/*========================== begin_copyright_notice ============================

Copyright (C) 2017-2023 Intel Corporation

SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

============================= end_copyright_notice ===========================*/

#include "G4_IR.hpp"
#include "Assertions.h"
#include "BinaryEncodingIGA.h"
#include "BuildIR.h"
#include "Common_ISA_framework.h"
#include "Common_ISA_util.h"
#include "IGC/common/StringMacros.hpp"
#include "JitterDataStruct.h"
#include "VISAKernel.h"
#include "visa_igc_common_header.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace vISA;

// Asserts to ensure that the size of core IR classes do not increase.
static_assert(sizeof(G4_Operand) <= 64 &&
              "There should not be new fields to G4_Operand");
static_assert(sizeof(G4_DstRegRegion) <= 80 &&
              "There should not be new fields to G4_DstRegRegion");
static_assert(sizeof(G4_SrcRegRegion) <= 80 &&
              "There should not be new fields to G4_SrcRegRegion");
static_assert(sizeof(G4_Predicate) <= 72 &&
              "There should not be new fields to G4_Predicate");

static const char *const SrcModifierStr[Mod_src_undef] = {
    "-",      // Mod_Minus
    "(abs)",  // Mod_Abs
    "-(abs)", // Mod_Minus_Abs
    "-"       // Mod_Not (print as -)
};

static const G4_InstOptInfo InstOptInfo[] = {
    {InstOpt_Align16, "Align16"},
    {InstOpt_M0, "M0"},
    {InstOpt_M4, "M4"},
    {InstOpt_M8, "M8"},
    {InstOpt_M12, "M12"},
    {InstOpt_M16, "M16"},
    {InstOpt_M20, "M20"},
    {InstOpt_M24, "M24"},
    {InstOpt_M28, "M28"},
    {InstOpt_Switch, "Switch"},
    {InstOpt_Atomic, "Atomic"},
    {InstOpt_NoDDChk, "NoDDChk"},
    {InstOpt_NoDDClr, "NoDDClr"},
    {InstOpt_WriteEnable, "NoMask"},
    {InstOpt_BreakPoint, "BreakPoint"},
    {InstOpt_EOT, "EOT"},
    {InstOpt_AccWrCtrl, "AccWrEn"},
    {InstOpt_Compacted, "Compacted"},
    {InstOpt_NoCompact, "NoCompact"},
    {InstOpt_NoSrcDepSet, "NoSrcDepSet"},
    {InstOpt_NoPreempt, "NoPreempt"},
    {InstOpt_Serialize, "Serialize"},
    {InstOpt_CachelineAligned, "CachelineAligned"},
    {InstOpt_END, "END"}};

#define HANDLE_INST(op, nsrc, ndst, type, plat, attr)                          \
  {G4_##op, #op, nsrc, ndst, type, plat, attr},


#define HANDLE_NAME_INST(op, name, nsrc, ndst, type, plat, attr)               \
  {G4_##op, name, nsrc, ndst, type, plat, attr},

const G4_Inst_Info G4_Inst_Table[] = {
#include "G4_Instruction.h"
};

// global functions
uint8_t roundDownPow2(uint8_t n) {
  uint8_t i = 1;
  while (n >= i)
    i <<= 1;
  return (i >> 1);
}

/* Return the base rank for the input type ignoring the signed/unsigned
 * aspect of types.
 *    - Types of higher precision have higher ranks.
 *    - Floating types have higher precision than all integer types.
 */
static short Operand_Type_Base_Rank(G4_Type type) {
  short type_size = (short)TypeSize(type);
  short type_rank = type_size * 2;

  if (type == Type_V || type == Type_UV) {
    type_rank = (short)TypeSize(Type_W);
  } else if (type == Type_VF) {
    type_rank = (short)TypeSize(Type_F);
  } else if (IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(type)) {
    type_rank += 2;
  }

  return type_rank;
}

/* Return the rank for the input type.
 *    - Types of higher precision have higher ranks.
 *    - Floating types have higher precision than all integer types.
 *    - Unsigned types have a higher rank than a signed type with the same
 *      precision.
 */
static short Operand_Type_Rank(G4_Type type) {
  short type_rank = Operand_Type_Base_Rank(type);

  switch (type) {
  case Type_UB:
  case Type_UW:
  case Type_UD: {
    type_rank++;
    break;
  }
  default: {
    // No nothing.
    break;
  }
  }

  return type_rank;
}

// check if type1 can be represented by type2
static bool Is_Type_Included(G4_Type type1, G4_Type type2,
                             const IR_Builder &builder) {
  if (type1 == type2) {
    return true;
  }

  // Float and Int types are never subtype of each other
  if (IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(type1) ^ IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(type2)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (type1 == Type_F && type2 == builder.getMixModeType() &&
      builder.getPlatform() > GENX_BDW &&
      builder.getOption(vISA_enableUnsafeCP_DF)) {
    return true;
  }

  if (Operand_Type_Rank(type1) < Operand_Type_Rank(type2)) {
    if ((IS_UNSIGNED_INT(type1) || type1 == Type_UV) &&
        (IS_UNSIGNED_INT(type2) || type2 == Type_UV)) {
      return true;
    } else if ((IS_SIGNED_INT(type1) || type1 == Type_V) &&
               (IS_SIGNED_INT(type2) || type2 == Type_V)) {
      return true;
    } else if ((type1 == Type_UB || type1 == Type_UW || type1 == Type_UV) &&
               IS_TYPE_INT(type2)) {
      return true;
    } else if (builder.hasMixMode() && type1 == builder.getMixModeType() &&
               type2 == Type_F) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

static void resetRightBound(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  if (opnd) {
    opnd->unsetRightBound();
  }
}

static void associateOpndWithInst(G4_Operand *opnd, G4_INST *inst) {
  if (opnd) {
    opnd->setInst(inst);
  }
}

void G4_INST::initOperands() {
  resetRightBound(dst);
  for (G4_Operand *src : srcs)
    resetRightBound(src);
  computeRightBound(predicate);
  computeRightBound(mod);

  associateOpndWithInst(dst, this);
  for (G4_Operand *src : srcs)
    associateOpndWithInst(src, this);
  associateOpndWithInst(predicate, this);
  associateOpndWithInst(mod, this);
}

G4_INST::G4_INST(const IR_Builder &irb, G4_Predicate *prd, G4_opcode o,
                 G4_CondMod *m, G4_Sat s, G4_ExecSize size, G4_DstRegRegion *d,
                 G4_Operand *s0, G4_Operand *s1, G4_Operand *s2, G4_Operand *s3,
                 G4_InstOpts opt)
    : op(o), dst(d), predicate(prd), mod(m), option(opt),
      useInstList(irb.getAllocator()), defInstList(irb.getAllocator()),
      sat(s ? true : false), dead(false), evenlySplitInst(false),
      doPostRA(false), canBeAcc(false), doNotDelete(false), execSize(size),
      builder(irb) {
  // FIXME: Currently srcs would be initialized with a list that has max
  // allowed size in ctor. Probably should initialize srcs with the actual
  // required srcs of the inst instead.
  srcs = {s0, s1, s2, s3};
  initOperands();
}

G4_INST::G4_INST(const IR_Builder &irb, G4_Predicate *prd, G4_opcode o,
                 G4_CondMod *m, G4_Sat s, G4_ExecSize size, G4_DstRegRegion *d,
                 G4_Operand *s0, G4_Operand *s1, G4_Operand *s2, G4_Operand *s3,
                 G4_Operand *s4, G4_InstOpts opt)
    : op(o), dst(d), predicate(prd), mod(m), option(opt),
      useInstList(irb.getAllocator()), defInstList(irb.getAllocator()),
      sat(s ? true : false), dead(false), evenlySplitInst(false),
      doPostRA(false), canBeAcc(false), doNotDelete(false), execSize(size),
      builder(irb) {
  vISA_ASSERT(isDpas(), "Currently only dpas variants support 5 srcs");
  srcs = {s0, s1, s2, s3, s4};
  initOperands();
}

G4_INST::G4_INST(const IR_Builder &irb, G4_Predicate *prd, G4_opcode o,
                 G4_CondMod *m, G4_Sat s, G4_ExecSize size, G4_DstRegRegion *d,
                 G4_Operand *s0, G4_Operand *s1, G4_Operand *s2, G4_Operand *s3,
                 G4_Operand *s4, G4_Operand *s5, G4_Operand *s6, G4_Operand *s7,
                 G4_InstOpts opt)
    : op(o), dst(d), predicate(prd), mod(m), option(opt),
      useInstList(irb.getAllocator()), defInstList(irb.getAllocator()),
      sat(s ? true : false), dead(false), evenlySplitInst(false),
      doPostRA(false), canBeAcc(false), doNotDelete(false), execSize(size),
      builder(irb) {
  srcs = {s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7};
  initOperands();
}

G4_InstSend::G4_InstSend(const IR_Builder &builder, G4_Predicate *prd,
                         G4_opcode o, G4_ExecSize size, G4_DstRegRegion *dst,
                         G4_SrcRegRegion *payload, G4_Operand *desc,
                         G4_InstOpts opt, G4_SendDescRaw *md)
    : G4_INST(builder, prd, o, nullptr, g4::NOSAT, size, dst, payload, desc,
              opt),
      msgDesc(md) {
  md->setExecSize(size);
  // convert legacy EOT to instruction option if it slipped through in ExDesc[5]
  if (md->hasLegacyEoT())
    setEOT();
}

G4_InstSend::G4_InstSend(const IR_Builder &builder, G4_Predicate *prd,
                         G4_opcode o, G4_ExecSize size, G4_DstRegRegion *dst,
                         G4_SrcRegRegion *src0, G4_SrcRegRegion *src1,
                         G4_Operand *src2desc, G4_Operand *src3extDesc,
                         G4_InstOpts opt, G4_SendDescRaw *md)
    : G4_INST(builder, prd, o, nullptr, g4::NOSAT, size, dst, src0, src1,
              src2desc, opt),
      msgDesc(md) {
  setSrc(src3extDesc, 3);
  md->setExecSize(size);
  // convert legacy EOT to instruction option if it slipped through in ExDesc[5]
  if (md->hasLegacyEoT())
    setEOT();
}


void G4_INST::setOpcode(G4_opcode opcd) {
  vISA_ASSERT(
      opcd < G4_NUM_OPCODE &&
          (G4_Inst_Table[op].instType == G4_Inst_Table[opcd].instType ||
           G4_Inst_Table[opcd].instType == InstTypeMov ||
           ((G4_Inst_Table[op].instType == InstTypeMov ||
             G4_Inst_Table[op].instType == InstTypeArith ||
             G4_Inst_Table[op].instType == InstTypeLogic ||
             G4_Inst_Table[op].instType == InstTypePseudoLogic ||
             G4_Inst_Table[op].instType == InstTypeVector) &&

            (G4_Inst_Table[opcd].instType == InstTypeMov ||
             G4_Inst_Table[opcd].instType == InstTypeArith ||
             G4_Inst_Table[opcd].instType == InstTypeLogic ||
             G4_Inst_Table[opcd].instType == InstTypeVector)) ||
           opcd == G4_label),
      "setOpcode would change the instruction class, which is illegal.");

  bool resetBounds = false;

  if (op != opcd) {
    resetBounds = true;
  }

  op = opcd;

  if (resetBounds) {
    resetRightBound(dst);
    for (G4_Operand *src : srcs)
      resetRightBound(src);
    resetRightBound(predicate);
    resetRightBound(mod);
    resetRightBound(getImplAccDst());
    resetRightBound(getImplAccSrc());
  }
}

void G4_INST::setExecSize(G4_ExecSize s) {
  bool resetBounds = false;

  if (execSize != s) {
    resetBounds = true;
  }

  execSize = s;

  if (resetBounds) {
    resetRightBound(dst);
    for (G4_Operand *src : srcs)
      resetRightBound(src);
    resetRightBound(predicate);
    resetRightBound(mod);
    resetRightBound(getImplAccDst());
    resetRightBound(getImplAccSrc());
  }
}

//
// We assume no mixed int and float source type, but mixed HF and F is ok
//
G4_Type G4_INST::getExecType() const {
  G4_Type execType = Type_W;

  // special handling for int divide, as it supports D/UD sources only, while
  // vISA DIV allows B/W types
  // FIXME: if there are more instructions like this, we may need to reorder
  // fixDstAlignment() so that it happens after all sources are fixed and we can
  // get the correct execution type
  if (isMath() && asMathInst()->isMathIntDiv()) {
    return Type_D;
  }

  if (opcode() == G4_fcvt) {
    // fcvt : cvt b/w standard type and other special float type.
    //        execution type is the standard type.
    G4_Type srcTy = srcs[0]->getType();
    if (IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(srcTy)) {
      return srcTy;
    }
    // If src isn't standard float type, dst must be!
    return dst->getType();
  }
  if (opcode() == G4_srnd) {
    // srnd: src0 is either hf or f
    return srcs[0]->getType();
  }
  for (unsigned i = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); i < numSrc; i++) {
    G4_Operand *src = getSrc(i);
    if (src) {
      G4_Type srcType = src->getType();
      if (TypeSize(srcType) >= TypeSize(execType)) {
        if (IS_DTYPE(srcType)) {
          execType = Type_D;
        } else if (IS_QTYPE(srcType)) {
          execType = Type_Q;
        } else if (IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(srcType)) {
          execType = srcType;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // int <-> HF conversion requires exec type to be dword
  // we don't consider Q<->HF since there are special checks in fixMov() for
  // them
  if (dst) {
    G4_Type dstType = dst->getType();
    if (IS_HFTYPE(dstType) && (IS_TYPE_INT(execType) && !IS_QTYPE(execType))) {
      execType = Type_D;
    } else if (IS_HFTYPE(execType) &&
               (IS_TYPE_INT(dstType) && !IS_QTYPE(dstType))) {
      execType = Type_F;
    }
  }

  return execType;
}

// V and VF are treated differently here from the above function
// FIXME: Why do we need two functions???
G4_Type G4_INST::getExecType2() const {
  G4_Type execType = Type_W;

  // special handling for int divide, as it supports D/UD sources only, while
  // vISA DIV allows B/W types
  if (isMath() && asMathInst()->isMathIntDiv()) {
    return Type_D;
  }

  for (unsigned i = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); i < numSrc; i++) {
    G4_Operand *src = getSrc(i);
    if (!src)
      continue;
    G4_Type srcType = srcs[i]->getType();
    if (builder.hasBFMixMode() && srcType == Type_BF &&
        !builder.supportPureBF()) {
      execType = Type_F;
    } else if (isLowPrecisionFloatTy(srcType) &&
               TypeSize(srcType) >= TypeSize(execType)) {
      execType = srcType;
      break;
    } else if (srcType == Type_V) {
      execType = Type_V;
      break;
    } else if (srcType == Type_UV) {
      execType = Type_UV;
      break;
    } else if (IS_DFTYPE(srcType) && !IS_DFTYPE(execType)) {
      execType = src->getType();
      break;
    } else if ((IS_FTYPE(srcType) || srcType == Type_VF) &&
               !IS_DFTYPE(execType) && !IS_FTYPE(execType)) {
      execType = Type_F;
    } else if (IS_DTYPE(srcType) && TypeSize(srcType) >= TypeSize(execType) &&
               !IS_DFTYPE(execType) && !IS_FTYPE(execType)) {
      execType = Type_D;
    } else if (IS_QTYPE(srcType) && TypeSize(srcType) >= TypeSize(execType) &&
               !IS_DFTYPE(execType) && !IS_FTYPE(execType)) {
      execType = Type_Q;
    }
  }

  // int <-> HF conversion requires exec type to be dword
  // we don't consider Q<->HF since there are special checks in fixMov() for
  // them
  if (dst) {
    G4_Type dstType = dst->getType();
    if (IS_HFTYPE(dstType) && (IS_TYPE_INT(execType) && !IS_QTYPE(execType))) {
      execType = Type_D;
    } else if (IS_HFTYPE(execType) &&
               (IS_TYPE_INT(dstType) && !IS_QTYPE(dstType))) {
      execType = Type_F;
    }
  }

  return execType;
}

uint16_t G4_INST::getMaskOffset() const {
  unsigned maskOption = (getOption() & InstOpt_QuarterMasks);

  if (!builder.hasNibCtrl()) {
    vISA_ASSERT(maskOption != InstOpt_M4 && maskOption != InstOpt_M12 &&
                    maskOption != InstOpt_M20 && maskOption != InstOpt_M28,
                "nibCtrl is not supported on this platform");
  }

  switch (maskOption) {
  case InstOpt_NoOpt:
    return 0;
  case InstOpt_M0:
    return 0;
  case InstOpt_M4:
    return 4;
  case InstOpt_M8:
    return 8;
  case InstOpt_M12:
    return 12;
  case InstOpt_M16:
    return 16;
  case InstOpt_M20:
    return 20;
  case InstOpt_M24:
    return 24;
  case InstOpt_M28:
    return 28;
  default:
    vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE("Incorrect instruction execution mask");
    return 0;
  }
}

void G4_INST::setMetadata(const std::string &key, MDNode *value) {
  if (!MD) {
    MD = const_cast<IR_Builder &>(builder).allocateMD();
  }
  MD->setMetadata(key, value);
}

void G4_INST::setComments(const std::string &str) {
  // We create a new MDNode each time; the assumption is that comment should be
  // unique and there is no opportunity for sharing
  auto node = const_cast<IR_Builder &>(builder).allocateMDString(str);
  setMetadata(Metadata::InstComment, node);
}

void G4_INST::addComment(const std::string &comment) {
  std::string comments = getComments();
  if (!comments.empty()) { // add a separator
    comments += "; ";
  }
  comments += comment;
  setComments(comments);
}

void G4_INST::setTokenLoc(unsigned short token, unsigned globalID) {
  if (!builder.getOption(vISA_SBIDDepLoc)) {
    return;
  }
  auto tokenLoc = getMetadata(Metadata::TokenLoc);
  if (!tokenLoc) {
    auto node = const_cast<IR_Builder &>(builder).allocateMDTokenLocation(
        token, globalID);
    setMetadata(Metadata::TokenLoc, node);
  } else {
    MDTokenLocation *tokenL = tokenLoc->asMDTokenLocation();
    tokenL->addTokenLocation(token, globalID);
  }
}

//
// remove all references to this inst in other inst's use_list
// this is used when we want to delete this instruction
void G4_INST::removeAllDefs() {
  for (auto &&item : defInstList) {
    G4_INST *def = item.first;
    def->useInstList.remove_if(
        [&](USE_DEF_NODE node) { return node.first == this; });
  }
  defInstList.clear();
}

void G4_INST::removeAllUses() {
  for (auto &&item : useInstList) {
    G4_INST *user = item.first;
    user->defInstList.remove_if(
        [&](USE_DEF_NODE node) { return node.first == this; });
  }
  useInstList.clear();
}

//
// remove def/use for opndNum, which must be a source
// (i.e., not Opnd_dst/Opnd_condMod/Opnd_implAccDst)
void G4_INST::removeDefUse(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) {
  DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER iter = defInstList.begin();
  while (iter != defInstList.end()) {
    if ((*iter).second == opndNum) {
      auto defInst = (*iter).first;
      defInst->useInstList.remove_if([&](USE_DEF_NODE node) {
        return node.first == this && node.second == opndNum;
      });
      DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER curr_iter = iter++;
      defInstList.erase(curr_iter);
    } else {
      ++iter;
    }
  }
}

const G4_Operand *G4_INST::getOperand(Gen4_Operand_Number opnd_num) const {
  if (isSrcNum(opnd_num) && (size_t)getSrcNum(opnd_num) >= srcs.size())
    return nullptr;

  switch (opnd_num) {
  case Opnd_dst:
    return (G4_Operand *)dst;
  case Opnd_src0:
    return getSrc(0);
  case Opnd_src1:
    return getSrc(1);
  case Opnd_src2:
    return getSrc(2);
  case Opnd_src3:
    return getSrc(3);
  case Opnd_src4:
    return getSrc(4);
  case Opnd_src5:
    return getSrc(5);
  case Opnd_src6:
    return getSrc(6);
  case Opnd_src7:
    return getSrc(7);
  case Opnd_pred:
    return (G4_Operand *)predicate;
  case Opnd_condMod:
    return (G4_Operand *)mod;
  case Opnd_implAccSrc:
    return getImplAccSrc();
  case Opnd_implAccDst:
    return getImplAccDst();
  default:
    vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE("Operand number is out of range.");
    break;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

USE_EDGE_LIST_ITER G4_INST::eraseUse(USE_EDGE_LIST_ITER iter) {
  G4_INST *useInst = iter->first;
  useInst->defInstList.remove_if([&](USE_DEF_NODE node) {
    return node.first == this && node.second == iter->second;
  });
  return useInstList.erase(iter);
}

// Transfer definitions used in this[opndNum1] to definitions used in
// inst2[opndNum2] and update definitions's def-use chain accordingly.
void G4_INST::transferDef(G4_INST *inst2, Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum1,
                          Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum2) {
  DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER iter = defInstList.begin();
  while (iter != defInstList.end()) {
    auto defInst = (*iter).first;
    if ((*iter).second == opndNum1) {
      // gcc 5.0 doesn't like emplace_back for some reason
      inst2->defInstList.push_back(USE_DEF_NODE(defInst, opndNum2));
      defInst->useInstList.remove_if([&](USE_DEF_NODE node) {
        return node.second == opndNum1 && node.first == this;
      });
      defInst->useInstList.push_back(USE_DEF_NODE(inst2, opndNum2));
      DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER curr_iter = iter++;
      defInstList.erase(curr_iter);

      // Remove the redundant d/u node.
      // Due to the instruction optimization, such as merge scalars, redundant
      // d/u info may be generated. Such as the case: (W) shl (1)
      // V3429(0,0)<1>:d V3380(0,0)<0;1,0>:d 0x17:w (W) shl (1) V3430(0,0)<1>:d
      // V3381(0,0)<0;1,0>:d 0x17:w (W) add (1) V3432(0,0)<1>:d 0x43800000:d
      //-V3429(0,0)<0;1,0>:d (W) add (1) V3433(0,0)<1>:d 0x43800000:d
      //-V3430(0,0)<0;1,0>:d
      //==>
      //(W) shl (2) Merged138(0,0)<1>:d Merged139(0,0)<1;1,0>:d 0x17:w
      //(W) add (2) Merged140(0,0)<1>:d 0x43800000:d -Merged138(0,0)<1;1,0>:d
      inst2->defInstList.sort();
      inst2->defInstList.unique();
      defInst->useInstList.sort();
      defInst->useInstList.unique();
    } else {
      ++iter;
    }
  }
}

// This copies, from this definition's source opndNum1, all of its defintions to
// inst2's source opndNum2. This is used for example by copy propagation to copy
// the def-use link of the move to the use instruction.
//
// If 'checked' is true, then this only copies those effective defs to inst2.
//
void G4_INST::copyDef(G4_INST *inst2, Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum1,
                      Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum2, bool checked) {
  for (auto I = def_begin(); I != def_end(); ++I) {
    if (I->second == opndNum1) {
      // If checked is enabled, then compare inst2[opndNum] with this
      // definition. Skip if this is not an effective use.
      if (checked) {
        G4_Operand *use = inst2->getOperand(opndNum2);
        vISA_ASSERT(use, "null operand unexpected");
        G4_Operand *dst = I->first->getOperand(Opnd_dst);
        G4_Operand *condMod = I->first->getOperand(Opnd_condMod);
        if ((dst && use->compareOperand(dst, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
            (condMod &&
             use->compareOperand(condMod, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) {
          // OK
        } else {
          // Skip to the next def.
          continue;
        }
      }
      I->first->addDefUse(inst2, opndNum2);
    }
  }
  inst2->defInstList.unique();
}

/// Copy this instruction's defs to inst2.
void G4_INST::copyDefsTo(G4_INST *inst2, bool checked) {
  if (this == inst2)
    return;

  for (auto I = def_begin(), E = def_end(); I != E; ++I) {
    G4_Operand *use = inst2->getOperand(I->second);
    // Copy when the corresponding use operand is not null.
    if (!use)
      continue;

    if (checked) {
      G4_Operand *dst = I->first->getOperand(Opnd_dst);
      G4_Operand *condMod = I->first->getOperand(Opnd_condMod);
      G4_Operand *implicitAccDef = I->first->getImplAccDst();
      if ((dst && use->compareOperand(dst, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
          (condMod &&
           use->compareOperand(condMod, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
          (implicitAccDef &&
           use->compareOperand(implicitAccDef, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) {
        // OK
      } else {
        // Skip to the next def.
        continue;
      }
    }

    // inst2[I->second] is defined by I->first.
    I->first->addDefUse(inst2, I->second);
  }
}

/// Copy this instruction's uses to inst2.
void G4_INST::copyUsesTo(G4_INST *inst2, bool checked) {
  if (this == inst2)
    return;

  for (auto I = use_begin(), E = use_end(); I != E; ++I) {
    if (checked) {
      G4_Operand *use = I->first->getOperand(I->second);
      vISA_ASSERT(use, "null operand unexpected");

      G4_Operand *dst = inst2->getOperand(Opnd_dst);
      G4_Operand *condMod = inst2->getOperand(Opnd_condMod);
      G4_Operand *implicitAccDef = inst2->getImplAccDst();
      if ((dst && use->compareOperand(dst, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
          (condMod &&
           use->compareOperand(condMod, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
          (implicitAccDef &&
           use->compareOperand(implicitAccDef, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) {
        // OK
      } else {
        // Skip to the next use.
        continue;
      }
    }

    // I->first[I->second] is defined by inst2.
    inst2->addDefUse(I->first, I->second);
  }
}

// This transfers this instructions' useInstList to inst2's,
// and update each use's defInstList to point to inst2.
// this instruction's use is destroyed in the process.
// if keepExisting is true, it will preserve inst2's existing uses.
void G4_INST::transferUse(G4_INST *inst2, bool keepExisting) {
  if (this == inst2) {
    return;
  }

  if (!keepExisting) {
    inst2->removeAllUses();
  }

  copyUsesTo(inst2, false);
  removeAllUses();
}

//
// remove all references of this inst in other inst's def list
// this is used when we want to delete this instruction
void G4_INST::removeUseOfInst() {
  for (auto &&node : defInstList) {
    auto defInst = node.first;
    defInst->useInstList.remove_if(
        [&](USE_DEF_NODE node) { return node.first == this; });
  }
}

// remove the faked def-instructions in def list, which is resulted from
// instruction splitting
void G4_INST::trimDefInstList() {
  // trim def list
  DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER iter = defInstList.begin();
  // since ACC is only exposed in ARCTAN intrinsic translation, there is no
  // instruction split with ACC
  while (iter != defInstList.end()) {
    G4_Operand *src = getOperand((*iter).second);

    if (src == nullptr) {
      // it's possible the source is entirely gone (e.g., predicate removed)
      iter = defInstList.erase(iter);
      continue;
    }
    G4_CmpRelation rel = Rel_undef;
    if (src->isFlag()) {
      if ((*iter).first->getCondMod()) {
        rel = src->compareOperand((*iter).first->getCondMod(), getBuilder());
      } else if ((*iter).first->getDst()) {
        if ((*iter).first->hasNULLDst()) {
          rel = Rel_disjoint;
        } else {
          rel = src->compareOperand((*iter).first->getDst(), getBuilder());
        }
      }
    } else {
      rel = src->compareOperand((*iter).first->getDst(), getBuilder());
    }

    if (rel == Rel_disjoint) {
      // remove this def-use
      // assumption: no duplicate def-use info
      USE_EDGE_LIST_ITER useIter = (*iter).first->useInstList.begin();
      while (useIter != (*iter).first->useInstList.end()) {
        if ((*useIter).first == this && (*useIter).second == Opnd_src2) {
          (*iter).first->useInstList.erase(useIter);
          break;
        }
        useIter++;
      }
      DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER tmpIter = iter;
      iter++;
      defInstList.erase(tmpIter);
      continue;
    }
    iter++;
  }
}

bool G4_INST::isDFInstruction() const {
  G4_Operand *dst = getDst();
  if (dst && (dst->getType() == Type_DF)) {
    return true;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < getNumSrc(); i++) {
    G4_Operand *src = getSrc(i);
    if (src && (src->getType() == Type_DF)) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isMathPipeInst() const {
  if (isMath()) {
    return true;
  }

  if (isDFInstruction()) {
    if (builder.getPlatform() == Xe_MTL)
      return true;
    if (builder.getPlatform() == Xe_ARL)
      return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::distanceHonourInstruction() const {
  if (isSend() || hasNoPipe() || isDpas()) {
    return false;
  }
  if (isMathPipeInst()) {
    if (builder.getPlatform() >= Xe_PVC) {
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

bool G4_INST::tokenHonourInstruction() const {
  if (isSend() || isDpas()) {
    return true;
  } else {
    if (isMathPipeInst()) {
      if (builder.getPlatform() >= Xe_PVC) {
        return false;
      }
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
}

bool G4_INST::hasNoPipe() const {
  if (op == G4_wait || op == G4_halt || op == G4_nop) {
    return true;
  }
  if (op == G4_label) {
    return true;
  }
  if (op == G4_intrinsic) {
    return true;
  }
  if (op == G4_sync_fence || op == G4_sync_nop || op == G4_sync_allrd ||
      op == G4_sync_allwr) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isS0Opnd(G4_Operand *opnd) const {
  if (opnd->getBase()->isS0()) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isLongPipeType(G4_Type type) const {
  if (builder.hasPartialInt64Support()) {
    return type == Type_DF;
  }
  return IS_TYPE_LONG(type);
}

bool G4_INST::isIntegerPipeType(G4_Type type) const {
  if (IS_TYPE_INTEGER(type)) {
    return true;
  }

  if (builder.hasPartialInt64Support()) {
    return type == Type_UQ || type == Type_Q;
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isJEUPipeInstructionXe() const {
  if (op == G4_jmpi || op == G4_if || op == G4_else || op == G4_endif ||
      op == G4_break || op == G4_join || op == G4_cont || op == G4_while ||
      op == G4_brc || op == G4_brd || op == G4_goto || op == G4_call ||
      op == G4_return) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isS0PipeInstructionXe() const {
  if (isPseudoAddrMovIntrinsic()) {
    return true;
  }

  if (opcode() != G4_mov) {
    return false;
  }

  G4_Operand *dst = getDst();
  if (!dst || (dst && !isS0Opnd(dst))) {
    return false;
  }

  const G4_Operand *src = getSrc(0);
  if (!src->isImm()) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

bool G4_INST::isLongPipeInstructionXe() const {
  if (isJEUPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!distanceHonourInstruction()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (builder.hasFixedCycleMathPipeline() && isMath()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (isS0PipeInstructionXe()) {
    return false;
  }

  const G4_Operand *dst = getDst();
  if (dst && isLongPipeType(dst->getType())) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!builder.hasPartialInt64Support()) {
    for (int i = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); i < numSrc; i++) {
      const G4_Operand *src = getSrc(i);
      if (src && isLongPipeType(src->getType())) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}


bool G4_INST::isIntegerPipeInstructionXe() const {
  if (isJEUPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!distanceHonourInstruction()) {
    return false;
  }


  if (isLongPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (isS0PipeInstructionXe()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (builder.hasFixedCycleMathPipeline() && isMath()) {
    return false;
  }
  if (op == G4_fcvt) {
    return false;
  }
  if (op == G4_srnd) {
    return false;
  }

  G4_Operand *dst = getDst();
  if (dst && isIntegerPipeType(dst->getType())) {
    return true;
  }

  if (builder.hasQ2FInIntegerPipe() && dst && dst->getType() == Type_F) {
    const G4_Operand *src = getSrc(0);
    if (src && (src->getType() == Type_Q || src->getType() == Type_UQ)) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (!dst) {
    const G4_Operand *src = getSrc(0);
    if (src && isIntegerPipeType(src->getType())) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isFloatPipeInstructionXe() const {
  if (isJEUPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!distanceHonourInstruction()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (isS0PipeInstructionXe()) {
    return false;
  }


  if (isLongPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (builder.hasFixedCycleMathPipeline() && isMath()) {
    return false;
  }
  if (opcode() == G4_fcvt) {
    return true;
  }
  if (opcode() == G4_srnd) {
    return true;
  }

  const G4_Operand *dst = getDst();
  if (dst && (dst->getType() == Type_F || dst->getType() == Type_HF ||
              dst->getType() == Type_BF)) {
    if (builder.hasQ2FInIntegerPipe() && dst->getType() == Type_F) {
      const G4_Operand *src = getSrc(0);
      if (src && (src->getType() == Type_Q || src->getType() == Type_UQ)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

  if (!dst) {
    const G4_Operand *src = getSrc(0);
    if (src && (src->getType() == Type_F || src->getType() == Type_HF ||
                src->getType() == Type_BF)) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

int G4_INST::getMaxDepDistance() const {
  if (getDst() &&
      getDst()->getTypeSize() ==
          8) { // Note that for XeLP, there are no 8 bytes ALU instruction.
    return SWSB_MAX_ALU_DEPENDENCE_DISTANCE_64BIT;
  } else {
    return SWSB_MAX_ALU_DEPENDENCE_DISTANCE;
  }
}

