and retry.

Another would be to treat the node as having failed, and use the slonik command SLONIK DROP NODE to drop the node, and recreate it. If the database is heavily updated, it may well be cheaper to do this than it is to find a way to let it catch up.

In newer versions of Slony-I, there is a new configuration parameter called slon_conf_remote_listen_timeout; you'd alter the config file to increase the timeout, and try again. Of course, as mentioned above, it could be faster to drop the node and recreate it than it is to require it to catch up across a week's worth of updates...

### 6. Slony-I FAQ: Performance Issues

7.1.6.1. Replication has been slowing down, I'm seeing `FETCH 100 FROM LOG` queries running for a long time, sl_log_1/sl_log_2 is growing, and performance is, well, generally getting steadily worse.

There are actually a number of possible causes for this sort of thing. There is a question involving similar pathology where the problem is that `pg_listener` grows because it is not vacuumed.

Another " proximate cause " for this growth is for there to be a connection connected to the node that sits `IDLE IN TRANSACTION` for a very long time.

That open transaction will have multiple negative effects, all of which will adversely affect performance:

- Vacuums on all tables, including `pg_listener`, will not clear out dead tuples from before the start of the idle transaction.

- The cleanup thread will be unable to clean out entries in sl_log_1, sl_log_2, and sl_seqlog, with the result that these tables will grow, ceaselessly, until the transaction is closed.

You can monitor for this condition inside the database only if the PostgreSQL `postgresql.conf` parameter `stats_command_string` is set to true. If that is set, then you may submit the query `select * from pg_stat_activity where current_query like '%IDLE% in transaction';` which will find relevant activity.

You should also be able to search for " idle in transaction " in the process table to find processes that are thus holding on to an ancient transaction.

It is also possible (though rarer) for the problem to be a transaction that is, for some other reason, being held open for a very long time. The `query_start` time in `pg_stat_activity` may show you some query that has been running way too long.

There are plans for PostgreSQL to have a timeout parameter, `open_idle_transaction_timeout` , which would cause old transactions to time out after some period of disuse. Buggy connection pool logic is a common culprit for this sort of thing. There are plans for pgpool to provide a better alternative, eventually, where connections would be shared inside a connection pool implemented in C. You may have some more or less buggy connection pool in your Java or PHP application; if a small set of real connections are held in pgpool, that will hide from the database the fact that the application imagines that numerous of them are left idle in transaction for hours at a time.

7.1.6.2. After dropping a node, sl_log_1/sl_log_2 aren't getting purged out anymore.

This is a common scenario in versions before 1.0.5, as the "clean up" that takes place when purging the node does not include purging out old entries from the Slony-I table, sl_confirm, for the recently departed node.

The node is no longer around to update confirmations of what syncs have been applied on it, and therefore the cleanup thread that purges log entries thinks that it can't safely delete entries newer than the final sl_confirm entry, which rather curtails the ability to purge out old logs.

Diagnosis: Run the following query to see if there are any "phantom/obsolete/blocking" sl_confirm entries:

    oxrsbar=# select * from _oxrsbar.sl_confirm where con_origin not in (select no_id from _oxrsbar.sl_node) or con_received not in (select no_id from _oxrsbar.sl_node);
     con_origin | con_received | con_seqno |        con_timestamp
    ------------+--------------+-----------+----------------------------
              4 |          501 |     83999 | 2004-11-09 19:57:08.195969
              1 |            2 |   3345790 | 2004-11-14 10:33:43.850265
              2 |          501 |    102718 | 2004-11-14 10:33:47.702086
            501 |            2 |      6577 | 2004-11-14 10:34:45.717003
              4 |            5 |     83999 | 2004-11-14 21:11:11.111686
              4 |            3 |     83999 | 2004-11-24 16:32:39.020194
    (6 rows)

In version 1.0.5, the SLONIK DROP NODE function purges out entries in sl_confirm for the departing node. In earlier versions, this needs to be done manually. Supposing the node number is 3, then the query would be:

    delete from _namespace.sl_confirm where con_origin = 3 or con_received = 3;

Alternatively, to go after "all phantoms," you could use

    oxrsbar=# delete from _oxrsbar.sl_confirm where con_origin not in (select no_id from _oxrsbar.sl_node) or con_received not in (select no_id from _oxrsbar.sl_node);
    DELETE 6

General "due diligence" dictates starting with a `BEGIN`, looking at the contents of sl_confirm before, ensuring that only the expected records are purged, and then, only after that, confirming the change with a `COMMIT`. If you delete confirm entries for the wrong node, that could ruin your whole day.

You'll need to run this on each node that remains...

Note that as of 1.0.5, this is no longer an issue at all, as it purges unneeded entries from sl_confirm in two places:

- At the time a node is dropped

- At the start of each `cleanupEvent` run, which is the event in which old data is purged from sl_log_1, sl_log_2, and sl_seqlog

7.1.6.3. The slon spent the weekend out of commission [for some reason], and it's taking a long time to get a sync through.

You might want to take a look at the tables sl_log_1 and sl_log_2 and do a summary to see if there are any really enormous Slony-I transactions in there. Up until at least 1.0.2, there needs to be a slon connected to the origin in order for `SYNC` events to be generated.

> Note: As of 1.0.2, function `generate_sync_event()` provides an alternative as backup...

If none are being generated, then all of the updates until the next one is generated will collect into one rather enormous Slony-I transaction.

Conclusion: Even if there is not going to be a subscriber around, you really want to have a slon running to service the origin node.

Slony-I 1.1 and later versions provide a stored procedure that allows `SYNC` counts to be updated on the origin based on a cron job even if there is no slon daemon running.

