toybox news

Toybox combines the most common Linux command line utilities together into a single BSD-licensed executable that's simple, small, fast, reasonably standards-compliant, and powerful enough to turn Android into a development environment. See the links on the left for details.

## News

## Jan 18, 2025

> The regular early morning yell of horror was the sound of Arthur Dent waking up and suddenly remembering where he was.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.12 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU 9.2.0 (built using a lightly patched linux-6.12).

Posix-2024 (SUSv5, issue 8) finally came out, and a few things have been tweaked, but as with Posix-2008 (SUSv4, issue 7, released 16 years ago) it was mostly codifying what the Linux man pages already said.

Toybox is now only the fifth most starred repository of the ~60k 0BSD licensed projects on github, which means Zero Clause BSD has outgrown its roots.

Features: added netcat -o -O (hex output, the first preserving original input groups and the latter continuous), and tar now handles another obsolete sparse format you get in old tarballs sometimes (with test). Elliott added NPROCESSORS_CONF and NPROCESSORS_ONLN to getconf, added -f FILE and --no-sync to devmem, and taught tar to call out to zstd. Oliver Webb added test -ef -ot -nt, Brian Norris added dmesg -W. Karthikeyan Ramasubramanian added devmen --no-mmap. Kana Steimle added mount LABEL=. Firas Khalil Khana made lsusb and lspci also check /usr/share/hwdata (since the Linux Foundation killed the Linux Standard Base system packagers can't quite agree where stuff should live).

Bugfixes: grep -r now opens files with O_NOBLOCK|O_NOCTTY to avoid getting hung up on FIFOs or attaching the console to dev/tty nodes, patch -F0 disables fuzz support, find -size implies -type f, host detects truncated replies and doesn't output the length byte at the start of TXT replies, more complicated relative file permission parsing like chmod g+rX-ws is now handled properly, tar honors umask unless -p supplied (with tests), test -nt and -ot now only check nanoseconds when the seconds match, and a weird corner case in ps was because the make.sh plumbing wasn't switching FLAG_x to "long long" quite fast enough (when 1<<31 is negative, using it in nontrivial bitmask checks can go strange).

Elliott fixed a crash when file tried to parse corrupted ELF files, fixed cp -i -v verbose notifications (showing source when they should show destination, etc), and fixed a sendfile_len() bounds check. Ray Gardner found a unicode bug in lib.c's strlower() (which is now checked for in find.test). Yi-Yo Chiang fixed netcat -f and two bugs in microcom's "paste" command. Xiuhong Wang fixed ionice's output when checking the IO priority of a process you don't have permission to access. Dima Buzdyk taught lsusb to handle multiple PCIe controllers, including printing the controller domain id when there's more than one. Peter Collingbourne noticed that ps/top etc were setting the stdout buffer twice (which glibc doesn't support). Kana Steimle fixed blkid to match util-linux behavior more closely.

Library: Added cfspeed2bps() and bsp2cfspeed() functions (converting bits per second values to/from the cfsetspeed() argument bitmask), and make xsetspeed() use them. Moved anystart() and anystr() to lib.c.

Mkroot: New riscv32 and riscv64 targets, and or1k switched to the -M virt board emulation so it can exit now. The armv5l -M versatilepb board no longer micromanages the network card selection (which was working around a bug from 2007 long since fixed upstream). All shipped targets fully pass mkroot/testroot.sh except or1k (no default -hda bus in qemu's board emulation), microblaze (no -hda available even with -drive, and the board emulation doesn't know how to exit without being killed), and sh4eb (an endianess disagreement between the ethernet driver and device emulation, little endian works fine with the same config).

VMLINUX= no longer needs a path to a zimage file, it looks under arch/$KARCH/boot when it's not at the top level. QEMU_M= is now a short way to say "qemu-system-$CROSS -M $QEMU_M". In mkroot/packages, updated the dropbear and zlib versions, and added an initial script to convert the Linux From Scratch 12.1 sources into a squashfs (just a start, several of the shipped patches are in the obsolete diff -c "copied context" format because gnu, and I haven't taught patch to apply the old format yet. Maye a new LFS release will stop doing that?) setupfor now handles tarballs that don't extract to a directory with the same name. Fixed mkroot running in a container where /dev/tty was never associated (where writing to it produces an error). The airlock build is skippable so don't rely on it to set mkroot $VERSION.

mkroot/record-commands can now be run from an arbitrary directory, to more easily log command line usage in other projects' builds. Running it with no arguments now sets up a persistent wrapper and outputs an "export" line needed to update the $PATH and such to use it. (Running a command under it the way chroot or sh -c work still sets up the wrapper, runs the command, then tears down the wrapper again leaving the log.) Also, make it work on a busybox-based host (where "find -type" didn't understand commas).

Pending: New awk.c from Ray Gadner, which is 4500 lines long and counting (46 commits so far). Eric Roshan-Eisner fixed several issues in vi and its tests. Elliott fixed /etc/issue in getty. Daniel Rosenberg added diff --no-dereference and fixed comparisons between symlinks and fifos (with test). Kana Steimle fixed several things in crond.

Use DRAIN instead of FLUSH in stty, Consistently indent the help text blocks (in syslogd.c, dhcp6, diff.c...), and the partial mke2fs.c was removed because gcc 14 breaks trying to build it (due to a design change in gcc, which used to be able to compile it but can't anymore, if I get around to finishing it I can check in one that actually performs its intended function but bug reports about code that doesn't work = remove it).

More toysh work, most notably a design change that allows "trap" to asynchronlysly call functions from an interrupt handler (by removing the recursive do_source() function, moving the read/parse/run loop to sh_main(), and giving each sh_fcall stack entry a FILE *source it can read data from when the parsed sh_pipeline is empty, and then pop the sh_fcall on EOF and continue in the calling context.) The tests that are currently expected to fail are now annotated with $BROKEN (use "BROKEN= make test_sh" to try them), and TEST_HOST now passes on bash 5.2. Implement return, move break and continue to normal builtin commands (instead of special case inline processing in run_lines()), make the xexit() longjmp() back to the shell from builtins nest multiple levels deep if necessary (in case builtins call builtins, which is less likely under the new design), bump script filehandle to high fd and CLOEXEC it (instead of leaking into children). Another one line fix had several paragraphs of explanation, but boils down to "kernels with static initramfs have no stdin/stdout/stderr so toysh needs to cope when redirect opens one of those as a temporary filehandle". Fixed backslash parsing in $'' so \' doesn't end the quoting context.

Cleanup: Although klogd is cleaned up most of the way to being promotable, since it just passes stuff along to syslogd (which isn't) it's not much use on its own. Switched most remaining toys.optflags&FLAG_x checks to FLAG(x). Minor cleanup on cp -r. Elliott added input buffering to xxd, made find.c use S_ISREG() instead of inlining it. Brian Norris added line buffering to dmesg stdout. klogd is cleaned up most of the way to being promotable, but since it just passes stuff along to syslogd (which isn't) it's not much use on its own.

Portability: Fixed hwclock when settimeofday() syscall isn't available (which musl and glibc broke in different ways), endianness checking now uses the compiler's built-in __BYTE_ORDER__ macro instead of needing to #include headers. The nommu-friendly xvdaemon() will now chdir("/") so background processes don't pin mount points, and find.test now skips a test that triggered a macos bug. Elliott dropped ps.c's dependency on android libprocessgroup (it now reads /proc/$PID/cgroup directly). Vidar Karlsen had some freebsd updates. Kana Steimle worked around closedir(NULL) segfaulting on musl (which doesn't consider that a NOP).

Documentation: sysctl now accepts -A as an alias for -a but doesn't try to explain it. More FAQ entries. and added some links to the end of license.html. Old entries in this news page no longer drive vi's html syntax highlighting nuts. Elliott clarified the relationship between ls -s and --block-size. Ivan Mirić fixed some typos in mkroot's README.

Plumbing: Added TOYFLAG_NOBUF, used by microcom to disable stdio buffering. The "lie to autoconf" help pluming moved into main.c as TOYFLAG_AUTOCONF because grep needs it too now.

Test suite: lots of tests updated to pass with TEST_HOST on Devuan Daedalus (I.E. Debian Bookworm). Various .1 second timeouts were expanded to give loaded servers time to schedule processes. (An unloaded raspberry pi should have no trouble, and a swap-thrashing system may not finish even with a 5 second wait to flush asynchronous activity, but it's at least a better guess.) For some reason, ASAN on Debian's current gcc/glibc turns glibc's crypt() function into a null pointer dereference. This seems to be a host toolchain bug, and there's work underway to replace the host crypt() with a lib/lib.c implementation using the builtin hashes in a future release, but for now you have to switch off "mkpasswd" in menuconfig to pass "make tests" on Debian. It worked fine on the old debian version, works fine built under musl-libc, works fine without ASAN enabled, is not failing IN crypt (it's never reaching it, the dynamic linker is turning the call into a jump to NULL). The shipped binaries are built against musl where crypt() (and thus mkpasswd) still works.

Build: Setting $TOOLCHAIN for scripts/install.sh (and thus make airlock_install) now symlinks the listed additional commands from the host $PATH into the new airlock directory. Fixed ASAN to mostly work with newer gcc/glibc (from Debian 12) except for the crypt() thing. Most files like generated/tags.h are now generated with sed and bash instead of building a native C program to emit them. Added --start-group and --end-group around the "extra" libraries when static linking (because probing them in parallel doesn't preserve the magic order). Sadly -f does not reliably shut up gnu/chmod, despite its longopt aliases being "--silent" and "--quiet" (the aristocrats FSF!) so redirect the noise to /dev/null. Added "ar" to the airlock install's PENDING list because the dropbear build grew a dependency on it. (You'd think that would use the cross compiler's prefixed-ar, but no.) Squelched more spurious clang warnings about nothing.

## April 8, 2024

> Another thing that got forgotten was the fact that against all probability a sperm whale had suddenly been called into existence several miles above the surface of an alien planet. And since this is not a naturally tenable position for a whale, this poor innocent creature had very little time to come to terms with its identity as a whale before it then had to come to terms with not being a whale any more.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.11 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU (built using a lightly patched linux-6.8).

Highlights include a new quickstart web page, shorter /bin links to prebuilt binaries, lots of work on mkroot, and a new "canned" toybox build to reduce dependencies.

New commands: Rob added tsort, and promoted fold and getopt. Oliver Webb added ts and csplit, and Elliott added memeater.

And one command got temporarily de-promoted: passwd is "default n" (disabled in defconfig) this release due to the ongoing lib/passwd.c infrastructure rewrite that isn't quite done yet. (See the Library section.)

Features: The new "canned" toybox build in scripts/prereq/build.sh lets toybox provide its own build prerequisites by compiling a minimal toybox against saved headers (ala "cc -I scripts/prereq/generated file1.c file2.c..."). This provides most of the commands toybox needs to configure and build itself (except make, bash, and the compiler toolchain). This may help bootstrap toybox on systems that don't provide a modern Linux command line out of the box: install toybox-prereq at the start of the $PATH, add a .config file, and run scripts/make.sh.

New mv -x option to atomically swap two files, env -e FILE executes a different command than argv[0] on the command line, the reset command now puts raw terminals back into "cooked" mode, negative offsets in sort -k count right to left, setsid grabs the tty more forcefully (removing the need for getty) and the -cc option will try to steal it, mount now shows file= when displaying loopback mounts, wc -L shows longest line length, tar -h now detects a lot more hardlinks, cp now copies xattrs for directories (not just files).