SB_INST_PIPE G4_INST::getInstructionPipeXe() const {
  if (isS0PipeInstructionXe()) {
    return PIPE_S0;
  }

  if (isLongPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return PIPE_LONG;
  }

  if (isIntegerPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return PIPE_INT;
  }

  if (isFloatPipeInstructionXe()) {
    return PIPE_FLOAT;
  }

  if (isMathPipeInst()) {
    return PIPE_MATH;
  }

  if (tokenHonourInstruction()) {
    if (isDpas()) {
      return PIPE_DPAS;
    }

    if (isSend()) {
      return PIPE_SEND;
    }
    vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE("Wrong token pipe instruction!");
  }

  vISA_ASSERT(hasNoPipe(), "No pipe instruction");
  return PIPE_NONE;
}

SB_INST_PIPE G4_INST::getDistDepPipeXe() const {
  SB_INST_PIPE depPipe = PIPE_NONE;
  vISA_ASSERT(getDistance(), "has no distance dep");

  switch (getDistanceTypeXe()) {
  case DistanceType::DIST:
    depPipe = getInstructionPipeXe();
    break;
  case DistanceType::DISTALL: // keep PIPE_NONE as DISTALL
    break;
  case DistanceType::DISTINT:
    depPipe = PIPE_INT;
    break;
  case DistanceType::DISTFLOAT:
    depPipe = PIPE_FLOAT;
    break;
  case DistanceType::DISTLONG:
    depPipe = PIPE_LONG;
    break;
  case DistanceType::DISTMATH:
    depPipe = PIPE_MATH;
    break;
  case DistanceType::DISTS0:
    depPipe = PIPE_S0;
    break;
  default:
    vISA_ASSERT(0, "Unknown distance dependence type");
    break;
  }
  return depPipe;
}

template <typename T> static std::string fmtHexBody(T t, int cols = 0) {
  std::stringstream ss;
  if (sizeof(t) == 1) // char/unsigned char to int
    ss << std::hex << std::setw(cols) << std::uppercase << std::setfill('0')
       << (int)t;
  else
    ss << std::hex << std::setw(cols) << std::uppercase << std::setfill('0')
       << t;
  return ss.str();
}

template <typename T> static std::string fmtHex(T t, int cols = 0) {
  std::stringstream ss;
  ss << "0x" << fmtHexBody(t, cols);
  return ss.str();
}

#ifdef _DEBUG
static void printDefUseImpl(std::ostream &os, G4_INST *def, G4_INST *use,
                            Gen4_Operand_Number pos) {
  os << "\n  def: ";
  def->emit(os);
  os << "\n user: ";
  use->emit(os);
  os << "\n opnd: ";
  use->getOperand(pos)->emit(os);
  os << "\n";
}
#endif

void G4_INST::dumpDefUse(std::ostream &os) {
#if _DEBUG
  std::cerr << "\n------------ defs ------------\n";
  for (auto &&UD : defInstList) {
    printDefUseImpl(std::cerr, UD.first, this, UD.second);
  }
  std::cerr << "\n------------ uses ------------\n";
  for (auto &&DU : useInstList) {
    printDefUseImpl(std::cerr, this, DU.first, DU.second);
  }
#endif
}

namespace {
// Customized def-use iterator comparison. Do not compare itself
// but the content it is pointing to.
struct def_less {
  bool operator()(DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER a, DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER b) const {
    if (a->first < b->first) {
      return true;
    } else if ((a->first == b->first) && (a->second < b->second)) {
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
};
} // namespace

G4_INST *G4_INST::getSingleDef(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum, bool MakeUnique) {
  if (MakeUnique) {
    std::set<DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER, def_less> found;
    for (auto I = def_begin(); I != def_end(); /* empty */) {
      if (!found.insert(I).second) {
        I = defInstList.erase(I);
      } else {
        ++I;
      }
    }
  }

  G4_INST *def = 0;
  unsigned def_count = 0;
  for (auto I = def_begin(), E = def_end(); I != E; ++I) {
    if (I->second == opndNum) {
      if (++def_count > 1)
        return 0;
      def = I->first;
    }
  }

  return def;
}

// add def-use between this instruction <--> inst[srcPos]
// Note that this function does not check for duplicates
void G4_INST::addDefUse(G4_INST *inst, Gen4_Operand_Number srcPos) {
  vISA_ASSERT(
      srcPos == Opnd_dst || srcPos == Opnd_src0 || srcPos == Opnd_src1 ||
          srcPos == Opnd_src2 || srcPos == Opnd_src3 || srcPos == Opnd_src4 ||
          srcPos == Opnd_src5 || srcPos == Opnd_src6 || srcPos == Opnd_src7 ||
          srcPos == Opnd_pred || srcPos == Opnd_implAccSrc,
      "unexpected operand number");
  useInstList.emplace_back(inst, srcPos);
  inst->defInstList.emplace_back(this, srcPos);
}

// exchange def/use info of src0 and src1 after they are swapped.
void G4_INST::swapDefUse(Gen4_Operand_Number srcIxA,
                         Gen4_Operand_Number srcIxB) {
  DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER iter = defInstList.begin();
  // To avoid redundant define and use items
  INST_LIST handledDefInst;

  // since ACC is only exposed in ARCTAN intrinsic translation, there is no
  // instruction split with ACC
  while (iter != defInstList.end()) {
    if ((*iter).second == srcIxB) {
      (*iter).second = srcIxA;
    } else if ((*iter).second == srcIxA) {
      (*iter).second = srcIxB;
    } else {
      iter++;
      continue;
    }
    if (std::find(handledDefInst.begin(), handledDefInst.end(),
                  (*iter).first) != handledDefInst.end()) {
      iter++;
      continue;
    }
    handledDefInst.push_back((*iter).first);
    // change uselist of def inst
    USE_EDGE_LIST_ITER useIter = (*iter).first->useInstList.begin();
    for (; useIter != (*iter).first->useInstList.end(); useIter++) {
      if ((*useIter).first == this) {
        if ((*useIter).second == srcIxB) {
          (*useIter).second = srcIxA;
        } else if ((*useIter).second == srcIxA) {
          (*useIter).second = srcIxB;
        }
      }
    }
    iter++;
  }
}

// returns true if inst is a commutable binary instruction and its two sources
// can be swapped
bool G4_INST::canSwapSource() const {
  if (getNumSrc() != 2) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!INST_COMMUTATIVE(opcode())) {
    return false;
  }

  G4_Operand *src0 = getSrc(0);
  G4_Operand *src1 = getSrc(1);
  // src1 restrictions: no ARF, no VXH
  if (src0->isSrcRegRegion()) {
    G4_SrcRegRegion *src0Region = src0->asSrcRegRegion();
    if (src0Region->isAreg() || src0Region->getRegion()->isRegionWH()) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  // src0 restrictions: no Imm
  if (src1->isImm() || src1->isAddrExp()) {
    return false;
  }

  // special check for mul: don't put DW on src1
  if (opcode() == G4_mul) {
    if (IS_DTYPE(src0->getType()) && !IS_DTYPE(src1->getType())) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}
// fix src2 def/use to implicitSrc def/use
void G4_INST::fixMACSrc2DefUse() {
  if (op != G4_mac) {
    return;
  }
  for (DEF_EDGE_LIST_ITER iter = defInstList.begin(); iter != defInstList.end();
       iter++) {
    if ((*iter).second == Opnd_src2) {
      (*iter).second = Opnd_implAccSrc;
      G4_INST *defInst = (*iter).first;
      for (USE_EDGE_LIST_ITER useIter = defInst->useInstList.begin();
           useIter != defInst->useInstList.end(); ++useIter) {
        if (((*useIter).first == this) && ((*useIter).second == Opnd_src2)) {
          (*useIter).second = Opnd_implAccSrc;
          break;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
  }
}

// a raw move is a move with
// -- no saturation or src modifiers
// -- same dst and src type
// -- no conditional modifier (predicate is ok)
bool G4_INST::isRawMov() const {
  return op == G4_mov && !sat && dst->getType() == srcs[0]->getType() &&
         getCondMod() == NULL &&
         (srcs[0]->isImm() ||
          (srcs[0]->isSrcRegRegion() &&
           srcs[0]->asSrcRegRegion()->getModifier() == Mod_src_undef));
}

bool G4_INST::hasACCSrc() const {
  if (getImplAccSrc() || (srcs[0] && srcs[0]->isSrcRegRegion() &&
                          srcs[0]->asSrcRegRegion()->isAccReg()))
    return true;
  return false;
}

// check if acc is possibly used by this instruction
bool G4_INST::hasACCOpnd() const {
  return (isAccWrCtrlInst() || getImplAccDst() || getImplAccSrc() ||
          (op == G4_mulh && IS_DTYPE(srcs[0]->getType()) &&
           IS_DTYPE(srcs[1]->getType())) ||
          (dst && dst->isAccReg()) || (srcs[0] && srcs[0]->isAccReg()) ||
          (srcs[1] && srcs[1]->isAccReg()) || (srcs[2] && srcs[2]->isAccReg()));
}

G4_Type G4_INST::getOpExecType(int &extypesize) const {
  G4_Type extype;
  if (isRawMov()) {
    extype = srcs[0]->getType();
  } else {
    extype = getExecType2();
  }
  if (IS_VINTTYPE(extype)) {
    extypesize = getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2;
  } else if (IS_VFTYPE(extype)) {
    extypesize = getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  } else {
    extypesize = TypeSize(extype);
  }

  return extype;
}

static G4_INST::MovType getMovType(const G4_INST *Inst) {
  vASSERT(Inst->opcode() == G4_mov);
  G4_Type dstTy = Inst->getDst()->getType();
  G4_Operand *src = Inst->getSrc(0);
  G4_Type srcTy = src->getType();
  G4_SrcModifier srcMod = Mod_src_undef;
  if (src->isSrcRegRegion()) {
    srcMod = src->asSrcRegRegion()->getModifier();
  }

  // COPY when dst & src types are the same.
  if (dstTy == srcTy)
    return G4_INST::Copy;

  bool dstIsFP = IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(dstTy);
  bool srcIsFP = IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(srcTy);

  // If dst & src are not both FPs or both Integers, that MOV must be
  // conversions from Integer to FP or vice versa.
  if (dstIsFP != srcIsFP) {
    if (dstIsFP)
      return G4_INST::IntToFP;

    vISA_ASSERT(srcIsFP, "Unexpected source type!");
    return G4_INST::FPToInt;
  }

  // If they are both FPs, that MOV must be either up or down conversion.
  // Note it could not be a COPY as dst & src are different here.
  if (dstIsFP) {
    vISA_ASSERT(srcIsFP, "Unexpected source type!");

    // TODO: Do we need to treat 'vf' differently?

    if (TypeSize(srcTy) < TypeSize(dstTy))
      return G4_INST::FPUpConv;

    vISA_ASSERT(TypeSize(srcTy) > TypeSize(dstTy),
                "Unexpected FP source and destination type sizes!");
    return G4_INST::FPDownConv;
  }

  // They are both Integers. The destination signedness is ignored here to
  // detect the mov type as it really does not matter without saturation nor
  // condition modifier.

  vISA_ASSERT(!IS_VINTTYPE(dstTy),
              "Unexpected immediate types are used as dst type!");

  // Always treat 'v' as SExt as they will always be extended even for
  // BYTE-sized types.
  if (srcTy == Type_V) {
    // If the sign bit is 0, then zext is the same as sext.
    // prefer zext as it allows more propagation.
    G4_Operand *Op0 = Inst->getSrc(0);
    if (Op0->isImm() && Op0->asImm()->isSignBitZero())
      return G4_INST::ZExt;
    return G4_INST::SExt;
  }

  // Always treat 'uv' as ZExt as they will always be extended even for
  // BYTE-sized types.
  if (srcTy == Type_UV)
    return G4_INST::ZExt;

  // Treat that mov as truncation.
  if (TypeSize(srcTy) > TypeSize(dstTy)) {
    if (IS_SIGNED_INT(srcTy) && srcMod != Mod_src_undef && srcMod != Mod_Not) {
      return G4_INST::SuperMov;
    } else {
      return G4_INST::Trunc;
    }
  }

  // Treat that mov as sign extend or zero extend based on the signedness of
  // the source type only.
  if (TypeSize(srcTy) < TypeSize(dstTy)) {
    if (IS_SIGNED_INT(srcTy)) {
      // Treat ABS as zero-extension.
      if (srcMod == Mod_Abs)
        return G4_INST::ZExt;
      // If the sign bit is 0, then zext is the same as sext.
      // prefer zext as it allows more propagation.
      G4_Operand *Op0 = Inst->getSrc(0);
      if (Op0->isImm() && Op0->asImm()->isSignBitZero())
        return G4_INST::ZExt;

      return G4_INST::SExt;
    } else if (srcMod == Mod_Minus ||
               srcMod ==
                   Mod_Minus_Abs) { // SrcMod=negate means that number is signed
      return G4_INST::SExt;
    }
    return G4_INST::ZExt;
  }

  // Otherwise, treat it as COPY they are the same in bit size.
  // Treat ABS as zero-extension.
  if (IS_SIGNED_INT(srcTy) && srcMod == Mod_Abs)
    return G4_INST::ZExt;
  return G4_INST::Copy;
}

// check if this instruction can be propagated
G4_INST::MovType G4_INST::canPropagate() const {
  G4_Declare *topDcl = NULL;

  if (dst == NULL) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  topDcl = dst->getTopDcl();

  if (op != G4_mov
      // Do not eliminate if either sat or condMod is present.
      || getSaturate() ||
      getCondMod()
      // Do not eliminate if there's no use (dead or side-effect code?)
      || useInstList.size() == 0
      // Do not eliminate stack call return value passing instructions.
      // Do not eliminate vars marked with Output attribute
      || (topDcl && topDcl->isOutput())) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  // can't propagate stack call related variables (Arg, Retval, SP, FP)
  if (topDcl) {
    G4_Declare *rootDcl = topDcl->getRootDeclare();
    if (builder.isPreDefFEStackVar(rootDcl) || builder.isPreDefArg(rootDcl) ||
        builder.isPreDefRet(rootDcl)) {
      return SuperMov;
    }
  }

  // Do not eliminate MOV/COPY to Acc/flag registers.
  if (dst->isAccReg() || dst->isFlag()) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  // Retain side effect of writing to debug register.
  if (dst->isDbgReg()) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  G4_Operand *src = srcs[0];

  if (src->isRelocImm()) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  // only support flag propagation for simd1 copy moves
  if (src->isFlag()) {
    if (getExecSize() != g4::SIMD1 || src->getType() != dst->getType()) {
      return SuperMov;
    }
  }

  //
  // Propagate thecopy of `acc0`. Restore the original condition to do
  // propagation for the native execution size only. Also limit propagation for
  // the mov instruction which has single use.
  //
  if (src->isAccReg() &&
      (getExecSize() != builder.getNativeExecSize() || this->use_size() > 1)) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  if (builder.kernel.fg.globalOpndHT.isOpndGlobal(dst)) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  G4_Type dstType = dst->getType();
  G4_Type srcType = src->getType();

  if (!builder.hasByteALU() &&
      (TypeSize(dstType) == 1 || TypeSize(srcType) == 1)) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  MovType MT = getMovType(this);

  // Disabling mix mode copy propogation
  if (!builder.hasMixMode() &&
      ((IS_TYPE_F32_F64(srcType) && isLowPrecisionFloatTy(dstType)) ||
       (isLowPrecisionFloatTy(srcType) && IS_TYPE_F32_F64(dstType)))) {
    return SuperMov;
  }

  // Selectively enable copy propagation on the detected mov type.
  switch (MT) {
  default:
    return SuperMov;
  case Copy:
  case ZExt:
  case SExt:
    // COPY and integer extending are allowed.
    break;
  case Trunc: {
    if (!src->isSrcRegRegion())
      return SuperMov;
    G4_SrcRegRegion *src0 = src->asSrcRegRegion();
    if (src0->getRegion()->isContiguous(getExecSize())) {
      unsigned newHS = TypeSize(srcType) / TypeSize(dstType);
      if (newHS > 4) {
        // Rule out Q -> B. WHY?
        return SuperMov;
      }
    } else if (!src0->isScalar()) {
      return SuperMov;
    }
    break;
  }
  case FPUpConv:
    // For FPUpConv, only HF -> F is allowed.
    if (!(srcType == builder.getMixModeType() && dstType == Type_F))
      return SuperMov;
    break;
  case FPDownConv: {
    if (IS_TYPE_F32_F64(srcType) && builder.getMixModeType() == dstType &&
        builder.getOption(vISA_enableUnsafeCP_DF) && useInstList.size() == 1)
      return FPDownConvSafe;
    break;
  }
    // TODO: Enable IntToFP or vice versa on constant.
  }

  return MT;
}

bool G4_INST::canPropagateBinaryToTernary() const {
  if (opcode() != G4_add && opcode() != G4_mul)
    return false; // constrain just to a few ops for the moment
  else if (dst == nullptr)
    return false;
  else if (!dst->getBase()->isRegVar() && !dst->getBase()->isPhyGreg())
    return false; // must be GRF dst
  else if (dst->isIndirect())
    return false; // must not be indirect
  else if (dst->getHorzStride() != 1)
    return false; // must be <1>
  else if (dst->getType() != Type_D && dst->getType() != Type_UD &&
           dst->getType() != Type_Q && dst->getType() != Type_UQ)
    return false; // dst has to be :d or :ud (for now)
  else if (builder.kernel.fg.globalOpndHT.isOpndGlobal(dst))
    return false; // writes to globals must be visible
  else if (getNumSrc() != 2)
    return false; // must be binary
  else if (getPredicate())
    return false; // no predicates
  else if (getExecSize() != 1 && dst->getSubRegOff() != 0)
    return false; // must be dst.0 or SIMD1 to any subreg
  else if (getImplAccDst() || getImplAccSrc())
    return false; // no {AccWrEn}
  else if (getSaturate() || getCondMod())
    return false; // do not eliminate if either sat or condMod is present.
  else if (useInstList.size() == 0)
    return false; // do not eliminate if there's no use (dead or side-effect
                  // code?)

  G4_Declare *topDcl = dst->getTopDcl();
  if (topDcl) {
    // Do not eliminate stack call return value passing instructions.
    // Do not eliminate vars marked with Output attribute.
    if (topDcl->isOutput())
      return false;
    G4_Declare *rootDcl = topDcl->getRootDeclare();
    if (builder.isPreDefFEStackVar(rootDcl) || builder.isPreDefArg(rootDcl) ||
        builder.isPreDefRet(rootDcl)) {
      // can't propagate stack call related variables (Arg, Retval, SP, FP)
      return false;
    }
  }

  for (int srcIx = 0; srcIx < getNumSrc(); srcIx++) {
    G4_Operand *src = srcs[srcIx];

    if (!src->isSrcRegRegion() && !src->isImm()) {
      return false; // only GRF
    } else if (src->isRelocImm()) {
      return false;
    }
    if (src->isSrcRegRegion()) {
      const G4_SrcRegRegion *srr = src->asSrcRegRegion();
      if (!srr->getBase()->isRegVar() && !srr->getBase()->isPhyGreg()) {
        return false; // has to be GRF
      } else if (srr->isIndirect()) {
        return false; // has to be direct
      }
    }
  }

  return true;
}

// Check to see whether the given type is supported by this opcode + operand.
// Mainly focus on integer ops This is used by copy propagation and def-hoisting
// to determine if the resulting instruction is legal
bool G4_INST::isLegalType(G4_Type type, Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) const {
  bool isSrc =
      (opndNum == Opnd_src0 || opndNum == Opnd_src1 || opndNum == Opnd_src2);
  switch (op) {
  default:
    // ToDo: Make this function more complete by adding more opcodes
    // keep alphabetical order when adding to make it easier to maintain
    return true;
  case G4_add:
    // An add instruction with Type_Q as the destination does not support
    // Type_UB and Type_B as a source.
    if (IS_QTYPE(dst->getType()) && IS_BTYPE(type)) {
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  case G4_addc:
    return type == Type_UD;
  case G4_bfe:
  case G4_bfi1:
  case G4_bfi2:
    // additionally check src and dst have same type
    return (type == Type_D || type == Type_UD) &&
           (isSrc ? type == dst->getType() : type == getSrc(0)->getType());
  case G4_bfrev:
    return type == Type_UD;
  case G4_cbit:
    return type == Type_UB || type == Type_UW || type == Type_UD;
  case G4_fbh:
    return type == Type_D || type == Type_UD;
  case G4_fbl:
    return type == Type_UD;
  case G4_lzd:
    return type == Type_D || type == Type_UD;
  case G4_sad2:
  case G4_sada2:
    return type == Type_B || type == Type_UB;
  case G4_subb:
    return type == Type_UD;
  case G4_mov:
    // Avoid mov r7.0<1>:hf  0x76543210:v
    if (IS_VINTTYPE(type) &&
        (IS_FTYPE(dst->getType()) || IS_HFTYPE(dst->getType()))) {
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  case G4_bfn:
    // do not allow copy propagation to change BFN operand type
    if (isSrc && type != getOperand(opndNum)->getType()) {
      return false;
    }
    // fall through
  case G4_add3:
    return type == Type_W || type == Type_UW || type == Type_D ||
           type == Type_UD;
  }
}

// returns true if inst supports only F type for both src and dst
bool G4_INST::isFloatOnly() const {
  switch (op) {
  default:
    return false;
  case G4_dp2:
  case G4_dp3:
  case G4_dp4:
  case G4_dph:
  case G4_frc:
  case G4_line:
  case G4_lrp:
  case G4_pln:
  case G4_rndd:
  case G4_rnde:
  case G4_rndu:
  case G4_rndz:
    return true;
  }
}

/// isSignSensitive() - Check whether this instruction is sign sensitive on the
/// specified source operand.
bool G4_INST::isSignSensitive(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) const {
  const G4_Operand *use = getOperand(opndNum);
  G4_Type useType = use->getType();

  if (hasNULLDst()) {
    return (op == G4_cmp || op == G4_cmpn);
  }
  G4_Type dstType = dst->getType();

  // If extending is required, most of insts are sign sensitive.
  if (TypeSize(dstType) > TypeSize(useType)) {
    return true;
  }

  switch (op) {
  case G4_asr:
    if (opndNum != Opnd_src0)
      break;
    // FALL THROUGH
  case G4_mach:
  case G4_fbh:
  case G4_mulh:
  case G4_sel:
  case G4_cmp:
  case G4_cmpn:
  case G4_madw:
    return true;
  case G4_mov:
    // inttofp is sign sensitive
    return IS_TYPE_INT(useType) && IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(dstType);
  default:
    break;
  }
  // By default, inst is regarded as sign insensitive.
  return false;
}

G4_Type G4_INST::getPropType(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum, MovType MT,
                             const G4_INST *mov) const {
  const G4_Operand *use = getOperand(opndNum);
  G4_Type useType = use->getType();
  G4_Type srcType = mov->getSrc(0)->getType();

  G4_SrcModifier srcMod = Mod_src_undef;
  if (mov->getSrc(0)->isSrcRegRegion()) {
    srcMod = mov->getSrc(0)->asSrcRegRegion()->getModifier();
  }
  G4_SrcModifier useMod = Mod_src_undef;
  if (use->isSrcRegRegion()) {
    useMod = use->asSrcRegRegion()->getModifier();
  }

  bool useIsFP = IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(useType);
  bool srcIsFP = IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(srcType);
  // Different numeric type.
  bool diffNumTy = useIsFP != srcIsFP;

  // TODO: Once we handle IntToFp, this condition should be checked
  // individually for each MovType.

  switch (MT) {
  case Copy:
    // Different numeric type with src mod cannot be propagated.
    if (diffNumTy && srcMod != Mod_src_undef)
      return Type_UNDEF;
    // Fp is simply to use useType.
    if (useIsFP)
      return useType;
    // Int needs to consider whether the use is sign-sensitive and the src
    // modifier.
    if (isSignSensitive(opndNum)) {
      switch (srcMod) {
      case Mod_Not:
      case Mod_Minus:
      case Mod_Minus_Abs:
        if (IS_UNSIGNED_INT(useType))
          return Type_UNDEF;
        // Assume the combination of srcMod/srcType is valid.
        // FALL THROUGH
      case Mod_Abs:
        return srcType;
      default:
        break;
      }
    } else if (srcMod == Mod_Abs && IS_UNSIGNED_INT(useType) &&
               IS_SIGNED_INT(srcType))
      return srcType;
    return useType;
  case ZExt:
    // Different numeric type with src zero-extended cannot be propagated.
    if (diffNumTy)
      return Type_UNDEF;
    // (sext (zext x)) is equal to (zext x)
    return srcType;
  case SExt:
    // Different numeric type with src sign-extended cannot be propagated.
    if (diffNumTy)
      return Type_UNDEF;
    // (zext (sext x)) is not equal to (sext x)
    if (IS_UNSIGNED_INT(useType))
      return Type_UNDEF;
    // Check if there's any modifier on the use.
    switch (useMod) {
    case Mod_Not:
    case Mod_Minus:
    case Mod_Minus_Abs:
      if (IS_QTYPE(useType) && IS_DTYPE(srcType)) {
        // (- (sext x)) is not equal to (sext (-x)) due to the corner case
        // where x is INT_MIN and -x is still INT_MIN without being
        // extended.
        return Type_UNDEF;
      }
      // FALL THROUGH
    default:
      break;
    }
    return srcType;
  case Trunc:
    if (diffNumTy)
      return Type_UNDEF;
    // Truncation always use the useType but the original source operand.
    // As a result, region needs changing to access the truncated bits
    // only.
    return useType;
  case FPUpConv:
    // Different numeric type with src up-converted cannot be propagated.
    if (diffNumTy)
      return Type_UNDEF;
    return srcType;
  case FPDownConvSafe:
    return srcType;
  default:
    break;
  }

  return Type_UNDEF;
}

static bool isLegalImmType(G4_Type type) {
  return type != Type_BF;
  return true;
}

// cases that we do not propagate
// 0. use inst does not support the type of the operand being propagated
// 1. use inst is align16 instruction
// 2. first source of line
// 3. indirect source to compressed instructions or math instructions
// 4. byte src to if/while instructions
// 5. src with modifier to logic inst on BDW
// 6. When useinst is lifetime.end
// 7. use inst does not have dst
bool G4_INST::canPropagateTo(G4_INST *useInst, Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum,
                             MovType MT, bool inSimdFlow, bool statelessAddr) {
  G4_Operand *src = srcs[0];
  bool indirectSrc =
      src->isSrcRegRegion() && src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegAccess() != Direct;
  bool hasModifier = src->isSrcRegRegion() &&
                     src->asSrcRegRegion()->getModifier() != Mod_src_undef;
  G4_Type dstType = dst->getType();
  G4_Type srcType = src->getType();

  G4_Operand *use = useInst->getOperand(opndNum);
  G4_Type useType = use->getType();

  if (use->isIndirect()) {
    // don't copy propagate for address register used in indirect access
    return false;
  }

  // If the operand to be copied is acc register, need to check if the use
  // operand can use acc register
  if (src->isAccReg()) {
    if (!useInst->canSrcBeAcc(opndNum)) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (useInst->is2SrcAlign16()) {
    // don't copy propagate for the legacy dp* instructions,
    // as we are missing some HW conformity checks for them
    return false;
  }

  // Skip lifetime.
  if (useInst->isLifeTimeEnd()) {
    return false;
  }

  // Skip dpas as it has no region (maybe too conservative)
  if (useInst->isDpas()) {
    return false;
  }

  // skip the instruction has no dst. e.g. G4_pseudo_fcall
  if (useInst->getDst() == nullptr)
    return false;

  // If the operand to be copied is flag register, need to check if the use
  // operand can use flag register
  if (src->isFlag() && !useInst->canSrcBeFlagForPropagation(opndNum)) {
    return false;
  }

  if (isMixedMode()) {
    // FIXME: what's this for?
    if (execSize < g4::SIMD16 && MT == FPDownConvSafe &&
        useInst->execSize == g4::SIMD16 && !useInst->isMixedMode()) {
      return false;
    }

    G4_opcode useOp = useInst->opcode();

    if (useOp != G4_mov && useOp != G4_mul && useOp != G4_pseudo_mad &&
        useOp != G4_add && useOp != G4_sel && useOp != G4_cmp) {
      return false;
    }
  } else if (srcType != useType &&
             (useInst->opcode() == G4_mulh || useInst->opcode() == G4_madw)) {
    // don't propagate widening ops into a mul/mach
    //   mov  T:d  SRC:w
    //   ...
    //   mach ... T:d ...
    // mach requires 32b types only
    return false;
  }

  // special checks for message desc/extended desc, which must be either a0 or
  // imm
  if (useInst->isSend()) {
    auto msgDescOpnd = useInst->isSplitSend() ? Opnd_src2 : Opnd_src1;
    if (opndNum == msgDescOpnd) {
      // TODO: This should be an assert.
      if (!src->isImm() && !(src->isSrcRegRegion() &&
                             src->asSrcRegRegion()->isDirectAddress())) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    if (opndNum == Opnd_src3) {
      // there are some HW restrictions that prevent imm exdesc (e.g., on MRT
      // write), so we conservatively disable copy prop here
      return false;
    }
  }

  // The following are copied from local dataflow analysis.
  // TODO: re-examine..
  if (((opndNum == Opnd_src0 && useInst->isSend()) && !statelessAddr) ||
      (opndNum == Opnd_src1 && useInst->isSplitSend())) {
    return false;
  }

  auto isFloatPseudoMAD = [](G4_INST *inst) {
    return inst->opcode() == G4_pseudo_mad &&
           IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(inst->getDst()->getType());
  };

  //     mov (16|M0) r47.0 1:w
  // (W) add (16|M0) r49.0 r47.0 r45.0
  //
  // FIXME: remove this once DU/UD chain are computed correctly.
  //
  // Only skip when the defInst ('this') is defined in SIMD CF.
  if (useInst->isWriteEnableInst() && !isWriteEnableInst() && inSimdFlow) {
    return false;
  }

  if (useInst->opcode() == G4_fcvt) {
    // fcvt is not allowed to have immediate src.
    if (src->isImm() || !src->isSrcRegRegion() ||
        !(src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion()->isContiguous(
            useInst->getExecSize()))) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  if (useInst->opcode() == G4_srnd) {
    // srnd rZ.0<1>:ub  rX.0<1;1,0>:hf rY.0<1;1,0>:hf
    //   operands should be packed.
    if (useInst->getDst()->getType() == Type_UB && src->isSrcRegRegion() &&
        !(src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion()->isContiguous(
            useInst->getExecSize()))) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (src->isImm()) {
    if (isFloatPseudoMAD(useInst) || useInst->opcode() == G4_math ||
        use->asSrcRegRegion()->hasModifier()) {
      return false;
    }
  } else if (indirectSrc &&
             (isFloatPseudoMAD(useInst) || useInst->opcode() == G4_math)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (getBuilder().getGRFSize() == 64 &&
      (useInst->opcode() == G4_dpas || useInst->opcode() == G4_dpasw) &&
      (opndNum == Opnd_src0 || opndNum == Opnd_src1)) {
    uint32_t leftBoundInBytes = src->getLeftBound() * src->getTypeSize();
    // left bound should be 2grf aligned to propagate into dpas.
    if (leftBoundInBytes % (getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() * 2)) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  // FIXME: to add specific checks for other instructions.
  G4_opcode useInst_op = useInst->opcode();

  if (useInst_op == G4_madm ||
      (useInst->isMath() && useInst->asMathInst()->isIEEEMath())) {
    // do not propagate if useInst uses mme registers
    return false;
  }
  if ((useInst_op == G4_line && opndNum == Opnd_src0) ||
      (hasModifier && G4_Inst_Table[useInst_op].instType == InstTypeLogic)) {
    return false;
  }

  bool isVxHSrc =
      indirectSrc && src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion()->isRegionWH();
  if (isVxHSrc &&
      (useInst->getExecSize() != execSize || execSize >= g4::SIMD8)) {
    // copy propagating VxH region may result in address spills later so it's
    // usually a net loss
    return false;
  }

  if ((useInst_op == G4_asr || useInst_op == G4_shl || useInst_op == G4_shr) &&
      opndNum == Opnd_src0 && src->getTypeSize() < use->getTypeSize()) {
    // Handle cases such as
    //     mov  A:q  B:d
    //     asr  r:d  A:q  C:q
    //  if C is immediate and its value is in 0:31 (for d), it is okay to prop;
    //  otherwise, no.
    G4_Operand *src1 = useInst->getOperand(Opnd_src1);
    if (src1->isImm()) {
      // shiftAmt is LSB[0:useTypeBits - 1]
      int64_t v = src1->asImm()->getImm();
      uint32_t shiftAmt =
          (uint32_t)((uint64_t)v & (use->getTypeSize() * 8 - 1));
      uint32_t nbits = 8 * src->getTypeSize();
      if (shiftAmt >= nbits) {
        return false;
      }
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if ((useInst_op == G4_rol || useInst_op == G4_ror) && opndNum == 0 &&
      (TypeSize(dstType) != TypeSize(srcType) ||
       TypeSize(dstType) != TypeSize(useType))) {
    // rotation's src0 is sensitive to its type size. No prop if type sizes are
    // different.
    return false;
  }

  // In general, to check whether that MOV could be propagated:
  //
  //  dst/T1 = src/T0;
  //  op(..., use/T2, ...);
  //
  // We need firstly check whether 'dst' and 'use' are exactly the same
  // variable regardless data type.