7.1.6.4. I have submitted a SLONIK MOVE SET / SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT request, and it seems to be stuck on one of my nodes. Slony-I logs aren't displaying any errors or warnings

Is it possible that you are running pg_autovacuum, and it has taken out locks on some tables in the replication set? That would somewhat-invisibly block Slony-I from performing operations that require locking acquisition of exclusive locks.

You might check for these sorts of locks using the following query: `select l.*, c.relname from pg_locks l, pg_class c where c.oid = l.relation ;`

A `ShareUpdateExclusiveLock` lock will block the Slony-I operations that need their own exclusive locks, which are likely queued up, marked as not being granted.

7.1.6.5. I'm noticing in the logs that a slon is frequently switching in and out of "polling" mode as it is frequently reporting "LISTEN - switch from polling mode to use LISTEN" and "UNLISTEN - switch into polling mode".

The thresholds for switching between these modes are controlled by the configuration parameters slon_conf_sync_interval and slon_conf_sync_interval_timeout; if the timeout value (which defaults to 10000, implying 10s) is kept low, that makes it easy for the slon to decide to return to "listening" mode. You may want to increase the value of the timeout parameter.

### 7. Slony-I FAQ: Slony-I Bugs in Elder Versions

7.1.7.1. The slon processes servicing my subscribers are growing to enormous size, challenging system resources both in terms of swap space as well as moving towards breaking past the 2GB maximum process size on my system.

By the way, the data that I am replicating includes some rather large records. We have records that are tens of megabytes in size. Perhaps that is somehow relevant?

Yes, those very large records are at the root of the problem. The problem is that slon normally draws in about 100 records at a time when a subscriber is processing the query which loads data from the provider. Thus, if the average record size is 10MB, this will draw in 1000MB of data which is then transformed into `INSERT` or `UPDATE` statements, in the slon process' memory.

That obviously leads to slon growing to a fairly tremendous size.

The number of records that are fetched is controlled by the value `SLON_DATA_FETCH_SIZE` , which is defined in the file `src/slon/slon.h`. The relevant extract of this is shown below.

    #ifdef	SLON_CHECK_CMDTUPLES
    #define SLON_COMMANDS_PER_LINE		1
    #define SLON_DATA_FETCH_SIZE		100
    #define SLON_WORKLINES_PER_HELPER	(SLON_DATA_FETCH_SIZE * 4)
    #else
    #define SLON_COMMANDS_PER_LINE		10
    #define SLON_DATA_FETCH_SIZE		10
    #define SLON_WORKLINES_PER_HELPER	(SLON_DATA_FETCH_SIZE * 50)
    #endif

If you are experiencing this problem, you might modify the definition of `SLON_DATA_FETCH_SIZE` , perhaps reducing by a factor of 10, and recompile slon. There are two definitions as `SLON_CHECK_CMDTUPLES` allows doing some extra monitoring to ensure that subscribers have not fallen out of SYNC with the provider. By default, this option is turned off, so the default modification to make is to change the second definition of `SLON_DATA_FETCH_SIZE` from 10 to 1.

In version 1.2, configuration values sync_max_rowsize and sync_max_largemem are associated with a new algorithm that changes the logic as follows. Rather than fetching 100 rows worth of data at a time:

- The `fetch from LOG` query will draw in 500 rows at a time where the size of the attributes does not exceed sync_max_rowsize. With default values, this restricts this aspect of memory consumption to about 8MB.

- Tuples with larger attributes are loaded until aggregate size exceeds the parameter sync_max_largemem. By default, this restricts consumption of this sort to about 5MB. This value is not a strict upper bound; if you have a tuple with attributes 50MB in size, it forcibly must be loaded into memory. There is no way around that. But slon at least won't be trying to load in 100 such records at a time, chewing up 10GB of memory by the time it's done.

This should alleviate problems people have been experiencing when they sporadically have series' of very large tuples.

In version 2.2, this is eliminated in a different way, as the log data is transported using COPY rather than via querying from a cursor, which may be expected to be a massive improvement to the "flow control" here.

7.1.7.2. I am trying to replicate `UNICODE` data from PostgreSQL 8.0 to PostgreSQL 8.1, and am experiencing problems.

PostgreSQL 8.1 is quite a lot more strict about what UTF-8 mappings of Unicode characters it accepts as compared to version 8.0.

If you intend to use Slony-I to update an older database to 8.1, and might have invalid UTF-8 values, you may be for an unpleasant surprise.

Let us suppose we have a database running 8.0, encoding in UTF-8. That database will accept the sequence `'\060\242'` as UTF-8 compliant, even though it is really not.

If you replicate into a PostgreSQL 8.1 instance, it will complain about this, either at subscribe time, where Slony-I will complain about detecting an invalid Unicode sequence during the COPY of the data, which will prevent the subscription from proceeding, or, upon adding data, later, where this will hang up replication fairly much irretrievably. (You could hack on the contents of sl_log_1, but that quickly gets really unattractive...)

There have been discussions as to what might be done about this. No compelling strategy has yet emerged, as all are unattractive.

If you are using Unicode with PostgreSQL 8.0, you run a considerable risk of corrupting data.

If you use replication for a one-time conversion, there is a risk of failure due to the issues mentioned earlier; if that happens, it appears likely that the best answer is to fix the data on the 8.0 system, and retry.

In view of the risks, running replication between versions seems to be something you should not keep running any longer than is necessary to migrate to 8.1.

For more details, see the discussion on postgresql-hackers mailing list. .