Elliott taught file to recognize wasm binary modules and display JPEG width/height, added the LOWER_UP, DORMANT, and ECHO flags to ifconfig, added PAC and BTI decoding to readelf, cache size querying to sysconf (supported by glibc and bionic but not musl-libc), and added a "paste" menu to microcom. Kalesh Singh taught readelf to decode a new note type (NT_ANDROID_TYPE_PAD_SEGMENT). Christopher Ferris improved readelf section flags handling, with test. Oliver Webb suggested count -l. Aditya submitted netcat -z.

Bugfixes: Fixed printf \0 and grep -w (which never quite worked right), ls -k now switches off --block-size, install -dm 02750 works (sticky bit support for -d), tar is better at following symlinks and extracting records with broken metadata, gzip now knows knows how to rename between "tgz/tar" extensions, mkpasswd -m sha* salt length can now range from 8-16, not just 16, ps can now handle an session ID of 0 (which is what PID 1 starts with before the first call to setsid()), pwgen can now use ~ in output, xargs now stops when a child exits with 255, iconv now exits with error if any characters failed to convert with -c, things like truncate -s 1e2 were saying "too large" and now correctly say "not integer" (it's not scientific notation, it's exabyte suffix with trailing garbage), timeout now takes its exit code from SIGCHLD instead of wait() to fix a race condition (SIGCHLD can happen before calling wait and the kernel won't deliver status twice, so you can't wait AND have the signal handler). The usual round of gcc warnings got tracked down, confirmed to be useless, and removed, but despite gcc constantly warning "variable is not actually used uninitialized" there were some uninitialized variables in dd it DIDN'T warn about: found and fixed.

Elliott added an error message to catch xxd -r receiving -p format input without -p, fixed readelf -n for x86-64 ibt/shstk notes (whatever those are), and fixed blkid not to check filesystem signatures that would continue past the end of the loaded buffer. Michael Shavit pointed out that devmem command line number parsing wasn't unsigned (although fixing that means it no longer parses the kmg unit suffixes). Peter Collingbourne fixed inotifyd skipping the first mask character. Taisuke Matsushiro fixed a fencepost error preventing stty from setting serial baud rate to 57600. Askar Safin fixed a typo in mkroot/packages/busybox.

Library: The in-progress rewrite of lib/password.c no longer uses shadow.h (which lets it build against bionic), and a new lib/hash.c where toybox implements its own crypt() using the md5/sha1/sha3 etc hash functions we've already got (to work around glibc's ongoing deprecation of posix features), but neither are quite finished yet. New lib/elf.c with plumbing shared by file and readelf, with additional arm and riscv flag decoding, the peek() family of functions now return long long instead of int64_t so the base types are consistent on 32/64 bit, lib/args.c now handles the high bit octal escape sequences in trailing [-abc] blocks, so you can have punctuation participate in option groups, switching off an option via grouping now sets it back to its default value (not to zero), and numeric and date parsing report out of range numeric or millisecond values. Mkroot: There's a README in the mkroot directory now. (Microsoft Github was picking up the README.root file used by the tar-for-web.sh script and showing that instead.) Extended run-qemu.sh so it can be run from other directories (prepending $(dirname $0)/ to linux-kernel and initramfs.cpio.gz when loading them into qemu). The initramfs now has /etc/os-release with the toybox $VERSION. The big if/else staircase of linux kernel target configurations moved into its own get_target_config() shell function, with a big comment block right before it explaining what all the variables it sets mean, and the generic kconfig symbol list got moved out to a GENERIC_KCONF variable assignment right after that function. The microconfig format got compressed slightly more by use of bash brace expansion, decoded to comma separated values by the be2csv function ala KCONF="$(be2csv SPI{,_BITBANG} IOMMU_SUPPORT)" . The init script no longer calls oneit, instead doing the work in the init script. (Redirect stdin/out/err to the "real" console device on the last line of /sys/class/tty/console/active, call setsid, trap SIGCHLD, reboot when the shell exits. This (and the setsid tty stealing upgrades) also fixed ps not showing any processes in mkroot because stdin/stdout weren't properly claimed as the controlling tty. The base kernel config now uses CONFIG_PANIC_TIMEOUT=1 so we don't have to say panic=1 on the kernel command line anymore. The baseconfig now automatically adds CONFIG_MODULES and CONFIG_MODULES_UNLOAD when any $MODULES are listed. Moved the kernel modules archive into the "docs" directory. New $NOTOYBOX variable skips the toybox build if set. The $DTB files no longer have a path, instead using "find" to install them. The build now creates the externally loadable cpio.gz file even when building initramfs into the kernel, but sticks it in the docs/ subdirectory when it's not used.

Several new mcm-buildall.sh targets (or1k, riscv32, riscv64, sh4eb) taking advantage of upstream musl-cross-make updating itself to use musl-1.2.5. The target list in mcm-buildall.sh moved into a TARGETS=() array with a big comment before it explaining the format, and the script is better about building host toolchains to build other cross compilers with: it tries to autodetect the host type (moving the relevant one to the front of the build list), and will also build a missing host toolchain when given targets on the command line. Added microblaze and or1k kernel configs, neither of which know how to exit qemu yet. (If Linux has got a reboot mechanism it knows how to poke that qemu is listening for on either virtual board, I haven't found it yet.) Also added sh4eb with FDPIC support (see kernel patch, which allows qemu-system-sh4eb to run the sh2eb nommu root filesystem), and armv4l (the 486 of arm).

Pending: Elliott fixed and improved strace, translating more system calls. Rob enabled command recursion in toysh (so it can call non-builtins as builtins), fixed calling "exec" on NOFORK commands (which MUST run in the shell's process context), redid the code to handle trailing backslashes gluing lines together, and it no longer leaks script filehandles into child processes. Oliver Webb noticed that OLDTOY(MAYFORK) aliases didn't become shell builtins, added tr -t, in vi added line gotos in ex mode, 'g', 'v', 'j' commands, and backwards search, cleaned up stuff in xzcat, getopt, bc, and removed a bunch of useless autogenerated bc tests. Jarno Mäkipää added the list of supported commands to vi's help text. Mathieu Anquetin fixed ip link set parsing, and NUL byte handling in hexdump. General cleanup passes on expr (which now uses 64 bit comparisons), tr, and dhcpd. Cleanup: pass over lsattr, getconf, acpi, and blkid. Use FLAG() macros in ifconfig and restorecon. Removed TODO block from nbd-client. More error_msg("%s", str) converted to error_msg_raw(str). Trimmed the GLOBALS() sizes (using scripts/probes/GLOBALS): removed 1k of global data from cksum and switched a 2k global in grep to a malloc. Simplified scripts/probes/bloatcheck and mkroot/record-commands. Portability: Fixed truncate -s 8g on 32 bit hosts, updated mcm-buildall.sh to autodetect host type and automatically select newer package versions, and moved the linux32 command to its own file because BSD can't build it. MacOS had a use-after-free with the getpwuid() return value being recycled a more aggressively than Linux. Elliott fixed diff.test to work with mksh, and posix_fallocate() to work with MacOS. More commands enabled in make bsd_defconfig and make macos_defconfig. Added some (void) typecasts to netstat, oneit, and watchdog to try to shut up compilers that insist on responding to uncorrectable failures. (Such as fgets() reading known /proc data from the kernel, writes to the watchdog timer that will reboot the system if they fail, or PID 1 calling dup() on stdin to create stdout and stderr after closing the old ones. If any of that goes wrong, what are we supposed to do about it?) Documentation: The website now has a quickstart page, and the site now defaults to the about page (updated index.html symlink). The "current release" is now in the common header displayed by most pages. The mkroot dir has a README, and its faq entry has been updated. New option to compress help text with gzip, and help text size now shows up in make bloatcheck. Fix sed --help to show full help, patch -F is now mentioned in the help text, tweaks to help text in cut, grep, blkdiscard. Elliott did a cleanup pass over "usage:" lines and alphabetized more help text options. Christian Koestlin fixed a typo in the dmesg docs. The release procedure checklist has been updated, and the README generated by mkroot/tar-for-web.sh got updated. New faq entry explaining why toybox doesn't have (or need) cttyhack, and the architecture list got updated to match mcm-buildall.sh. The usual roadmap updates.

New scripts/probes/cmd2dpkg script shows what debian package (if any) each toybox command lives in, but only checks installed packages (dpkg-query -S "$(which $COMMAND)") and debian breaks up source packages strangely, so did not used it to redo the roadmap section listing packages (created using Linux From Scratch's list of commands installed by each source package).

Plumbing: The yes command now uses writev() to go way faster, mostly to prove it can. The default stdout buffer type switched to block buffering to make Elliott happy, which is a rich source of bugs (many of which Elliott has already whack-a-moled) and means among other things that mixing write() and fwrite() calls now requires manual flushing. Meanwhile xflush() became xferror() because it usually wasn't flushing anyway, and now that's more noticeable. Removed TOYFLAG_LOCALE and just set utf8 locale for all commands. The dirtree code now sets DIRTREE_SYMFOLLOW in "again" when we followed a symlink to get to this node, callers checking DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN need to mask out the bit they're interested in. Improved scripts/probes/findglobals output to be more legible. Test suite: Added make test_help test_install targets. (The standalone command targets conflict with the help/install make targets, but you can still build them via scripts/single.sh and there's no reason not to be able to individually test them.) New utf8locale shell function attempts to enable a UTF8 locale for TEST_HOST, which was used to fix wc.test. Colin Cross fixed pidof.test when stdout is a socket. Something called "ecryptfs" has a maximum filename length of 143 bytes, so our tar.test for long filenames support needs to be skipped there because the filesystem can't handle it. Similarly, our truncate.test was failing because storing nothing on ecryptfs wasts more space than expected. The tar tests now fetch user/group names with "stat" because between Linux, Android, FreeBSD, and MacOS, there aren't really consistent user and group names for any existing files. Added nbd-client.test Thiébaud Weksteen fixed the getfattr/setfattr tests on filesystems using selinux. Oliver Webb added sha3sum tests. Elliott stabilized another slightly racy ifconfig test (big test farm, hits the weird corner cases). Build: Lots of changes to scripts/make.sh and friends to speed up and parallelize header generation. The build now figures out which toys/*/*.c files to compile by searching for unindented USE() macros wrapping NEW(commandname), which among other things fixes enabling the builtins when selecting just CONFIG_SH in menuconfig (instead of doing a "make sh" single command build). It also probes for optional shared libraries in parallel. New scripts/probes directory to collect scripts that aren't actually used by the build, with a README in it. Updated .gitignore so it doesn't complain about spurious name collisions in subdirectories. Elliott shut up a truly sad warning where despite sizeof(ptrdiff_t) always being sizeof(long), gcc nevertheless warns if you printf("%ld", ptr-ptr) and wants a magic invented "%td" type on 32 bit systems (but is just fine on 64 bit). (Or we could add a literally NOP typecast to long.) And silenced a spurious gcc 13.2 warning in date.c. And Rob shut up more broken gcc warnings. Updated .gitignore so it doesn't complain about spurious name collisions in subdirectories.

## July 30, 2023

> The way it functioned was very interesting. When the Drink button was pressed it made an instant but highly detailed examination of the subject's taste buds, a spectroscopic analysis of the subject's metabolism and then sent tiny experimental signals down the neural pathways to the taste centers of the subject's brain to see what was likely to go down well. However, no one knew quite why it did this because it invariably delivered a cupful of liquid that was almost, but not quite, entirely unlike tea.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.10 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU (built using a lightly patched linux-6.4).

New command shuf, and Elliott added i2ctransfer. Finished cleaning up dd a promoted it out of pending.

Lots of changes to mkroot, working on updated documentation but the release is already overdue...