  // Check T1 and T2 has the same bit/byte size. Otherwise, it's not legal to
  // be propagated.
  // TODO: Revisit later if exection mask is guaranteed to be NoMask.
  if (TypeSize(dstType) != TypeSize(useType) && !statelessAddr) {
    return false;
  }

  // Do not propagate if def type is float and use type is int, or vice
  // versa.
  // NOTE: Such usage is possible from bitcast (not through this MOV but the
  // reference in the use insn) from one type to another.
  // TODO: Revisit this later to handle the case where this MOV insn is
  // exactly a COPY. The useType should be used instead.
  if (MT != Copy && ((IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(dstType) && IS_TYPE_INT(useType)) ||
                     (IS_TYPE_INT(dstType) && IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(useType)))) {
    return false;
  }

  if (MT == Copy && hasModifier && dstType != useType) {
    return false;
  }

  if (hasModifier && !useInst->canSupportSrcModifier()) {
    return false;
  }

  // Check 'dst' of MOV and 'use' are the same variable. Otherwise, it's not
  // legal to be propagated.
  G4_CmpRelation rel = dst->compareOperand(use, getBuilder());
  if (rel != Rel_eq) {
    return false;
  }

  // Type to be used after propagation. Use srcType by default.
  G4_Type propType = useInst->getPropType(opndNum, MT, this);

  if (propType == Type_UNDEF || (src->isImm() && !isLegalImmType(propType))) {
    return false;
  }

  // bfloat specific checks
  if (propType == Type_BF) {
    // If the useInst is G4_pseudo_mad and the use operand has source modifier,
    // a invalid bf->bf mov with source modifier may be inserted in
    // fixMADInst(). So avoid propagating to G4_pseudo_mad source with source
    // modifier.
    // TODO: a mov is not always inserted for G4_pseudo_mad source with source
    // modifier since gen mad inst supports source modifier. So for the no mov
    // inserted case, avoid propagating may miss this opotimize. So, do we need
    // to check if a mov is really needed for G4_pseudo_mad source here? But the
    // same check code in fixMADInst() seems very complicated?
    if (use->asSrcRegRegion()->hasModifier() &&
        (useInst->isMov() || useInst->opcode() == G4_pseudo_mad)) {
      // BF operand does not like source modifier
      return false;
    }
    if (src->isSrcRegRegion() && src->asSrcRegRegion()->isScalar() &&
        useInst->opcode() != G4_mov) {
      // HW has bug with scalar bfloat in mix mode instructions
      return false;
    }
    if (useInst->getDst()->getType() != Type_F) {
      // we currently don't handle BF->HF or BF->DF conversion
      return false;
    }
  }

  // Don't propagate unsupported propType.
  if (!useInst->isLegalType(propType, opndNum)) {
    return false;
  }

  // TODO: Revisit this later as IntToFp could be folded on specific insts,
  // such as add, cmp, and mul, when types of all source operands could be
  // consistent.
  if (!(useInst->isRawMov() && dstType == useType) &&
      !(MT == Copy && propType == useType) &&
      ((IS_FTYPE(dstType) &&
        (IS_TYPE_INT(propType) || IS_VINTTYPE(propType))) ||
       (IS_TYPE_INT(dstType) && (IS_FTYPE(propType) || IS_VFTYPE(propType))))) {
    return false;
  }

  if (useInst->getSingleDef(opndNum) == nullptr) {
    return false;
  }

  // Cannot generally safely propagate replicated vectors.
  unsigned dstElSize = TypeSize(dstType);
  unsigned srcElSize = TypeSize(propType);
  unsigned useElSize = TypeSize(useType);

  const RegionDesc *rd =
      src->isSrcRegRegion() ? src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion() : nullptr;
  G4_ExecSize newExecSize = useInst->getExecSize();
  if ((useElSize != dstElSize && !statelessAddr) &&
      (!src->isSrcRegRegion() || rd->isRepeatRegion(execSize) ||
       !(rd->isFlatRegion() && rd->isPackedRegion()))) {
    return false;
  }

  // Skip propagate scalar copies into the additive operand (src2) of integer
  // pseudo mad.
  if (!builder.hasAlign1Ternary()) {
    if (opndNum == Opnd_src2 && useInst->opcode() == G4_pseudo_mad &&
        IS_TYPE_INT(useType) && rd && rd->isScalar())
      return false;
  }

  // Check repeat region
  bool sameDefUseELSize = (dstElSize == useElSize);
  bool sameExecSize = (execSize == newExecSize);
  const RegionDesc *useRd =
      use->isSrcRegRegion() ? use->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion() : nullptr;
  bool repeatUseRegion = useRd && useRd->isRepeatRegion(newExecSize);
  bool scalarUse = useRd && useRd->isScalar();
  bool repeatSrcRegion = (rd && rd->isRepeatRegion(execSize));
  if (!sameExecSize && !statelessAddr &&
      !((sameDefUseELSize && scalarUse) ||
        (!repeatUseRegion && rd && rd->isFlatRegion() &&
         rd->isPackedRegion()) ||
        (repeatUseRegion && sameDefUseELSize &&
         (src->isImm() || !repeatSrcRegion)))) {
    return false;
  }

  // The meaning of region for indirect will be different with different
  // execution size
  if (!sameExecSize && src->isIndirect()) {
    return false;
  }

  // Be conserversative, do not bother to do complicated region compositions.
  // There are three variables to compute the composition:
  // (1) the dst stride
  // (2) the source region
  // (3) the use source region

  // dStride, the dst stride
  // stride1, stride2 must be positive
  auto isComposable = [=](unsigned dStride, unsigned stride1,
                          unsigned stride2) -> bool {
    vISA_ASSERT(stride1 && stride2, "scalar region not expected");

    // composition is rd1 (or rd2).
    // If two variables are trivial, then the other variable could be
    // arbitrary. E.g.
    //
    // mov (8) V81(0,0)<1>:w V80(0,0)<1;1,0>:w
    // add (16) V82(0,0)<1>:w V81(0,0)<0;8,1>:w 0xa:w
    //
    // where rd1 has stride 1, dStride = 1, rd2 is non single strided.
    if ((stride1 == 1 && dStride == 1) || (stride2 == 1 && dStride == 1))
      return true;

    // If either stride1 or stride2 equals UndefVal, then there is no easy
    // formula to do the composition unless dStride == 1 and the other has
    // stride 1. This case is covered by the first check.
    //
    // To be composable, both regions need to be single strided (i.e. value
    // != UndefVal). This check is simplified by the value UndefVal (64).
    return stride1 * stride2 * dStride <= 32;
  };

  if (!sameExecSize && rd && useRd) {
    // the compoisition is also scalar.
    if (!rd->isScalar() && !useRd->isScalar()) {
      G4_DstRegRegion *dstRegion = dst;
      uint16_t dstStride = dstRegion->getHorzStride();

      // A value to indicate this region is non-single strided.
      // Make it larger than 32 to simplify/unify the checking.
      const uint16_t UndefVal = 64;

      uint16_t stride1 = UndefVal;
      if (rd->isContiguous(execSize))
        stride1 = 1;
      else
        rd->isSingleNonUnitStride(execSize, stride1);

      uint16_t stride2 = UndefVal;
      if (useRd->isContiguous(newExecSize))
        stride2 = 1;
      else
        useRd->isSingleNonUnitStride(newExecSize, stride2);

      if (!isComposable(dstStride, stride1, stride2))
        return false;
    }
  }

  // check data type alignment
  if ((srcElSize < useElSize) && (dstElSize == srcElSize) &&
      (execSize > g4::SIMD1) && (!src->isImm()) &&
      ((src->getByteOffset() % useElSize) != 0)) {
    return false;
  }

  if (src->isImm() && use->asSrcRegRegion()->hasModifier()) {
    // FIXME: do we need to worry about signal bit in NaN being dropped?
    if (IS_TYPE_INT(srcType)) {
      // we can't represent -(INT_MIN) or abs(INT_MIN)
      int64_t value = src->asImm()->getImm();
      switch (propType) {
      case Type_Q:
      case Type_UQ:
        return value != LLONG_MIN;
      default:
        return value != INT_MIN;
      }
    }
  }

  if (builder.supportNativeSIMD32()) {
    // Can't propagate for below case as the new src will expand 4 GRFs but the
    // region is not scalar or continuous.
    // mov (M1, 32) V0099(0,0)<1>:d V0098(0,0)<1;1,0>:q
    // shr (M1, 32) V0106(0,0)<1>:d V0099(0,0)<1;1,0>:d V0105(0,0)<1;1,0>:d
    if (sameExecSize && execSize == g4::SIMD32 && MT == Trunc &&
        TypeSize(srcType) == 8 && !src->isScalarSrc())
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}

// check if this inst can be hoisted
// assume only MOV inst is checked
bool G4_INST::canHoist(bool simdBB, const Options *opt) const {
  vISA_ASSERT(op == G4_mov, "defHoisting only handles mov");
  if (dst == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  G4_Operand *src = srcs[0];
  // check attributes of src and number of defs
  bool archRegSrc =
      src->isFlag() || src->isAreg() ||
      (src->isSrcRegRegion() && src->asSrcRegRegion()->isDirectAddress());
  bool indirectSrc = (src->getTopDcl() && src->getTopDcl()->getAddressed()) ||
                     src->isIndirect();
  bool noMultiDefOpt =
      ((defInstList.size() > 1) &&
       (predicate || (dst->getRegAccess() != Direct) || simdBB));
  if (src->isImm() || archRegSrc || indirectSrc ||
      (src->isSrcRegRegion() &&
       src->asSrcRegRegion()->getModifier() != Mod_src_undef) ||
      (defInstList.size() == 0) || noMultiDefOpt) {
    return false;
  }

  // check type
  G4_Type dstType, srcType;
  dstType = dst->getType();
  srcType = src->getType();

  // no dst type promotion after hoisting but allow the copy case
  MovType MT = getMovType(this);
  if (!(Is_Type_Included(dstType, srcType, builder) || MT == G4_INST::Copy) ||
      // if multi def, src and dst should have the same type size
      (defInstList.size() > 1 &&
       (TypeSize(srcType) != TypeSize(dstType) ||
        // if multidef and used as a scalar, execution size should be one.
        (src->isSrcRegRegion() && src->asSrcRegRegion()->isScalar() &&
         execSize > g4::SIMD1)))) {
    return false;
  }

  // no opt repeat region
  unsigned short src_wd = src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion()->width;
  if ((src_wd != execSize &&
       (src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion()->vertStride <
        (src_wd * src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion()->horzStride))) ||
      // actually we can hoist if src is a scalar and target inst has no pred or
      // cond mod.
      (execSize > g4::SIMD1 && src->asSrcRegRegion()->isScalar())) {
    return false;
  }

  if (src->getTopDcl() && src->getTopDcl()->isOutput()) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

bool G4_INST::isCopyMov() const {
  return op == G4_mov && !sat && getMovType(this) == G4_INST::Copy &&
         !getCondMod() && srcs[0]->isSrcRegRegion() &&
         srcs[0]->asSrcRegRegion()->getModifier() == Mod_src_undef;
}

// check if this instruction can be hoisted to defInst
bool G4_INST::canHoistTo(const G4_INST *defInst, bool simdBB) const {
  vISA_ASSERT(op == G4_mov, "defHoisting only handles mov");
  bool indirect_dst = (dst->getRegAccess() != Direct);

  auto def_dst = defInst->getDst();

  if (!def_dst) {
    // can this actually happen?
    return false;
  }
  G4_Type defDstType = def_dst->getType();
  G4_Type dstType = dst->getType(), srcType = srcs[0]->getType();
  unsigned int srcElSize = TypeSize(srcType);
  unsigned int dstElSize = TypeSize(dstType);
  unsigned int defDstElSize = TypeSize(defDstType);

  // cannot hoist an accumulator access into an instruction
  // that doesn't have a dst hz stride that matches source
  //   def (..) T<1> .. acc:d
  //   use (..) ...<2>:d  T<1>
  // ==>
  //   def2 (..) ...<2>:d ... acc
  //                 ^ dst stride mismatch means we mustn't hoist
  if (defInst->useAcc() && dst->getExecTypeSize() != srcElSize) {
    return false;
  }

  bool copyMovInst = isCopyMov();
  bool cantHoistMAD =
      (defInst->opcode() == G4_pseudo_mad &&
       !(IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(dstType) && IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(defDstType)));
  if ((defInst->useInstList.size() != 1) || (defInst->opcode() == G4_sad2) ||
      (defInst->opcode() == G4_sada2) ||
      (defInst->opcode() == G4_cbit && dstType != defDstType) ||
      (defInst->opcode() == G4_dp4a && dstType != defDstType) ||
      ((cantHoistMAD || (defInst->opcode() == G4_math)) &&
       (indirect_dst || (dstType != defDstType && !copyMovInst)))) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!defInst->isLegalType(dstType, Opnd_dst)) {
    return false;
  }

  if (isMixedMode()) {
    G4_opcode defOp = defInst->opcode();

    if (defOp != G4_mov && defOp != G4_mul && defOp != G4_pseudo_mad &&
        defOp != G4_add && defOp != G4_sel && defOp != G4_cmp) {
      return false;
    }
    if (!builder.hasMixMode()) {
      // normally we should disable the opt, but for the special case where
      // defInst is a move with integer source, we can still hoist since it
      // won't produce a mixed mode inst
      if (!(defInst->isMov() && IS_TYPE_INT(defInst->getSrc(0)->getType()))) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    if (!builder.getOption(vISA_ignoreBFRounding) && dstType == Type_BF &&
        defOp != G4_mov) {
      // F->BF move has RNE mode while mix mode BF uses RTZ due to HW bug
      // so we have to disallow the def-hoisting
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (dst->isDirectAddress() && defInst->getNumSrc() == 3) {
    // no A0 dst for ternary instructions
    return false;
  }

  // compare boudaries and bitset
  if ((def_dst->getLeftBound() < srcs[0]->getLeftBound()) ||
      (def_dst->getRightBound() > srcs[0]->getRightBound())) {
    return false;
  }

  if (getSaturate() && !defInst->canSupportSaturate()) {
    return false;
  }

  // check mixed type conversion
  // TODO: cleanup this part since mixed type check of the first half is already
  // checked in canHoist.
  if ((!(defInst->isRawMov() && (defDstType == srcType)) &&
       ((IS_FTYPE(dstType) && (IS_TYPE_INT(srcType) || IS_VINTTYPE(srcType))) ||
        ((IS_FTYPE(srcType) || IS_VFTYPE(srcType)) && IS_TYPE_INT(dstType)))) ||
      (!copyMovInst &&
       ((IS_FTYPE(defDstType) && IS_TYPE_INT(defInst->getExecType())) ||
        (IS_FTYPE(defInst->getExecType()) && IS_TYPE_INT(defDstType))))) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!copyMovInst &&
      (defInst->getSrc(0) && (IS_DFTYPE(defInst->getSrc(0)->getType()) ||
                              IS_FTYPE(defInst->getSrc(0)->getType()))) &&
      (IS_SIGNED_INT(defDstType) || IS_UNSIGNED_INT(defDstType))) {
    // Sequence that should not be optimized:
    // mov V1:d    V2:df
    // mov V3:uw    V1:d
    //
    // This is *NOT* a candidate for:
    // mov V3:uw    V2:df
    //
    // In general, df/f->int performs saturation and unless value of
    // df/f is known, the result of mov may differ based on type
    // of dst.
    return false;
  }

  // no def hoisting for sends for now
  if (defInst->isSend()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (defInst->opcode() == G4_mov && defInst->getSrc(0)->isFlag()) {
    // TODO: check if use is a predicate, if not, can propagate?
    return false;
  }

  if (simdBB && (defInst->isWriteEnableInst() ^ isWriteEnableInst())) {
    // no opt if one isNoMask but the other is not
    return false;
  }

  if (defInst->getMaskOffset() != getMaskOffset() &&
      (simdBB || getPredicate() || getCondMod() || defInst->getPredicate() ||
       defInst->getCondMod())) {
    // no opt if their mask offset do not match,
    // and mov/defInst has flags
    return false;
  }

  if ((getPredicate() || getCondMod()) &&
      (defInst->getPredicate() || defInst->getCondMod())) {
    // can't have both inst using flags
    return false;
  }

  bool same_type_size = def_dst->getTypeSize() == TypeSize(srcType);
  bool scalarSrc = srcs[0]->asSrcRegRegion()->isScalar();
  // handle predicated MOV and float def
  if ((getPredicate() && (execSize > g4::SIMD1) && !same_type_size) ||
      (IS_FTYPE(defDstType) && (defDstType != srcType) &&
       (dstType != srcType))) {
    return false;
  }

  // if used as scalar and repeated region, dst should be packed
  // add(2) v2<1>:w v3 v4
  // mov(2) v5<2>:d  V2<0;1,0>:d
  if (scalarSrc && !same_type_size && (execSize > g4::SIMD1) &&
      (dst->getHorzStride() != 1)) {
    return false;
  }

  // if indirect source is repeat region, or defhoisting will make it a repeat
  // region, no opt
  if (srcs[0]->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion()->isRepeatRegion(execSize) &&
      !scalarSrc) {
    return false;
  }

  // check type conversion
  if (IS_SIGNED_INT(dstType) && (defInst->opcode() == G4_mov) &&
      (TypeSize(dstType) > srcElSize) &&
      ((IS_SIGNED_INT(defDstType) &&
        IS_UNSIGNED_INT(defInst->getSrc(0)->getType())) ||
       (IS_UNSIGNED_INT(defDstType) &&
        IS_SIGNED_INT(defInst->getSrc(0)->getType())))) {
    return false;
  }

  // check alignment and saturate
  if (((srcElSize > defDstElSize) || defInst->getSaturate()) &&
      (srcType != dstType)) {
    return false;
  }

  uint16_t dstHS = dst->getHorzStride();
  uint16_t srcHS = 0;
  const RegionDesc *srcRd = srcs[0]->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegion();
  if (!srcRd->isSingleStride(execSize, srcHS)) {
    return false;
  }
  if ((srcElSize < defDstElSize) && ((dstHS > 1) || (srcHS > 1))) {
    return false;
  }
  if ((dstElSize != defDstElSize) && (srcElSize == dstElSize) &&
      (indirect_dst || ((dst->getByteOffset() % defDstElSize) != 0) ||
       (dstHS != srcHS))) {
    return false;
  }

  // Don't hoist if the composed dst stride is illegal
  G4_DstRegRegion *defDstRegion = def_dst->asDstRegRegion();
  uint16_t defDstHS = defDstRegion->getHorzStride();
  G4_CmpRelation rel = srcs[0]->compareOperand(defDstRegion, builder);
  if (rel == Rel_gt && dstHS * defDstHS > 4) {
    return false;
  }

  // Don't hoist stack calls related variables (Arg, Retval, SP, FP)
  if (defInst->getDst() && defInst->getDst()->getTopDcl()) {
    G4_Declare *defDstDcl = defInst->getDst()->getTopDcl()->getRootDeclare();
    if (builder.isPreDefFEStackVar(defDstDcl) ||
        builder.isPreDefArg(defDstDcl) || builder.isPreDefRet(defDstDcl)) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  // For mov HF F, we have to check if the def Inst supports HF
  if (dstType != Type_F && defInst->isFloatOnly() && !copyMovInst) {
    return false;
  }

  // Before:
  // or (8) V100(0,0)<1>:d ...
  // or (8) V100(1,0)<1>:d ...
  // mov (16) V101(0,0)<1>:b    V102(0,0)<16;16,1>:w <-- V102 is alias of V100
  // mov (16) V101(0,16)<1>:b   V102(1,0)<16;16,1>:w

  // After (invalid optimization):
  // or (8) V100(0,0)<1>:d ...
  // or (8) V100(0,4)<1>:d ...
  if (defDstType != srcType && !copyMovInst) {
    return false;
  }

  // As dst's type of shl inst decides what shifting amt should be used,
  // make sure shifting amt would not be changed after doing hoisting.
  //    shl (1) V00(0,0)<1>:q V101(0,0):w  V102(0,0)<0;1,0>:q
  //    mov(1) V103(0, 0)<1>:b V100(0, 0)<0;1,0 >:q
  // Cannot do it for this case.
  if (defInst->opcode() == G4_shl || defInst->opcode() == G4_shr ||
      defInst->opcode() == G4_asr) {
    uint32_t defSrc0Bytes = defInst->getSrc(0)->getTypeSize();
    bool QMode = (defDstElSize == 8 || defSrc0Bytes == 8);
    if ((QMode && defSrc0Bytes != 8 && dstElSize != 8) ||
        (!QMode && dstElSize == 8)) {
      // Disable it; otherwise shift's mode is changed illegally!
      return false;
    }
  }

  if ((defInst->opcode() == G4_rol || defInst->opcode() == G4_ror) &&
      (TypeSize(defDstType) != TypeSize(srcType) ||
       TypeSize(defDstType) != TypeSize(dstType))) {
    // rotate's dst is sensitive to its size. Make sure operand's size remains
    // unchanged.
    return false;
  }

  // Cannot do hoisting if the use inst has src modifier.
  if (getSrc(0)->asSrcRegRegion()->hasModifier()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (getBuilder().getGRFSize() == 64 &&
      (defInst->opcode() == G4_dpas || defInst->opcode() == G4_dpasw)) {
    uint32_t leftBoundInBytes = dst->getLeftBound() * dst->getTypeSize();
    // left bound should be 2grf aligned to hoist dst into dpas.
    if (leftBoundInBytes % (getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() * 2)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  if (defInst->opcode() == G4_fcvt) {
    return false;
  }
  if (defInst->opcode() == G4_srnd) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

// check if the sources of an inst is commutative
// besides the property shown in inst table, some INT MUL instructions
// are not commutative due to HW restrictions
bool G4_INST::isCommutative() const {
  // TODO: we can invert condMod of cmp to swap sources
  if (!(G4_Inst_Table[op].attributes & ATTR_COMMUTATIVE) || op == G4_cmp)
    return false;

  // for mul we can do D*W but not W*D
  if (op == G4_mul) {
    if (IS_DTYPE(srcs[0]->getType())) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

bool G4_INST::hasNULLDst() const {
  if (dst && dst->isNullReg()) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::goodTwoGRFDst(bool &evenSplitDst) const {
  evenSplitDst = false;
  // The following applies to all platforms
  // The problem is , the first case is really an instruction with two
  // destination registers. in which case, hardware breaks into two operations.
  // When this happens, hardware cannot update flag registers. I.e., if
  // execution size is 8 or less and the destination register is 2, flag updates
  // are not supported. -naveen

  if (!dst || hasNULLDst()) {
    evenSplitDst = true;
    return true;
  } else {
    evenSplitDst = dst->evenlySplitCrossGRF(getBuilder(), execSize);
    // check if elements evenly split between two GRFs
    if (evenSplitDst) {
      return true;
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  }
}

// check if there is WAW, WAR, RAW dependency between the passing-in inst and
// this instruction there is no check for the case that two instructions are
// both send, since these checks are only used in def-joisting and copy
// propagation
bool G4_INST::isWARdep(G4_INST *inst) {
  G4_Operand *msg0 = NULL;
  G4_Operand *implicitSrc0 = inst->getImplAccSrc();
  G4_Predicate *pred0 = inst->getPredicate();

  G4_Operand *dst1 = dst;

  if (dst1 && !hasNULLDst()) {

    if (std::any_of(inst->src_begin(), inst->src_end(), [&](G4_Operand *src) {
          return src && src->compareOperand(dst1, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint;
        }))
      return true;

    if ((msg0 && (msg0->compareOperand(dst1, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) ||
        (pred0 &&
         (pred0->compareOperand(dst1, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) ||
        (implicitSrc0 &&
         (implicitSrc0->compareOperand(dst1, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint))) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (mod) {
    if (pred0 && pred0->compareOperand(mod, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)
      return true;

    if (std::any_of(inst->src_begin(), inst->src_end(), [&](G4_Operand *src) {
          return src && src->isFlag() &&
                 src->compareOperand(mod, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint;
        }))
      return true;
  }

  auto implAccDst = getImplAccDst();
  if (implAccDst) {
    if (implicitSrc0 && implicitSrc0->compareOperand(
                            implAccDst, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)
      return true;

    if (std::any_of(inst->src_begin(), inst->src_end(), [&](G4_Operand *src) {
          return src && src->isAccReg() &&
                 src->compareOperand(implAccDst, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint;
        }))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isWAWdep(G4_INST *inst) {
  G4_Operand *dst0 = inst->getDst();
  G4_Operand *dst1 = dst;
  G4_CondMod *cMod0 = inst->getCondMod();
  G4_CondMod *cMod1 = mod;
  G4_Operand *implicitDst0 = inst->getImplAccDst();
  G4_Operand *implicitDst1 = getImplAccDst();

  bool NULLDst1 = !dst1 || hasNULLDst();
  if (dst0 && !inst->hasNULLDst()) {
    if ((!NULLDst1 &&
         dst1->compareOperand(dst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
        (implicitDst1 &&
         implicitDst1->compareOperand(dst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
        (cMod1 && cMod1->getBase() &&
         cMod1->compareOperand(dst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (implicitDst0) {
    if ((!NULLDst1 &&
         dst1->compareOperand(implicitDst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
        (implicitDst1 && implicitDst1->compareOperand(
                             implicitDst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (cMod0 && cMod0->getBase()) {
    if ((!NULLDst1 &&
         dst1->compareOperand(cMod0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
        (cMod1 && cMod1->getBase() &&
         cMod1->compareOperand(cMod0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}
bool G4_INST::isRAWdep(G4_INST *inst) {
  G4_Operand *dst0 = inst->getDst();
  G4_CondMod *cMod0 = inst->getCondMod();
  G4_Operand *implicitDst0 = inst->getImplAccDst();
  G4_Predicate *pred1 = getPredicate();
  G4_Operand *implicitSrc1 = getImplAccSrc();

  if (dst0 && !inst->hasNULLDst()) {
    if (std::any_of(src_begin(), src_end(), [&](G4_Operand *src) {
          // TODO: check if we can remove the null src1 check for math as
          // compareOperand should handle NullReg already.
          if (opcode() == G4_math && src == getSrc(1) && src->isNullReg())
            return false;
          return src && src->compareOperand(dst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint;
        }))
      return true;

    if ((pred1 && pred1->compareOperand(dst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint) ||
        (implicitSrc1 &&
         implicitSrc1->compareOperand(dst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (cMod0 && cMod0->getBase()) {
    if (pred1 && pred1->compareOperand(cMod0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)
      return true;

    if (std::any_of(src_begin(), src_end(), [&](G4_Operand *src) {
          return src && src->isFlag() &&
                 src->compareOperand(cMod0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint;
        }))
      return true;
  }

  if (implicitDst0) {
    if (implicitSrc1 && implicitSrc1->compareOperand(
                            implicitDst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint)
      return true;

    if (std::any_of(src_begin(), src_end(), [&](G4_Operand *src) {
          return src && src->isAccReg() &&
              src->compareOperand(implicitDst0, getBuilder()) != Rel_disjoint;
        }))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::detectComprInst() const {
  G4_Type execType = getExecType();

  // Compressed instructions must have a minimum execution size of
  // at least 8.
  if (execSize < g4::SIMD8) {
    return false;
  }

  // Compressed instructions must have a minimum execution size of
  // at least 16 if the execution type is less than DF.
  else if (dst && dst->getHorzStride() != UNDEFINED_SHORT &&
           dst->getType() != Type_UNDEF) {
    if ((unsigned)execSize * dst->getTypeSize() * dst->getHorzStride() >
        getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Uncompressed instructions can only operate on a max of 4 DFs or
  // 8 DF4/F/DWs or 16 W/Bs (the only exception being packed byte
  // moves which always have destinations).
  else if ((unsigned)execSize * TypeSize(execType) >
           getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
    return true;
  }

  // Cross GRF boundary check for dst and src operands
  // NOTE: The function cannot handle indirect
  G4_DstRegRegion *dst = getDst();
  if (dst && dst->getRegAccess() == Direct && dst->isDstRegRegion() &&
      dst->getBase()->isRegVar() &&
      (dst->getTopDcl()->getRegFile() == G4_GRF)) {
    if (dst->getSubRegOff() * dst->getTypeSize() + dst->getLinearizedEnd() -
            dst->getLinearizedStart() + 1 >
        getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  for (unsigned j = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); j < numSrc; j++) {
    G4_Operand *src = getSrc(j);
    if (src != NULL && src->isSrcRegRegion() &&
        src->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegAccess() == Direct &&
        src->asSrcRegRegion()->getBase()->isRegVar() &&
        (src->getTopDcl()->getRegFile() == G4_GRF ||
         src->getTopDcl()->getRegFile() == G4_INPUT)) {
      G4_SrcRegRegion *srcRgn = src->asSrcRegRegion();
      if (srcRgn->getSubRegOff() * srcRgn->getTypeSize() +
              srcRgn->getLinearizedEnd() - srcRgn->getLinearizedStart() + 1 >
          getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/*
 * Check to see if the interpretation of the i/p src region is unaffected by
 * virtue of it making it a src of the compressed op, as opposed to (if
 * possible) it appearing within a regular uncompressed op with the same exec
 * size.
 * Register-indirect operands are NOT compression invariant. The following 4
 * rules are used to determine compression invariant register-direct opnds:
 *    1. constants, scalars, and ARF regions/registers are always compression
 * invariant
 *    2. if both the dst region and the i/p source region are native packed
 *       regions, and the GRF source region is additionally of type W/UW
 *    3. the src region covers (i.e. vs(region) * rows(region)) exactly two
 *       registers (strides allowed), except when the dst region is a native
 *       packed region and the GRF source has packed rows of type W/UW
 *    4. the first src of line op is always considered compression invariant
 *       (this is a special case quadruple region of <0;4,1>)
 * e.g.
 *   (Both srcs are compression invariant in the following examples)
 *      add (16) r10.0<1>:d  r12.0<0;1,0>:w  0x80:w {CC}
 *      add (16) r10.0<2>:w  r12.0<8;8,1>:d  r14.0<16;8,2>:w {CC}
 *      add (16) r10.0<1>:d  r12.0<16;8,2>:w r14.0<32;8,4>:b {CC}
 *      add (16) r10.0<1>:d  r12.0<8;8,1>:w  r14.0<8;8,1>:w {CC}
 *      add (16) r10.0<1>:d  r12.0<4;4,1>:w  r14.0<4;4,1>:d {CC}
 *      add (32) r10.0<1>:w  r12.0<8;8,1>:w  r14.0<16;8,2>:b {CC}
 *      add (8)  r10.0<1>:df r12.0<4;4,1>:df r14.0<4;4,1>:df {CC}
 *      mov (8)  r10.0<1>:df r12.0<4;4,1>:w {CC}
 *   (Only the first src is compression invariant in the following examples)
 *      add (16) r10.0<1>:d  r12.0<8;8,1>:w  r14.0<16;8,2>:b {CC}
 *      add (16) r10.0<2>:w  r14.0<32;8,1>:b r12.0<16;8,1>:w {CC}
 *      add (16) r10.0<2>:w  r12.0<4;4,1>:d  r14.0<8;8,1>:w {CC}
 *      add (32) r10.0<1>:w  r12.0<8;8,1>:w  r14.0<8;8,1>:b {CC}
 *   (Neither src is compression invariant in the following examples)
 *      add (16) r10.0<2>:w  r12.0<8;8,1>:w  r14.0<16;8,2>:b {CC}
 *      add (32) r10.0<1>:w  r12.0<8;8,1>:b  r14.0<8;8,1>:b {CC}
 *      mov (8)  r10.0<1>:df r12.0<4;4,1>:dw {CC}
 * Inputs:
 *      src - the i/p src operand region
 *      src_pos - the position that the src operand appears in the list
 *                of src operands
 * Assumptions:
 *    - this function is only valid for compressed ops and it is invalid
 *      to call it for uncompressed ops
 */
bool G4_INST::isComprInvariantSrcRegion(G4_SrcRegRegion *src, int srcPos) {
  if (src == NULL) {
    return true;
  } else if (src->isImm() || src->isAddrExp()) {
    return true;
  } else if (src->getRegAccess() != Direct) {
    return false;
  } else if (src->getBase()->asRegVar()->getDeclare()->getRegFile() != G4_GRF &&
             src->getBase()->asRegVar()->getDeclare()->getRegFile() !=
                 G4_INPUT) {
    return true;
  }

  const RegionDesc *region = src->getRegion();

  if (opcode() == G4_line && srcPos == 0) {
    return true;
  } else if (region->isScalar()) {
    return true;
  } else {
    int num_rows = getExecSize() / src->getRegion()->width;
    int type_sz = (int)src->getTypeSize();
    int byte_size = src->getRegion()->vertStride * type_sz * num_rows;

    if (getDst() && getDst()->isNativePackedRegion() &&
        IS_WTYPE(src->getType())) {
      if (src->isNativePackedRegion()) {
        return true;
      } else if (src->isNativePackedRowRegion()) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    if (byte_size == 2 * getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
      return true;
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  }
}

bool G4_INST::isPartialWrite() const {
  G4_Predicate *aPred = predicate;
  return (aPred && op != G4_sel) || op == G4_smov;
}

bool G4_INST::isPartialWriteForSpill(bool inSIMDCF,
                                     bool useNonScratchForSpill) const {
  if (!getDst() || hasNULLDst()) {
    // inst does not write to GRF
    return false;
  }

  if (isPartialWrite()) {
    return true;
  }

  if (inSIMDCF && !isWriteEnableInst()) {
    if ( // When using stack ABI, we use either OW or LSC msg
         // both of which don't honor EM
        builder.usesStack() ||
        // OW, LSC don't honor EM
        useNonScratchForSpill ||
        // EM is honored when using scratch HW msg with elem size == 4
        !(builder.hasMaskForScratchMsg() && getDst()->getElemSize() == 4)) {
      // scratch message only supports DWord mask
      // also we can't use the scratch message when under stack call
      return true;
    }