7.1.7.3. I am running Slony-I 1.1 and have a 4+ node setup where there are two subscription sets, 1 and 2, that do not share any nodes. I am discovering that confirmations for set 1 never get to the nodes subscribing to set 2, and that confirmations for set 2 never get to nodes subscribing to set 1. As a result, sl_log_1/sl_log_2 grow and grow, and are never purged. This was reported as Slony-I bug 1485 .

Apparently the code for `RebuildListenEntries()` does not suffice for this case.

`RebuildListenEntries()` will be replaced in Slony-I version 1.2 with an algorithm that covers this case.

In the interim, you'll want to manually add some sl_listen entries using SLONIK STORE LISTEN or `storeListen()`, based on the (apparently not as obsolete as we thought) principles described in Section 4.2.

7.1.7.4. I am finding some multibyte columns (Unicode, Big5) are being truncated a bit, clipping off the last character. Why?

This was a bug present until a little after Slony-I version 1.1.0; the way in which columns were being captured by the `logtrigger()` function could clip off the last byte of a column represented in a multibyte format. Check to see that your version of `src/backend/slony1_funcs.c` is 1.34 or better; the patch was introduced in CVS version 1.34 of that file.

7.1.7.5. Bug #1226 indicates an error condition that can come up if you have a replication set that consists solely of sequences.

The short answer is that having a replication set consisting only of sequences is not a best practice.

The problem with a sequence-only set comes up only if you have a case where the only subscriptions that are active for a particular subscriber to a particular provider are for "sequence-only" sets. If a node gets into that state, replication will fail, as the query that looks for data from sl_log_1/sl_log_2 has no tables to find, and the query will be malformed, and fail. If a replication set with tables is added back to the mix, everything will work out fine; it just seems scary.

This problem should be resolved some time after Slony-I 1.1.0.

7.1.7.6. I need to drop a table from a replication set

This can be accomplished several ways, not all equally desirable ;-).

- You could drop the whole replication set, and recreate it with just the tables that you need. Alas, that means recopying a whole lot of data, and kills the usability of the cluster on the rest of the set while that's happening.

- If you are running 1.0.5 or later, there is the command SET DROP TABLE, which will "do the trick."

- If you are still using 1.0.1 or 1.0.2, the essential functionality of SLONIK SET DROP TABLE involves the functionality in `droptable_int()`. You can fiddle this by hand by finding the table ID for the table you want to get rid of, which you can find in sl_table, and then run the following three queries, on each host:

        select _slonyschema.alterTableRestore(40);
        select _slonyschema.tableDropKey(40);
        delete from _slonyschema.sl_table where tab_id = 40;

  The schema will obviously depend on how you defined the Slony-I cluster. The table ID, in this case, 40, will need to change to the ID of the table you want to have go away.

  You'll have to run these three queries on all of the nodes, preferably firstly on the origin node, so that the dropping of this propagates properly. Implementing this via a slonik statement with a new Slony-I event would do that. Submitting the three queries using SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT could do that. Also possible would be to connect to each database and submit the queries by hand.

7.1.7.7. I need to drop a sequence from a replication set

If you are running 1.0.5 or later, there is a SLONIK SET DROP SEQUENCE command in Slonik to allow you to do this, parallelling SLONIK SET DROP TABLE.

If you are running 1.0.2 or earlier, the process is a bit more manual.

Supposing I want to get rid of the two sequences listed below, `whois_cachemgmt_seq` and `epp_whoi_cach_seq_`, we start by needing the `seq_id` values.

    oxrsorg=# select * from _oxrsorg.sl_sequence  where seq_id in (93,59);
     seq_id | seq_reloid | seq_set |       seq_comment
    --------+------------+---------+-------------------------------------
         93 |  107451516 |       1 | Sequence public.whois_cachemgmt_seq
         59 |  107451860 |       1 | Sequence public.epp_whoi_cach_seq_
    (2 rows)

The data that needs to be deleted to stop Slony from continuing to replicate these are thus:

    delete from _oxrsorg.sl_seqlog where seql_seqid in (93, 59);
    delete from _oxrsorg.sl_sequence where seq_id in (93,59);

Those two queries could be submitted to all of the nodes via schemadocddlscript_complete(p_nodes text) / SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT, thus eliminating the sequence everywhere "at once." Or they may be applied by hand to each of the nodes.

Similarly to SLONIK SET DROP TABLE, this is implemented Slony-I version 1.0.5 as SLONIK SET DROP SEQUENCE.

7.1.7.8. I set up my cluster using pgAdminIII, with cluster name "MY-CLUSTER". Time has passed, and I tried using Slonik to make a configuration change, and this is failing with the following error message:

    ERROR: syntax error at or near -

The problem here is that Slony-I expects cluster names to be valid SQL Identifiers, and slonik enforces this. Unfortunately, pgAdminIII did not do so, and allowed using a cluster name that now causes a problem.

If you have gotten into this spot, it's a problem that we mayn't be help resolve, terribly much.

It's conceivably possible that running the SQL command `alter namespace "_My-Bad-Clustername" rename to "_BetterClusterName";` against each database may work. That shouldn't particularly damage things!

On the other hand, when the problem has been experienced, users have found they needed to drop replication and rebuild the cluster.

A change in version 2.0.2 is that a function runs as part of loading functions into the database which checks the validity of the cluster name. If you try to use an invalid cluster name, loading the functions will fail, with a suitable error message, which should prevent things from going wrong even if you're using tools other than slonik to manage setting up the cluster.

### 8. Slony-I FAQ: Anachronisms - Hopefully Obsolete

7.1.8.1. slon does not restart after crash

After an immediate stop of PostgreSQL (simulation of system crash) in `pg_listener` a tuple with `relname='_${cluster_name}_Restart'` exists. slon doesn't start because it thinks another process is serving the cluster on this node. What can I do? The tuples can't be dropped from this relation.