Features: Added a bunch of options to tar (-s --ignore-case --wildcards --anchored --wildcards-match-slash --one-file-system), ls --sort (which takes a comma separated list of fallback sorts, and new sort types to sort by extension, case insensitive, and directory first), cpio -R to set user/group of all files and cpio -L to follow symlinks, gzip -t to test file integrity, find -readable, cut -DFR now has --longopts aliases (as suggested by the coreutils list). Taught blkid to recognize iso (cdrom) image files, oneit now autodetects console from sysfs with no -c argument, added "next address" support to i2cget and enforced bus limit, added posix 1x2x3 support to dd (with overflow detection, and 0x at the start still means hexadecimal).

Jarno Mäkipää taught i2cget to read without passing a command byte. Elliott added xxd -e (little endian), lspci -x (hex dump of pci config space), ls --block-size, widened the default VSIZE field width in Android's default ps display (they're up to 10 gigabytes of ASLR padding for hello world), and increased the vi/top output buffer size to reduce flicker redrawing the screen.

Bugfixes: Taught switch_root to move mountpoints into the new root. The head command now uses lseek to restore unused data from seekable inputs (tested with read i; echo =$i; head -n 1; done < input). In lspci handle PCI bridges and don't show "revision 0". Missing /proc entries no longer cause vmstat errors, the output fits into 80 columns more often, and adds reclaimable to the cached field. Fix help -u -au, and the "see othercommand" generation. Adding fuzz support subtly broke patch in a couple places: fixed -R and matching EOF. Trying to create a directory that already exists is no longer an error for cpio -i, and -d just warns about directory creation failure instead of exiting. Adding --wildcards logic to tar broke the full string matching (it checked after every / but not at the start of the string when there weren't any), and tar now waits for the compression program to exit and passes on any error result instead of killing it (which could truncate output). Fixed more realpath/readlink corner cases, with tests. Fix a sed bug when s//&/ (the copy-matched-text operator) was the first change made to the string. Fix error message for find -commands that need an argument but were at the end of the command line (it said "unknown command" instead of "command needs argument"). Fixed killall5 parsing of command names with spaces in them. Fixed grep -m -A used together (-m stops new matches but -A still shows lines after match). Fixed mv to --preserve=all when copying between filesystems. Moved the EPIPE skip from perror_exit() to verror_msg() so we never output a "hey, our output pipe unexpected closed!" error message when we're not the last command in a pipeline.

Franke Busse reported that bunzip2 was deleting its input file on error, and date -s +abc was segfaulting. Jooyung Han fixed nsenter using -C and -t together. More fixes from Eric Roshan-Eisner's toysh fuzzing, and he also sent a fix for an error message in the patch command. Elliott fixed stdin handling in log and logger to read a line at a time and log each one separately, fixed an off by one bounds check in readelf (and factored out the bounds checking logic so it's common between sections, and improved the error messages), fixed a gpiod crash.

Library: Implemented DIRTREE_BREADTH to do breadth first processing of directories (among other things, allowing entries to be sorted and processed in a consistent order). The dirtree plumbing now has macros for the mode bits instead of hardwired numbers, better adler32 calculation in deflate.c, and fs_type_name() can now convert most of the linux/magic.h constants into "mount -t TYPE" names.

Mkroot: Moved mkroot into its own directory: you now run mkroot/mkroot.sh instead of scripts/mkroot.sh, and all the mkroot plumbing should be under there now. What was scripts/root is now mkroot/packages, and I added a "busybox" package to download and build that (useful for testing command implementations side by side).

Reorganized the contents of each root/$ARCH build directory so only the files necessary to run are at the top level, and everything else (kernel configs) is in a docs/ subdirectory. Added linux-microconfig with the three CSV lines actually used by the build. New mkroot/tar-for-web.sh script that generates tarballs for uploading to the web page and adds two README files (one at the top level and one to each tarball's docs directory). The generated tarballs don't contain the fs/ dir, instead the README explains how to extract and recreate the cpio.gz archive.

Taught KCONF=value,value,value... CSV format to understand NAME=VALUE entries, and merged most KERNEL_CONFIG lines into KCONF. (Note that while it can handle NAME="this that" you need to escape it as NAME=\"this\ that\" to work right.) Added the legacy NLS dependencies the VFAT driver needs (even though we selected UTF8) to the base config. The init script now tests if stdin is open via "2>/dev/null <0 || blah" so only does the exec redirect for /dev/console when necessary. Fixed the .config checker to replace the toybox config when CONFIG_SH=y isn't set, so "make defconfig; mkroot/mkroot.sh" should work now. Switched initramfs packaging to use more portable cpio -R 0:0 instead of --no-preserve-owner. Moved the -m 256 before $@ in run-qemu.sh so setting memory size on the command line overrides the default. The mkroot/record-commands setup script will now use logpath out of the $PATH if it exists, rather than having to compile it each time. Bo Svangård fixed a typo in the cpio command line that's ignored by toybox but breaks with the host tools.

Pending: Moritz Weber put in more work on git (still very unfinished). Eli Lipsitz fixed bugs in init and login. Elliott added risc-v support to strace, and fixed :w in vi (it didn't takes a filename argument and would crash if you started with no filename) and improved error reporting. Jarno Mäkipää taught vi about backspace and improved empty file handling. Rob fixed vi -s. Various cleanups to tcpsvd.

More toysh work: command line option parsing stops at first nonoption argument, all piped segments are now implicitly subshelled so variable lifetimes match bash's and loops don't have to exit before proceedinng to the next one (ala "while true; do echo hello; done | while read i; do echo $i; done" hanging on a full output pipe). Several changes to HERE document processing (variable expansions can cause line continuations in a HERE document, etc), and better line continuation handling in general, added set -u, fixed if/while return codes, wired up the "local" builtin, fixed an escape passthrough bug reported by Mingliang Hu, support undelimited redirects (ala cat<file with no spaces), fixed ${X::} with no arguments.

Cleanup: Converted chgrp to FLAG() macros and did some minor cleanup on bootchartd, (which needs tests), basename, bzcat, test, i2cdetect. Elliott switched flock to FLAG() macros, switched nohup to use octal permissions insted of macros, widened the default VSIZE field width in Android's default ps display (which is now inserting 10 gigabytes of ASLR padding into "hello world"), and increased the vi/top output buffer size to reduce flicker redrawing the screen. Multiple cleanups to cpio. Added requested --gratuitous-longopt synonyms to ls. Consistently capitalize TODO comments in the tree so they're easier to search for. Silence yet more perennial "warning: variable is never used uninitialized" gcc false positives.

Portability: utf-8 support still isn't automatic in libc (you have to set an appropriate locale to enable it), and locales aren't entirely standardized: try C.UTF-8 (which MacOS hasn't got) and fall back to en_US.UTF-8 (which Gentoo hasn't got). Removed itoa() from seq.c because cygwin pollutes the namespace with DOS debris.

Dan Bryant renamed xrunread()'s "stdin" argument to "to_stdin" to work around broken headers that #define stdin as a macro instead of a global variable. Elliott enabled copy_file_range() on Android.

Documentation: Calling command --help and toybox --help command shows the toybox URL banner, but "help command" doesn't. Reorder the find help text so match filters that take an argument are mostly in the left column. Minor help text tweaks in sleep, find, xxd, cpio. The README now points to the same binary cross compilers as the FAQ. Update sed help text now that -e and -f get processed in command line order when used together.

Plumbing: The FLAG() macros now always return 1 or 0, so we can CONSTANT*FLAG(X) without needing a !! in there. The help plumbing now has HELP_FLAGS. Each command's option string in NEWTOY() may now use octal escapes with the high bit set to use control characters as option flags, with the resulting FLAG_X## macro using the 2 digit hex value (without the high bit set). For example if you needed "command -:" then ":" is ascii 58 (hex 3A, toybox's ascii command is useful for this), +128 is 186, which in octal becomes "\272" and tested with if (FLAG(X3A)) in the code.

Test suite: Each command.test now runs in an empty subdirectory, and working files like expected/actual go elsewhere (only "input" is created for you in there, and only when you provide input in the current test's 4th argument), so the directory listing doesn't contain anything the test didn't put there. (This simplified several tests.) The realpath test broke on mksh (which doesn't export $PWD by default). Elliott fixed the ifconfig tests on android. General tidying and adding tests to sed, ls, modinfo. The tar tests broke on github because it switched to a filesystem that can't do sparse files with 4k granularity, added a check to skip those tests (and also skip them on MacOS, which fails for a different reason.) When a test's name field was blank (meaning the actual test command line should be displayed as the name) the test plumbing was adding the command name to the display twice. The make tests target now defaults to building toybox with ASAN when not testing an existing binary. (You still have to specify ASAN=1 manually for individual command tests.)

Fixed demo_utf8towc which had the range check backwards (0x10ffff is the biggest _output_, not input). The range check was an attempt to avoid spending a long time going through all 4 billion entries, but wasn't testing everything it needed to, so now it advances the counter with a bit shift based on the number of bytes consumed by the match (avoiding large swaths of redundant checks but still theoretically testing all meaningfully different 4 byte inputs).

Build: Fix return code of verbose mode in scripts/build.sh so make V=1 succeeds. Speed up the MacOS build: their gsed is slow to launch so avoid one repeated call in a loop, and reimplement the wait $PID codepath because their bash is 17 years old. The llvm+bionic toolchain warns about printf(" "+FLAG(m)) unless you add an extra ,0 argument, but gcc+glibc warns if you DO add the extra argument... so I used the write() system call to avoid the compiler "helping" in a way I can't make it STOP. Similarly, now that FLAG(u) is always 1 or 0, size = FLAG(u) ? : sizeof(toybuf) is either 1 or 4096, which is what I _want_, and the compiler warning about it is counterproductive. LLVM needs a new -Wno-invalid-source-encoding flag or else it complains about octal escapes in string constants. (When I want to put utf-8 in there I can just do so, why would I octal escape it? Stop "helping".)

## January 10, 2023

> "Why," Arthur said, "is there a sofa in that field?" "I told you!" shouted Ford, leaping to his feet. "Eddies in the space-time continuum!" "And this is his sofa, is it?"

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.9 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU (built using a lightly patched linux-6.1).

The new nbd-server command interoperates with nbd-client to serve network block devices (using the v1 protocol), and Moritz Weber contributed a read-only git implementation to pending.

Features: New grep fast path for fixed or simple patterns that don't need the full regex engine (I.E. "^", ".", "$" but not "*" or "[]") most noticeable when searching for many patterns at once. Improved tar --xform support parsing flags= and trailing s/// scope flags (but using --xform now requires toybox sed in the $PATH).

Added sort -C, lsusb -i, netcat -n, swapoff -a -v, httpd -v, nbd-client -b, a uname -p stub to mollify package builds, sleep accepts multiple arguments, sed now parses interlaced -e and -f arguments in order, several new options in readlink and realpath (and better handling of relative paths), and UDP mode in netcat is more useful now: netcat -u -s 127.0.0.1 -p 9876 -l can type at netcat -u 127.0.0.1 9876 in both directions. (Figuring out when the other side hangs up is an unsolved problem, but that's UDP for you.) Elliott added ls -N.

Bugfixes: Fixed off by one error in sort -c output, fixed sed -z and other sed cases where Linux has never obeyed Posix (N at EOF does a default print, l escapes \n), patch --dry-run should no longer create or delete files, gzip/zcat couldn't handle concatenated archives, the ./configure of gmake 4.3 depends on test treating one argument -a as a synonym for -e, autodetectiong compression types in tar should be more reliable now and sanitize weird path corner cases (like .. past /) better, scripts/make.sh (and thus "make toybox") should no longer truncate log files stderr is redirected to, httpd now handles ? and # in URLs, xxd disables columns for -c 0 and groups for -g 0 (so you can get a long interrupted string of hex digits out of it), two fixes to mountpoint (the conversion to same_file() was inappropriate because the logic isn't quite the same, and -q should also quiet "not found" errors), fixed httpd not always displaying index.html files instead of directory contents, fixed comm - not recognizing it as stdin, and multiple fixes to timeout which now kills process group and thus child processes, isn't suspended by SIGTTIN, and recursive commands it calls don't inherit an inappropriate SIGCHLD handler.