    //For DPAS, always Nomask
    //For send, !isWriteEnableInst in if covers the case with Nomask.
    if (isSend() || isDpas()) {
      return true;
    }

    if (getMaskOption() != InstOpt_M0) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isAccSrcInst() const {
  if (srcs[0] && srcs[0]->isSrcRegRegion() &&
      srcs[0]->asSrcRegRegion()->getBase()->isAccReg()) {
    return true;
  } else if (getNumSrc() == 3 && srcs[1] != nullptr) {
    if (srcs[1]->isSrcRegRegion() &&
        srcs[1]->asSrcRegRegion()->getBase()->isAccReg()) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

// Check if this instruction has an explicit acc destination
bool G4_INST::isAccDstInst() const {
  if (dst != NULL && dst->getBase()->isAccReg()) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_INST::isAddrAdd() const {
  return op == G4_add && srcs[1]->isAddrExp();
}

bool G4_INST::isMovAddr() const {
  if (srcs[0] != NULL)
    return isMov() && srcs[0]->isAddrExp();
  return false;
}

const G4_VarBase *G4_INST::getCondModBase() const {
  if (!getCondMod())
    return nullptr;

  return getCondMod()->getBase();
}

bool G4_INST::isOptBarrier() const {
  if (op == G4_join) {
    return true;
  }

  if (isIntrinsic() && asIntrinsicInst()->hasSideEffects()) {
    return true;
  }

  // any instructions that access special ARFs is considered a opt barrier
  // this includes any ARF that is not address/flag/acc
  if (dst) {
    if (dst->isAreg()) {
      if (dst->isNReg() || dst->isSrReg() || dst->isCrReg() || dst->isTmReg() ||
          dst->isTDRReg() || dst->isDbgReg()) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < getNumSrc(); i++) {
    if (getSrc(i)) {
      if (getSrc(i)->isAreg()) {
        if (getSrc(i)->isNReg() || getSrc(i)->isSrReg() ||
            getSrc(i)->isCrReg() || getSrc(i)->isTmReg() ||
            getSrc(i)->isTDRReg()) {
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

static void emitPredWrEn(std::ostream &output, G4_INST &inst) {
  G4_Predicate *pred = inst.getPredicate();
  bool isNoMask = (inst.getOption() & InstOpt_WriteEnable) != 0;

  if (pred) {
    output << "(";
    if (isNoMask)
      output << "W&";
    pred->emit_body(output);
    output << ") ";
  } else if (isNoMask) {
    output << "(W) ";
  } else {
    output << "    "; // align for predication (.....)
  }
}

static void emitExecSize(std::ostream &output, const G4_INST &inst) {
  auto execSize = static_cast<int>(inst.getExecSize());
  if (inst.opcode() != G4_nop &&
      inst.opcode() != G4_wait) {
    output << '(';
    if (execSize == UNDEFINED_EXEC_SIZE) {
      output << "??";
    } else {
      output << execSize;
    }
    if (int execOffset = inst.getMaskOffset()) {
      // non-zero channel offset
      output << "|M" << execOffset;
    }
    output << ") ";
  }
}

static const char *SFIDToString(vISA::SFID sfid)
{
  switch (sfid) {
  case SFID::NULL_SFID: return ".null";
  case SFID::SAMPLER:   return ".smpl";
  case SFID::GATEWAY:   return ".gtwy";
  case SFID::DP_DC2:    return ".dc2";
  case SFID::DP_RC:     return ".rc";
  case SFID::URB:       return ".urb";
  case SFID::SPAWNER:   return ".ts";
  case SFID::VME:       return ".vme";
  case SFID::DP_CC:     return ".dcro";
  case SFID::DP_DC0:    return ".dc0";
  case SFID::DP_PI:     return ".pi";
  case SFID::DP_DC1:    return ".dc1";
  case SFID::CRE:       return ".cre";
  case SFID::BTD:       return ".btd";
  case SFID::RTHW:      return ".rta";
  case SFID::TGM:       return ".tgm";
  case SFID::SLM:       return ".slm";
  case SFID::UGM:       return ".ugm";
  case SFID::UGML:      return ".ugml";
  default: break;
  }
  return ".???";
}

// the syntax column width of beinning instruction info
//  (P1.0) and (16)     ...
//         nop
//         and (16|M0)  ...
//                      ^ aligns operand start to same place here
static const int INST_START_COLUMN_WIDTH = 24;
const char* const MathOpNames[16] = {
    "reserved",  "inv",  "log", "exp",    "sqrt", "rsq", "sin",  "cos",
    "undefined", "fdiv", "pow", "intdiv", "quot", "rem", "invm", "rsqrtm"
    };


// emits the first part of an instruction in an aligned column
static void emitInstructionStartColumn(std::ostream &output, G4_INST &inst) {
  std::stringstream oupPfx;
  emitPredWrEn(oupPfx, inst);

  oupPfx << G4_Inst_Table[inst.opcode()].str;
  if (inst.isIntrinsic()) {
    oupPfx << "." << inst.asIntrinsicInst()->getName();
    if (inst.isSpillIntrinsic()) {
      oupPfx << "." << inst.asSpillIntrinsic()->getNumRows();
    } else if (inst.isFillIntrinsic()) {
      oupPfx << "." << inst.asFillIntrinsic()->getNumRows();
    }
  } else if (inst.opcode() == G4_goto) {
    oupPfx << (inst.asCFInst()->isBackward() ? ".bwd" : ".fwd");
  } else if (inst.isBfn()) {
    oupPfx << "." << fmtHex(inst.asBfnInst()->getBooleanFuncCtrl(), 2);
  } else if (inst.isDpas()) {
    oupPfx << "." << (int)inst.asDpasInst()->getSystolicDepth() << "x"
           << (int)inst.asDpasInst()->getRepeatCount();
  } else if (inst.isMath() &&
             inst.asMathInst()->getMathCtrl() != MATH_RESERVED) {
    oupPfx << "." << MathOpNames[inst.asMathInst()->getMathCtrl()];
  } else if (inst.isSend()) {
    G4_SendDesc *sdesc = inst.asSendInst()->getMsgDesc();
    oupPfx << SFIDToString(sdesc->getSFID());
  }

  oupPfx << ' ';
  emitExecSize(oupPfx, inst);

  G4_CondMod *mod = inst.getCondMod();
  if (mod) {
    oupPfx << ' ';
    mod->emit(oupPfx);
  }

  std::string pfx = oupPfx.str();
  output << pfx;
  for (int i = 0; i < INST_START_COLUMN_WIDTH - (int)pfx.size(); i++)
    output << ' ';
}

void G4_INST::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  if (isLabel()) {
    srcs[0]->emit(output);
    output << ":";
    return;
  } else if (isSend()) {
    asSendInst()->emit_send(output);
  } else {
    // predication, opcode, execsize, condition, ...
    emitInstructionStartColumn(output, *this);

    if (isSpillIntrinsic()) {
      output << ' ';
      output << "Scratch[" << asSpillIntrinsic()->getOffset() << "x"
             << getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() << "]";
    } else if (dst) {
      output << ' ';
      if (sat)
        output << "(sat)";
      dst->emit(output);
    } // else: may not have dst (e.g. branch)

    auto numSrcOpnds = getNumSrc();
    for (int i = 0; i < numSrcOpnds; i++) {
      if (getSrc(i)) {
        output << "  ";
        getSrc(i)->emit(output);
      }
    }

    if (isFillIntrinsic()) {
      output << "  ";
      output << "Scratch[" << asFillIntrinsic()->getOffset() << "x"
             << getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() << "] ";
    }

    if (isFlowControl() && asCFInst()->getJip()) {
      output << "  ";
      asCFInst()->getJip()->emit(output);
    }

    if (isFlowControl() && asCFInst()->getUip()) {
      output << "  ";
      asCFInst()->getUip()->emit(output);
    }
  } // end: non-label

  emit_options(output);
  if (getVISAId() != -1) {
    output << " // ";
    emitInstIds(output);
  }

  if (isSend()) {
    asSendInst()->emit_send_desc(output);
  }

  auto comm = getComments();
  if (!comm.empty()) {
    output << " // " << comm;
  }
} // G4_INST::emit_inst

void G4_INST::emitInstIds(std::ostream &output) const {
  int srcLine = getLineNo();
  if (srcLine != 0) {
    output << "#" << srcLine << ":";
  }

  int vISAId = getVISAId();
  if (vISAId != -1) {
    output << "$" << vISAId << ":";
  }

  uint32_t genId = getLexicalId();
  if (genId != -1) {
    output << "&" << genId << ":";
  }

  if (builder.hasSWSB()) {
    unsigned tokenLocNum = getTokenLocationNum();
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < tokenLocNum; i++) {
      unsigned short token = 0;
      uint32_t depId = getTokenLoc(i, token);
      output << token << "." << depId << ":";
    }
  }

  int64_t pc = getGenOffset();
  if (pc != -1) {
    output << "[" << fmtHexBody(pc, 5) << "]";
  }
}

std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, G4_INST &inst) {
  inst.emit(os);
  return os;
}

// add instruction options; only wrap in braces {...}
// if there's at least one option
// instructions are assumed Align1 and only Align16 will be explicitly stated
void G4_INST::emit_options(std::ostream &output) const {
  std::stringstream opts;
  bool first = true;
  auto emitOption = [&](const std::string &str) {
    if (first) {
      first = false;
    } else {
      opts << ",";
    }
    opts << str;
  };

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // SWSB options
  if (getDistance() != 0) {
    std::stringstream dists;
    switch (getDistanceTypeXe()) {
    case DistanceType::DIST:
      break;
    case DistanceType::DISTALL:
      dists << 'A';
      break;
    case DistanceType::DISTINT:
      dists << 'I';
      break;
    case DistanceType::DISTFLOAT:
      dists << 'F';
      break;
    case DistanceType::DISTLONG:
      dists << 'L';
      break;
    case DistanceType::DISTS0:
      dists << 'S';
      break;
    case DistanceType::DISTMATH:
      dists << 'M';
      break;
    default:
      dists << "?";
      break;
    }
    dists << '@' << (int)getDistance();
    emitOption(dists.str());
  }

  std::stringstream tks;
  std::string tks1;
  auto id = getToken();
  SWSBTokenType tkType = getTokenType();
  switch (tkType) {
  case TOKEN_NONE:
  case SB_SET:
    break;
  case NoACCSBSet:
    tks1 = "NoACC";
    break;
  case AFTER_READ:
    tks1 = ".R";
    break;
  case AFTER_WRITE:
    tks1 = ".W";
    break;
  case READ_ALL:
    tks1 = ".R*";
    break;
  case WRITE_ALL:
    tks1 = ".W*";
    break;
  default:
    tks1 = ".??";
    break;
  }
  if (tkType != TOKEN_NONE) {
    if (tkType != NoACCSBSet) {
      tks << '$' << (int)id << tks1;
    }
    else if (tks1.size()) {
      tks << tks1;
    }
    emitOption(tks.str());
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // bitset options
  G4_InstOpts currOpts = option;

  // strip out stuff we handle elsewhere
  currOpts &= ~(InstOpt_QuarterMasks | InstOpt_WriteEnable);
  unsigned short optIdx = 0;
  while (currOpts && 0xFFFFFFFF != InstOptInfo[optIdx].optMask) {
    if (currOpts & InstOptInfo[optIdx].optMask) {
      emitOption(InstOptInfo[optIdx].optStr);
      currOpts &= ~InstOptInfo[optIdx].optMask; // clear this bit
    }
    optIdx++;
  }

  ////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // for older Align16-supporting platforms
  // absense implies Align1
  if (isAligned16Inst()) {
    emitOption("Align16");
  }

  //////////////////////////////////////////////////
  // only include braces {...} if there's something
  auto optsStr = opts.str();
  if (!optsStr.empty())
    output << " {" << optsStr << "}";
}

static const char *const operandString[] = {OPND_NUM_ENUM(STRINGIFY)};

void G4_INST::emitDefUse(std::ostream &output) const {
  output << "Def:\n";
  for (auto iter = defInstList.begin(), iterEnd = defInstList.end();
       iter != iterEnd; ++iter) {
    G4_INST *inst = (*iter).first;
    inst->emit(output);
    output << "\t" << operandString[(*iter).second];
    output << "\n";
  }
  output << "Use:\n";
  for (auto iter = useInstList.begin(), iterEnd = useInstList.end();
       iter != iterEnd; ++iter) {
    G4_INST *inst = (*iter).first;
    inst->emit(output);
    output << "\t" << operandString[(*iter).second];
    output << "\n";
  }
}

bool G4_INST::isMixedMode() const {
  if (isSend() || isDpas() || !getDst()) {
    return false;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < getNumSrc(); ++i) {
    G4_Operand *tOpnd = getSrc(i);
    if (!tOpnd) {
      continue;
    }

    G4_Type srcType = tOpnd->getType();
    G4_Type dstType = getDst()->getType();

    if ((dstType == builder.getMixModeType() ||
         srcType == builder.getMixModeType()) &&
        dstType != srcType) {
      // do not consider int<->float conversion as mixed type
      if (!IS_TYPE_INT(dstType) && !IS_TYPE_INT(srcType)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

// Return true if the inst is a mixed mode float operation with unsupported low
// precision float type.
// TODO: Merge the logics with isMixedMode()?
bool G4_INST::isIllegalMixedMode() const {
  if (isSend() || isDpas() || !getDst()) {
    return false;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < getNumSrc(); ++i) {
    G4_Operand *tOpnd = getSrc(i);
    if (!tOpnd) {
      continue;
    }

    G4_Type srcType = tOpnd->getType();
    G4_Type dstType = getDst()->getType();

    if (((isLowPrecisionFloatTy(dstType) &&
          dstType != builder.getMixModeType()) ||
         (isLowPrecisionFloatTy(srcType) &&
          srcType != builder.getMixModeType())) &&
        dstType != srcType) {
      // do not consider int<->float conversion as mixed type
      if (!IS_TYPE_INT(dstType) && !IS_TYPE_INT(srcType)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}


void G4_InstSend::setMsgDesc(G4_SendDesc *in) {
  vISA_ASSERT(in, "null descriptor not expected");
  if (in && in->getExecSize() == g4::SIMD_UNDEFINED) {
    VISA_DEBUG(std::cout << "Msg Desc has execSize undefined!\n");
  }
  msgDesc = in;
  resetRightBound((G4_Operand *)dst);
  resetRightBound(srcs[0]);
}

bool G4_InstSend::isSVMScatterRW() const {
  SFID funcID = msgDesc->getSFID();
  const G4_SendDescRaw *desc = getMsgDescRaw();
  switch (funcID) {
  case SFID::DP_DC1:
    switch (desc->getHdcMessageType()) {
    case DC1_A64_SCATTERED_READ:
    case DC1_A64_SCATTERED_WRITE:
      return true;
    default:
      break;
    }
  default:
    break;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_InstSend::isDirectSplittableSend() const {
  unsigned short elemSize = dst->getElemSize();
  SFID funcID = msgDesc->getSFID();
  const G4_SendDescRaw *desc = getMsgDescRaw();
  if (desc == nullptr) {
    // load/store messages are unsplittable for now
    return false;
  }
  switch (funcID) {
  case SFID::DP_DC1:
    switch (desc->getHdcMessageType()) {
    case DC1_A64_SCATTERED_READ: // emask need be vertically cut.
      return false;

    case DC1_A64_UNTYPED_SURFACE_READ: // SVM gather 4: emask can be reused if
                                       // the per-channel data is larger than 1
                                       // GRF
    case DC1_UNTYPED_SURFACE_READ:     // VISA gather 4
    case DC1_TYPED_SURFACE_READ:       // Gather 4 typed
      if (elemSize * execSize > (int)getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() &&
          elemSize * execSize % getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() == 0) {
        return true;
      } else {
        return false;
      }

    default:
      return false;
    }
  case SFID::DP_DC2:
    switch (desc->getHdcMessageType()) {
    case DC2_UNTYPED_SURFACE_READ: // gather 4 scaled :  emask can be reused if
                                   // the per-channel data is larger than 1 GRF
    case DC2_A64_UNTYPED_SURFACE_READ: // SVM gather 4 scaled
      if (elemSize * execSize > (int)getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() &&
          elemSize * execSize % getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() == 0) {
        return true;
      } else {
        return false;
      }

    case DC2_BYTE_SCATTERED_READ: // scaled byte scattered read: gather_scaled,
                                  // handled as block read write, nomask
      return true;

    default:
      return false;
    }
  case SFID::DP_DC0:
    switch (desc->getHdcMessageType()) {
    case DC_DWORD_SCATTERED_READ: // dword scattered read: emask need be
                                  // vertically cut according to splitting
    case DC_BYTE_SCATTERED_READ:  // byte scattered read
      return false;
    case DC_ALIGNED_OWORD_BLOCK_READ: // Nomask
    case DC_OWORD_BLOCK_READ:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
    }
  case SFID::SAMPLER:
    return true;
  default:
    return false;
  }

  return false;
}


//
// emit send instruction with symbolic/physical register operand depending on
// the operand check
//
void G4_InstSend::emit_send(std::ostream &output) {
  emitInstructionStartColumn(output, *this);

  output << ' ';
  bool printDstType = true;
  if (printDstType || !dst->isDstRegRegion()) {
    dst->emit(output); // TODO use emitRegVarOff here after TGL
  } else {
    dst->asDstRegRegion()->emitRegVarOff(output);
  }

  auto emitBareSrc =
    [&](G4_Operand* src) {
      if (src->isSrcRegRegion()) {
        // only output reg var & reg off; don't output region desc and type
        src->asSrcRegRegion()->emitRegVarOff(output);
      } else { // BAD IR; let's see it
        src->emit(output);
        output << "?";
      }
    };

  int nSrcs = getNumSrcPayloads();
  for (int i = 0; i < nSrcs; i++) {
    output << ' ';
    emitBareSrc(srcs[i]);
  }

  // emit descriptors for send[c] or sends[c]
  auto emitSendDescs = [&]() {
    // emit exDesc if srcs[3] is not null.
    // It should always be a0.2 unless it was constant folded
    if (isSplitSend() && srcs[3]) {
      output << ' ';
      srcs[3]->emit(output);
    } else if (!isSplitSend() && srcs[2]) {
      output << ' ';
      srcs[2]->emit(output); // for old unary send
    }
    // emit msgDesc (2 for sends and 1 for send). Last operand shown in asm.
    int msgDescIdx = getNumSrcPayloads();
    output << ' ';
    srcs[msgDescIdx]->emit(output);
  };

  emitSendDescs();

  emit_options(output);
}

void G4_InstSend::emit_send_desc(std::ostream &output) {
  const G4_INST *sendInst = this;

  // Emit a text description of the descriptor if it is available
  G4_SendDesc *msgDesc = sendInst->getMsgDesc();
  output << " // ";
  if (getVISAId() != -1) {
    emitInstIds(output);
    output << "; ";
  }

  output << msgDesc->getDescription();

  if (msgDesc->isRaw() && !msgDesc->isLSC()) {
    // LSC prints offset in getDescription; only emit it here for legacy
    // messages such as hword scratch block
    if (auto immOff = msgDesc->getOffset()) {
      int signedOff = immOff->immOff;
      if (signedOff > 0) {
        output << "; ImmOff=+" << fmtHex(signedOff);
      } else if (signedOff < 0) {
        output << "; ImmOff=-" << fmtHex(-signedOff);
      }
    }
  }

  output << "; dstLen=" << msgDesc->getDstLenRegs();
  output << ", src0Len=" << msgDesc->getSrc0LenRegs();
  output << ", src1Len=" << msgDesc->getSrc1LenRegs();

  auto comments = getComments();
  if (!comments.empty())
    output << "; " << comments;
}

// print r#
void G4_Greg::emit(std::ostream &output) { output << "r" << getRegNum(); }

void G4_Areg::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  switch (getArchRegType()) {
  case AREG_NULL:
    output << "null";
    break;
  case AREG_A0:
    output << "a0";
    break;
  case AREG_ACC0:
    output << "acc0";
    break;
  case AREG_ACC1:
    output << "acc1";
    break;
  case AREG_MASK0:
    output << "ce0";
    break;
  case AREG_MSG0:
    output << "msg0";
    break;
  case AREG_DBG:
    output << "dbg0";
    break;
  case AREG_SR0:
    output << "sr0";
    break;
  case AREG_CR0:
    output << "cr0";
    break;
  case AREG_TM0:
    output << "tm0";
    break;
  case AREG_N0:
    output << "n0";
    break;
  case AREG_N1:
    output << "n1";
    break;
  case AREG_IP:
    output << "ip";
    break;
  case AREG_F0:
    output << "f0";
    break;
  case AREG_F1:
    output << "f1";
    break;
  case AREG_TDR0:
    output << "tdr0";
    break;
  case AREG_SP:
    output << "sp";
    break;
  case AREG_F2:
    output << "f2";
    break;
  case AREG_F3:
    output << "f3";
    break;
  case AREG_S0:
    output << "s0";
    break;
  default:
    output << "unknown architecture reg";
    vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE(ERROR_UNKNOWN);
  }
}

//
// initial all values idential to rgn's
//
G4_SrcRegRegion::G4_SrcRegRegion(G4_SrcRegRegion &rgn)
    : G4_Operand(G4_Operand::srcRegRegion), acc(rgn.acc), regOff(rgn.regOff),
      subRegOff(rgn.subRegOff) {
  base = rgn.base;
  mod = rgn.mod;
  immAddrOff = rgn.immAddrOff;
  desc = rgn.desc;
  type = rgn.type;
  accRegSel = rgn.accRegSel;

  // FIXME: it's rather suspicious that we are copying internal fields this way
  bitVec[0] = rgn.bitVec[0];
  bitVec[1] = rgn.bitVec[1];

  top_dcl = rgn.top_dcl;
  left_bound = rgn.left_bound;
  right_bound = rgn.right_bound;
  byteOffset = rgn.byteOffset;
  rightBoundSet = rgn.rightBoundSet;
}

//
// return true if rng and this have the same reg region
//
bool G4_SrcRegRegion::sameSrcRegRegion(G4_SrcRegRegion &rgn) {
  return base == rgn.base && acc == rgn.acc && mod == rgn.mod &&
         desc == rgn.desc && regOff == rgn.regOff &&
         subRegOff == rgn.subRegOff && immAddrOff == rgn.immAddrOff &&
         type == rgn.type && accRegSel == rgn.accRegSel;
}

// compute max execution size starting from the current pos.
// power of two. cross-GRF boundary is allowed if the region is evenly split.
// cross half-GRF should guaranttee evenly split
uint8_t G4_SrcRegRegion::getMaxExecSize(const IR_Builder &builder, int pos,
                                        uint8_t maxExSize, bool allowCrossGRF,
                                        uint16_t &vs, uint16_t &wd,
                                        bool &twoGRFsrc) {
  if (isRightBoundSet() == false) {
    getInst()->computeRightBound(this);
  }

  twoGRFsrc = false;
  vs = 0;
  wd = 0;
  if (isScalar()) {
    vs = 0;
    wd = 1;
    return maxExSize;
  } else if (acc != Direct) {
    // assume this operand is kosher (i.e., does not cross GRF) as the vISA spec
    // requires it
    vs = desc->vertStride;
    wd = desc->width;
    return roundDownPow2(maxExSize);
  }

  // align16 operands
  if (desc->isRegionV()) {
    vs = desc->vertStride;
    wd = desc->width;
    if (desc->horzStride == 0) {
      return roundDownPow2(maxExSize);
    }

    uint32_t elSize = getTypeSize();
    uint8_t maxSize = 0;

    uint32_t prevPos = pos * elSize;
    uint8_t numEleInFristGRF = 0, numEleInSecondGRF = 0;
    uint32_t newLB = getLeftBound() + prevPos;
    bool crossGRF = (newLB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() !=
                     getRightBound() / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()),
         inFirstGRF = true;

    for (int i = pos + 4; i < (pos + maxExSize); i += 4) {
      uint32_t currPos = i * elSize;

      // check cross GRF boundary
      if (crossGRF && inFirstGRF) {
        uint32_t newRB = getLeftBound() + currPos - 1;
        uint32_t leftGRF = newLB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>(),
                 rightGRF = newRB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
        if (leftGRF != rightGRF) {
          inFirstGRF = false;
          numEleInFristGRF = maxSize;
          newLB = newRB;
        }
      }

      maxSize += 4;

      if (numEleInFristGRF) {
        numEleInSecondGRF += 4;
        if (numEleInSecondGRF == numEleInFristGRF) {
          twoGRFsrc = true;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (numEleInSecondGRF < numEleInFristGRF) {
      twoGRFsrc = false;
      maxSize = numEleInFristGRF;
    }
    return maxSize;
  }

  // align1 direct
  uint32_t elSize = TypeSize(type);
  uint8_t maxSize = 1;

  bool alignToRow = pos % desc->width == 0;

  // region may not be contiguous/single stride depending on the start position
  bool contRegion = desc->isContiguous(maxExSize + (pos % desc->width));

  uint16_t vStride = 1;
  if (contRegion ||
      desc->isSingleNonUnitStride(maxExSize + (pos % desc->width), vStride)) {
    // apparently the old code actually allows GRF-crossing as long as it's
    // evenly divided (the function comment lied), so we have to try all exec
    // sizes from the largest possible. sigh..
    vs = vStride;
    wd = 1;
    // we need to be careful with start byte here since maxExSize may not be
    // same as inst exec size e.g., say this is called on mov (16)
    // V44_m(2,0)<1>:f V43_in(1,19)<16;8,1>:ub with pos 8 and maxExSize 8 the
    // region is considered single stride in this case, but is not with the
    // original exsize (16), so we can't just multiply stride with type size to
    // get starting offset
    uint32_t startByte =
        (getLeftBound() + getByteOffset(pos)) % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
    int retExecSize = 1;
    int execTypeSize = vStride * getElemSize();
    int exSizes[] = {32, 16, 8, 4, 2};

    for (auto size : exSizes) {
      if (maxExSize < size) {
        continue;
      }
      if (startByte + (size - 1) * execTypeSize + getElemSize() <=
          builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
        // no GRF crossing (we don't count the padding bytes after the last
        // element)
        retExecSize = size;
        break;
      } else if (allowCrossGRF) {
        int numEltInFirstGRF =
            (builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() - startByte) / execTypeSize;
        // startByte may not be aligned to exec type size (e.g., r1.1<2;1,0>:b).
        // We need to increment by 1 in this case
        if ((builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() - startByte) % execTypeSize != 0) {
          numEltInFirstGRF += 1;
        }
        if (numEltInFirstGRF == size - numEltInFirstGRF) {
          twoGRFsrc = true;
          retExecSize = size;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    return (uint8_t)retExecSize;
  }

  // conservative.
  // Here we assume that no cross width if row size is larger than width
  // mul (16) V112(0,0)<1>:f V111(0,0)<16;16,1>:f r1.0<1;4,0>:f
  if (!alignToRow && desc->vertStride != 0 &&
      desc->horzStride != 0) {
    wd = vs =
        (uint16_t)roundDownPow2((pos / desc->width + 1) * desc->width - pos);

    // Need to check whether this subregion crosses grf or not.
    // E.g. the second half does cross a grf:
    // mov (8) V41(0, 9)<1> V58(2, 8)<32;8,4>
    //
    // Given a linearized index, compute its byte offset relative to the
    // first element (index 0).
    auto computeOffset = [=](unsigned index) -> unsigned {
      unsigned typeSize = TypeSize(type);
      unsigned offset = (index % desc->width) * desc->horzStride * typeSize;
      offset += (index / desc->width) * desc->vertStride * typeSize;
      return offset;
    };

    // Since a single element cannot cross a grf, checking the first byte of the
    // first and last element is sufficient.
    // FIXME: fix other places with this logic.
    unsigned firstPos = getLeftBound() + computeOffset((unsigned)pos);
    unsigned lastPos = getLeftBound() + computeOffset((unsigned)(pos + wd - 1));
    twoGRFsrc = firstPos / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() !=
                lastPos / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();

    return (uint8_t)wd;
  }

  uint8_t posInFirstRow = pos % desc->width, eleInRow = 1,
          eleInFirstRow = desc->width - posInFirstRow;
  uint8_t pow2 = roundDownPow2(eleInFirstRow);

  if (eleInFirstRow != pow2) {
    wd = pow2;
    vs = wd * desc->horzStride;
    return pow2;
  }

  uint32_t prevPos = (pos / desc->width * desc->vertStride +
                      posInFirstRow * desc->horzStride) *
                     elSize;
  uint8_t numEleInFristGRF = 0, numEleInSecondGRF = 0;
  bool crossRow = false;
  uint32_t newLB = getLeftBound() + prevPos;
  bool crossGRF = (newLB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() !=
                   getRightBound() / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()),
       inFirstGRF = true;
  bool negVS = (desc->vertStride < desc->horzStride * desc->width);

  for (int i = pos + 1; i < (pos + maxExSize); i++) {
    uint8_t posInRow = i % desc->width;
    uint32_t currPos =
        ((i / desc->width) * desc->vertStride + posInRow * desc->horzStride) *
        elSize;

    // check cross row boundary
    if (posInRow == 0) {
      uint8_t pow2Val = roundDownPow2(eleInRow);
      if (pow2Val != eleInRow ||
          ((desc->vertStride == 0 || negVS) && !alignToRow)) {
        // this happens in the first row
        wd = maxSize = pow2Val;
        vs = wd * desc->horzStride;
        break;
      } else if (wd == 0) {
        // <2;4,1>
        wd = eleInRow;
        if (alignToRow) {
          vs = desc->vertStride;
        } else {
          vs = (currPos - prevPos) / elSize;
        }
      }
      crossRow = true;
      eleInRow = 0;
    }

    // check cross GRF boundary
    if (crossGRF && inFirstGRF) {
      uint32_t newRB = getLeftBound() + currPos + elSize - 1;
      uint32_t leftGRF = newLB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>(),
               rightGRF = newRB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
      if (leftGRF != rightGRF) {
        inFirstGRF = false;
        uint8_t pow2Val = roundDownPow2(maxSize);

        // if number of element in first GRF is not power of 2, or
        // subregister offset of two GRFs are different and not contiguous(too
        // conservative?)
        if (pow2Val != maxSize ||
            (!(alignToRow && maxSize <= desc->width) &&
             newLB % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() !=
                 (getLeftBound() + currPos) %
                     builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>())) {
          maxSize = pow2Val;
          if (wd == 0) {
            wd = pow2Val;
            vs = wd * desc->horzStride;
          }
          break;
        } else if (wd == 0) {
          wd = maxSize < desc->width ? maxSize : desc->width;
          vs = (currPos - prevPos) / elSize;
        }
        numEleInFristGRF = maxSize;
        newLB = newRB;
      }
    }

    maxSize++;
    eleInRow++;
    // make sure the number of elements in two rows are the same
    if (crossRow && eleInRow == eleInFirstRow && !alignToRow) {
      break;
    }

    if (numEleInFristGRF) {
      numEleInSecondGRF++;
      if (numEleInSecondGRF == numEleInFristGRF) {
        twoGRFsrc = true;
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  if (wd == 0) {
    // contiguous region
    wd = pow2;
    vs = wd * desc->horzStride;
  }
  if (numEleInSecondGRF < numEleInFristGRF) {
    maxSize = numEleInFristGRF;
  }
  return maxSize;
}

//
// output (Var+refOff).subRegOff
//
static void printRegVarOff(std::ostream &output, G4_Operand *opnd,
                           short regOff, // base+regOff is the starting register
                           short subRegOff,  // sub reg offset
                           short immAddrOff, // imm addr offset
                           G4_Type type, bool printSubReg) {
  short subRegOffset = (subRegOff != (short)UNDEFINED_SHORT) ? subRegOff : 0;

  G4_VarBase *base = opnd->getBase();
  if (!opnd->isIndirect()) {
    vISA_ASSERT(regOff != (short)UNDEFINED_SHORT, ERROR_INTERNAL_ARGUMENT);

    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      G4_RegVar *baseVar = static_cast<G4_RegVar *>(base);
      int declOpSize = baseVar->getDeclare()->getElemSize();
      uint16_t thisOpSize = TypeSize(type);

      if (baseVar->isPhyRegAssigned()) {
        if (baseVar->getPhyReg()->isGreg()) {
          int regNum = 0, subRegNum = 0;
          uint32_t byteAddress = opnd->getLinearizedStart();
          uint8_t GRFSize = baseVar->getDeclare()->getGRFByteSize();
          if (baseVar->getDeclare()->getGRFOffsetFromR0() == 0) {
            // This is before RA and getLineariedStart() only contains the left
            // bound. We have to add the declare's phyreg.
            byteAddress +=
                baseVar->getPhyReg()->asGreg()->getRegNum() * GRFSize +
                baseVar->getPhyRegOff() * TypeSize(type);
          }

          regNum = byteAddress / GRFSize;
          subRegNum = (byteAddress % GRFSize) / TypeSize(type);

          output << "r" << regNum;
          if (printSubReg) {
            output << "." << subRegNum;
          }
        } else if (baseVar->getPhyReg()->isAreg()) {
          (static_cast<G4_Areg *>(baseVar->getPhyReg()))->emit(output);
          if (!baseVar->isNullReg()) {
            unsigned ArfSubRegNum = baseVar->getPhyRegOff();