The logs claim that

> Another slon daemon is serving this node already

The problem is that the system table `pg_listener`, used by PostgreSQL to manage event notifications, contains some entries that are pointing to backends that no longer exist. The new slon instance connects to the database, and is convinced, by the presence of these entries, that an old slon is still servicing this Slony-I node.

The "trash" in that table needs to be thrown away.

It's handy to keep a slonik script similar to the following to run in such cases:

    twcsds004[/opt/twcsds004/OXRS/slony-scripts]$ cat restart_org.slonik
    cluster name = oxrsorg ;
    node 1 admin conninfo = 'host=32.85.68.220 dbname=oxrsorg user=postgres port=5532';
    node 2 admin conninfo = 'host=32.85.68.216 dbname=oxrsorg user=postgres port=5532';
    node 3 admin conninfo = 'host=32.85.68.244 dbname=oxrsorg user=postgres port=5532';
    node 4 admin conninfo = 'host=10.28.103.132 dbname=oxrsorg user=postgres port=5532';
    restart node 1;
    restart node 2;
    restart node 3;
    restart node 4;

SLONIK RESTART NODE cleans up dead notifications so that you can restart the node.

As of version 1.0.5, the startup process of slon looks for this condition, and automatically cleans it up.

As of version 8.1 of PostgreSQL, the functions that manipulate `pg_listener` do not support this usage, so for Slony-I versions after 1.1.2 (e.g. - 1.1.5), this "interlock" behaviour is handled via a new table, and the issue should be transparently "gone."

7.1.8.2. I tried the following query which did not work:

    sdb=# explain select query_start, current_query from pg_locks join
    pg_stat_activity on pid = procpid where granted = true and transaction
    in (select transaction from pg_locks where granted = false);

    ERROR: could not find hash function for hash operator 716373

It appears the Slony-I `xxid` functions are claiming to be capable of hashing, but cannot actually do so.

What's up?

Slony-I defined an XXID data type and operators on that type in order to allow manipulation of transaction IDs that are used to group together updates that are associated with the same transaction.

Operators were not available for PostgreSQL 7.3 and earlier versions; in order to support version 7.3, custom functions had to be added. The `=` operator was marked as supporting hashing, but for that to work properly, the join operator must appear in a hash index operator class. That was not defined, and as a result, queries (like the one above) that decide to use hash joins will fail.

This has not been considered a "release-critical" bug, as Slony-I does not internally generate queries likely to use hash joins. This problem shouldn't injure Slony-I's ability to continue replicating.

Future releases of Slony-I (e.g. 1.0.6, 1.1) will omit the `HASHES` indicator, so that

Supposing you wish to repair an existing instance, so that your own queries will not run afoul of this problem, you may do so as follows:

    /* cbbrowne@[local]/dba2 slony_test1=*/ \x
    Expanded display is on.
    /* cbbrowne@[local]/dba2 slony_test1=*/ select * from pg_operator where oprname = '='
    and oprnamespace = (select oid from pg_namespace where nspname = 'public');
    -[ RECORD 1 ]+-------------
    oprname      | =
    oprnamespace | 2200
    oprowner     | 1
    oprkind      | b
    oprcanhash   | t
    oprleft      | 82122344
    oprright     | 82122344
    oprresult    | 16
    oprcom       | 82122365
    oprnegate    | 82122363
    oprlsortop   | 82122362
    oprrsortop   | 82122362
    oprltcmpop   | 82122362
    oprgtcmpop   | 82122360
    oprcode      | "_T1".xxideq
    oprrest      | eqsel
    oprjoin      | eqjoinsel

    /* cbbrowne@[local]/dba2 slony_test1=*/ update pg_operator set oprcanhash = 'f' where
    oprname = '=' and oprnamespace = 2200 ;
    UPDATE 1

7.1.8.3. I can do a `pg_dump` and load the data back in much faster than the `SUBSCRIBE SET` runs. Why is that?

Slony-I depends on there being an already existant index on the primary key, and leaves all indexes alone whilst using the PostgreSQL `COPY` command to load the data. Further hurting performance, the `COPY SET` event (an event that the subscription process generates) starts by deleting the contents of tables, which leaves the table full of dead tuples.

When you use `pg_dump` to dump the contents of a database, and then load that, creation of indexes is deferred until the very end. It is much more efficient to create indexes against the entire table, at the end, than it is to build up the index incrementally as each row is added to the table.

If you can drop unnecessary indices while the `COPY` takes place, that will improve performance quite a bit. If you can `TRUNCATE` tables that contain data that is about to be eliminated, that will improve performance a lot.

Slony-I version 1.1.5 and later versions should handle this automatically; it "thumps" on the indexes in the PostgreSQL catalog to hide them, in much the same way triggers are hidden, and then "fixes" the index pointers and reindexes the table.