Yi-Yo Chiang fixed loopback mount (the recent switch to xrunread() kept the newline from losetup's output) and added tail +123 (old-style synonym for tail -n +123). Daniel Mentz added scmversion to the modinfo tag list (Android uses it for external modules). Alexander Holler fixed su to not require /etc/shadow when run as root, and nomas2000 reported an inverted test in date's check for trailing rubbish. Daniel Mentz fixed an off by one in grep -f that discarded the last character of the pattern file's contents. Kelvin Zhang made modinfo better at handling symlinks. Antoni Villalonga fixed fmt on 64 bit big endian systems (like s390x and powerpc). Li Cheng fixed mount's type detection not autodetecting the need to bind mount files when type "none" was specified in fstab. Tomasz Sterna reported that modprobe resolving dependencies shouldn't feed a NULL pointer to the syscall's options arguments (the kernel goes -EWTF), and Vincent Donnefort made modprobe work when /proc/modules isn't available.

Library: The TOYFLAG_ARGFAIL() exit value is now the default error_msg() sets, sendfile() now falls back to the read/write loop for any error (not just EINVAL, the kernel sends ENOSYS and EXDEV and who knows what else), xgetrandom() can now return arbitrary amounts of data (looping internally as necessary), xwaitpid() returns status 127 for cases (like bad PID) which don't return a status for the PID, several fixes to xabspath() as part of the readlink/realpath work, new octal_deslash() to remove octal escapes common in kernel strings (ala /proc/mounts), the FLAG_x macros always use a 64 bit type now (so you don't have to worry about toys.optflags &= ~FLAG_x; blanking the top 32 bits), replaced memcmp() with new library function smemcmp() to placate ASAN when returning first difference in known differing arguments of unequal length. Elliott added three more filesystem types to fs_type_name() which is used by stat -f and friends.

Mkroot: New scripts/test_mkroot.sh runs each target under qemu to confirm 1) it boots, 2) the block device works, 3) networking works, and 4) the clock is set reasonably. It runs them in parallel, with an httpd instance on the host to fetch a file from, and a timeout to detect hangs. New scripts/root/overlay package copies $OVERLAY directory into target filesystem, ala scripts/mkroot.sh overlay OVERLAY=$PWD/blah The init script now mounts any /dev/?da on /mnt and when /mnt/init exists sets $HANDOFF to that instead of running a shell prompt, so you can provide automated control images that run code in the emulator automatically. (The emulator process still when whatever $HANDOFF called exits.)

Some kernel changes finally made it upstream so we can drop workarounds for them, such as kernel commit f8f0d06438e5 fixing the longstanding "allnoconfig has =y" issue so miniconfig doesn't need to add a magic #comment line forcing a symbol OFF anymore. The remaining kernel patches (including several maintained locally but hadn't merged into mkroot) moved to a seperate repository so mkroot.sh doesn't have to call sed on the build snapshot. (They're are also included in the mkroot binary release directory, and were all submitted to lkml months if not years ago.)

The host airlock setup (creating the temporary restricted environment mkroot builds packages in both so they don't pick up strange dependencies from the host, and to prove the build can use the toybox commands) removed a bunch of commands (dd, diff, vi, xzcat, ar, nm) no longer needed by the linux-6.1 build. The kernel patches also remove the need for gcc (it can use the "cc" symlink all modern distros install, and autodetects whether that points to gcc or clang) and bc (which is just generally obsolete). Left those two in for one more release, but NEXT time building a vanilla kernel without the gcc removal patch and bc removal patch may require you to add HOST_EXTRA="gcc bc" to the mkroot command line for the airlock build to add extra symlinks to root/build/airlock.

Added a kernel build for powerpc64 big endian, m68k and powerpc now support "run-qemu.sh -hda file.img", and m68k only has one /dev/?db (disabled Apple Desktop Bus in the config). Added basic module support (the kernel build saves modules in modules.cpio.gz so it can extract them when you rebuild the root filesystem but not the kernel) and added scripts/root/tests which (among other things) builds two innocuous modules that depend on each other (fscache and cachefiles) for modprobe/insmod testing that hopefully won't break anything else. (If there was a scripts/root/pending/ tests would be in it: it does not actually run the test suite under mkroot yet, because toysh needs work.)

Pending: Elliott made strace build on 32-bit x86. James Farrell added diff -f. Alexander Holler fixed two parameter substitution bugs in toysh. Rob fixed assignment suppression, && and || parsing, math priority, a number of ASAN test failures, untangled and commented the brace expansion logic, and other ongoing shell work.

A large rewrite of diff happened but couldn't be checked in unfinished because if people are using stuff out of pending, how do you do a pending for pending? (Meta-pending?)

Cleanup: cksum, od, file, getopt, gpiod, nbd-client, better output messages for host, and make base64 use line buffering. Moved -Wno-string-plus-int into portability.sh and had it only apply to clang. Moved num_cache() out of lib into netstat (its only user).

In the test suite plumbing, $SKIPNEXT was replaced by $SKIP holding a count that counts down with each test (so you can easily skip a block of tests). Fixed txpect to actually listen to error code (oops) and to not complain about multiple X. The old dochroot() and mkchroot() shell functions were removed from scripts/runtest.sh because they required root access to use (which mkroot does not). More conversion to use testcmd in individual command.tests (both to remove workarounds for shell builtins, and to be more concise). Remove redundant cleanup from several tests (which run as proper child processes now, and the work directory is deleted and recreated between each, so individual tests need less cleanup).

Portability: More tests now pass on MacOS and FreeBSD (weird filesystems, root vs wheel group name, dealing with headers that define stdin as a macro and don't define PATH_MAX, the ancient bash in MacOS doesn't understand &>>, won't let normal users use "chmod +s", symlinks don't have all permission bits set, no O_PATH and the Linux definition is used for something else, and so on), at least half of which Elliott did. Not sure we've quite got Mac and BSD doing "gmake test_singlecommand" right yet, but it's a lot closer. Added all the commands to make bsd_defconfig that compile on FreeBSD 13 (which is no guarantee they WORK). ASAN=1 should work in more places now, including make_test_command. The build uses $CC insted of cc in more places, and doesn't apply $ASAN for $HOSTCC (the legacy kconfig/ directory stands no chance).

Fedora inexplicably sticks \x09 style hex escapes into the dmesg output and expects them to be parsed. Android is still running the test suite under mksh which doesn't understand bashisms like <(command). LLVM insisted that "ptr - 1" could never be NULL (demonstrably untrue) and needed some (unsigned long) typecasts to force it to actually do the math. Khem Raj aliased timer_settime to timer_settime64 when the first isn't available. Antoni Villalonga debianized some install paths and added a bunch of --longopt synonyms for existing options that package builds use.

Documentation: The help page generation logic (toybox help -av) now filter out invisible aliases and outputs "See command" for visible aliases, plus fixes for broken corner cases like nohup --help. The local git repo now has a simple index.html generated by a small shell script, linking to the git format-patch files for each commit, applicable via git am.

There was a bug report that specifying the cross compiler prefix twice includes the prefix twice (ala CROSS_COMPILE=prefix- CC=prefix-cc results in prefix-prefix-cc) which is what happens when you ask it to do that, yes. It's now better documented. (See also this kernel patch.)

Yi-Yo Chiang's losetup fix spawned an email thread where the android developers explained why Android doesn't (and can't) use devtmpfs. Rob forwarded a link to linux weekly news to see if he could get any attention from the kernel guys, but they didn't reply.

## August 12, 2022

> Huge as office blocks, silent as birds. They hung in the air exactly the same way that bricks don't.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.8 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU (built using vanilla linux-5.19).

No new or promoted commands this time. (Time based releases mean NOT holding the release to wait for things like that.)

Thanks to Google for sponsoring the project's maintainer to focus on toybox for a while. (They want a hermetic build, I want Android to build under Android. Working on it...)

Features: The new timeout -i option kills a command for inactivity (output to stdout resets the timer). Basic support for tar --xform (but not yet the special tar-only s///x options). --long options now support unambigous abbrevations by default, so you can go "ls --col" and it'll figure out you mean --color. Added blkid -o understanding "full", "value", and "export" output formats. Added nsenter -C (cgroup namespace) and -a (enable all supported namespaces). Added mount -R and switched the bind mount default to be recursive (it still autodetects --bind and --loop mounts based on the source/target type, all --bind or --rbind do is switch the recursive flag on and off).

Elliott implemented tar --null, and taught file to recognize some Linux kernel images, and binaries for Linux's newly merged arch/loongarch (a mips64 variant from china).

Bugfixes: Several cleanups to taskset, mostly due to reviewing it before making an explainer video, but the review found an inappropriate use of TOYFLAG_STAYROOT that got fixed. Argument parsing for unshare and nsenter should now match debian's (I.E. "unshare -npu" works the same as "unshare -n -p -u" not "unshare --net=pu"). kill 1 no longer says "unknown pid 1: not permitted" (it says "bad pid" like everywhere else). test -x and friends now test live access, not permission bits. (Root ignores a lot of permissions, chmod u-x blocks you from executing your own file even if g+x and o+x should let you access it, things like selinux can further break the unix permission model, etc).

In lib/ a fencepost error in chomp() could read one byte past the start of the string, and xpclose_both() no longer closes the parent's stdin and stdout when they're explicitly passed through to the child. In scripts/runtest.sh, moving tests into subshells broke failure reporting with VERBOSE=all. While "make install" was creating directories when $PREFIX pointed to a nonexistent directory, "make toybox" didn't even though it tried to place the output file there.

James Farrell switched the test suite from detecting root via $UID to $(id -u). (It's not a security issue, this just controls which tests we attempt. It's another workaround for missing features in mksh.) Taolaw spotted that httpd could segfault when xabspath() returns NULL (for error conditions such as infinitely looping symlinks or "." not resolving when the current directory was deleted).

Documentation: We recorded the move from C99 to the C11 standard, which was actually made a while ago: the typecast constants we've been using for a while are a 2011 feature not available in the 1999 edition of the C standard. (This came up when we had to move to C11's "_Noreturn" to work around a compiler bug in llvm. Yes __attribute__((__noreturn__)) should be identical, that's the bug part.)

The website's nav bar got updated (among other things, linking to our youtube channel), and the FAQ entry on cross compiling got expanded. The toys/example commands moved from "make list" to "make list_example" (since they're not enabled in defconfig either). The cross compiling example command line in "make help" now sets LDFLAGS=--static instead of putting that in CFLAGS.

The web archive is back, and since the missing messages were never delivered (the mailserver trying to deliver them timed out and bounced them back after a couple days) this means unlike previous failures the web archive isn't out of sync with reality: the hole was the list actually being down until Dreamhost tech support figured out what they broke this time.

Pending: More work on toysh: case/esac was confused by nested flow control blocks, support for [[ < > =~ ]] tests, implemented the rest of the $((math)) operators and support for ((math)) tests and "for ((math;math;math))" loops, and so on. (The next toysh goal is to get the test suite running under mkroot, but other stuff keeps coming up.) James Farrell upgraded diff, adding three line format options and support for diffing FIFOs. Rob did several rounds of dd cleanup, then got distracted by diff cleanup which turned into a complete rewrite of diff. Neither was ready to promote in time for this release though (although the release got delayed almost a week before Rob admitted that).