            // ArfSubRegNum is in unit of declOpSize
            // transform ArfSubRegNum to unit of thisOpSize
            if (thisOpSize != declOpSize) {
              ArfSubRegNum = (ArfSubRegNum * declOpSize) / thisOpSize;
            }

            unsigned subreg = ArfSubRegNum + subRegOffset;
            output << '.' << subreg;
          }
        } else
          vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE(ERROR_UNKNOWN);
      } else // physical register not allocated
      {
        baseVar->emit(output);
        output << '(' << regOff << ',' << subRegOff << ')';
      }
    } else // This is not a RegVar
    {
      if (base->isAccReg() && regOff != 0) {
        bool valid;
        int regNum = base->ExRegNum(valid);
        output << "acc" << regNum + regOff;
      } else {
        base->emit(output);
      }
      if (!base->isNullReg() && !base->isIpReg() && !base->isNReg() &&
          subRegOff != (short)UNDEFINED_SHORT && printSubReg) {
        output << '.' << subRegOff;
      }
    }
  } else {
    // This is an indirect access
    output << "r[";
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      vISA_ASSERT(regOff == 0, ERROR_INTERNAL_ARGUMENT);
      G4_RegVar *baseVar = static_cast<G4_RegVar *>(base);
      if (baseVar->isPhyRegAssigned()) {
        vISA_ASSERT(baseVar->getPhyReg()->isAreg(), ERROR_UNKNOWN);
        (static_cast<G4_Areg *>(baseVar->getPhyReg()))->emit(output);
        output << '.' << (baseVar->getPhyRegOff() + subRegOffset);
        if (base->isS0()) {
          G4_RegVar *baseVar = static_cast<G4_RegVar *>(base);
          int elems = baseVar->getDeclare()->getNumElems();

          output << "]:" << elems;
        } else {
          output << ", " << immAddrOff << ']';
        }
      } else {
        // No register assigned yet
        baseVar->emit(output);
        output << '(' << regOff << ',' << subRegOff << ')';
        output << ", " << immAddrOff << ']';
      }
    } else if (base->isAreg()) {
      (static_cast<G4_Areg *>(base))->emit(output);
      output << '.' << subRegOffset;
      if (base->isS0()) {
        G4_RegVar *baseVar = static_cast<G4_RegVar *>(base);
        int elems = baseVar->getDeclare()->getNumElems();

        output << "]:" << elems;
      } else {
        output << ", " << immAddrOff << ']';
      }
    } else {
      vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE("Unknown base variable type for indirect access");
    }
  }
}

void G4_SrcRegRegion::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  if (mod != Mod_src_undef) {
    output << SrcModifierStr[mod];
  }

  //
  // output Var(refOff,subRegOff)
  //
  emitRegVarOff(output);
  //
  // output <vertStride;width,horzStride>
  //
  // do not emit region for null reg
  // do not emit region for macro madm
  if (desc && !base->isNullReg() && !base->isNReg() &&
      !isAccRegValid()) // rgn == NULL, the default region is used
  {
    bool align1ternary = inst && inst->getNumSrc() == 3 &&
                         inst->getPlatform() >= GENX_ICLLP && !inst->isSend() &&
                         inst->isAligned1Inst();

    // RegionV is invalid for SRC operands
    if (desc->isRegionWH()) {
      output << "<" << desc->width << "," << desc->horzStride << ">";
    } else if (desc->isRegionSW()) // support <0/4> for Src of Align16
                                   // instruction
    {
      output << "<" << desc->vertStride << ">";
    } else if (desc->vertStride == UNDEFINED_SHORT &&
               desc->width == UNDEFINED_SHORT) {
      output << "<" << desc->horzStride << ">";
    } else {
      if (align1ternary) {
        // format is <V;H> with W derived from V and H
        output << "<" << desc->vertStride << ";" << desc->horzStride << ">";
      } else {
        output << "<" << desc->vertStride << ";" << desc->width << ","
               << desc->horzStride << ">";
      }
    }
  }

  if (isAccRegValid()) {
    // no vertical stride for 3-source instruction
    if (inst->getNumSrc() != 3 && desc) {
      output << "<" << desc->vertStride << ">";
    }

    // output acc2~acc9
    if (getAccRegSel() == NOACC) {
      output << ".noacc";
    } else {
      output << ".acc" << (getAccRegSel() + 2);
    }
  }

  if (Type_UNDEF != type)
    output << ':' << TypeSymbol(type);
}

bool G4_SrcRegRegion::isScalar() const {
  return getRegion()->isScalar(); // check <0;1,0>
}

void G4_SrcRegRegion::emitRegVarOff(std::ostream &output) {
  bool printSubReg = !inst || !inst->isSend();
  printRegVarOff(output, this, regOff, subRegOff, immAddrOff, type,
                 printSubReg);
}
void G4_SrcRegRegion::emitRegVarOffNoRegion(std::ostream &output) {
  printRegVarOff(output, this, regOff, subRegOff, immAddrOff, type, true);
}

//
// initial all values idential to rgn's
//
G4_DstRegRegion::G4_DstRegRegion(G4_DstRegRegion &rgn)
    : G4_Operand(G4_Operand::dstRegRegion) {
  acc = rgn.acc;
  base = rgn.base;
  regOff = rgn.regOff;
  subRegOff = rgn.subRegOff;
  immAddrOff = rgn.immAddrOff;
  horzStride = rgn.horzStride;
  type = rgn.type;
  accRegSel = rgn.accRegSel;

  top_dcl = rgn.top_dcl;
  left_bound = rgn.left_bound;
  right_bound = rgn.right_bound;
  bitVec[0] = rgn.bitVec[0];
  bitVec[1] = rgn.bitVec[1];
  byteOffset = rgn.byteOffset;
  rightBoundSet = rgn.rightBoundSet;
}

void G4_DstRegRegion::computeLeftBound(const IR_Builder &builder) {
  top_dcl = NULL;
  uint32_t newregoff = regOff, offset = 0;
  if (base && base->isRegVar()) {
    top_dcl = base->asRegVar()->getDeclare();
    if (!top_dcl && base->asRegVar()->isGreg()) {
      newregoff = base->asRegVar()->asGreg()->getRegNum();
    }
  }

  if (top_dcl) {
    while (top_dcl->getAliasDeclare()) {
      offset += top_dcl->getAliasOffset();
      top_dcl = top_dcl->getAliasDeclare();
    }
  }

  if (base && base->isFlag()) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      if (base->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()) {
        left_bound = base->asRegVar()->getPhyRegOff() *
                     16; // the bound of flag register is in unit of BIT
        left_bound += subRegOff * 16;
        left_bound +=
            base->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()->asAreg()->getFlagNum() * 32;
      } else {
        left_bound = subRegOff * 16;
      }
    } else {
      left_bound = subRegOff * 16;
      left_bound += base->asAreg()->getFlagNum() * 32;
    }

    byteOffset = left_bound / 8;
  } else if (base && base->isS0()) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      if (base->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()) {
        left_bound = base->asRegVar()->getPhyRegOff() * TypeSize(type);
        left_bound += subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
      } else {
        left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
      }
    } else {
      left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
    }

    byteOffset = left_bound;
  } else if (base != NULL && base->isAccReg()) {
    left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
    if (base->asAreg()->getArchRegType() == AREG_ACC1 || regOff == 1) {
      left_bound += builder.getACCSize();
    }
    byteOffset = left_bound;
  } else if (top_dcl) {
    if (acc == Direct) {
      left_bound = offset + newregoff * builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() +
                   subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
      if (top_dcl->getTotalElems() * top_dcl->getElemSize() >=
          (int)builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
        byteOffset = left_bound;
      } else {
        unsigned alignOff = TypeSize(type) > TypeSize(Type_W)
                                ? TypeSize(type)
                                : TypeSize(Type_W);

        if (top_dcl->getSubRegAlign() == Even_Word ||
            top_dcl->getSubRegAlign() >= Four_Word) {
          alignOff = top_dcl->getSubRegAlign() * 2;
        }

        byteOffset = left_bound + alignOff;
      }
    } else {
      left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(ADDR_REG_TYPE);
      byteOffset = TypeSize(type);
    }
  } else { // arch reg
    left_bound = 0;
    byteOffset = left_bound;
  }
}

//
// Initialize all values idential to rgn's, except for the base operand.
// Caller is responsible for allocating base operand and making sure it doesn't
// mess up the operands' hash table.
//
G4_DstRegRegion::G4_DstRegRegion(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                 G4_DstRegRegion &rgn, G4_VarBase *new_base)
    : G4_Operand(G4_Operand::dstRegRegion) {
  acc = rgn.acc;
  regOff = rgn.regOff;
  subRegOff = rgn.subRegOff;
  immAddrOff = rgn.immAddrOff;
  horzStride = rgn.horzStride;
  type = rgn.type;
  base = new_base;

  computeLeftBound(builder);
  rightBoundSet = false;
}

bool G4_DstRegRegion::isCrossGRFDst(const IR_Builder &builder) {
  if (isNullReg()) {
    return inst != NULL &&
           (unsigned)inst->getExecSize() * getTypeSize() * horzStride >
               builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  }
  if (isRightBoundSet() == false) {
    // computeRightBound populates crossGRFDst field
    getInst()->computeRightBound(this);
  }

  return (left_bound / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) !=
         right_bound / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
}

void G4_DstRegRegion::setDstBitVec(uint8_t exec_size) {
  // byte level footprint computing bit vectors.
  uint64_t footprint0 = 0;
  uint64_t footprint1 = 0;

  unsigned short type_size = getTypeSize();
  unsigned short s_size = horzStride * type_size;

  // General cases.
  uint64_t bit_seq = TypeFootprint(type);
  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < exec_size; ++i) {
    int eltOffset = i * s_size;
    // no element can cross 64-byte boundary
    if (eltOffset >= 64) {
      footprint1 |= bit_seq << (eltOffset - 64);
    } else {
      footprint0 |= bit_seq << eltOffset;
    }
  }

  bitVec[0] = footprint0;
  bitVec[1] = footprint1;

  return;
}

unsigned G4_DstRegRegion::computeRightBound(uint8_t exec_size) {
  bitVec[0] = 0;
  bitVec[1] = 0;

  if (base->isFlag()) {
    unsigned int totalBits = 0;
    if (G4_Inst_Table[inst->opcode()].instType != InstTypePseudoLogic) {
      // mov (1) f0.1<1>:uw ...
      // subreg is 1 if it's a 32 bit flag and we want to set the upper 16 bits
      left_bound = subRegOff * 16;
      totalBits = TypeBitSize(type);
    } else {
      /*
          we need to set leftBound for pseudo instruction
          so that it creates use/def links correctly in the control flow graph
         between cmp instruction and pseudo instruction. This matters when we
         break up SIMD32 instruction in to two SIMD16 with H1/H2 masks. The
         bound for compare for H2 will be [15,31], and this has to match.
          Without this no use/def link was created which caused issues in logic
         optimization. Also it produce incorrect behavior in any operation that
         relies on compareOperand.
      */
      left_bound = inst->getMaskOffset();
      totalBits = exec_size;
    }

    right_bound = left_bound + totalBits - 1;

    bitVec[0] = totalBits == 32 ? 0xFFFFFFFF : (1 << totalBits) - 1;
  } else {
    // For call, the return addr is always set as if simd2.
    if (inst->isCall() || inst->isFCall()) {
      exec_size = 2;
    }

    if (acc == Direct) {
      setDstBitVec(exec_size);

      unsigned short type_size = TypeSize(type);
      unsigned short s_size = horzStride * type_size;
      unsigned totalBytes = (exec_size - 1) * s_size + type_size;

      // For wide dst instructions like madw opcode, the dst(SOA layout) size
      // should be the sum of low result size and high result size, and also
      // both low and high results are GRF-aligned.
      if (INST_WIDE_DST(inst->opcode())) {
        const IR_Builder &builder = inst->getBuilder();
        unsigned totalBytesDstLow =
            (totalBytes + builder.getGRFSize() - 1) &
            (~(builder.getGRFSize() - 1)); // GRF-aligned
        totalBytes = totalBytesDstLow * 2;
        if (builder.getGRFSize() > 32) {
          bitVec[1] = bitVec[0];
        } else {
          bitVec[0] |= bitVec[0] << 32;
        }
      }

      right_bound = left_bound + totalBytes - 1;
    } else {
      // indirect
      bitVec[0] |= 0x3;
      right_bound = left_bound + TypeSize(ADDR_REG_TYPE) - 1;
    }
  }
  rightBoundSet = true;
  return right_bound;
}

/// compare regRegion to opnd
/// regRegion is either a SrcRegRegion or DstRegRegion, opnd can be any
/// G4_operand We put this in a separate function since G4_DstRegRegion and
/// G4_SrcRegRegion should have (nearly) identical code for compareOperand
static G4_CmpRelation compareRegRegionToOperand(G4_Operand *regRegion,
                                                G4_Operand *opnd,
                                                const IR_Builder &builder) {
  vISA_ASSERT((regRegion->isSrcRegRegion() || regRegion->isDstRegRegion()),
              "expect either src or dst regRegion");
  bool legal_opnd = opnd->isSrcRegRegion() || opnd->isDstRegRegion() ||
                    opnd->isPredicate() || opnd->isCondMod() ||
                    opnd->isAddrExp();
  G4_VarBase *myBase = regRegion->getBase();
  G4_VarBase *opndBase = opnd->getBase();
  bool myIndirect = regRegion->isIndirect();
  bool opndIndirect = opnd->isIndirect();
  G4_Declare *myDcl = regRegion->getTopDcl();
  G4_Declare *opndDcl = opnd->getTopDcl();
  if (opnd->isAddrExp()) {
    opndBase = opnd->asAddrExp()->getRegVar()->getBaseRegVar();
    opndDcl = opnd->asAddrExp()->getRegVar()->getDeclare();
  }

  if (regRegion->isAddrExp()) {
    myBase = opnd->asAddrExp()->getRegVar()->getBaseRegVar();
    myDcl = opnd->asAddrExp()->getRegVar()->getDeclare();
  }

  if (!legal_opnd || myBase == nullptr || opndBase == nullptr) {
    // a null base operand can never interfere with anything
    return Rel_disjoint;
  }

  if (myDcl == opndDcl && opndDcl != nullptr) {
    // special checks for pseudo kills
    G4_INST *myInst = regRegion->getInst();
    G4_INST *opndInst = opnd->getInst();
    if (myInst && (myInst->isPseudoKill() || myInst->isLifeTimeEnd())) {
      return Rel_interfere;
    }

    if (opndInst && (opndInst->isPseudoKill() || opndInst->isLifeTimeEnd())) {
      return Rel_interfere;
    }

    if (opnd->isAddrExp() || regRegion->isAddrExp()) {
      return Rel_interfere;
    }
  }
  if ((builder.getStackCallRet() == myDcl &&
       builder.getStackCallArg() == opndDcl) ||
      (builder.getStackCallArg() == myDcl &&
       builder.getStackCallRet() == opndDcl)) {
    return Rel_interfere;
  }

  if (opndIndirect && myIndirect)
    // two indirect are assumed to interfere in the absence of pointer analysis
    return Rel_interfere;
  if (opndIndirect != myIndirect) {
    // direct v. indirect
    // the two may inteferce if the direct operand is either an address-taken
    // GRF or an address operand we could make the check tighter by considering
    // the offsets of the address operand, but it won't much difference in
    // practice
    auto mayInterfereWithIndirect = [](G4_Operand *direct,
                                       G4_Operand *indirect) {
      vISA_ASSERT((!direct->isIndirect() && indirect->isIndirect()),
                  "first opereand should be direct and second indirect");
      return (direct->getTopDcl() && direct->getTopDcl()->getAddressed()) ||
             (direct->getBase()->isAddress() &&
              direct->getTopDcl() == indirect->getTopDcl());
    };

    if ((opndIndirect && mayInterfereWithIndirect(regRegion, opnd)) ||
        (myIndirect && mayInterfereWithIndirect(opnd, regRegion))) {
      return Rel_interfere;
    }
    return Rel_disjoint;
  }

  // both are physically assigned.
  G4_VarBase *myPhyReg =
      myBase->isRegVar() ? myBase->asRegVar()->getPhyReg() : myBase;
  G4_VarBase *opndPhyReg =
      opndBase->isRegVar() ? opndBase->asRegVar()->getPhyReg() : opndBase;
  if (myPhyReg && opndPhyReg) {
    vASSERT(myPhyReg->isPhyReg() && opndPhyReg->isPhyReg());
    if (myPhyReg->getKind() != opndPhyReg->getKind())
      return Rel_disjoint;

    if (myPhyReg->isPhyAreg()) {
      if (myPhyReg->asAreg()->getArchRegType() == AREG_NULL) {
        // like NaN, a null ARF is disjoint to everyone including itself
        return Rel_disjoint;
      }

      // TODO: this is not accurate for flag/acc/address.
      return (myPhyReg->asAreg()->getArchRegType() ==
              opndPhyReg->asAreg()->getArchRegType())
                 ? Rel_eq
                 : Rel_disjoint;
    }

    // TODO: handle physically assigned GRF reg. Right now this should
    // not happen prior to RA.
  }

  if (myBase->getKind() != opndBase->getKind()) {
    return Rel_disjoint;
  }

  if (myDcl != opndDcl) {
    return Rel_disjoint;
  }

  unsigned int left_bound2 = opnd->getLeftBound(),
               right_bound2 = opnd->getRightBound();
  uint32_t myLeftBound = regRegion->getLeftBound();
  uint32_t myRightBound = regRegion->getRightBound();

  {
    uint64_t opndBitVecL = opnd->getBitVecL(),
             opndBitVecH = opnd->getBitVecH(builder);
    uint64_t myBitVecL = regRegion->getBitVecL(),
             myBitVecH = regRegion->getBitVecH(builder);
    if (myRightBound < left_bound2 || right_bound2 < myLeftBound) {
      return Rel_disjoint;
    } else if (myLeftBound == left_bound2 && myRightBound == right_bound2 &&
               myBitVecL == opndBitVecL && myBitVecH == opndBitVecH) {
      return Rel_eq;
    } else {
      // First consider if any operand is > two GRFs. If so we just compare the
      // bound as such operands are assumed to touch every element within the
      // bound.
      bool meExceedTwoGRF =
          (myRightBound - myLeftBound) > 2u * builder.getGRFSize();
      bool opndExceedTwoGRF =
          (right_bound2 - left_bound2) > 2u * builder.getGRFSize();
      if (meExceedTwoGRF || opndExceedTwoGRF) {
        if (left_bound2 >= myLeftBound && right_bound2 <= myRightBound) {
          return Rel_gt;
        } else if (myLeftBound >= left_bound2 && myRightBound <= right_bound2) {
          return Rel_lt;
        }
        return Rel_interfere;
      }

      // Now both operands are within two GRFs, compare their footprint to get
      // precise relations
      int maskSize = 2 * builder.getGRFSize();
      if (myDcl) {
        maskSize = myDcl->getRegVar()->isFlag() ? myDcl->getNumberFlagElements()
                                                : myDcl->getByteSize();
      }
      BitSet myBitSet(maskSize, false);
      BitSet otherBitSet(maskSize, false);
      regRegion->updateFootPrint(myBitSet, true, builder);
      opnd->updateFootPrint(otherBitSet, true, builder);

      BitSet tmp = myBitSet;
      myBitSet &= otherBitSet;
      if (myBitSet.isEmpty()) {
        return Rel_disjoint;
      }

      myBitSet = tmp;
      myBitSet -= otherBitSet;
      if (myBitSet.isEmpty()) {
        return Rel_lt;
      }
      otherBitSet -= tmp;
      return otherBitSet.isEmpty() ? Rel_gt : Rel_interfere;
    }
  }
}

G4_CmpRelation G4_DstRegRegion::compareOperand(G4_Operand *opnd,
                                               const IR_Builder &builder) {
  return compareRegRegionToOperand(this, opnd, builder);
}

bool G4_DstRegRegion::isNativeType() const {
  G4_Type type = getType();

  if (IS_WTYPE(type) || IS_DTYPE(type) || IS_FTYPE(type) || type == Type_DF) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

bool G4_DstRegRegion::isNativePackedRowRegion() const {
  if (isNativeType()) {
    return horzStride == 1;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

bool G4_DstRegRegion::isNativePackedRegion() const {
  return isNativePackedRowRegion();
}

bool G4_DstRegRegion::coverGRF(const IR_Builder &builder, uint16_t numGRF,
                               uint8_t execSize) {
  uint32_t size = builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() * numGRF;
  uint32_t range = getRightBound() - getLeftBound() + 1;
  if (acc == Direct) {
    if (range == size) {
      return true;
    }
    if (horzStride > 1) {
      if (size == execSize * horzStride * TypeSize(type)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  } else {
    if (size == execSize * horzStride * TypeSize(type)) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

// Check if dst satisfies the following conditions(for platforms before BDW):
// The destination region is entirely contained in the lower OWord of a
// register. The destination region is entirely contained in the upper OWord of
// a register. The destination elements are evenly split between the two OWords
// of a register.

bool G4_DstRegRegion::goodOneGRFDst(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                    uint8_t execSize) {
  if (acc != Direct) {
    return horzStride * TypeSize(type) * execSize ==
           builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  }
  uint32_t halfSize = (getRightBound() - getLeftBound() + 1 +
                       (horzStride - 1) * getTypeSize()) /
                      2;
  uint32_t middle = getLeftBound() + halfSize;
  if (getLeftBound() / (builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2) ==
          getRightBound() / (builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2) ||
      (getLeftBound() / (builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2) ==
           (getRightBound() / (builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2) - 1) &&
       getLeftBound() % (builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2) ==
           middle % (builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2))) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_DstRegRegion::goodtwoGRFDst(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                    uint8_t execSize) {
  return evenlySplitCrossGRF(builder, execSize);
}

// this is true if dst crosses GRF and has same number of elements in both GRFs
// (i.e, the middle element has same GRF offset as the start element)
bool G4_DstRegRegion::evenlySplitCrossGRF(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                          uint8_t execSize) {
  // check number of elements in first GRF.
  vISA_ASSERT(acc == Direct, "Indirect operand can not cross GRF boundary.");

  if (execSize == 1) {
    return false;
  }

  int halfBytes = left_bound + horzStride * TypeSize(type) * (execSize / 2);
  int halfOffset = halfBytes % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  int startOffset = left_bound % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  return halfOffset == startOffset;
}

/*
 * check if the input opnd is align to GRF
 * if the first level dcl is not aligned to GRF or sub register offset of this
 * opnd is not multiple GRFs, including 0, return true.
 */
bool G4_DstRegRegion::checkGRFAlign(const IR_Builder &builder) const {
  bool GRF_aligned = false;
  unsigned byte_subregoff = subRegOff * TypeSize(type);

  if (byte_subregoff % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() != 0) {
    return false;
  }

  if (base) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      G4_Declare *dcl = base->asRegVar()->getDeclare();

      if (dcl) {
        G4_Declare *aliasdcl = dcl;

        unsigned aliasOffset = 0;
        while (aliasdcl->getAliasDeclare()) {
          aliasOffset += aliasdcl->getAliasOffset();
          aliasdcl = aliasdcl->getAliasDeclare();
        }
        if (aliasOffset % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() != 0) {
          return false;
        }

        if (aliasdcl->getSubRegAlign() >= builder.getGRFAlign() ||
            aliasdcl->getNumRows() * aliasdcl->getElemSize() *
                    aliasdcl->getElemSize() >=
                (int)builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
          return true;
        }
      } else if (base->asRegVar()->isPhyRegAssigned() &&
                 base->asRegVar()->getByteAddr(builder) %
                         builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() ==
                     0) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return GRF_aligned;
}

//
// returns true if this operand (must be either Src or DstRegRegion) has a fixed
// subreg offset. This is true only if
// -- operand is direct,
// -- operand has assigned GRF (i.e., input), or
// -- base declare is a GRF variable that is GRF-aligned
// if true, the subreg offset is also returned via offset in bytes
// Note this always returns false for ARFs (flag, addr, etc.)
//
static bool regionHasFixedSubreg(const IR_Builder &builder, G4_Operand *opnd,
                                 uint32_t &offset) {
  vASSERT(opnd->isSrcRegRegion() || opnd->isDstRegRegion());
  short subRegOff = 0;
  if (opnd->isSrcRegRegion()) {
    if (opnd->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegAccess() != Direct) {
      return false;
    }
    subRegOff = opnd->asSrcRegRegion()->getSubRegOff();
  } else if (opnd->isDstRegRegion()) {
    if (opnd->asDstRegRegion()->getRegAccess() != Direct) {
      return false;
    }
    subRegOff = opnd->asDstRegRegion()->getSubRegOff();
  }

  G4_VarBase *base = opnd->getBase();

  vISA_ASSERT(base != nullptr, "Invalid VarBase");

  if (base->isAccReg()) {
    if (opnd->isDstRegRegion()) {
      offset = opnd->asDstRegRegion()->getSubRegOff();
    }
    if (opnd->isSrcRegRegion()) {
      offset = opnd->asSrcRegRegion()->getSubRegOff();
    }
    return true;
  }

  if (!base->isRegVar() ||
      !base->asRegVar()->getDeclare()->useGRF()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (base->asRegVar()->isPhyRegAssigned()) {
    offset = (subRegOff + base->asRegVar()->getPhyRegOff()) *
             TypeSize(opnd->getType());
    offset %= builder.getGRFSize();
    return true;
  }

  uint32_t subregByte = 0;
  G4_Declare *rootDcl =
      base->asRegVar()->getDeclare()->getRootDeclare(subregByte);
  subregByte += subRegOff * TypeSize(opnd->getType());

  if (rootDcl->getSubRegAlign() < builder.getGRFAlign()) {
    return false;
  }
  offset = subregByte % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();

  return true;
}

bool G4_DstRegRegion::hasFixedSubregOffset(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                           uint32_t &offset) {
  return regionHasFixedSubreg(builder, this, offset);
}

// compute max execution size starting from the current pos.
// power of two. no cross GRF boundary is allowed now.
// TODO: cross GRF is allowed in BDW+.
// cross half-GRF should guaranttee evenly split
uint8_t G4_DstRegRegion::getMaxExecSize(const IR_Builder &builder, int pos,
                                        uint8_t maxExSize, bool twoGRFsrc) {
  if (acc != Direct) {
    return roundDownPow2(maxExSize);
  }

  uint8_t elSize = (uint8_t)getTypeSize();
  uint8_t exTypeSize = horzStride * elSize;
  uint8_t maxSize = roundDownPow2(maxExSize);
  uint32_t newLB = getLeftBound() + pos * exTypeSize,
           newRB = newLB + (maxExSize - 1) * exTypeSize + elSize - 1;
  uint32_t leftGRF = newLB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>(),
           rightGRF = newRB / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  // pre-BDW does not allow cross GRF dst except full 2-GRF dst.
  // BDW+ allows if elements are evenly split between two GRFs
  bool crossGRF = false;
  if (isCrossGRFDst(builder)) {
    // check cross GRF boundary
    uint8_t byteInFirstGRF =
        ((leftGRF + 1) * builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() - newLB);
    uint8_t eleInFirstGRF = byteInFirstGRF / exTypeSize +
                            // v20(0,17)<2>:ub and simd size is 16
                            ((byteInFirstGRF % exTypeSize != 0) &&
                                     (byteInFirstGRF % exTypeSize >= elSize)
                                 ? 1
                                 : 0);

    if (leftGRF != rightGRF) {
      uint8_t pow2 = roundDownPow2(eleInFirstGRF);
      if (pow2 != eleInFirstGRF) {
        maxSize = pow2;
        newRB = newLB + (maxSize - 1) * exTypeSize + elSize - 1;
      } else {
        // number of elements in first GRF is power of 2 and HS is not used to
        // cross GRF search into second GRF if number of elements in second GRF
        // >= numbr of elements in first GRF
        uint8_t byteInSecondGRF = (newRB + 1) % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
        uint8_t eleInSecondGRF =
            byteInSecondGRF / exTypeSize + (horzStride > 1 ? 1 : 0);
        if (eleInSecondGRF >= eleInFirstGRF) {
          crossGRF = true;
          maxSize = eleInFirstGRF * 2;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  // check if cross half-GRF boundary
  // FIXME: if we know that the new srcs are all in one GRF, we do not have to
  // do the following check.
  if (!crossGRF && twoGRFsrc) {
    uint32_t halfGRFSize = builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() / 2;
    if (newLB / halfGRFSize != newRB / halfGRFSize) {
      uint32_t middlePoint =
          (newRB + (horzStride - 1) * elSize - newLB + 1) / 2;
      // check middle point
      if ((middlePoint + newLB) % halfGRFSize != 0) {
        // check size before half-GRF
        uint8_t sizeBeforeMidGRF =
            ((leftGRF * builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() + halfGRFSize) - newLB +
             exTypeSize - 1) /
            exTypeSize;
        uint8_t pow2Size = roundDownPow2(sizeBeforeMidGRF);
        // V36(0,1)<4>:ud is slipt into 2x2
        if (sizeBeforeMidGRF <= (maxSize >> 1) &&
            pow2Size == sizeBeforeMidGRF) {
          maxSize = 2 * pow2Size;
        } else {
          maxSize = pow2Size;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return maxSize;
}

void G4_DstRegRegion::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  //
  // output Var(refOff,subRegOff)
  //
  emitRegVarOff(output);

  //
  // output <horzStride>
  //
  if (inst != NULL && inst->isSplitSend()) {
    // do nothing for sends
  } else if (isAccRegValid()) {
    // do nothing for madm
  } else if (horzStride != UNDEFINED_SHORT) {
    output << '<' << horzStride << '>';
  } else if (base->isAreg()) {
    output << "<1>";
  } else if (base->isNullReg()) {
    // do not emit region for null reg
  } else if (base->isFlag()) {
    output << "<1>";
  } else {
    vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE("No default region specified");
  }

  if (isAccRegValid()) {
    // output acc2~acc9
    if (getAccRegSel() == NOACC) {
      output << ".noacc";
    } else {
      output << ".acc" << (getAccRegSel() + 2);
    }
  }

  if (Type_UNDEF != type)
    output << ':' << TypeSymbol(type);
}

void G4_DstRegRegion::emitRegVarOff(std::ostream &output) {
  bool printSubReg = true;
  if (inst && inst->isSplitSend()) {
    printSubReg = false;
  }
  printRegVarOff(output, this, regOff, subRegOff, immAddrOff, type,
                 printSubReg);
}

//
// return true if prd and this are the same inst predicate
//
bool G4_Predicate::samePredicate(const G4_Predicate &prd) const {
  return getBase() == prd.getBase() && state == prd.state &&
         subRegOff == prd.subRegOff && control == prd.control;
}
//
// return true if mod and this are the same condition modifier
//
bool G4_CondMod::sameCondMod(const G4_CondMod &m) const {
  return getBase() == m.getBase() && mod == m.mod && subRegOff == m.subRegOff;
}

//
// create all physical register operands
//
PhyRegPool::PhyRegPool(Mem_Manager &m, unsigned int maxRegisterNumber) {
  maxGRFNum = maxRegisterNumber;

  GRF_Table = (G4_Greg **)m.alloc(sizeof(G4_Greg *) * maxGRFNum);
  // create General Registers
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < maxGRFNum; i++)
    GRF_Table[i] = new (m) G4_Greg(i);

  for (unsigned i = 0; i < AREG_LAST; i++) {
    ARF_Table[i] = nullptr;
  }

  // create Architecture Registers
  ARF_Table[AREG_NULL] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_NULL);
  ARF_Table[AREG_A0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_A0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_ACC0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_ACC0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_ACC1] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_ACC1);
  ARF_Table[AREG_MASK0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_MASK0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_MSG0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_MSG0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_DBG] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_DBG);
  ARF_Table[AREG_SR0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_SR0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_CR0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_CR0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_TM0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_TM0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_N0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_N0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_N1] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_N1);
  ARF_Table[AREG_IP] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_IP);
  ARF_Table[AREG_F0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_F0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_F1] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_F1);
  ARF_Table[AREG_TDR0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_TDR0);
  ARF_Table[AREG_SP] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_SP);
  ARF_Table[AREG_F2] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_F2);
  ARF_Table[AREG_F3] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_F3);
  ARF_Table[AREG_S0] = new (m) G4_Areg(AREG_S0);
}

void PhyRegPool::rebuildRegPool(Mem_Manager &m, unsigned int numRegisters) {
  maxGRFNum = numRegisters;

  GRF_Table = (G4_Greg **)m.alloc(sizeof(G4_Greg *) * maxGRFNum);
  // create General Registers
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < maxGRFNum; i++)
    GRF_Table[i] = new (m) G4_Greg(i);
}