7.1.8.4. Replication Fails - Unique Constraint Violation

Replication has been running for a while, successfully, when a node encounters a "glitch," and replication logs are filled with repetitions of the following:

    DEBUG2 remoteWorkerThread_1: syncing set 2 with 5 table(s) from provider 1
    DEBUG2 remoteWorkerThread_1: syncing set 1 with 41 table(s) from provider 1
    DEBUG2 remoteWorkerThread_1: syncing set 5 with 1 table(s) from provider 1
    DEBUG2 remoteWorkerThread_1: syncing set 3 with 1 table(s) from provider 1
    DEBUG2 remoteHelperThread_1_1: 0.135 seconds delay for first row
    DEBUG2 remoteHelperThread_1_1: 0.343 seconds until close cursor
    ERROR  remoteWorkerThread_1: "insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1          (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,                log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '34', '35090538', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''9275244''');
    delete from only public.epp_domain_host where _rserv_ts='9275244';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '34', '35090539', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''9275245''');
    delete from only public.epp_domain_host where _rserv_ts='9275245';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '26', '35090540', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''24240590''');
    delete from only public.epp_domain_contact where _rserv_ts='24240590';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '26', '35090541', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''24240591''');
    delete from only public.epp_domain_contact where _rserv_ts='24240591';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '26', '35090542', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''24240589''');
    delete from only public.epp_domain_contact where _rserv_ts='24240589';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '11', '35090543', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''36968002''');
    delete from only public.epp_domain_status where _rserv_ts='36968002';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '11', '35090544', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''36968003''');
    delete from only public.epp_domain_status where _rserv_ts='36968003';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '24', '35090549', 'I', '(contact_id,status,reason,_rserv_ts) values (''6972897'',''64'','''',''31044208'')');
    insert into public.contact_status (contact_id,status,reason,_rserv_ts) values ('6972897','64','','31044208');insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '24', '35090550', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''18139332''');
    delete from only public.contact_status where _rserv_ts='18139332';insert into "_oxrsapp".sl_log_1	  (log_origin, log_xid, log_tableid,		log_actionseq, log_cmdtype,		log_cmddata) values	  ('1', '919151224', '24', '35090551', 'D', '_rserv_ts=''18139333''');
    delete from only public.contact_status where _rserv_ts='18139333';" ERROR:  duplicate key violates unique constraint "contact_status_pkey"
     - qualification was:
    ERROR  remoteWorkerThread_1: SYNC aborted

The transaction rolls back, and Slony-I tries again, and again, and again. The problem is with one of the last SQL statements, the one with `log_cmdtype = 'I'`. That isn't quite obvious; what takes place is that Slony-I groups 10 update queries together to diminish the number of network round trips.

A certain cause for this has been difficult to arrive at.

By the time we notice that there is a problem, the seemingly missed delete transaction has been cleaned out of sl_log_1, so there appears to be no recovery possible. What has seemed necessary, at this point, is to drop the replication set (or even the node), and restart replication from scratch on that node.

In Slony-I 1.0.5, the handling of purges of sl_log_1 became more conservative, refusing to purge entries that haven't been successfully synced for at least 10 minutes on all nodes. It was not certain that that would prevent the "glitch" from taking place, but it seemed plausible that it might leave enough sl_log_1 data to be able to do something about recovering from the condition or at least diagnosing it more exactly. And perhaps the problem was that sl_log_1 was being purged too aggressively, and this would resolve the issue completely.

It is a shame to have to reconstruct a large replication node for this; if you discover that this problem recurs, it may be an idea to break replication down into multiple sets in order to diminish the work involved in restarting replication. If only one set has broken, you may only need to unsubscribe/drop and resubscribe the one set.

In one case we found two lines in the SQL error message in the log file that contained identical insertions into sl_log_1. This ought to be impossible as is a primary key on sl_log_1. The latest (somewhat) punctured theory that comes from that was that perhaps this PK index has been corrupted (representing a PostgreSQL bug), and that perhaps the problem might be alleviated by running the query:

    # reindex table _slonyschema.sl_log_1;

On at least one occasion, this has resolved the problem, so it is worth trying this.

This problem has been found to represent a PostgreSQL bug as opposed to one in Slony-I. Version 7.4.8 was released with two resolutions to race conditions that should resolve the issue. Thus, if you are running a version of PostgreSQL earlier than 7.4.8, you should consider upgrading to resolve this.

7.1.8.5. I started doing a backup using pg_dump, and suddenly Slony stops

Ouch. What happens here is a conflict between:

- pg_dump, which has taken out an `AccessShareLock` on all of the tables in the database, including the Slony-I ones, and

- A Slony-I sync event, which wants to grab a `AccessExclusiveLock` on the table sl_event.

The initial query that will be blocked is thus:

    select "_slonyschema".createEvent('_slonyschema, 'SYNC', NULL);

(You can see this in `pg_stat_activity`, if you have query display turned on in `postgresql.conf`)

The actual query combination that is causing the lock is from the function `Slony_I_ClusterStatus()`, found in `slony1_funcs.c`, and is localized in the code that does:

      LOCK TABLE %s.sl_event;
      INSERT INTO %s.sl_event (...stuff...)
      SELECT currval('%s.sl_event_seq');

The `LOCK` statement will sit there and wait until `pg_dump` (or whatever else has pretty much any kind of access lock on sl_event) completes.

Every subsequent query submitted that touches sl_event will block behind the `createEvent` call.

There are a number of possible answers to this:

- Have pg_dump specify the schema dumped using `--schema=whatever`, and don't try dumping the cluster's schema.

- It would be nice to add an `--exclude-schema` option to pg_dump to exclude the Slony-I cluster schema. Maybe in 8.2...

- Note that 1.0.5 uses a more precise lock that is less exclusive that alleviates this problem.

7.1.9.1. I was trying to request SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT or SLONIK MOVE SET, and found messages as follows on one of the subscribers:

    NOTICE: Slony-I: multiple instances of trigger defrazzle on table frobozz
    NOTICE: Slony-I: multiple instances of trigger derez on table tron
    ERROR: Slony-I: Unable to disable triggers

The trouble would seem to be that you have added triggers on tables whose names conflict with triggers that were hidden by Slony-I.