Library: The lib/args.c command line parser now has two optional modifiers (" " and ";") for each argument type, providing 4 combinations (both unset, both set, one of each set), and all 4 now have defined semantics and tests/skeleton.test exercises them. (This was motivated by unshare needing a new combination to match the debian behavior.) lib/args.c also added "~" to collate bare longopts (so multiple bare longopts can be synonyms setting the same flag or argument variable).

New function xrunread() which launches a child function, writes a string to its stdin, and returns everything the child wrote to stdout as another string (or NULL if it couldn't run or exited with an error), leaving stderr alone (so it goes to the same place the parent's goes).

New functions same_file() and same_def_ino() to simplify file metadata comparisons. (If you're wondering why something so simple should have a function encapsulating the logic, this release also has at least 3 different bugfix commits for thinkos from switching all the commands over to use them instead of doing the test ourselves. All missing/extra ! or && vs || level stuff.)

The exit_signal() handler now blocks signals so sigatexit() won't re-enter the list when it receives two different killer signals. (Since xexit() capture uses siglongjmp() this should clean itself up when not actually exiting.)

Plumbing: Several warning suppressions due to things like llvm's fortify finding false positives, gcc's "int and long are identical on 32 bits!" warnings (yes... they are), the MacOS build being crotchety about vfork()... All verified non-issues at present.

The build plumbing now puts more effort into resolving dependencies and figuring out when stuff needs to be rebuilt. This includes noticing when the toolchain we're building with changes flags, and outputting a warning when it detects the need to run "make oldconfig" again. (At the moment calling kconfig/ from scripts/ would be a layering violation: I need to rewrite kconfig from scratch before it can do that automatically.).

Removed most compile time probes from scripts/genconfig.sh, replaced with things like #ifdef (_NR_syscall) and #if __has_include(<utmpx.h>), or acknowledging when a probe is a bug workaround for a specific libc version and testing for that instead, plus simply deleting some config options due to the 7 year horizon expiring so we can trust it to be there now.

Usual batch of musl workarounds for behavior that doesn't match glibc and bionic or where they've been arguing about stuff for years without actually fixing it. Ed Maste of FreeBSD added some FreeBSD checks/cases to lib/portability.[hc], mostly in places we already supported Apple or OpenBSD. The top level "configure" is now re-entrant (shouldn't append stuff to enviornment varibles like $CFLAGS twice when read twice). The MacOS defconfig now includes a lot more commands.

Test suite: The diff for failing tests is now output after the FAIL line instead of before, "make tests" now runs tar.test by default, a new skeleton.test uses toys/example/skeleton.c to exercise the lib/args.c command line parsing plumbing, scripts/runtest.sh now uses do_pass and do_fail consistently, and Rob keeps accidentally checking in bashisms and Elliott keeps submitting patches to remove them because android runs the tests under mksh and toysh isn't ready yet.

Work in progress to make TEST_HOST=1 pass on newer debian, which is a moving target. (The tests didn't change, but the behavior of the gnu utilities is not consistent. Or standardized. Or coherent. Or predictable. Or sane.) Some minor changes to commands like xxd and cmp to make their output look more like what debian's currently producing.

Making the tests pass on MacOS is harder: that calls group 0 "wheel" instead of "root" (so things like "tar.test" don't get the same result), stuff like "du" or "ls" often cares what filesystem you're mounted on (and MacOS hasn't even got the same ones _available_), and we even found a mac kernel bug where extending a sparse file sparsely allocates the previous length as actual zeroed disk space (ala "truncate -s 3m file; truncate -s 5m file; du file" says it's using 3 megabytes of disk space). There's probably more but that's where we stopped looking for now: since Rob doesn't have a mac to test on and the github tests don't reliably run when new commits are pushed (skipped when the servers are busy), fixing this hasn't been a priority. Lots of little red X in the github history because of this, though...

Mkroot: The output file names are now consistent across architectures: each root/$TARGET directory now contains an fs subdirectory with the expanded root filesystem, packaged into initramfs.cpio.gz, a linux-kernel built from linux-fullconfig which is built from linux-miniconfig, and a run-qemu.sh script to launch it under qemu. No more architecture name in the filenames (that's what the directory name is for), and no more "bzImage" or "vmlinux" depending on what filename the kernel build produced.

The fs/init script has better chroot support (not warning about /dev/shm and /dev/pts already existing). The airlock build no longer includes ftpd (you can use httpd and wget, scp out of dropbear, mount a network filesystem from the host, or if you really want to still use ftp can match ftpget and ftpput). When mkroot is downloading extra packages (for example in the dropbear build), it falls back to the host wget if it can't fetch with toybox's version. (This is because toybox hasn't got built-in https support yet, it's on the todo list.) Updated the dropbear build to the current version and fixed a compiler path issue. Fixed version skew in the workaround so the Linux kernel build doesn't require a third ELF package (but only for x86, not for any other architecture).

## July 23, 2022

Sorry the mailing list has been down since the 19th, Dreamhost happened again. (First the web archive was empty, then it was down, then it was restored from a backup taken before the "upgrade" but was not updating with new messages, which they denied was an actual problem but now timeout bounce messages from all the attempts to send to it since it broke have started coming back saying a path doesn't exist on their server...)

Dreamhost tech support has been informed of the issue a half-dozen times, and did at least replace the "Currently there are no messages" page with a backup from before they broke it on the first day. Unfortunately they have yet to acknowledge anything else is wrong with it since then, and don't seem to have support staff working over the weekend. This used to be an annual event for them, but they hadn't done a truly major breakage in a while. I _think_ the 11 month gap that last link mentions is still missing, but the server's down again (or at least timing out) so I can't check.

## May 6, 2022

> The mighty ships tore across the empty wastes of space and finally dived screaming on to the first planet they came across - which happened to be the Earth - where due to a terrible miscalculation of scale the entire battle fleet was accidentally swallowed by a small dog.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.7 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU (using vanilla linux-5.17).

Rob also uploaded the prebuilt binary cross and native compilers used to build those mkroot images (there's a README in there), and started producing tutorial videos explaining the toybox commands, their implementation, toybox's infrastructure...

The commands host, wget, openvt, and deallocvt were cleaned up and promoted. Elliott contributed the new commands uclampset, gpiodetect, gpioinfo, gpioiget, gpiofind, and gpioset, and Rob wrote a simple httpd (largely to give wget.test something to talk to).

One command was removed: catv didn't really serve a purpose (everybody just uses cat -v).

Features: top can now move the list with the LEFT/RIGHT cursor keys (changing the sort field is now SHIFT LEFT/RIGHT). Added find -samefile, cmp -n (and wired up skip1 skip2), tar --strip components (and tar --owner and --group can now specify :UID and :GID making tar.test more portable), lsusb and lspci now read /etc/{usb,pci}.ids[.gz] (when available) to provide human readable device descriptions, ifconfig can now rename interfaces. Moritz Weber added wget post support for form data. In toysh, cd got updated ("cd -" jumps to $OLDPWD, and cd can now handle deleted directories).

Bugfixes: cp --preserve xattr,context work together now, and Dario Freni fixed cp --xattr to avoid copying selinux context. The sort -u option now implies -s, wget -O - now writes to stdout, pwget -B removes more characters other implementations don't emit, time's realtime output was not properly zero padding the fractional part, and sed now works with multiple w to the same file. Fixed nl -E, realpath -e, find -newerXY and @time.nanosecond parsing, Various sh (it handles ${X: -1:1} properly now, which is not the same as ${X:-1:1} because :- has special meaning). The hello command in the examples directory now wait for a keypress before exiting when run as PID 1 (because calling wait() returned "No child process" immediately.) The multiplexer's toybox command --help once again shows the command's help (not toybox --help). Elliott fixed a strip bug in the MacOS build, taught file not to be confused by ELF BSS sections but to otherwise detect more invalid ELF files, and fixed an xargs bug where stdin was inappropriately O_CLOEXEC. Github user hg42 reported a bug where tar was looping trying to remove ".." at the start of names.

Library: Taught flags.h to #define its own CLEANUP macros so switching FLAG() contexts requires fewer steps. When args.c is just enforcing max/min argument count but collecting no options, imply "?" so "command -123" isn't an unknown option. Moved lib/help.c into main.c (nothing else in lib/ had to rebuild when the config changes which commands are enabled). The remains of linestack.c were renamed utf8.c, and toys.h now includes sys/syscall.h so commands don't have to.

Yank things with only one remaining user: moved get_line() to patch.c, struct str_len to bc.c, and struct ptr_len to ps.c Removed tty_esc() and tty_jump() wrappers. Various cleanups to lib/password.c and lib/tty.c. Removed the PEDANTIC_ARGS config option which just set a macro that was never used, xsignal_all_killers() now takes SIG_DFL as the reset value instead of explicitly checking for NULL, chomp() now removes any number of trailing \r\n, and it's now safe to llist_pop(0) just like dlist_pop(0). LongPing Wei improved support for copy_file_range().

Build: If you don't set $PREFIX, make install now defaults to $PWD/install (which does not require root access to write to, and you can tar up your pile of symlinks from there). More command sub-options removed (NETCAT_LISTEN and CAT_V).

Some of the uglier scripts/make.sh plumbing moved into scripts/portability.sh (which should now be safe to source twice), and moved almost all config varible definitions to "configure" now. The new $GENDIR variable theoretically lets the "generated" directory live somewhere else (not very tested yet). Various tweaks to scripts/make.sh to try to avoid unnecessary rebuilds and library probes when toolchain and config haven't changed. Added -Wno-pointer-sign to $CFLAGS because passing an unsigned char * to a function that expects char * is not a problem.

The airlock install in scripts/install.sh had the $PENDING items sorted into "started" and "not started". Add git and bash to $PENDING (used out of $PATH by --version and the powerpc64le build, respectively).

Cleanup: Removed the lib/linestack.c plumbing (which was never finished and hadn't been touched in years). Merged lspci.c into lsusb.c (so they can share config file reading infrastructure), and merged chvt/deallocvt into openvt.c. Minor cleanups to ping, fsync, ionice, pmap, truncate, timeout, tty, factor, mount. Went through and replaced \033 with \e in strings (since clang supports it and \033 is just awkward). Added LL to constant 0 in the FLAG macros to prevent gcc from warning that 0<<32 might produce 0. Moved llvm's -Wno-string-plus-int into configure instead of probing for it, since gcc no longer dies when asked to suppress an unknown warning.

mkroot: the ANSI escape to undo QEMU's wordwrap bug is now in both the init script and launch wrapper script (so wordwrap isn't broken while running the emulated system, nor if the emulated system fails to run). If devtmpfs was already mounted on /dev, we still need to create dev/pts. The init script now includes the linux kernel bug workaround to enable ping support. The armv7 target enabled CONFIG_ARM_LPAE in the kernel to work around around a QEMU bug that's gone unfixed for 4 years. Enable network support in m68k target. The mcm-buildall.sh script got some minor updates, and the resulting cross and native compiler binaries are now downloadable so you don't have to run the build if you don't want to.

Docs: "toybox --help" no longer says "see toybox --help". There's an ANSI escape cheat sheet at the start of lib/tty.c. Reworded some command directory READMEs, and tweaked menuconfig display. Converted www/doc/mount.html and www/doc/ext2.html from text to html. Freshened up design.html a little (and fixed some typos pointed out by Peter Ennis). Replaced the git internals video URL in roadmap.html with a different performance of the same talk that hasn't been made private. Added the kconfig-language.txt from Linux-2.6.12 to the kconfig/ directory.

## November 30, 2021

> Busy? We'll I've just got this bulldozer to lie in front of or otherwise it'll knock my house down but otherwise no, not especially, why?