G4_Declare::G4_Declare(const IR_Builder &builder, const char *n,
                       G4_RegFileKind k, uint32_t numElems, G4_Type ty,
                       std::vector<G4_Declare *> &dcllist)
    : name(n), regFile(k), elemInfo(ty, numElems, builder.getGRFSize()),
      GRFByteSize(builder.getGRFSize()), addressed(false), builtin(false),
      liveIn(false), liveOut(false), payloadLiveOut(false), noWidening(false),
      isSplittedDcl(false), isPartialDcl(false), refInSend(false),
      PreDefinedVar(false) {

  regVar = nullptr;
  AliasDCL = nullptr;
  AliasOffset = 0;

  if (k == G4_FLAG) {
    // need original number of elements for any*
    numFlagElements = numElems * 16;
  } else {
    numFlagElements = 0;
  }

  spillFlag = false;
  spillDCL = nullptr;

  startID = 0;

  doNotSpill = false;
  capableOfReuse = false;
  addrSpillFill = false;
  forceSpilled = false;
  exclusiveLoad = false;
  isCmpUseOnly = false;
  scopeID = 0;

  declId = (unsigned)dcllist.size();
  dcllist.push_back(this);
}

unsigned int G4_Declare::getGRFOffsetFromR0() const {
  auto phyReg = getRegVar()->getPhyReg();
  // TODO: Unfortunately, there are invocations of this method from
  // HWConformity that runs before RA. Return 0 here to preserve
  // functionality.
  if (!phyReg || !phyReg->isGreg())
    return 0;
  vISA_ASSERT(phyReg && phyReg->isGreg(), "expecting GRF allocation");
  auto regNum = phyReg->asGreg()->getRegNum();
  auto regOff = getRegVar()->getPhyRegOff();
  unsigned int linearizedStart =
      (regNum * GRFByteSize) + (regOff * TypeSize(elemInfo.getType()));
  return linearizedStart;
}

void G4_Declare::setEvenAlign() { regVar->setEvenAlign(); }

void G4_Declare::setSubRegAlign(G4_SubReg_Align subAl) {
  regVar->setSubRegAlignment(subAl);
}

bool G4_Declare::isEvenAlign() const { return regVar->isEvenAlign(); }

G4_SubReg_Align G4_Declare::getSubRegAlign() const {
  return regVar->getSubRegAlignment();
}

void G4_Declare::copyAlign(G4_Declare *dcl) {
  if (dcl->isEvenAlign()) {
    setEvenAlign();
  }
  regVar->setSubRegAlignment(dcl->getSubRegAlign());
}

void G4_Declare::ElemInfo::reset(unsigned numElems, uint8_t GRFByteSize) {
  numElements = numElems;
  numRows = (getByteSize() + (GRFByteSize - 1)) / GRFByteSize;
  numElemsPerRow = numRows > 1 ? GRFByteSize / getElemSize() : numElements;
}

void G4_Declare::resizeNumRows(unsigned int numrows) {
  unsigned byteSize = numrows * GRFByteSize;
  setTotalElems(byteSize / getElemSize());
}

unsigned G4_Declare::getNumRegNeeded() const {
  auto regKind = getRegFile();
  if (regKind == G4_ADDRESS)
    return getNumElems() * getElemSize() / G4_WSIZE;
  else if (regKind == G4_FLAG) {
    // number of elements are in words
    return getNumElems();
  } else {
    // number of GRFs
    return getNumRows();
  }
}

void G4_Declare::emit(std::ostream &output) const {

  output << "//.declare " << name << " (" << getDeclId() << ") ";
  output << " rf=";
  if (useGRF()) {
    output << 'r';
  } else if (regFile == G4_ADDRESS) {
    output << 'a';
  } else if (regFile == G4_SCALAR) {
    output << 's';
  } else if (regFile == G4_FLAG) {
    output << 'f';
    output << getNumberFlagElements() << " ";
  } else {
    vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE(ERROR_UNKNOWN); // unhandled case
  }

  output << " size=" << getByteSize();
  if (Type_UNDEF != elemInfo.getType()) {
    output << " type=" << TypeSymbol(elemInfo.getType());
  }
  if (AliasDCL) {
    output << " alias=" << AliasDCL->getName() << "+" << getAliasOffset();
  }
  output << " align=" << getSubRegAlign() << " words";
  if (regVar->isPhyRegAssigned()) {
    G4_VarBase *phyreg = regVar->getPhyReg();
    if (phyreg->isGreg()) {
      output << " (r" << phyreg->asGreg()->getRegNum() << "."
             << regVar->getPhyRegOff() << ")";
    } else if (phyreg->isAddress()) {
      output << " (a0." << regVar->getPhyRegOff() << ")";
    } else if (phyreg->isFlag()) {
      bool valid = false;
      output << " (f" << phyreg->asAreg()->ExRegNum(valid) << "."
             << regVar->getPhyRegOff() << ")";
    } else if (phyreg->isS0()) {
      output << " (s0." << regVar->getPhyRegOff() << ")";
    }
  } else if (isSpilled()) {
    const char *maybeForced = isForceSpilled() ? "force " : "";
    if (spillDCL) {
      // flag/addr spill
      output << " (" << maybeForced <<
          "spilled -> " << spillDCL->getName() << ")";
    } else {
      // GRF spill
      auto GRFOffset = getRegVar()->getDisp() / GRFByteSize;
      if (!AliasDCL) {
        output << " (" << maybeForced <<
            "spilled -> Scratch[" << GRFOffset << "x"
               << (int)GRFByteSize << "])";
      } else {
        output << " (" << maybeForced << "spilled)";
      }
    }
  } else if (isDoNotSpill()) {
    output << " NoSpill";
  }

  if (isBuiltin()) {
    output << " IsBuiltin";
  }
  if (doNotWiden()) {
    output << " DoNotWiden";
  }

  if (liveIn && liveOut) {
    output << " Input_Output";
  } else if (liveIn) {
    output << " Input";
  } else if (liveOut) {
    output << " Output";
  }

  output << "\n";
}

// For an aliased variable, return its root variable name plus the offset suffix
// if it's non-zero. Type is not included as it is already printed by the
// operand and thus doesn't seem to offer more readability.
// This is intended to be called for internal IR dump only and thus we are not
// concerned with the overhead of creating the string on-the-fly.
std::string G4_Declare::getNonAliasedName() const {
  if (!getAliasDeclare())
    return name;
  uint32_t offset = 0;
  auto rootDcl = getRootDeclare(offset);
  std::string rootName(rootDcl->getName());
  if (offset != 0)
    rootName += "_" + std::to_string(offset);
  return rootName;
}

void G4_Predicate::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  output << "(";
  emit_body(output);
  output << ") ";
}

void G4_Predicate::emit_body(std::ostream &output) {
  static const char *align16ControlNames[] = {"",
                                              "xyzw",
                                              "x",
                                              "y",
                                              "z",
                                              "w",
                                              "any4h",
                                              "all4h"};

  if (state == PredState_Minus) {
    output << '!';
  }

  if (getBase()->asRegVar()->isPhyRegAssigned()) {
    getBase()->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()->emit(output);
    output << "." << getBase()->asRegVar()->getPhyRegOff() + subRegOff;
  } else {
    getBase()->emit(output);
    if (subRegOff != UNDEFINED_SHORT) {
      output << '.' << subRegOff;
    }
  }

  if (control != PRED_DEFAULT) {
    output << '.';
    switch (control) {
    case PRED_ANY2H:
      output << "any2h";
      break;
    case PRED_ANY4H:
      output << "any4h";
      break;
    case PRED_ANY8H:
      output << "any8h";
      break;
    case PRED_ANY16H:
      output << "any16h";
      break;
    case PRED_ANY32H:
      output << "any32h";
      break;
    case PRED_ALL2H:
      output << "all2h";
      break;
    case PRED_ALL4H:
      output << "all4h";
      break;
    case PRED_ALL8H:
      output << "all8h";
      break;
    case PRED_ALL16H:
      output << "all16h";
      break;
    case PRED_ALL32H:
      output << "all32h";
      break;
    case PRED_ANYV:
      output << "anyv";
      break;
    case PRED_ALLV:
      output << "allv";
      break;
    case PRED_ANY_WHOLE:
      output << "any";
      break;
    case PRED_ALL_WHOLE:
      output << "all";
      break;
    default:
      // do nothing
      break;
    }
  }
}

G4_Predicate::G4_Predicate(G4_Predicate &prd)
    : G4_Operand(G4_Operand::predicate, prd.getBase()) {
  state = prd.state;
  subRegOff = prd.subRegOff;
  control = prd.control;

  top_dcl = prd.top_dcl;
  left_bound = prd.left_bound;
  right_bound = prd.right_bound;
  bitVec[0] = prd.bitVec[0];
  bitVec[1] = prd.bitVec[1];
  byteOffset = prd.byteOffset;
  rightBoundSet = prd.rightBoundSet;
}

unsigned G4_Predicate::computeRightBound(uint8_t exec_size) {
  rightBoundSet = true;
  bitVec[0] = 0;
  bitVec[1] = 0;

  if (control == PRED_ALL_WHOLE || control == PRED_ANY_WHOLE) {
    // If control is "all" or "any", the left bound is 0 and the right
    // bound is the the declare size
    left_bound = 0;
    uint16_t totalBits = getTopDcl()->getNumberFlagElements();
    right_bound = totalBits - 1;
    bitVec[0] = totalBits == 32 ? 0xFFFFFFFF : (1 << totalBits) - 1;
  } else {
    uint16_t group_size = (uint16_t)getPredCtrlGroupSize();
    uint16_t totalBits = (exec_size > group_size) ? exec_size : group_size;

    if (inst)
      left_bound = inst->getMaskOffset();

    right_bound = left_bound + totalBits - 1;

    bitVec[0] = exec_size >= 32 ? 0xFFFFFFFF : (1 << exec_size) - 1;
  }

  return right_bound;
}

static G4_CmpRelation compareBound(uint32_t myLB, uint32_t myRB,
                                   uint32_t otherLB, uint32_t otherRB) {
  if (myLB == otherLB && myRB == otherRB) {
    return Rel_eq;
  } else if (myRB < otherLB || otherRB < myLB) {
    return Rel_disjoint;
  } else if (myLB <= otherLB && myRB >= otherRB) {
    return Rel_gt;
  } else if (myLB >= otherLB && myRB <= otherRB) {
    return Rel_lt;
  } else {
    return Rel_interfere;
  }
}

/// compare flag to opnd
/// flag is either a G4_Predicate or G4_CondMod, opnd can be any G4_operand
/// We put this in a separate function since G4_Predicate and G4_CondMod
/// should have identical code for compareOperand
static G4_CmpRelation compareFlagToOperand(G4_Operand *flag, G4_Operand *opnd) {
  vISA_ASSERT((flag->isPredicate() || flag->isCondMod()),
              "expect either predicate or conditional modifier");

  bool legalOpnd = opnd->isSrcRegRegion() || opnd->isDstRegRegion() ||
                   opnd->isPredicate() || opnd->isCondMod();
  G4_VarBase *myBase = flag->getBase();
  G4_VarBase *opndBase = opnd->getBase();

  if (!legalOpnd || myBase == nullptr || opndBase == nullptr ||
      !opndBase->isFlag()) {
    return Rel_disjoint;
  }

  // flags with different base declare definitely do not interfere (we do not
  // consider physical flags here)
  if (flag->getTopDcl() != opnd->getTopDcl()) {
    return Rel_disjoint;
  }

  // Do we generate pseudo kill on flags?
  G4_INST *opndInst = opnd->getInst();
  if (opndInst && (opndInst->isPseudoKill() || opndInst->isLifeTimeEnd())) {
    return Rel_interfere;
  }

  return compareBound(flag->getLeftBound(), flag->getRightBound(),
                      opnd->getLeftBound(), opnd->getRightBound());
}

G4_CmpRelation G4_Predicate::compareOperand(G4_Operand *opnd,
                                            const IR_Builder &builder) {
  return compareFlagToOperand(this, opnd);
}

// remove half of the bitvector and change right bound
void G4_Predicate::splitPred() {
  uint16_t range = getRightBound() - getLeftBound() + 1;
  uint16_t shiftLen = range >> 2;
  right_bound = getLeftBound() + shiftLen - 1;

  bitVec[0] = ((uint32_t)getBitVecL()) >> shiftLen;
}

void G4_CondMod::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  static const char *const CondModStr[Mod_cond_undef] = {
      "ze", // zero
      "eq", // equal
      "nz", // not zero
      "ne", // not equal
      "gt", // greater
      "ge", // greater or equal
      "lt", // less
      "le", // less or equal
      "ov", // overflow
      "ri", // round increment
      "un", // unorder (NaN)
  };
  output << "(" << CondModStr[mod] << ")";
  if (getBase() == nullptr) {
    output << "f0.0";
  } else if (getBase()->asRegVar()->isPhyRegAssigned()) {
    getBase()->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()->emit(output);
    output << "." << getBase()->asRegVar()->getPhyRegOff() + subRegOff;
  } else {
    getBase()->emit(output);
    if (subRegOff != UNDEFINED_SHORT) {
      output << '.' << subRegOff;
    }
  }
}
G4_CondMod::G4_CondMod(G4_CondMod &cMod)
    : G4_Operand(G4_Operand::condMod, cMod.getBase()) {
  mod = cMod.mod;
  subRegOff = cMod.subRegOff;

  top_dcl = cMod.top_dcl;
  left_bound = cMod.left_bound;
  right_bound = cMod.right_bound;
  bitVec[0] = cMod.bitVec[0];
  bitVec[1] = cMod.bitVec[1];
  byteOffset = cMod.byteOffset;
  rightBoundSet = cMod.rightBoundSet;
}

unsigned G4_CondMod::computeRightBound(uint8_t exec_size) {
  bitVec[0] = 0;
  bitVec[1] = 0;
  rightBoundSet = true;

  if (inst)
    left_bound = inst->getMaskOffset();

  right_bound = left_bound + exec_size - 1;

  bitVec[0] = exec_size == 32 ? 0xFFFFFFFF : (1 << exec_size) - 1;

  return right_bound;
}

/// same as G4_Predicate::compareOperand
G4_CmpRelation G4_CondMod::compareOperand(G4_Operand *opnd,
                                          const IR_Builder &builder) {
  return compareFlagToOperand(this, opnd);
}

// remove half of the bitvector and change right bound
void G4_CondMod::splitCondMod() {
  uint16_t range = getRightBound() - getLeftBound() + 1;
  uint16_t shiftLen = range >> 2;
  right_bound = getLeftBound() + shiftLen - 1;

  bitVec[0] = ((uint32_t)getBitVecL()) >> shiftLen;
}
bool G4_Imm::isEqualTo(G4_Imm &imm1) const {
  return (imm1.getType() == type) && (imm1.getImm() == imm.num);
}

// check if an immedate is in the range of type
bool G4_Imm::isInTypeRange(int64_t imm, G4_Type ty) {
  switch (ty) {
  case Type_D:
    return imm >= (int)MIN_DWORD_VALUE && imm <= (int)MAX_DWORD_VALUE;
  case Type_Q:
    return true;
  case Type_UQ:
    return imm >= 0;
  case Type_UD:
    return (imm >= (unsigned)MIN_UDWORD_VALUE &&
            imm <= (unsigned)MAX_UDWORD_VALUE);
  case Type_W:
    return (imm >= (int)MIN_WORD_VALUE && imm <= (int)MAX_WORD_VALUE);
  case Type_UW:
    return (imm >= (int)MIN_UWORD_VALUE && imm <= (int)MAX_UWORD_VALUE);
  case Type_B:
    return (imm >= (int)MIN_CHAR_VALUE && imm <= (int)MAX_CHAR_VALUE);
  case Type_UB:
    return (imm >= (int)MIN_UCHAR_VALUE && imm <= (int)MAX_UCHAR_VALUE);
  default:
    break;
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_Imm::isZero() const {
  if (IS_TYPE_F32_F64(type)) {
    if (type == Type_F) {
      return (imm.fp32 == 0.0f);
    }
    return (imm.fp == 0.0);
  }
  return (imm.num == 0);
}

bool G4_Imm::isSignBitZero() const {
  G4_Type Ty = getType();
  int64_t val = getInt();
  switch (Ty) {
  case Type_B:
  case Type_W:
  case Type_D:
  case Type_Q:
    return val > 0;
  case Type_V:
    return ((uint64_t)val & 0x88888888) == 0;
  default:
    break;
  }
  return false;
}

G4_CmpRelation G4_Imm::compareOperand(G4_Operand *opnd,
                                      const IR_Builder &builder) {
  G4_CmpRelation rel = Rel_disjoint;
  if (opnd->isImm() && isEqualTo(opnd->asImm())) {
    return Rel_eq;
  }
  return rel;
}

void G4_Imm::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  //
  // we only emit hex in this function
  //
  std::ios::fmtflags outFlags(output.flags());
  output.flags(std::ios_base::hex);
  output << "0x";

  if (type == Type_DF) {
    output << (uint64_t)imm.num;
  } else if (type == Type_F) {
    output << imm.num32;
  } else if (type == Type_W || type == Type_UW || type == Type_B ||
             type == Type_UB) {
    output << (short)imm.num;
  } else if (type == Type_D || type == Type_UD) {
    // 32-bit int
    output << (int)imm.num;
  } else {
    // 64-bit int
    output << imm.num;
  }

  output.flags(outFlags);

  if (Type_UNDEF != type) {
    output << ':' << TypeSymbol(type);
  }
}

// emit number, automatically select the format according to its original format
void G4_Imm::emitAutoFmt(std::ostream &output) {
  if (Type_F == type) {
    output << imm.fp32;
  } else if (Type_DF == type) {
    output << imm.fp;
  } else if (Type_W == type || Type_B == type) {
    output << (short)imm.num;
  } else if (Type_D == type) {
    output << imm.num;
  } else // unsigned value
  {
    output << (unsigned)imm.num;
  }

  if (Type_UNDEF != type) {
    output << ':' << TypeSymbol(type);
  }
}

int64_t G4_Imm::typecastVals(int64_t value, G4_Type type) {
  int64_t retVal = 0;
  switch (type) {
  case Type_UD:
  case Type_UV:
  case Type_VF: {
    retVal = (int64_t)((unsigned)value);
    break;
  }
  case Type_D:
  case Type_V: {
    retVal = (int64_t)((int)value);
    break;
  }
  case Type_UW: {
    retVal = (int64_t)((uint16_t)value);
    break;
  }
  case Type_W: {
    retVal = (int64_t)((int16_t)value);
    break;
  }
  case Type_UB: {
    retVal = (int64_t)((uint8_t)value);
    break;
  }
  case Type_B: {
    retVal = (int64_t)((int8_t)value);
    break;
  }
  default: {
    // Don't do float conversions
    retVal = value;
  }
  }
  return retVal;
}

G4_CmpRelation G4_Reloc_Imm::compareOperand(G4_Operand *opnd,
                                            const IR_Builder &builder) {
  if (!opnd->isRelocImm())
    return Rel_disjoint;

  const auto *relocImmOpnd = opnd->asRelocImm();
  if (llvm::StringRef(symbol) != llvm::StringRef(relocImmOpnd->symbol))
    return Rel_disjoint;
  if (relocKind != relocImmOpnd->relocKind)
    return Rel_disjoint;
  if (getType() != opnd->getType())
    return Rel_disjoint;

  return Rel_eq;
}

void G4_Reloc_Imm::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  // @RelocTy(Symbol):OpType
  // @RelocTy(Symbol+Imm):OpType
  output << "@" << RelocationEntry::getTypeString(relocKind);
  output << "(\"";
  const char *sym = symbol;
  for (; *sym; sym++) {
    switch (*sym) {
    case '\"':
      output << "\\\"";
      break;
    case '\'':
      output << "\\\'";
      break;
    case '\\':
      output << "\\\\";
      break;
    default:
      if (std::isprint(*sym))
        output << *sym;
      else
        output <<
          "\\x" <<
          "0123456789ABCDEF"[(*sym >> 4) & 0xF] <<
          "0123456789ABCDEF"[(*sym >> 0) & 0xF];
    }
  }
  output << "\"";
  if (getImm() != 0) {
    output << "," <<
      (TypeSize(type) == 8 ? fmtHex(getImm()) : fmtHex((uint32_t)getImm()));
  }
  output << ")";


  if (Type_UNDEF != type) {
    output << ':' << TypeSymbol(type);
  }
}

G4_RegVar *G4_RegVarTransient::getNonTransientBaseRegVar() {
  G4_RegVar *base;
  for (base = getBaseRegVar(); base->isRegVarTransient();
       base = base->getBaseRegVar())
    ;
  return base;
}

void G4_RegVar::emit(std::ostream &output) {

  // Always print the root declare to make the IR dump more readable.
  output << decl->getNonAliasedName();
  if (reg.phyReg) {
    output << "(";
    reg.phyReg->emit(output);
    output << '.' << reg.subRegOff << ':'
           << TypeSymbol(getDeclare()->getElemType()) << ")";
  }
}
int G4_AddrExp::eval(const IR_Builder &builder) {
  int byteAddr = 0;

  vISA_ASSERT(m_addressedReg->getPhyReg() != NULL,
              "No addr takenregister found!");

  byteAddr = m_addressedReg->getByteAddr(
      builder); // let's assume the unsigned=>int won't overflow for now.
  byteAddr += m_offset;

  return byteAddr;
}
void G4_AddrExp::emit(std::ostream &output) {
  output << '&';
  m_addressedReg->emit(output);
  output << '+' << m_offset;
}

void G4_SrcRegRegion::computeLeftBound(const IR_Builder &builder) {
  top_dcl = NULL;
  unsigned newregoff = regOff, offset = 0;

  if (base) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      top_dcl = base->asRegVar()->getDeclare();
      if (!top_dcl && base->asRegVar()->isGreg()) {
        newregoff = base->asRegVar()->asGreg()->getRegNum();
      }
    }
  }

  if (top_dcl) {
    while (top_dcl->getAliasDeclare()) {
      offset += top_dcl->getAliasOffset();
      top_dcl = top_dcl->getAliasDeclare();
    }
  }

  if (base != NULL && base->isFlag()) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      if (base->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()) {
        left_bound = base->asRegVar()->getPhyRegOff() *
                     16; // the bound of flag register is in unit of BIT
        left_bound += subRegOff * 16;
        left_bound +=
            base->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()->asAreg()->getFlagNum() * 32;
      } else {
        left_bound = subRegOff * 16;
      }
    } else {
      left_bound = subRegOff * 16;
      left_bound += base->asAreg()->getFlagNum() * 32;
    }

    right_bound = 0;
  } else if (base != NULL && base->isS0()) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      if (base->asRegVar()->getPhyReg()) {
        left_bound = base->asRegVar()->getPhyRegOff() * TypeSize(type);
        left_bound += subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
      } else {
        left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
      }
    } else {
      left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
    }

    right_bound = 0;
  } else if (base != NULL && base->isAccReg()) {
    left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
    if (base->asAreg()->getArchRegType() == AREG_ACC1) {
      left_bound += builder.getACCSize();
    }
    byteOffset = left_bound;
  } else if (top_dcl) {
    if (acc == Direct) {
      left_bound = offset + newregoff * builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() +
                   subRegOff * TypeSize(type);
      if (top_dcl->getTotalElems() * top_dcl->getElemSize() >=
          (int)builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
        byteOffset = left_bound;
      } else {
        unsigned alignOff = TypeSize(type) > TypeSize(Type_W)
                                ? TypeSize(type)
                                : TypeSize(Type_W);
        if (top_dcl->getSubRegAlign() == Even_Word ||
            top_dcl->getSubRegAlign() >= Four_Word) {
          alignOff = top_dcl->getSubRegAlign() * 2;
        }
        byteOffset = left_bound + alignOff;
      }
    } else {
      left_bound = subRegOff * TypeSize(ADDR_REG_TYPE);
      byteOffset = TypeSize(type);
    }

    if (desc && desc->isScalar()) {
      right_bound = left_bound + TypeSize(type) - 1;
    } else {
      right_bound = 0;
      // for other cases, we need execution size and instruction compression
      // attr, so we just set partial value here, which will be patched later
      // right_bound = desc->horzStride * TypeSize(type);
      // patch it with *exec_size + left_bound
      // if vertical stride == 0 and width < exec_size, divide it by 2
    }
  } else { // arch reg
    left_bound = 0;
    byteOffset = left_bound;
  }
}

void G4_SrcRegRegion::setSrcBitVec(uint8_t exec_size, const IR_Builder &irb) {
  uint64_t bit_seq = TypeFootprint(type);
  unsigned short typeSize = TypeSize(type);

  uint64_t footPrint0 = 0;
  uint64_t footPrint1 = 0;

  vISA_ASSERT(exec_size >= desc->width, "exec size must be >= width");
  if (desc->isScalar()) {
    footPrint0 = bit_seq;
  } else if (desc->isContiguous(exec_size)) {
    // fast path
    int totalBytes = exec_size * typeSize;
    if (!irb.supportNativeSIMD32())
      vISA_ASSERT(totalBytes <= 2 * irb.getGRFSize(),
                  "total bytes exceed 2 GRFs");

    footPrint0 = totalBytes < 64 ? (1ULL << totalBytes) - 1 : ULLONG_MAX;
    if (totalBytes > 64) {
      footPrint1 =
          totalBytes >= 128 ? ULLONG_MAX : (1ULL << (totalBytes - 64)) - 1;
    }
  } else {
    for (int i = 0, numRows = exec_size / desc->width; i < numRows; ++i) {
      for (int j = 0; j < desc->width; ++j) {
        int eltOffset =
            i * desc->vertStride * typeSize + j * desc->horzStride * typeSize;
        // no element can cross 64-byte boundary
        if (eltOffset >= 64) {
          footPrint1 |= bit_seq << (eltOffset - 64);
        } else {
          footPrint0 |= bit_seq << eltOffset;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  bitVec[0] = footPrint0;
  bitVec[1] = footPrint1;
}

unsigned G4_SrcRegRegion::computeRightBound(uint8_t exec_size) {
  unsigned short hs = desc->isScalar() ? 1 : desc->horzStride;
  unsigned short vs = desc->isScalar() ? 0 : desc->vertStride;
  rightBoundSet = true;
  unsigned short typeSize = TypeSize(type);

  bitVec[0] = 0;
  bitVec[1] = 0;
  if (base->isFlag()) {
    unsigned int totalBits = 0;
    if (G4_Inst_Table[inst->opcode()].instType != InstTypePseudoLogic) {
      // mov (1) ... fx.1<0;1,0>:uw
      left_bound = subRegOff * 16;
      totalBits = base->asRegVar()->getDeclare()->getNumberFlagElements() <
                          TypeBitSize(type)
                      ? base->asRegVar()->getDeclare()->getNumberFlagElements()
                      : TypeBitSize(type);
    } else {
      /*
          we need to set leftBound for pseudo instruction
          so that it creates use/def links correctly in the control flow graph
         between cmp instruction and pseudo instruction. This matters when we
         break up SIMD32 instruction in to two SIMD16 with H1/H2 masks. The
         bound for compare for H2 will be [15,31], and this has to match.
          Without this no use/def link was created which caused issues in logic
         optimization. Also it produce incorrect behavior in any operation that
         relies on compareOperand.
      */
      left_bound = inst->getMaskOffset();
      totalBits = exec_size;
    }

    right_bound = left_bound + totalBits - 1;

    bitVec[0] = totalBits == 32 ? 0xFFFFFFFF : (1 << totalBits) - 1;
  } else {
    if (acc == Direct) {
      if (inst->isReturn() || inst->isFReturn()) {
        exec_size = 2;
      }

      setSrcBitVec(exec_size, inst->getBuilder());

      if (desc->isScalar()) {
        right_bound = left_bound + typeSize - 1;
      } else {
        int num_rows = exec_size / desc->width;
        if (num_rows > 0) {
          right_bound = left_bound + (num_rows - 1) * vs * typeSize +
                        hs * (desc->width - 1) * typeSize + typeSize - 1;
        } else {
          // this fix applies to inplicit acc src
          // usually when we compute new rb after inst splitting,
          // the region is still the old one.
          // exec_size may be smaller than width
          right_bound =
              left_bound + hs * (exec_size - 1) * typeSize + typeSize - 1;
        }
      }
    } else {
      unsigned short numAddrSubReg = 1;
      if (desc->isRegionWH()) {
        numAddrSubReg = exec_size / desc->width;
      }
      for (uint16_t i = 0; i < numAddrSubReg; i++) {
        bitVec[0] |= ((uint64_t)0x3) << (i * 2);
      }
      right_bound = left_bound + TypeSize(ADDR_REG_TYPE) * numAddrSubReg - 1;
    }
  }
  return right_bound;
}

G4_CmpRelation G4_SrcRegRegion::compareOperand(G4_Operand *opnd,
                                               const IR_Builder &builder) {
  return compareRegRegionToOperand(this, opnd, builder);
}

bool G4_SrcRegRegion::isNativeType() const {
  G4_Type type = getType();

  if (IS_WTYPE(type) || IS_DTYPE(type) || IS_FTYPE(type) || type == Type_DF) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

bool G4_SrcRegRegion::isNativePackedRowRegion() const {
  if (isNativeType()) {
    // A single element row is always packed.
    return (desc->horzStride == 1) ||
           (desc->width == 1 && desc->horzStride == 0);
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_SrcRegRegion::isNativePackedRegion() const {
  return isNativePackedRowRegion() && desc->vertStride == desc->width;
}

bool G4_SrcRegRegion::coverTwoGRF(const IR_Builder &builder) {
  uint16_t range = getRightBound() - getLeftBound() + 1;
  if (range < builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>())
    return false;
  if (desc->horzStride > 1) {
    range += (desc->horzStride - 1) * TypeSize(type);
  }
  if (range == builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() * 2 &&
      (desc->vertStride == desc->horzStride * desc->width ||
       desc->isContiguous(getInst()->getExecSize()))) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
// Assumption:
// operand crosses GRF boundary
bool G4_SrcRegRegion::evenlySplitCrossGRF(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                          uint8_t execSize, bool &sameSubRegOff,
                                          bool &vertCrossGRF, bool &contRegion,
                                          uint8_t &eleInFirstGRF) {
  // always return true since all align16 instructions are generated by JIT
  // later on when we have other execution types for align16 instructions,
  // fix the following if to check src element distribution.
  // FIXME: do we need to check HS here?
  if (desc->isRegionV()) {
    sameSubRegOff = true;
    vertCrossGRF = true;
    contRegion = true;
    return true;
  }
  vertCrossGRF = true;
  contRegion = desc->isSingleStride(getInst()->getExecSize());
  vISA_ASSERT(acc == Direct, "Indirect operand can not cross GRF boundary.");
  uint8_t firstSubRegOff = getLeftBound() % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  uint8_t left = firstSubRegOff;
  uint8_t typeSize = (uint8_t)TypeSize(type);
  uint8_t execTySize =
      (desc->horzStride == 0 ? 1 : desc->horzStride) * typeSize;
  uint8_t lastEltEndByte =
      desc->horzStride * (desc->width - 1) * typeSize + typeSize;
  uint8_t realRowSize = lastEltEndByte;
  // check number of elements in first GRF.
  eleInFirstGRF = 0;
  while (left < builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
    if (left + realRowSize <= (int)builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
      // realRowSize is used to handle V12(0,17)<32;8,2>:b
      eleInFirstGRF += desc->width;
      left += desc->vertStride * TypeSize(type);
    } else {
      vertCrossGRF = false;
      // V12(0,17)<32;8,2>:b is a good two GRF source
      eleInFirstGRF++;
      uint8_t newLeft = left + typeSize;
      newLeft += execTySize;
      while (newLeft < builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
        eleInFirstGRF++;
        newLeft += execTySize;
      }
      if (newLeft == builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
        eleInFirstGRF++;
        if (eleInFirstGRF % desc->width == 0) {
          left += desc->vertStride * TypeSize(type);
        } else {
          left = newLeft + (execTySize - typeSize);
        }
      } else if (eleInFirstGRF % desc->width == 0) {
        left += desc->vertStride * TypeSize(type);
      } else if (typeSize == execTySize) {
        left = newLeft;
      } else {
        left = newLeft - typeSize;
      }
    }
  }
  uint8_t secondSubRegOff = left % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();

  sameSubRegOff = (firstSubRegOff == secondSubRegOff);
  // TODO: this guaranttees that there are equal number fo elements in each GRF,
  // but not the distribution of elements in each of them.
  if (eleInFirstGRF * 2 == execSize) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_SrcRegRegion::evenlySplitCrossGRF(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                          uint8_t execSize) {
  // check number of elements in first GRF.
  vISA_ASSERT(acc == Direct, "Indirect operand can not cross GRF boundary.");
  uint16_t sizeInFirstGRF = builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() -
                            getLeftBound() % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  uint16_t vertSize = desc->vertStride * getElemSize();
  uint16_t execTypeSize =
      desc->horzStride == 0 ? getElemSize() : desc->horzStride * getElemSize();
  uint16_t numEle = (sizeInFirstGRF + execTypeSize - 1) / execTypeSize;
  uint16_t rowSize = desc->horzStride == 0 ? execTypeSize
                                           : desc->width * execTypeSize,
           numRows = desc->vertStride == 0 ? 1 : execSize / desc->width,
           numElePerRow = rowSize / execTypeSize,
           numExecEmePerRow = desc->horzStride == 0 ? 1 : desc->width;

  if (sizeInFirstGRF <= vertSize) {
    if (numEle >= desc->width) {
      numEle = desc->width;
    }
  } else if (desc->vertStride > desc->width) {
    numEle =
        sizeInFirstGRF / vertSize * numExecEmePerRow +
        ((sizeInFirstGRF % vertSize > rowSize)
             ? numExecEmePerRow
             : (sizeInFirstGRF % vertSize + execTypeSize - 1) / execTypeSize);
  }

  uint16_t totalNumEle =
      (desc->vertStride >= numElePerRow)
          ? (numRows * numExecEmePerRow)
          : (getRightBound() - getLeftBound() + 1) / execTypeSize;