Slony-I hides triggers (save for those "unhidden" via SLONIK STORE TRIGGER) by repointing them to the primary key of the table. In the case of foreign key triggers, or other triggers used to do data validation, it should be quite unnecessary to run them on a subscriber, as equivalent triggers should have been invoked on the origin node. In contrast, triggers that do some form of "cache invalidation" are ones you might want to have run on a subscriber.

The Right Way to handle such triggers is normally to use SLONIK STORE TRIGGER, which tells Slony-I that a trigger should not get deactivated.

But some intrepid DBA might take matters into their own hands and install a trigger by hand on a subscriber, and the above condition generally has that as the cause. What to do? What to do?

The answer is normally fairly simple: Drop out the "extra" trigger on the subscriber before the event that tries to restore them runs. Ideally, if the DBA is particularly intrepid, and aware of this issue, that should take place before there is ever a chance for the error message to appear.

If the DBA is not that intrepid, the answer is to connect to the offending node and drop the "visible" version of the trigger using the SQL `DROP TRIGGER` command. That should allow the event to proceed. If the event was SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT, then the "not-so-intrepid" DBA may need to add the trigger back, by hand, or, if they are wise, they should consider activating it using SLONIK STORE TRIGGER.

7.1.9.2. Behaviour - all the subscriber nodes start to fall behind the origin, and all the logs on the subscriber nodes have the following error message repeating in them (when I encountered it, there was a nice long SQL statement above each entry):

    ERROR remoteWorkerThread_1: helper 1 finished with error
    ERROR remoteWorkerThread_1: SYNC aborted

Cause: you have likely issued `alter table` statements directly on the databases instead of using the slonik SLONIK EXECUTE SCRIPT command.

The solution is to rebuild the trigger on the affected table and fix the entries in sl_log_1/sl_log_2 by hand.

- You'll need to identify from either the slon logs, or the PostgreSQL database logs exactly which statement it is that is causing the error.

- You need to fix the Slony-defined triggers on the table in question. This is done with the following procedure.

      BEGIN;
      LOCK TABLE table_name;
      SELECT _oxrsorg.altertablerestore(tab_id);--tab_id is _slony_schema.sl_table.tab_id
      SELECT _oxrsorg.altertableforreplication(tab_id);--tab_id is _slony_schema.sl_table.tab_id
      COMMIT;

  You then need to find the rows in sl_log_1/sl_log_2 that have bad entries and fix them. You may want to take down the slon daemons for all nodes except the master; that way, if you make a mistake, it won't immediately propagate through to the subscribers.

  Here is an example:

      BEGIN;

      LOCK TABLE customer_account;

      SELECT _app1.altertablerestore(31);
      SELECT _app1.altertableforreplication(31);
      COMMIT;

      BEGIN;
      LOCK TABLE txn_log;

      SELECT _app1.altertablerestore(41);
      SELECT _app1.altertableforreplication(41);

      COMMIT;

      --fixing customer_account, which had an attempt to insert a "" into a timestamp with timezone.
      BEGIN;

      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''60684.00'' where pkey=''49''' where log_actionseq = '67796036';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''60690.00'' where pkey=''49''' where log_actionseq = '67796194';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''60684.00'' where pkey=''49''' where log_actionseq = '67795881';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''1852.00'' where pkey=''57''' where log_actionseq = '67796403';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''87906.00'' where pkey=''8''' where log_actionseq = '68352967';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''125180.00'' where pkey=''60''' where log_actionseq = '68386951';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''125198.00'' where pkey=''60''' where log_actionseq = '68387055';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''125174.00'' where pkey=''60''' where log_actionseq = '68386682';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''125186.00'' where pkey=''60''' where log_actionseq = '68386992';
      update _app1.sl_log_1 SET log_cmddata = 'balance=''125192.00'' where pkey=''60''' where log_actionseq = '68387029';

7.1.9.3. Node #1 was dropped via SLONIK DROP NODE, and the slon one of the other nodes is repeatedly failing with the error message:

    ERROR  remoteWorkerThread_3: "begin transaction; set transaction isolation level
     serializable; lock table "_mailermailer".sl_config_lock; select "_mailermailer"
    .storeListen_int(2, 1, 3); notify "_mailermailer_Event"; notify "_mailermailer_C
    onfirm"; insert into "_mailermailer".sl_event     (ev_origin, ev_seqno, ev_times
    tamp,      ev_minxid, ev_maxxid, ev_xip, ev_type , ev_data1, ev_data2, ev_data3
       ) values ('3', '2215', '2005-02-18 10:30:42.529048', '3286814', '3286815', ''
    , 'STORE_LISTEN', '2', '1', '3'); insert into "_mailermailer".sl_confirm
    (con_origin, con_received, con_seqno, con_timestamp)    values (3, 2, '2215', CU
    RRENT_TIMESTAMP); commit transaction;" PGRES_FATAL_ERROR ERROR:  insert or updat
    e on table "sl_listen" violates foreign key constraint "sl_listen-sl_path-ref"
    DETAIL:  Key (li_provider,li_receiver)=(1,3) is not present in table "sl_path".
    DEBUG1 syncThread: thread done

Evidently, a SLONIK STORE LISTEN request hadn't propagated yet before node 1 was dropped.

This points to a case where you'll need to do "event surgery" on one or more of the nodes. A `STORE_LISTEN` event remains outstanding that wants to add a listen path that cannot be created because node 1 and all paths pointing to node 1 have gone away.

Let's assume, for exposition purposes, that the remaining nodes are #2 and #3, and that the above error is being reported on node #3.

That implies that the event is stored on node #2, as it wouldn't be on node #3 if it had not already been processed successfully. The easiest way to cope with this situation is to delete the offending sl_event entry on node #2. You'll connect to node #2's database, and search for the `STORE_LISTEN` event:

`select * from sl_event where ev_type = 'STORE_LISTEN';`

There may be several entries, only some of which need to be purged.