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.6 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU (using vanilla linux-5.15).

Make root: The system builder got upgraded, with better logging and layout of the output directory, plus scripts/mkroot.sh should be easier to read and understand now. (Also added basic support for the qualcomm hexagon, although it just builds a chroot filesystem, you can't boot a hexagon kernel under qemu quite yet.)

New commands: Rob added linux32. Dan Brown added sha256sum (and the related 224/384/512 variants). In pending, Elliott contributed strace and Moritz Röhrich contributed hexdump.

Features: Elliott added date -s, pmap -p, tail -F -s, kill -0, reboot/halt/poweroff -d, taught file to recognize Mach-o universal binaries, made Android's log take input from stdin when it has no arguments, added tail --bytes --lines (the --long synonyms for -c and -n), added i2cdetect -q, taught i2cdump to write XX for read failures, made timeout use the monotonic clock, and modernized the output of uptime.

Rob added find -quit -lname -ilname and -d as a synonym for -depth, taught cut -d $'\n' to cut by line and added posix cut -nb (which wraps to the start of -c utf8 characters), added cpio --ignore-devno --renumber-inodes, taught cal to use 3 arguments (day month year), added tar --selinux support and a "had errors" message at the end, made uname -o say "Toybox", and fixed the grep -Fw combination (used by the 64 bit powerpc kernel build).

Ella-0 added split -n. Peter Collingbourne added grep -L.

Outside world: The 0BSD license is now part of the ISO-5962 standard. Of the currently 38k 0BSD licensed projects on github toybox isn't even the most popular, it's fourth.

Elliott asked that toybox's cut -DF feature (a cheaper alternative to awk '{print $3}' be supported by other packages so it might someday make it into posix, so Rob submitted it to busybox where it was eventually merged.

Added a local git mirror for those reluctant to trust Microsoft Github.

In the web nav bar, our freenode channel moved to libera.chat (like everyone else's; there was a certain amount of drama involved).

Pending: lots more work on toysh: it has basic $((math)) support now, += assignment, the "declare" command and corresponding variable types (declare -i, declare -u, etc), several bugfixes, greatly improved support for background processes on NOMMU systems, and a bunch more sh.test entries.

Elliott fixed modprobe's parsing of short lines. Rob fixed a division by zero error when vi tries to edit a zero length file. Anqi Dong made sure that syslogd messages sent to sockets end with a newline. Eric Molitor significantly upgrade wget with http 1.1, chunked encoding, and (external library) https (TLS 1.2) support, plus several bugfixes. Michael Hope fixed tftpd's option parsing.

Documentation: The roadmap.html and status.html pages got noticeable updates. (status.html is now directly generated by scripts/mkstatus.py, the old status.html wrapper that server-side-included status.gen has been removed). The design page provides better links to the LP64 documentation, and the code page explains a corner case where the filename and first command name expect to match (and how to work around it if they don't). Some website files weren't in the repository: two jpegs linked from html files, and the www/.htaccess file that triggers the server side includes in the navigation menu is now checked in. Johannes Schmitz fixed a typo in about.html.

The shred usage line now includes all options. The logwrapper command now warns when it isn't built standalone. The help command no longer shows a header line about toybox unless it's called with no arguments. (It still shows it for command --help.) The --help option no longer needs to be the first option, and is checked before the "Not root" error message for restricted commands.

Bugfixes: Elliott made ps exit with status 1 if no processes were shown (for LTP), fixed an off-by-one in dmesg and a bounds check in netstat, fixed pidof -s, and taught rmmod to handle multiple arguments. Denys Vlasenko pointed out that free -t is "total" not "terabytes". Samanta Navarro pointed out a leftover 32 bit limitation in argument groups. Mikhail Kashkarov fixed mkdir's error handling for existing directories without -p. Rob fixed the 32 bit readelf build on Android, fixed a race condition in tar leading to the occasional spurious archiver warning, changed cp to work around a posix violation in the kernel, made xparsedate() handle more whitespace and ignore trailing + or - (a NOP timezone), made su log the right username, switched getuid() checks to geteuid() in df and ping, fixed a place in the test suite where do_test() could get confused by symlinks in the $PATH (calling realpath too early and losing the name of the command being run), made env -i use the old $PATH to run its command, and made grep --color highlight all matches.

Worked around a bug in glibc+gcc 9.3 where linking against librt.a (for things like timer_create()) pulls in libgcc_eh.a which uses threads, meaning you can't statically link against librt.a from a non-threaded app. (I hadn't noticed because it works fine with the musl and llvm/bionic toolchains, only fails statically linking on e.g. debian.) The kernel fix for the cpio encrypted filesystem issue worked around in 0.8.5 made it in. Similarly, the FS_IOC_{GET,SET}{VERSION,FLAGS} ioctl family are historically broken (taking an unsigned int argument while advertising signed long), which we fixed and reported upstream to a long round of bikeshedding (sadly the result seems to have been the man page maintainer giving up on documenting ioctls at all.

Cleanups: cut switched to FLAG() macros and no longer allows -f with -F, eject uses FLAG() macros and the linux/eject.h header, prettycool@protonmail added tabs to time's output, and Rob removed the floating point dependency from time. Minor cleanups to lsattr, lspci, nsenter, xxd, file, insmod, modprobe, arp, bootchartd, pmap, comm, lsof, blkid, crond, init, userdel, makedevs, and scripts/make.sh. The "int fd = fd;" initialization hack to shut up gcc's "may be used uninitalized, but isn't" false positive warning has been replaced by a QUIET macro that resolves to nothing on llvm (which doesn't have the gcc bug). Ryan Pritchard reported a bug where alias ls="ls --color" would prevent --help or --version from being the first argument to the command, which was a pain to fix without breaking things like echo -- --version and basename -s --help file--help. (Both toy_singleinit() in main.c _and_ get_optflags() in lib/args.c now check for those.)

Infrastructure: xabspath() now has a more granular (flag based) control interface.

scripts/make.sh now uses wait -n (available since bash 4.3 in February 2014) to keep the processors busier during a parallel build. Tests are now running in a subshell, which means functions and local variables defined in one don't pollute others during "make tests".

Guo Chuang reported that lsattr won't build on an 8 year old version of centos, which is still supported for 2 more years because Red Hat can be paid to have a 10 year support horizon, longer than toybox's 7. Rob fixed it (and merged a similarly ancient compilation failure fix when building pending/ip.c against a 3.10 kernel), but the philosophal argument remains unresolved.

Standalone builds can now override the .config file location with KCONFIG_CONFIG same as the multiplexer build. scripts/single.sh can now cope with a missing .config file (it uses the defconfig values for the CONFIG_TOYBOX_* global symbols). "make install_airlock" no longer needs host versions of sha256sum and sha512sum.

In the test suite, VERBOSE=spam now shows expands successful tests like it would for errors.

scripts/record-commands got updated and logwrapper got renamed logpath.

## May 19, 2021

> It was of course a descendant of these eccentric poets who invented the spurious tales of impending doom which enabled the people of Golgafrincham to rid themselves of the useless third of their population. The other two-thirds stayed firmly at home and lived full, rich and happy lives until they were all suddenly wiped out by a virulent disease contracted from a dirty telephone.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.5 (git commit) is out, with prebuilt static binaries and mkroot images bootable under QEMU (using vanilla linux-5.12, except that s390 needed another perl removal patch).

This development cycle had thirty commits to sh.c fixing bugs and adding features to toysh. Shell functions and local variables are now implemented, along with the "set" builtin and trace support, and job control is about halfway in. The shell as a whole is maybe 80% done, but still has some obvious gaps like $((math)) and interactive command line history/editing, plus a bunch of testing.

New commands: Moritz Röhrich added pwgen and base32, and Elliott Hughes added unicode. The readelf command got promoted out of pending, and sha3sum is now switched on in defconfig.

Michael Christensen added chsh to pending, which hasn't been promoted yet because it's part of a group of commands (useradd, userdel, groupadd, groupdel) that should all be promoted together at some point (and depend on lib/passwd.c, which could use some more work).

Upgrades: cpio now supports extracting multiple concatenated archives. file now recognizes android's new XML binary format. devmem now works on nommu, can handle 0x prefxes on the address, and prints hex or decimal output to match the address type. df -a now shows overmounted filesystems. test -k checks the sticky bit. Added -t to install, cp, and mv, and -u to cp and cpio. find -executable checks that _we_ can execute them (u+x could be owned by a different user or have selinux weirdness).

Elliott added several features to date (--iso, %:z output format, and --utc as a synonym for -u), added a sed s///x option, added units to ulimit output, and made several UI changes to hexedit including a color mode (which is now the default, press x to toggle between old and new display), masked out the file type in chmod error messages and taught it to handle complex modes (like u+s+s), hardened file and readelf against invalid input, added a portability.h workaround for macos statvfs for df, enabled line buffering in echo and yes, and significatly sped up tr. Rob similarly optimized seq and count.

make tests now defaults to VERBOSE=fail (and now has VERBOSE=all to continue after failure, and VERBOSE=quiet to show FAIL: lines without diff -u output). Cleanups to tee, netstat, file, and df. Added "static" annotations in a lot of commands, made more things use FLAG() macros. Ethan Sommer pointed out an unnecessary wrapper function in chgrp. In pending, Elliott did some cleanups and bugfixes to gettty, telnet, telnetd, tftpd, init, modprobe, and dd, and added more features to vi. Rob did some cleanup on modprobe.

Bugfixes: Yi-Yo Chiang fixed a rm bug where -f could get confused by read only filesystems and produce an error trying to unlink a nonexistent file, pointed out install -D was broken when the target file already exists, pointed out a cpio interaction with certain encrypted filesystems where readlink() wouldn't write as much payload as the header promised (corrupting the archive) and fixed another cpio bug where -t test mode would chown() files, and fixed quoting in mount.test. Elliott fixed a sequencing issue in setsid's system calls, fixed some sed tests (sed's lie-to-autoconf --version output was preventing toyonly tests from triggering) and fixed tar's base 256 output for very large files. Nir Lichtman pointed out that rm -p shouldn't try to rmdir / at the end, Luke Frankart pointed out a typo that broke test checking file modes, Firas Khalil Khana fixed a duplicate entry in the roadmap, Ethan Sommer fixed install -Dt, Andy Hu requested that mount handle mixed options like -tnomsdos,smbfs. Denys Nykula reported a chmod regression, asm89 pointed out a netcat bug writing transactions larger than 4k, Daniel Santana fixed df combining -P and -k, Robin Hsu fixed grep getting confused by libc setting errno when a library function call succeeded. Puck Meerburg taught the gunzip code not to be confused by FEXTRA entries (as described in RFC 1952) and added a test suite entry for that.

find handles empty arguments properly now (with test), date -I with no arguments no longer segfaults, grep -f /dev/null no longer adds a "" regex matching everything, -z no longer splits patterns on \n, and -o can print zero length matches, cp -t works with one argument and with --parents. readelf displays properly in 80 columns and doesn't reject .bss off end of file, and sed s///2 now works when there isn't more than one match. tar now removes empty directories where it wants to put a non-directory. microcom sets serial device terminal attributes correctly.

The prebuilt x86-64 binaries shouldn't segfault on older x86-64 processors anymore (workaround for gcc bug). Cross compiling was sometimes confusing install.sh because it created a hyphenated "toybox-$TARGET" and then tried to make symlinks to just "toybox".

Build: CONFIG_TOYBOX_I18N went away: toybox builds always support utf8 now. Ella-0 added OpenBSD support (but not a separate defconfig, try "make freebsd_defconfig").