  // TODO: this guarantees that there are equal number of elements in each GRF,
  // but not the distribution of elements in each of them.
  if (numEle * 2 == totalNumEle) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/*
 * check if the input opnd is align to GRF
 * if the first level dcl is not aligned to GRF or sub register offset of this
 * opnd is not multiple GRFs, including 0, return true.
 */
bool G4_SrcRegRegion::checkGRFAlign(const IR_Builder &builder) {

  bool GRF_aligned = false;
  uint32_t byte_subregoff = subRegOff * getTypeSize();

  if (byte_subregoff % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() != 0) {
    return false;
  }

  if (base) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      G4_Declare *dcl = base->asRegVar()->getDeclare();

      if (dcl) {
        G4_Declare *aliasdcl = dcl;

        unsigned aliasOffset = 0;
        while (aliasdcl->getAliasDeclare()) {
          aliasOffset += aliasdcl->getAliasOffset();
          aliasdcl = aliasdcl->getAliasDeclare();
        }
        if (aliasOffset % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() != 0) {
          return false;
        }

        if (aliasdcl->getSubRegAlign() >= builder.getGRFAlign() ||
            aliasdcl->getNumRows() * aliasdcl->getElemSize() *
                    aliasdcl->getElemSize() >=
                (int)builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
          return true;
        }
      } else if (base->asRegVar()->isPhyRegAssigned() &&
                 base->asRegVar()->getByteAddr(builder) %
                         builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() ==
                     0) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return GRF_aligned;
}

// Flat reg region: starting bit position of a channel in a register is not
// shifted between src and dst, or limited shift of bit position e.g. big
// int mul/mad upper dword src's or when dst-type is smaller than exec-type
// and the dst is written to upper parts of a exec channel.
// Return true if src region is flat region
bool G4_SrcRegRegion::isFlatRegRegion(
    uint8_t exChannelWidth,
    std::function<bool(uint8_t dstStrideInBytes, uint8_t dstSubRegOffInBytes,
                       uint8_t srcStrideInBytes, uint8_t srcSubRegOffInBytes,
                       uint8_t exChannelWidth)> checkFlatRegRegionFunc) {
  auto dst = inst->getDst();
  uint32_t dstSubRegOff = 0, srcSubRegOff = 0;
  bool dstHasFixedSubregOffset = false;
  if (dst->isNullReg())
    dstHasFixedSubregOffset = true;
  else
    dstHasFixedSubregOffset =
        dst->hasFixedSubregOffset(inst->getBuilder(), dstSubRegOff);

  bool srcHasFixedSubregOffset = false;
  if (isNullReg())
    srcHasFixedSubregOffset = true;
  else
    srcHasFixedSubregOffset =
        hasFixedSubregOffset(inst->getBuilder(), srcSubRegOff);

  if (dstHasFixedSubregOffset && srcHasFixedSubregOffset) {
    uint8_t dstStrideInBytes = (uint8_t)dst->getExecTypeSize();
    uint16_t srcStride = 0;
    getRegion()->isSingleStride(inst->getExecSize(), srcStride);
    uint8_t srcStrideInBytes = (uint8_t)(srcStride * getTypeSize());
    return checkFlatRegRegionFunc(dstStrideInBytes, (uint8_t)dstSubRegOff,
                                    srcStrideInBytes,
                                    (uint8_t)srcSubRegOff, exChannelWidth);
  }
  return false;
}

//
// returns true if this SrcRegRegion has a fixed subreg offset (in bytes).
// This is true only if
// -- src is direct
// -- base declare is a GRF variable that is GRF-aligned
// if true, the subreg offset is also returned via offset
// Note this always returns false for ARFs (flag, addr, etc.)
//
bool G4_SrcRegRegion::hasFixedSubregOffset(const IR_Builder &builder,
                                           uint32_t &offset) {
  return regionHasFixedSubreg(builder, this, offset);
}

/*
 * Return true if the src operand has a native type and has a packed (stride
 * of 1) region.
 */
bool G4_SrcRegRegion::isNativePackedSrcRegion() {
  return isNativePackedRowRegion() && (desc->vertStride == desc->width);
}

void RegionDesc::emit(std::ostream &output) const {
  if (isRegionV()) {
    output << '<' << horzStride << '>';
  } else if (isRegionWH()) {
    output << '<' << width << ',' << horzStride << '>';
  } else {
    output << '<' << vertStride << ';' << width << ',' << horzStride << '>';
  }
}

void G4_Label::emit(std::ostream &output) { output << label; }

unsigned G4_RegVar::getByteAddr(const IR_Builder &builder) const {
  vISA_ASSERT(reg.phyReg != NULL, ERROR_UNKNOWN);
  if (reg.phyReg->isGreg()) {
    return reg.phyReg->asGreg()->getRegNum() * builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() +
           reg.subRegOff * decl->getElemSize();
  }
  // Besides A0, support flag register pre-allocation as well
  if (reg.phyReg->isA0() || reg.phyReg->isFlag()) {
    return reg.subRegOff * TypeSize(Type_UW);
  }

  vISA_ASSERT_UNREACHABLE(ERROR_UNKNOWN);
  return 0;
}

void G4_RegVar::setSubRegAlignment(G4_SubReg_Align subAlg) {
  // sub reg alignment can only be more restricted than prior setting
  vISA_ASSERT(subAlign == Any || subAlign == subAlg || subAlign % 2 == 0,
              ERROR_UNKNOWN);
  if (subAlign > subAlg) {
    vISA_ASSERT(subAlign % subAlg == 0, "Sub reg alignment conflict");
    // do nothing; keep the original alignment (more restricted)
  } else {
    vISA_ASSERT(subAlg % subAlign == 0, "Sub reg alignment conflict");
    subAlign = subAlg;
  }
}

// For implicit Acc operands, left bound depends on
//    a) Inst execution type
//    b) Qtr control
//
// This function handles relevant cases, including hw intricacies
// and updates left bound only.
//
void G4_INST::computeLeftBoundForImplAcc(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  if (opnd) {
    G4_Type extype;
    int extypesize;
    extype = getOpExecType(extypesize);

    if ((IS_WTYPE(extype) || IS_DTYPE(extype))) {
      // This condition is a result of HW Conformity requirement
      // that for exec type = D/DW, only acc0 is used even when
      // qtr control is set to Q2/H2
      opnd->setLeftBound(0);
    } else {
      if (opnd->isSrcRegRegion()) {
        opnd->asSrcRegRegion()->computeLeftBound(getBuilder());
      } else if (opnd->isDstRegRegion()) {
        opnd->asDstRegRegion()->computeLeftBound(getBuilder());
      }
    }
  }
}

bool G4_Operand::isIndirect() const {
  if (isDstRegRegion())
    return asDstRegRegion()->isIndirect();
  if (isSrcRegRegion())
    return asSrcRegRegion()->isIndirect();
  return false;
}

bool G4_Operand::isVxHIndirect() const {
  if (isSrcRegRegion())
    return asSrcRegRegion()->isVxHIndirect();
  return false;
}

bool G4_Operand::crossGRF(const IR_Builder &builder) {
  return getRightBound() / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() !=
         getLeftBound() / builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
}

uint64_t G4_Operand::getBitVecH(const IR_Builder &builder) {
  if (isRightBoundSet() == false && !isNullReg()) {
    // computeRightBound also computes bitVec
    inst->computeRightBound(this);
  }
  if (builder.getGRFSize() == 32 && inst->opcode() != G4_pln) {
    vISA_ASSERT(bitVec[1] == 0, "upper bits should be 0");
  }
  return bitVec[1];
}

//
// Normalize an operand's bitvec footprint based on its left bound
// and update the given bitset.
// If isSet is true, we set all bits that are covered by this operand.
// If isSet os false, we clear all bits that are covered by this operand.
//
void G4_Operand::updateFootPrint(BitSet &footprint, bool isSet,
                                 const IR_Builder &builder) {
  unsigned N = NUM_BITS_PER_ELT;
  unsigned lb = getLeftBound();
  unsigned rb = getRightBound();
  const bool doFastPath = true; // for debugging
  // Check if the left bound and the right bound are within footprint.
  auto boundsChecking = [&]() {
    // FIXME: Currently focus on checking out-of-bounds access for GRF
    // first, and some special cases are skipped.
    // 1. Skip ARF now because ARF is special and might not have the
    //    correct footprint size set in LocalDataflow for example.
    // 2. Skip FLAG now because IGC might create a predicate var with
    //    8 elements, i.e., SETP (8), while the access granularity of FLAG
    //    is a word (16 bits)
    if (isAreg())
      return true;
    if (isFlag())
      return true;
    return lb <= rb && rb < footprint.getSize();
  };
  //  vISA_ASSERT(!builder.getOption(vISA_boundsChecking) || boundsChecking(),
  //              "Out-of-bounds access found in "
  //                  << *getInst() << "\n"
  //                  << "For operand " << *this << ", the footprint size is "
  //                 << footprint.getSize() << " and the accessing range is ["
  //                  << lb << ", " << rb << "]\n");

  if (doFastPath && lb % N == 0 && (rb + 1) % N == 0) {
    // lb is 32-byte aligned, set one dword at a time
    unsigned idx = lb / N;
    unsigned endIdx = rb / N;
    // get the precise footprint for the first two GRF
    for (int i = 0; i < 2 && idx <= endIdx; ++i, ++idx) {
      uint64_t bits = getBitVecL();
      uint32_t bitVal = (uint32_t)(i % 2 ? bits >> N : bits);
      if (isSet) {
        footprint.setElt(idx, bitVal);
      } else {
        footprint.resetElt(idx, bitVal);
      }
    }
    if (builder.getGRFSize() > 32) {
      for (int i = 0; i < 2 && idx <= endIdx; ++i, ++idx) {
        uint64_t bits = getBitVecH(builder);
        uint32_t bitVal = (uint32_t)(i % 2 ? bits >> N : bits);
        if (isSet) {
          footprint.setElt(idx, bitVal);
        } else {
          footprint.resetElt(idx, bitVal);
        }
      }
    }

    // beyond the first two GRF we assume every byte is touched
    while (idx <= endIdx) {
      if (isSet) {
        footprint.setElt(idx, 0xFFFFFFFF);
      } else {
        footprint.resetElt(idx, 0xFFFFFFFF);
      }
      idx++;
    }
  } else {
    // handle unaligned case
    uint64_t mask0 = getBitVecL();
    unsigned j = lb;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 64 && j <= rb; ++i, ++j) {
      if (mask0 & (1ULL << i))
        footprint.set(j, isSet);
    }
    if (builder.getGRFSize() > 32) {
      uint64_t mask1 = getBitVecH(builder);
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < 64 && j <= rb; ++i, ++j) {
        if (mask1 & (1ULL << i))
          footprint.set(j, isSet);
      }
    }
    while (j++ <= rb)
      footprint.set(j, isSet);
  }
}

// update bit vector for this operand based on it size
// We assume all bytes are touched
void G4_Operand::setBitVecFromSize(uint32_t NBytes, const IR_Builder &builder) {
  bitVec[0] = NBytes < 64 ? (1ULL << NBytes) - 1 : ULLONG_MAX;
  bitVec[1] = 0;
  if (builder.getGRFSize() > 32 && NBytes >= 64) {
    bitVec[1] = (NBytes < 64 * 2) ? (1ULL << (NBytes - 64)) - 1 : ULLONG_MAX;
  }
}

// Left and right bound for every operand is based off
// top most dcl.
// For flag register as dst/src/pred/cond mod, each bit of
// bitset represents corresponding bit of flag.
// For indirect access, right bound is set to sum of
// left bound and 15. The constant 15 is derived by the
// fact that address register is accessed as Type_UW which
// means 16 bits. right bound represents closed interval
// so 1 is subtracted.
// For direct access of GRF, each bit of bitset represents
// correcponding byte of operand.
void G4_INST::computeRightBound(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  associateOpndWithInst(opnd, this);

  if (opnd && opnd->isImm() == false && opnd->isNullReg() == false) {
    bool done = false;

    if (done == false && op == G4_pln && opnd == srcs[1]) {
      opnd->computeRightBound(execSize > g4::SIMD8 ? execSize : execSize * 2);
      if (execSize > g4::SIMD8) {
        opnd->setRightBound(opnd->right_bound * 2 - opnd->getLeftBound() + 1);
        // SIMD16 plane src1 has 4 GRFs. Set bitVec for the higher 2 GRFs.
        opnd->bitVec[1] = opnd->bitVec[0];
      }

      done = true;
    } else if (done == false && (isPseudoKill() || isPseudoUse())) {
      // pseudo kills/use write/read entire variable
      G4_Declare *topdcl =
          opnd->getBase()->asRegVar()->getDeclare()->getRootDeclare();
      opnd->setRightBound(topdcl->getByteSize() - 1);

      done = true;
    } else if (done == false && isFillIntrinsic()) {
      asFillIntrinsic()->computeRightBound(opnd);
      done = true;
    } else if (done == false && isSpillIntrinsic()) {
      asSpillIntrinsic()->computeRightBound(opnd);
      done = true;
    }

    if (done == false) {
      opnd->computeRightBound(execSize);

      if (getMaskOffset() > 0 &&
          ((opnd == getImplAccSrc()) || (opnd == getImplAccDst()))) {
        // for ARF (flag, acc) we have to adjust its bound based on the emask
        // We have to reset LB since the original instruction may have a non
        // default emask
        opnd->setLeftBound(0);
        opnd->computeRightBound(execSize);
        unsigned int multiplicationFactor = 1;
        bool exceptionBoundsComputation = false;
        if (opnd->isAccReg()) {
          // Right bound granularity is in terms of
          // bytes for Acc registers
          multiplicationFactor = 4;
        }

        if (opnd == getImplAccDst() || opnd == getImplAccSrc()) {
          G4_Type extype;
          int extypesize;
          extype = getOpExecType(extypesize);

          if ((IS_WTYPE(extype) || IS_DTYPE(extype))) {
            // This condition is a result of HW Conformity requirement
            // that for exec type = D/DW, only acc0 is used even when
            // qtr control is set to Q2/H2
            opnd->setLeftBound(0);
            opnd->setRightBound(31);
            exceptionBoundsComputation = true;
          }
        }

        if (exceptionBoundsComputation == false) {
          // Update left/right bound as per inst mask offset
          opnd->setLeftBound(opnd->left_bound +
                             (getMaskOffset() * multiplicationFactor));
          opnd->setRightBound(opnd->right_bound +
                              (getMaskOffset() * multiplicationFactor));
        }
      }

      done = true;
    }
  }
}

void G4_InstSend::computeRightBound(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  associateOpndWithInst(opnd, this);

  if (opnd && !opnd->isImm() && !opnd->isNullReg()) {
    if (dst == opnd || srcs[0] == opnd || (isSplitSend() && srcs[1] == opnd)) {
      // Compute right bound for dst/src0/src1 operands
      const auto *desc = getMsgDesc();
      uint32_t opndBytes = 0;
      if (dst == opnd)
        opndBytes = desc->getDstLenBytes();
      else if (srcs[0] == opnd)
        opndBytes = desc->getSrc0LenBytes();
      else
        opndBytes = desc->getSrc1LenBytes();

      if (opndBytes < getBuilder().getGRFSize()) {
        // e.g. OWord block read x1
        opnd->setBitVecL((1ULL << opndBytes) - 1);
        opnd->setRightBound(opnd->left_bound + opndBytes - 1);
      } else {
        // For some sends, the operands's size is in GRF unit but not the exact
        // size, e.g. block2d. The variable size may be a smaller value. In
        // this case, limit the right bound up to the variable size.
        auto dclSize = opnd->getTopDcl()->getByteSize();
        opndBytes = std::min(dclSize, opndBytes);
        opnd->setBitVecFromSize(opndBytes, getBuilder());
        opnd->setRightBound(opnd->left_bound + opndBytes - 1);
      }
    } else {
      opnd->computeRightBound(execSize);
    }
  }
}

void G4_INST::computeARFRightBound() {
  computeRightBound(predicate);
  computeRightBound(mod);
  computeRightBound(getImplAccSrc());
  computeRightBound(getImplAccDst());
}

// This function should only be invoked after computePReg() function
// has been invoked. The function computePReg() is invoked by computePhyReg()
// just before scheduling and post-RA.
// For GRF type variables this function returns linearized byte offset into
// GRF file. So if a variable is assigned r1 and its left bound is 0, this
// function will return (1 * 32) + 0 = 32.
// For non-GRF variables, GRF base offset value is 0 so value returned will
// be left bound.
// This function works for both, G4_SrcRegRegion as well as G4_DstRegRegion.
unsigned int G4_Operand::getLinearizedStart() {
  unsigned linearizedStart = getLeftBound();
  G4_VarBase *base = getBase();

  if (base && base->isRegVar()) {
    // LB is computed based on the root variable, so we have to go all the way
    // up
    G4_Declare *dcl = base->asRegVar()->getDeclare();
    linearizedStart += dcl->getGRFOffsetFromR0();
    linearizedStart -= dcl->getOffsetFromBase();
  }

  return linearizedStart;
}

// Just like getLinearizedStart(), this function returns linearized byte
// offset of end of variable. For eg, if a variable is assigned r1 and
// region is type dword with inst exec size = 16, linearized end will be
// (63 - 0 + 32) = 95.
// Here, right bound is 63 since the region accesses 64 bytes,
// left bound is 0 since region access begins at byte 0,
// linearizedStart() will return 32 since r1 is allocated to the region.
// This function works for both, G4_SrcRegRegion as well as G4_DstRegRegion.
unsigned int G4_Operand::getLinearizedEnd() {
  return (getRightBound() - getLeftBound() + getLinearizedStart());
}

std::string G4_Operand::print() const {
  std::stringstream ss;
  ss << *const_cast<G4_Operand *>(this);
  return ss.str();
}

void G4_Operand::dump() const {
#if _DEBUG
  const_cast<G4_Operand *>(this)->emit(std::cerr);
#endif
}

bool G4_Operand::isPhysicallyAllocatedRegVar(bool includeAccRegSel) const {
  if (includeAccRegSel &&
      accRegSel != G4_AccRegSel::ACC_UNDEFINED &&
      accRegSel != G4_AccRegSel::NOACC)
    return true;
  if (base) {
    if (base->isRegVar())
      return base->asRegVar()->isPhyRegAssigned();
    return true; // Greg or Areg
  }
  return false;
}

std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, G4_Operand &opnd) {
  opnd.emit(os);
  return os;
}

void G4_INST::setPredicate(G4_Predicate *p) {
  if (predicate && predicate->getInst() == this) {
    predicate->setInst(NULL);
  }

  predicate = p;

  associateOpndWithInst(p, this);
  computeRightBound(p);
}

void G4_INST::setSrc(G4_Operand *opnd, unsigned i) {
  vISA_ASSERT(i < srcs.size(), ERROR_INTERNAL_ARGUMENT);

  // If opnd is present in some other index of srcs, don't set its inst to NULL
  if (srcs[i] && srcs[i]->getInst() == this &&
      std::none_of(srcs.begin(), srcs.end(), [&](G4_Operand *&src) {
        return src == srcs[i] && (&src - &srcs.front()) != i;
      })) {
    srcs[i]->setInst(nullptr);
  }

  srcs[i] = opnd;

  associateOpndWithInst(opnd, this);
  resetRightBound(opnd);
}

void G4_INST::setDest(G4_DstRegRegion *opnd) {
  if (dst != NULL && dst->getInst() == this) {
    dst->setInst(NULL);
  }

  dst = opnd;

  associateOpndWithInst(opnd, this);
  resetRightBound(opnd);
}

void G4_INST::setCondMod(G4_CondMod *m) {
  if (mod && mod->getInst() == this) {
    mod->setInst(NULL);
  }

  mod = m;

  associateOpndWithInst(m, this);
  computeRightBound(m);
}

G4_SrcRegRegion *G4_INST::getImplAccSrc() const {
  return builder.kernel.getImplicitAccSrc(const_cast<G4_INST *>(this));
}

G4_DstRegRegion *G4_INST::getImplAccDst() const {
  return builder.kernel.getImplicitAccDef(const_cast<G4_INST *>(this));
}

void G4_INST::setImplAccSrc(G4_SrcRegRegion *opnd) {
  builder.kernel.setImplicitAccSrc(this, opnd);
}

void G4_INST::setImplAccDst(G4_DstRegRegion *opnd) {
  builder.kernel.setImplicitAccDef(this, opnd);
}

// get simd lane mask for this instruction. For example,
//      add  (8|M8) ...
// will have 0xFF00, which is for lane 8-15
unsigned G4_INST::getExecLaneMask() const {
  unsigned maskbits = (unsigned)(((uint64_t)1 << getExecSize()) - 1);
  unsigned chanOffset = getMaskOffset();
  return (maskbits << chanOffset);
}

void G4_INST::print(std::ostream &OS) const {
  G4_INST &inst = const_cast<G4_INST &>(*this);
  if (!inst.isLabel())
    OS << "\t";
  inst.emit(OS);
  OS << "\n";
}

void G4_INST::dump() const { print(std::cerr); }

bool G4_INST::canSupportSaturate() const {
  if (op == G4_mul || op == G4_pseudo_mad) {
    for (int i = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); i < numSrc; ++i) {
      if (IS_DTYPE(getSrc(i)->getType())) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

  if (isIntrinsic() || op == G4_mulh || op == G4_madw) {
    return false;
  }

  // note that IGA will return false for any opcode it does not recognize
  // If your psuedo opcode needs to support saturation you must add explicit
  // check before this
  return InstSupportsSaturationIGA(getPlatform(), *this, builder);
}

// Because that op with BF type dest will have different pre and post conds.
// we won't allow it to carry conditional modifier
bool G4_INST::isSamePrePostConds() const {
  if (getDst()->getType() != Type_BF) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
  /* Even if all src and dest are BF, late pass will convert one of the src to
  f,
   * so the following evaded the restriction.
  for (int i = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); i < numSrc; ++i) {
      if (getSrc(i)->getType() != Type_BF) {
          return false;
      }
  }
  return true;
  */
}

bool G4_INST::canSupportCondMod() const {
  if (!builder.hasCondModForTernary() && getNumSrc() == 3) {
    return false;
  }

  if (op == G4_mul) {
    // can't support conditional modifiers if source is DW and dst is not QW
    bool dwordSrc = false;
    for (int i = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); i < numSrc; ++i) {
      if (IS_DTYPE(getSrc(i)->getType())) {
        dwordSrc = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (dwordSrc && !IS_QTYPE(getDst()->getType())) {
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  } else if (op == G4_pseudo_mad) {
    // no cond mod for D * W
    G4_Operand *src0 = getSrc(0);
    G4_Operand *src1 = getSrc(1);
    if (IS_DTYPE(src0->getType()) || IS_DTYPE(src1->getType())) {
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  if (op == G4_mov) {
    return dst->getType() != Type_BF && getSrc(0)->getType() != Type_BF;
  }

  // ToDo: replace with IGA model
  return (
      ((op == G4_add) || (op == G4_and) || (op == G4_addc) || (op == G4_asr) ||
       (op == G4_avg) || (op == G4_dp2) || (op == G4_dp3) || (op == G4_dp4) ||
       (op == G4_dp4a) || (op == G4_dph) || (op == G4_dp4a) || (op == G4_frc) ||
       (op == G4_line) || (op == G4_lrp) || (op == G4_lzd) || (op == G4_mac) ||
       (op == G4_mach) || (op == G4_mad) || (op == G4_mov) || (op == G4_mul) ||
       (op == G4_not) || (op == G4_or) || (op == G4_pln) || (op == G4_rndd) ||
       (op == G4_rnde) || (op == G4_rndu) || (op == G4_rndz) ||
       (op == G4_sad2) || (op == G4_sada2) || (op == G4_shl) ||
       (op == G4_shr) || (op == G4_subb) || (op == G4_xor)) &&
      isSamePrePostConds());
}

bool G4_INST::canSupportSrcModifier() const {
  if (opcode() == G4_mov) {
    if (getDst()->getType() == Type_BF) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (opcode() == G4_pseudo_mad) {
    return true;
  }

  // note that IGA will return false for any opcode it does not recognize
  // If your psuedo opcode needs to support source modifier you must add
  // explicit check before this
  return InstSupportsSrcModifierIGA(getPlatform(), *this, builder);
}

// convert (execsize, offset) into emask option
// if no such mask option exists, return InstOpt_NoOpt
G4_InstOption G4_INST::offsetToMask(int execSize, int offset, bool nibOk) {
  switch (execSize) {
  case 32:
    return InstOpt_M0;
  case 16:
    switch (offset) {
    case 0:
      return InstOpt_M0;
    case 16:
      return InstOpt_M16;
    default:
      return InstOpt_NoOpt;
    }
  case 8:
    switch (offset) {
    case 0:
      return InstOpt_M0;
    case 8:
      return InstOpt_M8;
    case 16:
      return InstOpt_M16;
    case 24:
      return InstOpt_M24;
    default:
      return InstOpt_NoOpt;
    }
  case 4:
    if (nibOk) {
      switch (offset) {
      case 0:
        return InstOpt_M0;
      case 4:
        return InstOpt_M4;
      case 8:
        return InstOpt_M8;
      case 12:
        return InstOpt_M12;
      case 16:
        return InstOpt_M16;
      case 20:
        return InstOpt_M20;
      case 24:
        return InstOpt_M24;
      case 28:
        return InstOpt_M28;
      default:
        return InstOpt_NoOpt;
      }
    } else {
      return InstOpt_NoOpt;
    }
  default:
    return InstOpt_NoOpt;
  }
}

// convert contiguous regions to <N;N,1> form subject to the requirment
// that width is not used to cross GRF
// This is done because <1;1,0>/<2;2,1> require crossbar muxes and thus incur a
// performance penalty This should only be called after RA when we know the
// actual subreg offset
void G4_SrcRegRegion::rewriteContiguousRegion(IR_Builder &builder,
                                              uint16_t opNum) {
  int execSize = inst->getExecSize();
  if (execSize == 1 || !desc->isContiguous(execSize)) {
    return;
  }
  uint32_t eltSize = getTypeSize();
  uint32_t subRegOffset =
      getLinearizedStart() % builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>();
  uint32_t endOffset = subRegOffset + inst->getExecSize() * eltSize;

  bool isAlign1Ternary = builder.hasAlign1Ternary() && inst->getNumSrc() == 3;

  if (builder.doNotRewriteContiguousRegion()) {
    // 2-src and 3-src src0/1: normalize region to <1;1,0>
    // 3-src src2: normalize region to <2;2,1> since it only supports horz
    // stride
    setRegion(builder,
              isAlign1Ternary && opNum == 2 ? builder.createRegionDesc(2, 2, 1)
                                            : builder.getRegionStride1(),
              true);
    return;
  }

  if (inst->getNumSrc() < 3) {
    // do <16;16,1> for HF/W if possible
    if (subRegOff == 0 && execSize == 16 && eltSize == 2) {
      setRegion(builder, builder.createRegionDesc(16, 16, 1), true);
      return;
    }
  }

  // Find a width that does not cross GRF from <8;8,1>, <4;4,1>, to <2;2,1>
  auto getWidth = [=, &builder](unsigned offset, unsigned eltSize) -> unsigned {
    unsigned Widths[] = {8, 4, 2};
    for (auto w : Widths) {
      if (w > inst->getExecSize())
        continue;

      if (w * eltSize > builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) {
        // <8;8,1> is not allowed for 64-bit type
        continue;
      }

      if (endOffset <= builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() ||
          subRegOffset % (w * eltSize) == 0) {
        return w;
      }
    }

    // width >= 2 crosses GRF
    return 0;
  };

  unsigned short w = (unsigned short)getWidth(subRegOffset, eltSize);

  if (builder.newTernaryStride() && isAlign1Ternary && (w == 2 || w == 0) &&
      opNum != 2) {
    setRegion(builder, builder.getRegionStride1(), true);
    return;
  }

  if (w) {
    setRegion(builder, builder.createRegionDesc(w, w, 1), true);
  } else if (isAlign1Ternary) {
    // binary encoding asserts on <1;1,0> region for 3-src inst, so force change
    // it to <2;2,1>
    setRegion(builder, builder.createRegionDesc(2, 2, 1), true);
  }
}

bool G4_INST::supportsNullDst() const {
  if (isSend()) {
    return true;
  }
  if (builder.getPlatform() >= Xe_PVC && dst->getTypeSize() == 1) {
    // null:b not supported
    return false;
  }
  {
    return getNumSrc() != 3 && !(op == G4_pln && !builder.doPlane());
  }
}

bool G4_INST::isAlign1Ternary() const {
  return builder.hasAlign1Ternary() && getNumSrc() == 3 &&
         !(isSend() || isDpas());
}

// Detect packed low-precision instruction. This is used by the scheduler.
// - all src and dst are GRF and of :hf type and "packed".
// (src is also packed when it is replicated scalar).
// Two cases are possible:
// 1)   add (16)    r1.0<1>:hf   r2.0<8;8,1>:hf   r3.0<8;8,1>:hf    { Align1, H1
// } 2)   add (16)    r1.0<1>:hf   r2.0<8;8,1>:hf   r3.0<0;1,0>:hf    { Align1,
// H1 }
bool G4_INST::isFastHFInstruction(void) const {
  if (getExecSize() < g4::SIMD16) {
    return false;
  }
  bool isHF = false;
  for (int op_i = 0, op_e = getNumSrc(); op_i < op_e; ++op_i) {
    G4_Operand *opnd = getSrc(op_i);
    if (!opnd) {
      continue;
    }
    if (!IS_HFTYPE(opnd->getType())) {
      return false;
    }
    if (opnd->isSrcRegRegion()) {
      G4_SrcRegRegion *srcRgn = opnd->asSrcRegRegion();
      if (!srcRgn->getRegion()->isContiguous(getExecSize())) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    isHF = true;
  }
  return isHF;
}

bool G4_INST::mayExpandToAccMacro() const {
  auto isDMul = [](const G4_INST *Inst) {
    return Inst->opcode() == G4_mul && (IS_QTYPE(Inst->getDst()->getType()) ||
                                        (IS_DTYPE(Inst->getSrc(0)->getType()) &&
                                         IS_DTYPE(Inst->getSrc(1)->getType())));
  };

  auto mayBeMAC = [&](const G4_INST *Inst) {
    if (Inst->opcode() != G4_pseudo_mad)
      return false;
    if (IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(Inst->getDst()->getType()) &&
        builder.getOption(vISA_forceFPMAD))
      return false;
    return true;
  };

  return opcode() == G4_mach || opcode() == G4_mulh || opcode() == G4_madw ||
         isDMul(this) || mayBeMAC(this) ||
         (opcode() == G4_pln && !builder.doPlane());
}

bool G4_INST::canOpndBeAccCommon(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) const {
  if (!builder.hasAccExecSizeRestrictions()) {
    return isSupportedAccDstType();
  }
  switch (dst->getType()) {
  case Type_HF:
  case Type_BF:
    if (builder.relaxedACCRestrictions4()) {
      if (dst->getType() == Type_BF) // BF is not supported
      {
        return false;
      }
      if (getExecSize() != G4_ExecSize(builder.getNativeExecSize() * 2)) {
        return false;
      }
    } else if (builder.relaxedACCRestrictions()) {
      if (!((isMixedMode() && getExecSize() == g4::SIMD8) ||
            (getExecSize() == g4::SIMD16))) {
        return false;
      }
    } else {
      if (getExecSize() != G4_ExecSize(builder.getNativeExecSize() * 2)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    break;
  case Type_W:
  case Type_UW:
    if (getExecSize() != G4_ExecSize(builder.getNativeExecSize() * 2)) {
      return false;
    }
    break;
  case Type_F:
    if (getExecSize() != G4_ExecSize(builder.getNativeExecSize() * 2) &&
        getExecSize() != builder.getNativeExecSize()) {
      return false;
    }
    break;
  case Type_DF:
    if (!builder.useAccForDF()) {
      return false;
    }
    // To support DF type ACC operand.
    // Using the legacy SIMD size way to check
    if (getExecSize() != builder.getNativeExecSize() &&
        getExecSize() != G4_ExecSize(builder.getNativeExecSize() / 2)) {
      return false;
    }
    break;
  case Type_D:
  case Type_UD:
    if (getExecSize() != builder.getNativeExecSize()) {
      return false;
    }
    if (opndNum != Opnd_dst && isSignSensitive(opndNum)) {
      return false;
    }
    break;
  default:
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

bool G4_INST::isSupportedAccDstType() const {
  switch (dst->getType()) {
  case Type_HF:
  case Type_W:
  case Type_UW:
  case Type_F:
  case Type_DF:
  case Type_Q:
  case Type_UQ:
  case Type_BF:
    return true;
  case Type_D:
  case Type_UD:
    if (getExecSize() != builder.getNativeExecSize()) {
      switch (opcode()) {
      case G4_addc:
        return false;
      default:
        return true;
      }
    }
    return true;
  default:
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