    -# begin;  -- Don't straight delete them; open a transaction so you can respond to OOPS
    BEGIN;
    -# delete from sl_event where ev_type = 'STORE_LISTEN' and
    -#  (ev_data1 = '1' or ev_data2 = '1' or ev_data3 = '1');
    DELETE 3
    -# -- Seems OK...
    -# commit;
    COMMIT

The next time the slon for node 3 starts up, it will no longer find the "offensive" `STORE_LISTEN` events, and replication can continue. (You may then run into some other problem where an old stored event is referring to no-longer-existant configuration...)

7.1.9.4. I have a database where we have been encountering the following error message in our application:

     permission denied for sequence sl_action_seq

When we traced it back, it was due to the application calling `lastval()` to capture the most recent sequence update, which happened to catch the last update to a Slony-I internal sequence.

Slony-I uses sequences to provide primary key values for log entries, and therefore this kind of behaviour may (perhaps regrettably!) be expected.

Calling `lastval()`, to "anonymously" get "the most recently updated sequence value", rather than using `currval('sequence_name')` is an unsafe thing to do in general, as anything you might add in that uses DBMS features for logging, archiving, or replication can throw in an extra sequence update that you weren't expecting.

In general, use of `lastval()` doesn't seem terribly safe; using it when Slony-I (or any similar trigger-based replication system such as Londiste or Bucardo) can lead to capturing unexpected sequence updates.

7.1.9.5. I tried building Slony-I 1.1 and got the following error message:

    configure: error: Headers for libpqserver are not found in the includeserverdir.
       This is the path to postgres.h. Please specify the includeserverdir with
       --with-pgincludeserverdir=<dir>

You are almost certainly running version PostgreSQL 7.4 or earlier, where server headers are not installed by default if you just do a `make install` of PostgreSQL.

You need to install server headers when you install PostgreSQL via the command `make install-all-headers`.

7.1.9.6. I'm trying to upgrade to a newer version of Slony-I and am running into a problem with SLONIK UPDATE FUNCTIONS. When I run SLONIK UPDATE FUNCTIONS, my postmaster falls over with a Signal 11. There aren't any seeming errors in the log files, aside from the PostgreSQL logs indicating that, yes indeed, the postmaster fell over.

I connected a debugger to the core file, and it indicates that it was trying to commit a transaction at the time of the failure.

By the way I'm on PostgreSQL 8.1.[0-3].

Unfortunately, early releases of PostgreSQL 8.1 had a problem where if you redefined a function (such as, say, `upgradeSchema(text)`), and then, in the same transaction, ran that function, the postmaster would fall over, and the transaction would fail to commit.

The slonik command SLONIK UPDATE FUNCTIONS functions like that; it, in one transaction, tries to:

- Load the new functions (from `slony1_funcs.sql`), notably including `upgradeSchema(text)`.

- Run `upgradeSchema(text)` to do any necessary upgrades to the database schema.

- Notify slon processes of a change of configuration.

Unfortunately, on PostgreSQL 8.1.0, 8.1.1, 8.1.2, and 8.1.3, this conflicts with a bug where using and modifying a plpgsql function in the same transaction leads to a crash.

Several workarounds are available.

The preferred answer would be to upgrade PostgreSQL to 8.1.4 or some later version. Changes between minor versions do not require rebuilding databases; it should merely require copying a suitable 8.1.x build into place, and restarting the postmaster with the new version.

If that is unsuitable, it would be possible to perform the upgrade via a series of transactions, performing the equivalent of what slonik does "by hand":

- Take `slony1_funcs.sql` and do three replacements within it:

  - Replace "@CLUSTERNAME@" with the name of the cluster

  - Replace "@MODULEVERSION@" with the Slony-I version string, such as "1.2.10"

  - Replace "@NAMESPACE@" with the "double-quoted" name of the cluster namespace, such as "_MyCluster"

- Load that "remapped" set of functions into the database.

- Run the stored function via `select `upgradeSchema('1.2.7')`;` , assuming that the previous version of Slony-I in use was version 1.2.7.

- Restarting all slon processes would probably be a wise move with this sort of "surgery."

7.1.9.7. Slonik fails - cannot load PostgreSQL library - `PGRES_FATAL_ERROR load '$libdir/xxid';`

When I run the sample setup script I get an error message similar to: `stdin:64: PGRES_FATAL_ERROR load '$libdir/xxid'; - ERROR: LOAD: could not open file '$libdir/xxid': No such file or directory`

Evidently, you haven't got the `xxid.so` library in the `$libdir` directory that the PostgreSQL instance is using. Note that the Slony-I components need to be installed in the PostgreSQL software installation for each and every one of the nodes, not just on the origin node.

This may also point to there being some other mismatch between the PostgreSQL binary instance and the Slony-I instance. If you compiled Slony-I yourself, on a machine that may have multiple PostgreSQL builds "lying around," it's possible that the slon or slonik binaries are asking to load something that isn't actually in the library directory for the PostgreSQL database cluster that it's hitting.

Long and short: This points to a need to "audit" what installations of PostgreSQL and Slony-I you have in place on the machine(s). Unfortunately, just about any mismatch will cause things not to link up quite right. ...

Life is simplest if you only have one set of PostgreSQL binaries on a given server; in that case, there isn't a "wrong place" in which Slony-I components might get installed. If you have several software installs, you'll have to verify that the right versions of Slony-I components are associated with the right PostgreSQL binaries.