Library: utf8towc() is now unsigned instead of wchar_t, matching wctoutf8(). xclose() tests if fd is -1 so the caller doesn't have to. txpect (the test suite's built-in "expect", implemented in shell) can now do regex matches, and sh.test uses this.

Elliott added the failing regex to the xregcomp() error message, and made multiple portability tweaks (header tweaks to build in more environments, running tests on Raspberry Pi OS and under mksh, fix utf8 locale selection on macos).

Docs: chmod's help text explains why o+s doesn't set +t (and has a test for it). The echo help text is more compact. Checked in a better conversion of toycans.png.

## October 24, 2020

> "We are now cruising at a level of two to the power of twenty-five thousand to one against and falling, and we will be restoring normality just as soon as we are sure what is normal anyway."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

After a longer and slightly more turbulent development cycle than some, Toybox 0.8.4 (git commit) is out with new commands sha3sum and watchdog.

There are prebuilt mkroot binaries now, tiny toybox linux systems for a dozen architectures, all bootable under qemu. (The vmlinux in each tarball is a vanilla linux-5.9 kernel built from the included config file.)

The FAQ got noticeably larger, and the README has more links. New command features include the sed -s flag, cpio --no-preserve-owner now affects archive creation, Elliott added tar -I and multi-type find -type a,b,c support, Mark Salyzyn added xargs -P to run parallel jobs, the ps and top commands now autodetect pid length, and top adjusts units for memory display based on system size.

Toysh and toyroot: lots of new work on toysh: 29 commits to sh.c since last release, adding 1500 lines and deleting 700, plus a bunch of sh.tests entries). Since last release we implemented wildcards, case/esac and select, brace expansion sequences (ala {1..10..2} and {a..z}), the remaining variable slice types ${a#y} ${a%y} ${a^y} ${a,y} ${a/search/replace}, the "source" shell builtin, the start of job control, and several bugfixes. Plus the standalone "make sh" build understands MAYFORK now. It's still missing features like functions() and $((math)) but it's getting close to usable now.

Documentation: Some of the README contents moved to the FAQ, and the README's "presentations" section got some new links. Several new FAQ entries explaining things like mkroot ("how do I build a working Linux system with toybox"), cross compiling (how to get/setup the 2 compilers and 3 libc we regression test against), and "where does toybox fit into the linux/android ecosystem". The "toybox --help" output now lists the project's web page (by request). Elliott removed getevent (an android board bringup/hardware debugging tool built by running a python script against kernel headers, not really in scope for toybox), fixed xargs help formatting, and taught the toybox multiplexer's command list output (and "kill -l") to measure the current the terminal width when wordwrapping (previously hardwired to 80 columns). If you're curious, I checked in my release procedure checklist, and fixed a stale link in the nav bar on the left ("statistics" changed domains). Firas Khalil Khana fixed some issues in the roadmap, and Rob tweaked the roadmap so status.html is slightly more current.

Tests: The "make tests" target now fails if any of the tests it ran failed. Lots of TEST_HOST tests got fixed (checking for specific error messages exposes TEST_HOST to version skew, and scripts/test.sh will now skip TEST_HOST commands that aren't installed) and added toyonly annotations as necessary (replacing most uses of SKIP_HOST). Eric Molitor added automated github tests on MacOS and Ubuntu using their "workflows" thing. The clang asan plumbing slows some code down more than 10 times, so some testing timeouts were expanded.

Pending: Eric Molitor did a bunch of work on route: moved it to sbin, added xsend and xrecv, taught display_routes() and setroute to use the rtnetlink API and do hostname lookups, added support for mss, win, and irtt, merged ipv6 and ipv4 codepaths with autodetection of address type, implemented RTA_CACHEINFO support, switched exit paths to perror_exit(), and removed unused code. Ethan Sommer fixed warnings in dhcpd, removed a bunch of unnecessary ; after GLOBALS() blocks and an unnecessary return in df. Erik Moqvist fixed dns setting in the dhcp client. Rob did some cleanup on bootchartd, traceroute, getty... Elliott fixed getty to reliably update utmp. Chris Sarra added ipv6 support to wget. Ariadne Conill submitted several small fixes from testing Alpine Linux with toybox, and Antoni Villalonga i Noceras fixed typos in error messages.

Bugfixes: Elliott avoided sign extension in devmem, and Ethan Sommer switched it from getpagesize() to posix sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE). Elliott fixed chmod -R ignoring dangling symlinks, fixed stty misparsing c_iflags, fixed the chattr f2fs test with compression enabled, taught blkid not to show empty tags, taught xparsedate() to read date's default output format, fixed a recent echo -e \0 regression, changed cpio -p parsing to match a bug in the gnu version which an existing script depended on, and switched hwclock back to looking only at /dev/rtc0 for reasons involving kernel version skew and vendor bug reports.

David Legault pointed out that unescape2() (and thus echo -e) wasn't handling \0 right. Khem Raj reported that mips glibc doesn't have SIGSTKFLT, leading to a build break if we assume glibc behaves consistently, which led to a bunch of macos signal portability cleanups from Elliott. William Djupström fixed tar extracting long file paths, adding hardlinks to an archive, and reported that --exclude wasn't working. Peter McConalogue pointed out that cp/mv -i prompt should default N, and mv should only prompt when stdin is a tty. Patrick Oppenlander made rtcwake and hwclock default to UTC if /dev/adjtime isn't available, suggested watchdog catch SIGINT, and caught an uninitialized offset in blkdiscard which gcc apparently didn't. Ryan Pritchard reported that file wasn't getting gif heights right, and Elliott added gif version output so TEST_HOST provided similar output. Martin Stjernholm fixed cp -P to not follow symlinks and updated the help text to say it's not the default. Antoni Villalonga added more --long asiases to chgrp/chown/rmdir.

The symlink indirection code subtly broke xexec() so it would still try to call a builtin when given a path to a command (fixed now). The code to trip \n off xgetline() was using the length of the allocation instead of the length of the read. Netcat no longer leaks sockfd into child processes. Patch "fuzz" support was outputting context lines from the hunk, not the file. Chrisrfq fixed i2cdetect parameter reading. Chris Sarra taught dd not to throw an error trying to truncate device files, added a misshing fflush() to lib/password.c, fixed a parse error in logger preventing local facility logging from working right, taught init to reload inittab when it receives SIGHUP, and fixed a memory leak in tar.

Library: New xvdaemon() function daemonizing on nommu systems, to wean commands off daemon() which requires TOYBOX_FORK. Teach sendfile_len() to use copy_file_range() when available, with compile time probe. Fix xsignal_all_killers() to install the correct handler. Rob switched dirtree_path() to a non-recursive implementation, and taught dirtree that a top level entry named "" is equivalent to "." but should not show up in dirtree_path(), read_password() now reads from tty device rather than stdin, and handles ctrl-c and ctrl-d, and human_readable() now has HR_NODOT so it can print single digit numbers without going "0.0". Petri Gynther increased the vmstat column sizes so it didn't fit in 80 columns anymore. Elliott added UTC offset support to xparsedate().

Infrastructure: mkroot now only passes --no-preserve-owner to cpio (so initramfs files belong to root rather than whichever user ran the build) when using toybox's version, because the other one is brain-damaged and errors out not understanding it. (It understands it for extract, but not create. Yes really.) New PENDING variable you can set to enable more than just sh and route out of pending. The "make distclean" no longer deletes root_download (where mkroot's "extra plumbing" file saves source code downloads it tarballs, such as dropbear).

Cleanup: Cleanup openvt (35 lines added, 78 lines removed) Cleanup blkdiscard so lib/args.c parses the -o and -l numbers, which means 32 bit systems are limited to 2 gigabyte sizes which is a TODO item systemwide. oneit now uses flag macros and mentions -rn in the help. demo-utf8towc now has main.c call setlocale for it. Some cleanup on stty.

## May 11, 2020

> Ford: Ah. A towel. Keep this and guard it with your life.

> Arthur: Huh?

> Ford: Listen, it's a tough universe. There's all sorts of people and things trying to do you, kill you, rip you off, everything. If you're going to survive out there, you've really got to know where your towel is.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Despite everything Toybox 0.8.3 (git commit) is finally out, with new commands rtcwake from Elliott Hughes and blkdiscard from Patrick Oppenlander. The big news is "make root" now boots to a shell prompt, with toysh making it all the way through toyroot's init script. (Some people were looking forward to patch --fuzz support too.)

Toyroot: make root now does what it says on the tin, it builds a bootable toybox-based Linux system using two source packages (toybox and linux). The trivial version is "make root && sudo chroot root/host/fs /init". Here's a post with instructions if you want to know how to build the cross compilers for testing the various architectures. The self-contained script that builds a simple bootable Linux system is 250 lines long, and should be easy to read if you want to know how it works.

It also has basic module support, meaning arguments that aren't X=Y variable assignments are the names of scripts to run to build more packages at the end of the build. I checked in an example package, and there's generic "download and extract source tarballs" plumbing available to such modules. (The Makefile doesn't know how to pass module names through to the script, so instead of "make root" you have to call the script directly, ala "scripts/mkroot.sh CROSS=sh4 LINUX=~/linux dropbear".)

The resulting root filesystem now uses /root as the home dir for UID 0, and creates /dev/fd and /dev/shm in devtmpfs. The build works around a kernel build bug where "make distclean" doesn't work in a "cp -sfR" symlink directory. (The bug meant if you pointed LINUX= at unclean source, it was unhappy, so now it distcleans the source directory before copying it. This modifies said source directory, which is not ideal, but as usual the kernel guys ignored the bug report, so a workaround was required.) The CROSS=all build announces each target in the title bar, puts its logs into root/log, and has better trap handling to stop with one ctrl-c. Since last release it uses a more concise config format for the various kernel arch targets (which shrank the script by about 50%), and merged the old (now removed) scripts/cross.sh into the main script so "make CROSS=armv7l LINUX=~/linux" is literally just a call to "scripts/mkroot.sh CROSS=armv7l LINUX=~/linux" now.

As for scripts/mcm-buildall.sh building cross compilers, of COURSE gcc 8.3 requires a different configuration to build the same toolchain as previous versions, it's gcc. It now builds a proper nommu libc for sh2eb without a broken fork() call in it that can never be used but prevents compile-time probes from detecting nommu, and checks that the cross compiler completed before trying to build the native compiler.

This was all tested with a recent version of musl-cross-make with the top level Makefile edited to use BINUTILS_VER = 2.32 because the newer one breaks the kernel build and LINUX_VER = 4.19.90 because the default musl-cross-make config uses an out-of-tree headers package for some reason (those who forget history are doomed to repeat it) which breaks m68k and s390x. I won't post binaries of the resulting toolchains because they're GPLv3, but Thalheim might. (I've also test built with the Android NDK, but bionic's startup code currently segfaults before calling main() if it can't open /dev/null, and the kernel guys ignored my patches to make CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT work in initramfs.)

At the moment toyroot cheats and uses two commands out of pending: toysh is about 80% of the way to being useful but still missing some obvious features like function support, job and terminal control, command history, $((math)), wildcard expansion... plus a lot of bash features like array variables, so it isn't out of pending yet. And route needs to be redone to use the netlink interface that can handle multiple routing tables. For the moment scripts/mkroot.sh adds both of them to defconfig if you haven't already got a .config when you run it. (If you build and can't boot, your .config probably hasn't got CONFIG_SH switched on. Fix it in menuconfig, or rm .config and try gain.)