// returns true if dst may be replaced by an explicit acc
// in addition to opcode-specific checks, we require
// -- dst must be GRF
// -- contiguous regions
// -- simd8 for D/UD, simd8/16 for F, simd16 for HF/W, other types not allowed
bool G4_INST::canDstBeAcc() const {

  auto cross2GRFDst = [this](G4_DstRegRegion *dst) {
    if (dst->isNullReg() || dst->isIndirect()) { //No acc
      return true;
    }
    if (dst->getSubRegOff() * dst->getTypeSize() + dst->getLinearizedEnd() -
            dst->getLinearizedStart() + 1 >
        (getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() * 2u)) {
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  };

  if (isSend() || isDpas()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (mayExpandToAccMacro()) {
    // while this should not prevent dst from becoming acc (mul/plane macros use
    // acc as temp so should not affect final dst), later HW conformity is not
    // equipped to deal with such code so we disable the substitution
    return false;
  }

  if (dst == nullptr || dst->getTopDcl() == nullptr ||
      dst->getHorzStride() != 1) {
    return false;
  }

  if (dst->getTopDcl()->getRegFile() != G4_GRF) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!builder.useAccForDF() && dst->getType() == Type_DF) {
    return false;
  }

  if (cross2GRFDst(dst)) {
    return false;
  }

  // src0 may not have indirect regioning
  if (!builder.accDstforIndirectSrc() && getSrc(0) &&
      getSrc(0)->isSrcRegRegion()) {
    auto src0Region = getSrc(0)->asSrcRegRegion();
    if (src0Region->getRegAccess() == IndirGRF) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (!canOpndBeAccCommon(Opnd_dst)) {
    return false;
  }

  if (getSaturate() && IS_INT(dst->getType())) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!builder.relaxedACCRestrictions()) {
    if (dst->getType() == builder.getMixModeType() && isMixedMode()) {
      // acc can't be used as packed f16 for mix mode instruction as it doesn't
      // support regioning
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (builder.avoidAccDstWithIndirectSource()) {
    for (int i = 0, numSrc = getNumSrc(); i < numSrc; ++i) {
      bool indirectSrc = getSrc(i) && getSrc(i)->isSrcRegRegion() &&
                         getSrc(i)->asSrcRegRegion()->getRegAccess() != Direct;
      if (indirectSrc) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  }

  switch (opcode()) {
  case G4_add:
  case G4_and:
  case G4_asr:
  case G4_avg:
  case G4_frc:
  case G4_lzd:
  case G4_mul:
  case G4_not:
  case G4_or:
  case G4_rndd:
  case G4_rnde:
  case G4_rndu:
  case G4_rndz:
  case G4_shr:
  case G4_smov:
  case G4_xor:
  case G4_rol:
  case G4_ror:
    return true;
  case G4_sel:
    // sel seems to fail with int acc for some strange reason (sign extension?)
    return getCondMod() ? IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(dst->getType()) : true;
  case G4_cmp:
  case G4_cmpn:
    // disable for now since it's causing some SKL tests to fail
    return false;
  case G4_mov:
    if (builder.hasFormatConversionACCRestrictions()) {
      const bool allowedICombination =
          (IS_DTYPE(getSrc(0)->getType()) || getSrc(0)->getType() == Type_W ||
           getSrc(0)->getType() == Type_UW) &&
          (IS_DTYPE(dst->getType()) || dst->getType() == Type_W ||
           dst->getType() == Type_UW);
      const bool allowedFCombination =
          (getSrc(0)->getType() == Type_F || getSrc(0)->getType() == Type_HF) &&
          (dst->getType() == Type_F || dst->getType() == Type_HF);
      const bool allowedDFCombination =
          getSrc(0)->getType() == Type_DF && dst->getType() == Type_DF;

      if (builder.restrictedACCRestrictions() && allowedFCombination) {
        uint16_t dstStride = dst->getHorzStride();
        uint16_t srcStride = 0;
        if (getSrc(0)->isSrcRegRegion()) {
          G4_SrcRegRegion *src = getSrc(0)->asSrcRegRegion();
          const RegionDesc *region = src->getRegion();

          if (!region->isSingleStride(execSize, srcStride)) {
            return false;
          }

          // The bitmapping is model by the element size * element stride.
          //  No matter dst is float or half float.
          //  Pack and un-pack happen only in the destination register, so no
          //  matter dst is F or HF, it's not allowed to be replaced with ACC if
          //  bitmapping swizzles. If both dst and src are HF type, swizzle is
          //  not allowed as well.
          // FIXME, mov (16|M0)   acc0.0<1>:f, r28<1;1,0>:hf can be passed in
          // HW.
          if ((dst->getType() != src->getType() || dst->getType() == Type_HF) &&
              (dstStride * dst->getTypeSize() !=
               srcStride * src->getTypeSize())) {
            return false;
          }
        }
      }

      if (!allowedICombination && !allowedFCombination &&
          !allowedDFCombination) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return builder.relaxedACCRestrictions() || !getSrc(0)->isAccReg();
  case G4_pln:
    // we can't use acc if plane will be expanded
    return builder.doPlane();
  case G4_madm:
    return builder.useAccForMadm();
  case G4_mad:
  case G4_csel:
    return builder.canMadHaveAcc();
  case G4_dp4a:
    return builder.relaxedACCRestrictions2();
  case G4_bfn:
  case G4_add3:
    return true;
  case G4_bfrev:
  case G4_bfe:
  case G4_bfi1:
  case G4_bfi2:
  case G4_cbit:
  case G4_fbl:
  case G4_fbh:
  case G4_math:
  case G4_shl:
  case G4_fcvt:
    return builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF();
  default:
    return false;
  }
}

// returns true if src0/1/2 may be replaced by an explicit acc
// in addition to opcode-specific checks, we require
// -- contiguous regions
// -- simd8 for D/UD, simd8/16 for F, simd16 for HF/W, other types not allowed
bool G4_INST::canSrcBeAccBeforeHWConform(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) const {
  int srcId = getSrcNum(opndNum);
  // Only src0/src1/src2 could be a candidate
  if (!(srcId == 0 || srcId == 1 || srcId == 2))
    return false;

  if (!builder.relaxedACCRestrictions3() &&
      !builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF() && srcId == 2) {
    return false;
  }

  if (getSrc(srcId) == nullptr || !getSrc(srcId)->isSrcRegRegion()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (mayExpandToAccMacro()) {
    return false;
  }

  G4_SrcRegRegion *src = getSrc(srcId)->asSrcRegRegion();
  if (!builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF() && srcId == 1 && src->hasModifier()) {
    // some platforms allow float src1 acc modifiers,
    // while some don't allow src1 acc modifier at all.
    if (!IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(src->getType()) ||
        !builder.relaxedACCRestrictions()) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  if (!src->getRegion()->isContiguous(getExecSize())) {
    return false;
  }

  if (builder.relaxedACCRestrictions() && isMixedMode() &&
      isLowPrecisionFloatTy(src->getType())) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!canOpndBeAccCommon(opndNum)) {
    return false;
  }

  if (opcode() == G4_mad && srcId == 0 && !builder.canMadHaveSrc0Acc()) {
    // mac's implicit acc gets its region from dst, so we have to check src and
    // dst have the same type
    if (!builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF() &&
        (src->getType() != dst->getType())) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF() && srcId == 2) {
    if (!IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(src->getType()) ||
        (getSrc(0) && !IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(getSrc(0)->getType())) ||
        (getSrc(1) && !IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(getSrc(1)->getType())) ||
        (getDst() && !IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(getDst()->getType()))) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (!builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF() &&
      (IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(src->getType()) ^
       IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(getDst()->getType()))) {
    // no float <-> int conversion for acc source
    return false;
  }

  switch (opcode()) {
  case G4_add:
  case G4_asr:
  case G4_avg:
  case G4_cmp:
  case G4_cmpn:
  case G4_frc:
  case G4_lzd:
  case G4_rndd:
  case G4_rnde:
  case G4_rndu:
  case G4_rndz:
  case G4_sel:
  case G4_shl:
  case G4_shr:
  case G4_smov:
  case G4_rol:
  case G4_ror:
    return true;
  case G4_mov:
    if (builder.hasFormatConversionACCRestrictions()) {
      const bool allowedICombination =
          (IS_DTYPE(src->getType()) || src->getType() == Type_W ||
           src->getType() == Type_UW) &&
          (IS_DTYPE(dst->getType()) || dst->getType() == Type_W ||
           dst->getType() == Type_UW);
      const bool allowedFCombination =
          (src->getType() == Type_F || src->getType() == Type_HF) &&
          (dst->getType() == Type_F || dst->getType() == Type_HF);
      const bool allowedDFCombination =
          src->getType() == Type_DF && dst->getType() == Type_DF;

      if (builder.restrictedACCRestrictions() && allowedFCombination) {
        uint16_t dstStride = dst->getHorzStride();
        uint16_t srcStride = 0;
        const RegionDesc *region = src->getRegion();

        if (!region->isSingleStride(execSize, srcStride)) {
          return false;
        }

        // The bitmapping is model by the element size * element stride.
        // When dst type is different with src type, or both are HF type.
        // FIXME, currently, r35 in following case cannot be replaced with acc
        //  mov (16|M0) r35.0<1>:f r25.0<1;1,0>:f
        //  mov (16|M0) r36.0<1>:hf r35.0<1;1,0>:f
        //  the restriction may be relaxed after validation of HW team
        if ((dst->getType() != src->getType() || dst->getType() == Type_HF) &&
            (dstStride * dst->getTypeSize() !=
             srcStride * src->getTypeSize())) {
          return false;
        }
      }

      if (!allowedICombination && !allowedFCombination &&
          !allowedDFCombination) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return builder.relaxedACCRestrictions() || !getDst()->isAccReg();
  case G4_madm:
    return builder.useAccForMadm();
  case G4_mad:
    if (builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF()) {
      return true;
    } else {
      return builder.canMadHaveAcc() &&
             ((srcId == 1 &&
               (IS_FTYPE(src->getType()) || (src->getType() == Type_DF))) ||
              (builder.relaxedACCRestrictions4() && srcId == 1 &&
               (IS_TYPE_FLOAT_FOR_ACC(src->getType()))) ||
              (srcId == 0 && src->getModifier() == Mod_src_undef) ||
              (srcId == 0 && builder.relaxedACCRestrictions_1()) ||
              (srcId == 2 &&
               (IS_FTYPE(src->getType()) || (src->getType() == Type_DF))));
    }
  case G4_csel:
    return builder.canMadHaveAcc();
  case G4_mul:
    if (builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF()) {
      // When destination datatype is an integer, accumulator is not allowed on
      // Src1 for mul instruction
      if (IS_INT(dst->getType())) {
        return srcId == 0;
      }
    }
    return IS_TYPE_FLOAT_ALL(src->getType());
  case G4_and:
  case G4_not:
  case G4_or:
  case G4_xor:
    return builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF() ||
           src->getModifier() == Mod_src_undef;
  case G4_pln:
    return builder.doPlane() && src->getModifier() == Mod_src_undef;
  case G4_dp4a:
    if (builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF()) {
      return true;
    }
    if (builder.restrictedACCRestrictions()) {
      return srcId == 0;
    }
    return builder.relaxedACCRestrictions2();
  case G4_bfn:
  case G4_add3:
    return true;
  case G4_bfrev:
  case G4_bfe:
  case G4_bfi1:
  case G4_bfi2:
  case G4_cbit:
  case G4_fbl:
  case G4_fbh:
  case G4_math:
  case G4_addc:
  case G4_subb:
  case G4_fcvt:
    return builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF();
  default:
    return false;
  }
}

bool G4_INST::canSrcBeAccAfterHWConform(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) const {
  int srcId = getSrcNum(opndNum);
  G4_SrcRegRegion *src = getSrc(srcId)->asSrcRegRegion();

  // dst must be GRF-aligned
  if (G4_VarBase *base = dst->getBase()) {
    if (base->isRegVar()) {
      if (dst->getTopDcl()->getRegFile() !=
          G4_GRF) { // In case spill/fill address or flag regsiter
        return false;
      }
      if (base->asRegVar()->isPhyRegAssigned()) {
        if ((dst->getLinearizedStart() %
             getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) != 0) {
          if (!(isMixedMode() && builder.getPlatform() == Xe_XeHPSDV))
            return false;
        }
      } else {
        // If the destination offset is not GRF aligned, such as has sub
        // register offset, the src cannot be replaced with ACC
        if (builder.enableACCBeforRA() &&
            !builder.enablePreSchedACC() && builder.supports4GRFAlign()) {
          // Before RA, align may affect the RA result, so don't do
          // alignment, just check if it's aligned
          if (!builder.isGRFDstAligned(dst,
                                    getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>())) {
            return false;
          }
        } else if (!builder.tryToAlignOperand(dst,
                                       getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>())) {
          return false;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // check that src0 and dst have the same type/alignment
  auto dstEltSize = dst->getHorzStride() * dst->getTypeSize();
  if (dstEltSize > TypeSize(src->getType())) {
    return false;
  } else if (isLowPrecisionFloatTy(dst->getType()) &&
             src->getType() == Type_F && dstEltSize == 2) {
    if (builder.relaxedACCRestrictions()) {
      // When source is float or half float from accumulator register and
      // destination is half float with a stride of 1, the source must register
      // aligned. i.e., source must have offset zero.
      if ((src->getLinearizedStart() % getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) !=
          0) {
        return false;
      }
    } else {
      // no acc for mix mode inst with packed HF dst
      return false;
    }
  } else if (builder.removedAccRestrictionsAsGRF()) {
    if ((src->getLinearizedStart() % getBuilder().numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) !=
        0) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

bool G4_INST::canSrcBeAcc(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) const {
  if (isSend() || isDpas()) {
    return false;
  }

  return canSrcBeAccBeforeHWConform(opndNum) &&
         canSrcBeAccAfterHWConform(opndNum);
}

//
// If the instruction can be replace with ACC register, including the
// destination operand of the instruction and the use operands in the following
// instructions through DU chain. Used in the pre RA scheduling for ACC and
// corresponding ACC substitution. Note that, simplification may be still
// needed, some restrictions may not be applied to the platform which support
// pre RA scheduling for ACC.
//
bool G4_INST::canInstBeAcc(GlobalOpndHashTable *ght) {
  if (isSend() || isDpas()) {
    return false;
  }

  G4_DstRegRegion *dst = getDst();
  if (!dst || ght->isOpndGlobal(dst) || !canDstBeAcc()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (getCondMod() && opcode() != G4_sel) {
    // since our du-chain is on inst instead of operand, the presence of
    // conditional modifier complicates the checks later. This is somewhat
    // conservative but shouldn't matter too much as inst with both dst and
    // conditional modifiers are rare. Exception is for sel as flag register is
    // not updated.
    return false;
  }

  // check that every use may be replaced with acc
  int lastUseId = 0;
  for (auto I = use_begin(), E = use_end(); I != E; ++I) {
    auto &&use = *I;
    G4_INST *useInst = use.first;
    Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum = use.second;
    lastUseId = std::max(lastUseId, useInst->getLocalId());

    if (useInst->getNumSrc() == 3) {
      switch (opndNum) {
      case Opnd_src2:
        if (!IS_TYPE_FLOAT_FOR_ACC(useInst->getSrc(2)->getType()) ||
            (useInst->getDst() &&
             !IS_TYPE_FLOAT_FOR_ACC(useInst->getDst()->getType()))) {
          return false;
        }
        break;
      case Opnd_src1:
      case Opnd_src0:
        break; // OK
      default:
        return false;
      }
    }

    if (useInst->getSingleDef(opndNum) == nullptr) {
      // def must be the only define for this use
      return false;
    }

    int srcId = useInst->getSrcNum(opndNum);
    G4_Operand *src = useInst->getSrc(srcId);
    if ((dst->getType() != src->getType()) ||
        ght->isOpndGlobal(src) ||
        dst->compareOperand(src, getBuilder()) != Rel_eq) {
      return false;
    }

    if (!useInst->canSrcBeAcc(opndNum)) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (lastUseId == 0) {
    // no point using acc for a dst without local uses
    return false;
  }

  canBeAcc = true;
  return true;
}

TARGET_PLATFORM G4_INST::getPlatform() const { return builder.getPlatform(); }

G4_INST *G4_INST::cloneInst(const IR_Builder *b) {
  if (!b)
    b = &builder;
  // return nullptr if new derived class hasnt implemented
  // its own cloneInst()
  if (!isBaseInst() && !isCFInst())
    return nullptr;

  // Return a clone of current instruction.
  // This functionality is expected to be used by optimizations
  // such as rematerialization that require creating a copy
  // of instructions.
  auto nonConstBuilder = const_cast<IR_Builder *>(b);
  G4_INST *newInst = nullptr;
  auto prd = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getPredicate());
  auto condMod = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getCondMod());
  auto dst = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getDst());
  auto src0 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(0));
  auto src1 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(1));
  auto src2 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(2));
  auto accSrc = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getImplAccSrc());
  auto accDst = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getImplAccDst());

  if (isSend()) {
    vISA_ASSERT(false, "cloning send not yet supported");
  } else {
    newInst = nonConstBuilder->createInternalInst(prd, op, condMod,
                                                  getSaturate(), getExecSize(),
                                                  dst, src0, src1, option);

    if (src2)
      newInst->setSrc(src2, 2);

    if (accSrc)
      newInst->setImplAccSrc(accSrc);

    if (accDst)
      newInst->setImplAccDst(accDst);
  }

  return newInst;
}

G4_INST *G4_InstSend::cloneInst(const IR_Builder *b) {
  if (!b)
    b = &builder;
  auto nonConstBuilder = const_cast<IR_Builder *>(b);
  G4_INST *newInst = nullptr;
  auto prd = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getPredicate());
  auto dst = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getDst());
  auto src0 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(0))->asSrcRegRegion();
  if (isSplitSend()) {
    // desc -> src2, extDesc -> src3
    auto src1 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(1))->asSrcRegRegion();
    auto desc = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(2));
    auto extDesc = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(3));
    newInst = nonConstBuilder->createInternalSplitSendInst(
        getExecSize(), dst, src0, src1, desc, getOption(), getMsgDescRaw(),
        extDesc);
    if (prd) {
      newInst->setPredicate(prd);
    }
  } else {
    auto desc = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(1));
    // desc -> src1, no extDesc (must be imm and stored in SendMsgDesc)
    newInst = nonConstBuilder->createInternalSendInst(
        prd, op, getExecSize(), dst, src0, desc, getOption(), getMsgDescRaw());
  }

  return newInst;
}

G4_INST *G4_InstIntrinsic::cloneInst(const IR_Builder *b) {
  if (!b)
    b = &builder;
  auto nonConstBuilder = const_cast<IR_Builder *>(b);
  auto prd = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getPredicate());
  auto dst = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getDst());
  auto src0 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(0));
  auto src1 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(1));
  auto src2 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(2));

  if (!isPseudoAddrMovIntrinsic())
    return nonConstBuilder->createInternalIntrinsicInst(
        prd, getIntrinsicId(), getExecSize(), dst, src0, src1, src2, option);

  auto src3 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(3));
  auto src4 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(4));
  auto src5 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(5));
  auto src6 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(6));
  auto src7 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(7));
  return nonConstBuilder->createIntrinsicAddrMovInst(getIntrinsicId(), dst,
      src0, src1, src2, src3, src4, src5, src6, src7, false);
}

unsigned G4_InstIntrinsic::getDstByteSize() const {
  vASSERT(getNumDst() == 1 && getDst());
  switch (intrinsicId) {
    case Intrinsic::NamedBarrierWA:
    case Intrinsic::BarrierWA:
    case Intrinsic::IEEEExceptionTrap:
      vASSERT(getDst()->getTopDcl());
      return getDst()->getTopDcl()->getByteSize();
    default:
      vISA_ASSERT(false, "Unhandled intrinsic type");
      return 0;
  }
}

void G4_InstIntrinsic::computeRightBound(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  if (!opnd || opnd->isImm() || opnd->isNullReg())
    return;

  associateOpndWithInst(opnd, this);

  switch (intrinsicId) {
  case Intrinsic::NamedBarrierWA:
  case Intrinsic::BarrierWA:
  case Intrinsic::IEEEExceptionTrap:
    if (opnd == getDst())
      opnd->setRightBound(opnd->left_bound + getDstByteSize() - 1);
    break;
  case Intrinsic::PseudoAddrMov:
    if (opnd != getDst()) { // Source operand only, dst operand will be handled
                            // as normal dst
      opnd->setLeftBound(opnd->left_bound +
                         opnd->asAddrExp()->getOffset());
      opnd->setRightBound(opnd->left_bound + builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>() -
                          1);
      opnd->setBitVecFromSize(builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>(), getBuilder());
    }
    break;
  default:
    break;
  }
  // Use the default implementation if the intrinsic does not specify how to
  // handle its bound for the operand. The derived class may also provide an
  // override of this function.
  if (!opnd->isRightBoundSet())
    G4_INST::computeRightBound(opnd);
}

static void computeSpillFillOperandBound(G4_Operand *opnd, unsigned int LB,
                                         int numReg,
                                         const IR_Builder &builder) {
  if (numReg == 0) {
    return;
  }

  // read/write in units of GRF.
  unsigned RB = std::min(opnd->getTopDcl()->getByteSize(),
                         LB + numReg * builder.numEltPerGRF<Type_UB>()) -
                1;

  unsigned NBytes = RB - LB + 1;
  opnd->setBitVecFromSize(NBytes, builder);
  opnd->setRightBound(RB);
}

uint32_t G4_SpillIntrinsic::getOffsetInBytes() const {
  return offset * getBuilder().getGRFSize();
}

void G4_SpillIntrinsic::computeRightBound(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  if (opnd) {
    uint16_t numReg = 0;
    if (opnd == getSrc(1)) {
      numReg = asSpillIntrinsic()->getNumRows();
    } else if (opnd->isSrcRegRegion() && opnd == getSrc(0)) {
      numReg = 1;
    }
    computeSpillFillOperandBound(opnd, opnd->left_bound, numReg, getBuilder());
  }
}

uint32_t G4_FillIntrinsic::getOffsetInBytes() const {
  return offset * getBuilder().getGRFSize();
}

void G4_FillIntrinsic::computeRightBound(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  if (opnd) {
    uint16_t numReg = 0;
    if (opnd == getDst()) {
      numReg = asFillIntrinsic()->getNumRows();
    } else if (opnd->isSrcRegRegion() &&
               (opnd == getSrc(0) || opnd == getSrc(1))) {
      numReg = 1;
    }
    computeSpillFillOperandBound(opnd, opnd->left_bound, numReg, getBuilder());
  }
}

bool RegionDesc::isLegal(unsigned vs, unsigned w, unsigned hs) {
  auto isPositiveAndLegal = [](unsigned val, unsigned high) {
    if (val == UNDEFINED_SHORT)
      return true;
    if (val > high || val == 0)
      return false;
    return ((val - 1) & val) == 0;
  };
  return isPositiveAndLegal(w, 16) && (vs == 0 || isPositiveAndLegal(vs, 32)) &&
         (hs == 0 || isPositiveAndLegal(hs, 16));
}

RegionDesc::RegionDescKind RegionDesc::getRegionDescKind(uint16_t size,
                                                         uint16_t vstride,
                                                         uint16_t width,
                                                         uint16_t hstride) {
  // Skip special cases.
  if (vstride == UNDEFINED_SHORT || width == UNDEFINED_SHORT ||
      hstride == UNDEFINED_SHORT)
    return RK_Other;

  // <0;1,0>
  if (size == 1 || (vstride == 0 && hstride == 0) ||
      (vstride == 0 && width == 1))
    return RK_Stride0;

  // <1;1,0>
  if ((vstride == 1 && width == 1) || (size <= width && hstride == 1) ||
      (vstride == width && hstride == 1))
    return RK_Stride1;

  // <N;1,0>
  uint16_t stride = 0;
  if (vstride == width * hstride || width == size) {
    stride = hstride;
  } else if (width == 1 && hstride == 0) {
    stride = vstride;
  }

  return (stride == 2) ? RK_Stride2 : (stride == 4) ? RK_Stride4 : RK_Other;
}

bool RegionDesc::isContiguous(unsigned ExSize) const {
  if (vertStride == 1 && width == 1)
    return true;
  if (vertStride == width && horzStride == 1)
    return true;

  return (ExSize == 1) || (ExSize <= (unsigned)width && horzStride == 1);
}
bool RegionDesc::isSingleNonUnitStride(uint32_t execSize,
                                       uint16_t &stride) const {
  if (isScalar() || isContiguous(execSize)) {
    return false;
  }

  if (vertStride == width * horzStride || width == execSize) {
    stride = horzStride;
    return true;
  }

  if (horzStride == 0 && width == 1) {
    stride = vertStride;
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool RegionDesc::isSingleStride(uint32_t execSize, uint16_t &stride) const {
  if (isScalar()) {
    stride = 0;
    return true;
  }
  if (isContiguous(execSize)) {
    stride = 1;
    return true;
  }

  return isSingleNonUnitStride(execSize, stride);
}

G4_INST *G4_InstMath::cloneInst(const IR_Builder *b) {
  if (!b)
    b = &builder;
  auto nonConstBuilder = const_cast<IR_Builder *>(b);
  auto prd = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getPredicate());
  auto dst = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getDst());
  auto src0 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(0));
  auto src1 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(1));

  return nonConstBuilder->createInternalMathInst(prd, getSaturate(),
                                                 getExecSize(), dst, src0, src1,
                                                 getMathCtrl(), option);
}

G4_INST *G4_InstBfn::cloneInst(const IR_Builder *b) {
  if (!b)
    b = &builder;
  auto nonConstBuilder = const_cast<IR_Builder *>(b);
  auto prd = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getPredicate());
  auto condMod = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getCondMod());
  auto dst = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getDst());
  auto src0 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(0));
  auto src1 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(1));
  auto src2 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(2));
  return nonConstBuilder->createInternalBfnInst(
      getBooleanFuncCtrl(), prd, condMod, getSaturate(), getExecSize(), dst,
      src0, src1, src2, option);
}

G4_INST *G4_InstDpas::cloneInst(const IR_Builder *b) {
  if (!b)
    b = &builder;
  auto nonConstBuilder = const_cast<IR_Builder *>(b);
  auto dst = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getDst());
  auto src0 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(0));
  auto src1 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(1));
  auto src2 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(2));
  auto src3 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(3));
  auto src4 = nonConstBuilder->duplicateOperand(getSrc(4));
  return nonConstBuilder->createInternalDpasInst(
      op, getExecSize(), dst, src0, src1, src2, option, getSrc2Precision(),
      getSrc1Precision(), getSystolicDepth(), getRepeatCount(), src3, src4);
}

bool G4_InstDpas::isInt() const {
  // Check Src1 is enough.
  switch (Src1Precision) {
  case GenPrecision::S8:
  case GenPrecision::U8:
  case GenPrecision::S4:
  case GenPrecision::U4:
  case GenPrecision::S2:
  case GenPrecision::U2:
    return true;
  default:
    break;
  }
  return false;
}

bool G4_InstDpas::isInt8() const {
  if (Src1Precision == GenPrecision::S8 || Src1Precision == GenPrecision::U8 ||
      Src2Precision == GenPrecision::S8 || Src2Precision == GenPrecision::U8) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool G4_InstDpas::is2xInt8() const {
  if ((Src1Precision == GenPrecision::S4 || Src1Precision == GenPrecision::U4 ||
       Src1Precision == GenPrecision::S2 ||
       Src1Precision == GenPrecision::U2) &&
      (Src2Precision == GenPrecision::S4 || Src2Precision == GenPrecision::U4 ||
       Src2Precision == GenPrecision::S2 ||
       Src2Precision == GenPrecision::U2)) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

uint8_t G4_InstDpas::getOpsPerChan() const {
  if (isBF16() || isFP16())
    return OPS_PER_CHAN_2;
  else if (isTF32())
    return OPS_PER_CHAN_1;
  else if (is2xInt8())
    return OPS_PER_CHAN_8;
  // int8
  return OPS_PER_CHAN_4;
}

void G4_InstDpas::computeRightBound(G4_Operand *opnd) {
  associateOpndWithInst(opnd, this);
  if (opnd && !opnd->isImm() && !opnd->isNullReg()) {
    uint8_t D = getSystolicDepth();
    uint8_t C = getRepeatCount();
    G4_ExecSize ES = getExecSize();

    auto computeDpasOperandBound = [this](G4_Operand *opnd, unsigned leftBound,
                                          unsigned rightBound) {
      unsigned NBytes = rightBound - leftBound + 1;
      opnd->setBitVecFromSize(NBytes, getBuilder());
      opnd->setRightBound(rightBound);
    };

    if (opnd == dst || (opnd == srcs[0] && !opnd->isNullReg())) {
      // dst and src0 are always packed, and RB is exec_size * type_size *
      // rep_count
      auto opndSize = ES * opnd->getTypeSize() * C;
      computeDpasOperandBound(opnd, opnd->left_bound,
                              opnd->left_bound + opndSize - 1);
    } else if (opnd == srcs[1]) {
      uint32_t bytesPerLane = getSrc1SizePerLaneInByte();
      uint8_t src1_D = D;

      // Each lanes needs (src1_D * bytesPerLane) bytes, and it's multiple of
      // DW!
      uint32_t bytesPerLaneForAllDepth = bytesPerLane * src1_D;
      bytesPerLaneForAllDepth = ((bytesPerLaneForAllDepth + 3) / 4) * 4;

      uint32_t bytes = bytesPerLaneForAllDepth * ES;
      computeDpasOperandBound(opnd, opnd->left_bound,
                              opnd->left_bound + bytes - 1);
    } else if (opnd == srcs[2]) {
      // src2 is uniform.
      uint32_t bytesPerLane = getSrc2SizePerLaneInByte();
      uint32_t bytes = bytesPerLane * D * C;
      if (op == G4_dpasw) {
        bytes = bytesPerLane * D * ((C + 1) / 2);
      }
      computeDpasOperandBound(opnd, opnd->left_bound,
                              opnd->left_bound + bytes - 1);
    }

    else if (opnd && opnd == srcs[3]) {
      uint32_t bytes;
      if (isInt())
      {
        bytes = 2 * getBuilder().getGRFSize();
      } else if (isFP16() || isBF16()) {
        bytes = getBuilder().getGRFSize();
      } else { // isTF32()
        bytes = getBuilder().getGRFSize() / 2;
      }
      computeDpasOperandBound(opnd, opnd->left_bound,
                              opnd->left_bound + bytes - 1);
    }
  }
}


bool G4_InstDpas::checksMacroTypes(const G4_InstDpas &next) const {
  vASSERT(opcode() == next.opcode());

  // Macro rule requires same datatype of the same operand across all
  // instructions.
  if (getDst()->getType() != next.getDst()->getType() ||
      getSrc(0)->getType() != next.getSrc(0)->getType()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!hasSameSrc1Precision(next.getSrc1Precision()))
    return false;

  if (!hasSameSrc2Precision(next.getSrc2Precision()))
    return false;


  return true;
}

void G4_INST::inheritDIFrom(const G4_INST *inst) {
  // Copy over debug info from inst
  setLocation(inst->getLocation());
  setVISAId(getVISAId() == UndefinedCisaOffset ? inst->getVISAId()
                                               : getVISAId());
}

void G4_INST::inheritSWSBFrom(const G4_INST *inst) {
  // Copy the SWSB info
  setDistance(inst->getDistance());
  setLexicalId(inst->getLexicalId());

  setDistanceTypeXe(inst->getDistanceTypeXe());
  unsigned short token = inst->getToken();
  setToken(token);
  SWSBTokenType type = inst->getTokenType();
  setTokenType(type);
}

bool G4_INST::isBarrierWAIntrinsic() const {
  return isIntrinsic() &&
         asIntrinsicInst()->getIntrinsicId() == Intrinsic::BarrierWA;
}

bool G4_INST::isNamedBarrierWAIntrinsic() const {
  return isIntrinsic() &&
         asIntrinsicInst()->getIntrinsicId() == Intrinsic::NamedBarrierWA;
}

bool G4_INST::isIEEEExceptionTrap() const {
  return isIntrinsic() &&
         asIntrinsicInst()->getIntrinsicId() == Intrinsic::IEEEExceptionTrap;
}

// In general a flag register can only be src0 for an instruction.
// This funcion is not for general usage. It is dedicated for copy propagation,
// for now we just limit to logic instructions and another mov.
bool G4_INST::canSrcBeFlagForPropagation(Gen4_Operand_Number opndNum) const {
  if (!isLogic() && !isMov())
    return false;

  // flag register is not allowed in ternary instruction
  if (getNumSrc() == 3)
    return false;

  // For non-commutative opcodes, only src0 can be flag. Otherwise, HWConformity
  // may generate more mov instructions to fix the illegal flag reg operand.
  // For commutative opcodes, it is fine to have flag reg on non-src0 sources as
  // HWConformity can fix it by swapping the srouces.
  if (!INST_COMMUTATIVE(opcode()) && opndNum != Opnd_src0)
    return false;

  return true;
}

bool G4_InstCF::requireNopAfter() const {
  if (!getBuilder().needNopAfterCFInstWA())
    return false;

  if (opcode() == G4_jmpi)
    return true;

  if (opcode() == G4_goto) {
    if (getPredicate() && isBackward())
      return false;
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