7.1.9.8. I tried creating a CLUSTER NAME with a "-" in it. That didn't work.

Slony-I uses the same rules for unquoted identifiers as the PostgreSQL main parser, so no, you probably shouldn't put a "-" in your identifier name.

You may be able to defeat this by putting "quotes" around identifier names, but it's still liable to bite you some, so this is something that is probably not worth working around.

7.1.9.9. I have a PostgreSQL 7.2-based system that I really, really want to use Slony-I to help me upgrade it to 8.0. What is involved in getting Slony-I to work for that?

Rod Taylor has reported the following...

This is approximately what you need to do:

- Take the 7.3 templates and copy them to 7.2 -- or otherwise hardcode the version your using to pick up the 7.3 templates

- Remove all traces of schemas from the code and sql templates. I basically changed the "." to an "_".

- Bunch of work related to the XID datatype and functions. For example, Slony creates CASTs for the xid to xxid and back -- but 7.2 cannot create new casts that way so you need to edit system tables by hand. I recall creating an Operator Class and editing several functions as well.

- sl_log_1 will have severe performance problems with any kind of data volume. This required a number of index and query changes to optimize for 7.2. 7.3 and above are quite a bit smarter in terms of optimizations they can apply.

- Don't bother trying to make sequences work. Do them by hand after the upgrade using pg_dump and grep.

Of course, now that you have done all of the above, it's not compatible with standard Slony now. So you either need to implement 7.2 in a less hackish way, or you can also hack up slony to work without schemas on newer versions of PostgreSQL so they can talk to each other.

Almost immediately after getting the DB upgraded from 7.2 to 7.4, we deinstalled the hacked up Slony (by hand for the most part), and started a migration from 7.4 to 7.4 on a different machine using the regular Slony. This was primarily to ensure we didn't keep our system catalogues which had been manually fiddled with.

All that said, we upgraded a few hundred GB from 7.2 to 7.4 with about 30 minutes actual downtime (versus 48 hours for a dump / restore cycle) and no data loss.

That represents a sufficiently ugly set of "hackery" that the developers are exceedingly reluctant to let it anywhere near to the production code. If someone were interested in "productionizing" this, it would probably make sense to do so based on the Slony-I 1.0 branch, with the express plan of not trying to keep much in the way of forwards compatibility or long term maintainability of replicas.

You should only head down this road if you are sufficiently comfortable with PostgreSQL and Slony-I that you are prepared to hack pretty heavily with the code.

7.1.9.10. I created a "superuser" account, `slony`, to run replication activities. As suggested, I set it up as a superuser, via the following query: `update pg_shadow set usesuper = 't' where usename in ('slony', 'molly', 'dumpy');` (that command also deals with other users I set up to run vacuums and backups).

Unfortunately, I ran into a problem the next time I subscribed to a new set.

    DEBUG1 copy_set 28661
    DEBUG1 remoteWorkerThread_1: connected to provider DB
    DEBUG2 remoteWorkerThread_78: forward confirm 1,594436 received by 78
    DEBUG2 remoteWorkerThread_1: copy table public.billing_discount
    ERROR  remoteWorkerThread_1: "select "_mycluster".setAddTable_int(28661, 51, 'public.billing_discount', 'billing_discount_pkey', 'Table public.billing_discount with candidate primary key billing_discount_pkey'); " PGRES_FATAL_ERROR ERROR:  permission denied for relation pg_class
    CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function "altertableforreplication" line 23 at select into variables
    PL/pgSQL function "setaddtable_int" line 76 at perform
    WARN   remoteWorkerThread_1: data copy for set 28661 failed - sleep 60 seconds

This continues to fail, over and over, until I restarted the slon to connect as `postgres` instead.

The problem is fairly self-evident; permission is being denied on the system table, `pg_class`.

The "fix" is thus:

    update pg_shadow set usesuper = 't', usecatupd='t' where usename = 'slony';

In version 8.1 and higher, you may also need the following:

    update pg_authid set rolcatupdate = 't', rolsuper='t' where rolname = 'slony';

7.1.9.11. Some nodes start consistently falling behind

I have been running Slony-I 1.2 on a node for a while, and am seeing system performance suffering.

I'm seeing long running queries of the form:

    	fetch 100 from LOG;

By the way, I'm on PostgreSQL 8.3.

This has been characteristic of `pg_listener` (which is the table containing `NOTIFY` data) having plenty of dead tuples in it. That makes `NOTIFY` events take a long time, and causes the affected node to gradually fall further and further behind.

You quite likely need to do a `VACUUM FULL` on `pg_listener`, to vigorously clean it out, and need to vacuum `pg_listener` really frequently. Once every five minutes would likely be AOK.

Slon daemons already vacuum a bunch of tables, and `cleanup_thread.c` contains a list of tables that are frequently vacuumed automatically. In Slony-I 1.0.2, `pg_listener` is not included. In 1.0.5 and later, it is regularly vacuumed, so this should cease to be a direct issue. In version 1.2, `pg_listener` will only be used when a node is only receiving events periodically, which means that the issue should mostly go away even in the presence of evil long running transactions...

There is, however, still a scenario where this will still "bite." Under MVCC, vacuums cannot delete tuples that were made "obsolete" at any time after the start time of the eldest transaction that is still open. Long running transactions will cause trouble, and should be avoided, even on subscriber nodes.

PostgreSQL 9.0 introduced a higher performance version of the LISTEN/NOTIFY feature which eliminated the table `pg_listener` in favour of a memory-based queue. An upgrade to 9.0 or better would likely be useful to improve this.

Note that Slony-I 2.0 eliminated heavy usage of LISTEN/NOTIFY, so this particular phenomenon is restricted to versions older than that.

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