New toybox features: Elliott taught patch to understand [FILE [PATCH]] arguments, made cal highlight the current day, added -T to cp/mv, did a lot of work on lsattr/chattr (including adding -p and "chattr ="), added tar --absolute-names, taught id to support numeric lookup and handle unknown groups, made -G show all groups, and removed context= from -Z. Rob added patch -F (fuzz factor) support and help -u (usage only), taught echo -e about bash extensions like \uXXXX unicode escapes, netcat -L no longer automatically includes stderr (new -E option does that), setsid now uses -c (like the man page says) instead of -t, and added -w (wait) and -d (detach from tty). Andrew Ilijic added ls -w, removed trailing whitespace on output, and added tests for -C and -x.

Library: another fix to 32 bit option parsing of long long optflag values, remove getdirname() and just use the libc function (which modifies its argument, but we don't have to free a malloc), dlist_terminate() can now be called repeatedly on the same list, new relative_path() function finds path from one directory to another, and readfd() works like readfile() but on an already open fd. Use MPATH macros in mkpathat(). Elliott added macOS versions of dev_minor()/dev_major()/makedev() to portability.c, implemented posix_fallocate() for macOS, removed a leftover uClibc workaround in fallocate that was breaking macOS, and moved the table of ELF architectures from file to lib/lib.c (so readelf can share). Park Ju Hyung pointed out the fast path of fdlength() was commented out, and we switched it to the 64 bit API while we were there (and then Elliott added macOS support). Joeky taught file to recognize 7z archives.

Pending: The shell got a bunch of work: standalone "make sh" now includes the multiplexer for builtin commands like "exit" and "cd". Added MAYFORK annotation for commands that exist in the $PATH but can also be run within the shell process (and sometimes have different behavior within the shell): currently applied to help, echo, false, kill, printf, pwd, test, time, and true.

Elliott added new commands getopt and readelf. Jarno Mäkipää taught wget how to follow http 301 and 302 redirects, and did lots of work on vi. (Elliott also did work on vi.) Gavin Howard fixed a comparison bug in bc. Ethan Sommer fixed numerous small issues (including several build warnings and FLAG() macro conversions).

Bugfixes: tar extract now deletes files and symlinks where it's making a directory, find -L -type -l now finds dangling symlinks, extra #ifdefs in portability.h prevent old gcc versions from barfing on __has_include(), xgetline() now returns NULL at EOF, tee with no arguments was writing to stdout twice, setsid works on nommu (I.E. vfork) now, netcat -L no longer accumulates zombie processes, sntp now uses adjtimex instead of adjtime (to build on bionic). xcreate_stdio() was checking WARN_ONLY in the wrong field (and tar was passing it in the wrong field, so it worked there). Several people wrestled with the xargs "argument too long" problem. Alessio Balsini fixed memory leaks in loopback_setup() and "wayling" added a missing continue to losetup. Elliott fixed xargs -E, various things in modinfo, added an error check to gzip when using zlib (which copies non-gzip data to the output verbatim for some reason), found an case where dirtree could use uninitialized data and silenced "Invalid argument" warnings (triggered by Android's selinux policies making stat() and readlink() fail), fixed locale support in macOS (both in iconv and in main.c), taught stat to show filesystem time on macOS, fixed a 32 bit truncation in sntp, fixed a memory access one byte outside of its array in patch.c, removed the cpio --trailer option, and widened the pid display fields in ps to 6 digits. Rich Felker fixed find.c assuming time_t is a long (y2038 issue on 32 bit). Greg Kaiser fixed a thinko in get_block_device_size(). Jarno Mäkipää fixed utf8 support in cut -C, and cp --parents. David Legault complained that dir/.* tells rm to delete dir/.. and we'd do it. JakeSFR pointed out a bug in file's identification of broken symlinks. William Haddon fixed cp to treat a directory with a trailing slash teh same as one without. Denys Nykula fixed rm -i not to prompt for an empty "" argument. SebiderSushi reported that chmod g+s wasn't working. The linux kernel doesn't let an O_PATH fd work with fgetxattr(), so Elliott switched ls to use the path-based functions now (which is racy, it means you can stat() one inode and get the xattrs for a different one, but nobody in kernel land seems to use xattrs much so they're not fully supported by the API, and who's crazy enough to use xattrs for security anyway). Derick Pallas pointed out an xclearenv() bug. Atatsulo (or possibly luolongjuna) did a lot of work on the ping command: pointed out min/range/max were out of order, that we shouldn't print a summary unless we received at least one reply packet, and implemented ttl support.

Build plumbing: The "make root CROSS=all" build announces each target in the title bar, puts its logs into root/log, and has better trap handling to stop with one ctrl-c.

Fixed scripts/single.sh to work when PREFIX has no trailing slash, make silentoldconfig no longer feeds "y" to kconfig (which puts menus in a loop) and instead just feeds in newlines to accept whatever the default is. The non-git version number I keep forgetting to update each release moved from main.c to toys.h. Fixed a couple different errors in mkflags.c (one of which caused ls --color to set all the other flags).

Elliott added more macos support and tests, and added fallocate, cp, mktemp, and mv to the macOS defconfig.

Cleanup: Rob did some cleanup on xargs, ls, md5sum, and sort, tidied up main.c a bit, made cp, base64, dmesg, and free use FLAG macros, and switched fallocate to new style global names. Elliott Hughes switched rfkill from the old byte at a time get_line() to libc getline(), made du use FLAG() macros, and mad chattr use standard toybox argument parsing for -v and -p. Several commands (help, cp) had sub-options removed from menuconfig. Merged realpath into readlink.c, and use xabspath() instead of libc realpath().

Documentation: New roadmap section about other packages that toybox can (eventually) replace.

Update roadmap to note that posix-2008 moved to a different URL (content at the old URL undergoes random changes), and link to the IETF RFCs. design.html explains more of the history of environment sizes on links and has a #bits anchor tag.

Update the LP64 section of design.html to fish the documents out of archive.org now that unix.org is gone, and show the actual size table locally.

Elliott improved the help of date and chattr, and made the usage: lines in the posix directory more consistent.

Shrank the sed help from 150 lines to 90-ish.

Tests: New "txpect" performs interactive tests, running through a sequence of writes to a command's stdin and reads from stdout and stderr, when failing it reports the first non-matching step. (This for example lets sh.test check the shell line continuation logic prompts with $PS1 and $PS2 appropriately with various unfinished input lines, and that "echo hello; if" doesn't output hello before prompting for the next line of input.) Added VERBOSE=xpect to print out each read and write successfully performed by txpect.

runtest.sh only creates an "input" file when the input argument isn't empty, EVAL doesn't supply -- (you have to provide your own if you want that).

Rob added basic stat, patch, and tee tests. Jarno added a bunch of vi tests. Elliott fixed tests for ifconfig, lsattr, chattr, and date, added tests for find, id, xargs, and made the id, iconv, env, file, printf and cat tests work on macOS (and skipped the du tests there). Rob cleaned up chmod tests.

Sheer pedantry: true and false now have usage: lines (which you have to "help false" to see because they (intentionally!) don't support --help. Renamed get_chunk()/dump_chunk() to read_chunk()/write_chunk() in tail.c Elliott fixed some typos.

## October 18, 2019

> "In those days spirits were brave, the stakes were high, men were real men, women were real women and small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri were real small furry creatures from Alpha Centauri."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.2 (git commit) is finally out (only two months late).

The new commands this time are minor variants of existing ones (dnsdomainname is hostname -d, arch is uname -m), but about 1/3 of toysh got implemented in pending, mkroot got merged as a "make root" target (see Build), and Android's hermetic build work continued resulting in a lot of fixes.

The android-specific getprop, setprop, start, and stop commands were removed from toybox because they grew dependencies on android libraries, and since toybox tries to avoid mandatory external dependencies they moved to another package.

Build: The new "make root" target builds a simple toybox root filesystem, using scripts/mkroot.sh which is a stripped down version of the external mkroot project merged into toybox. (Alas, at the moment it wants sh and route out of pending, which aren't quite load bearing yet.)

The new "scripts/mcm-buildall.sh" convenience script builds cross compilers based on gcc+musl multiple targets (arm, x86, mips, m68k, s390, microblaze...) using musl-cross-make, and a new scripts/cross.sh to easily cross compile for one or more targets using the resulting compilers. (This works with "make root", "make toybox", and other builds understanding the CROSS_COMPILE environment variable.)

Setting the environment variable ASAN=1 enables the llvm address sanitizer. (You may need to export ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH on debian to use it, they add the version number to the filename in /usr/bin which confuses llvm.)

Patrick Oppenlander fixed make -j (our make is a wrapper around scripts/make.sh which was already doing a parallel build, but if you called make with -j it wouldn't wait for make.sh to finish and the build broke).

Lots of fixes for the MacOS build.

New options: We upgraded tar to extract some older tarballs, file added -b and -s options and can also recognize older tarballs, some xz archives, .otf fonts, perf/simpleperf data files, android boot images, and dtb files. Upgraded file to show the device type for block and char devices, the target for symlinks, and it says _why_ it can't open a file.

Several commands ignore some options rather than erroring on them: patch ignores the -f -g# and --no-backup-if-mismatch options (all of which we were already doing by default anyway), and xargs ignores -P# (which requests parallel execution, maybe add it later but single threading works), and Denys Nykula made wget ignore --no-check-ceritificate and gzip ignore -n (again, we weren't doing either anyway) to satisfy pkgsrc.

William Haddon taught diff and patch to support special characters in path names (via quoting) and more timestamp formats. Eric Molitor implemented nl -v (with negative and zero starting values), and fixed a MacOS compatibility issue in the build scripts. Tom Cherry added netcat -U (UNIX domain socket support). Denys Nykula taught wget to call ftpget for ftp:// URLs. Ethan Sommer added ln -t and rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty. Elliott Hughes added grep -R, killall -w, tar --mode, fixed ls -Z and spacing in -lZ and --full-time, added xargs --max-args and removed xargs -I (which we never actually supported) and tweaked the size calculation to more closely match other versions, added xargs -o and made -p read from /dev/tty, added blkid -s, SEC_TYPE for ext3, msdos, and ntfs, f2fs and ntfs LABEL, fixed vfat/ntfs UUID, and switched the endianness for UUID of msdos/ntfs/vfat, simplified the octal mode display in lsof, added pidof -x (thus making the default behavior _not_ be -x).

When readdir() succeeds but stat() fails, ls now prints "??? ? ? filename" entries instead of "cannot access" errors. (Still trying to make ls / on android work more gracefully with the SELinux weirdness they added in 9.)

Added %C to stat and made it show device type in its default output, cmp now works with 1 argument (implicit - as second argument reading from stdin). sed added exit codes to the q command (q123), added Q, and fixed a bad error message with "!". Removed TAIL_SEEK config option (it just always does that now), find grew several new options (%Z, -true, -false, and -newerXY), ln added -T. The argument to mktmp --tmpdir is now optional.

Bugfixes: The unshare probe bit-rotted so it was impossible to build unshare and nsenter on some distros. Commit 771e94e2a08 broke toybox's ability to say "unknown command" when you pointed a symlink at it that it that didn't correspond to a command, pointing a symlink at another symlink to make toybox run a command under a name it doesn't recognize (ln -s toybox sh; ln -s sh ash) had an off by one error, ifconfig no longer error_exits if the "read mac address" ioctl fails (Android N and later block that for non-root users to prevent device tracking). When the libcrypto library was disabled, md5sum was building commands it hasn't got built-in support for yet (like sha3sum) which acted like redundant copies of md5sum, tar wasn't correctly reading or writing sparse files with a hole at the end, and tar tzf blah.tar.xz was calling xz when it meant xzcat, xargs would spuriously fail on large memory systems (due to a missing "unsigned" in a typecast), basename can now remove suffixes starting with a dash, cp -r unlinks() an existing symlink before trying to recreate the symlink (otherwise cp -r into an existing directory will try to follow the existing symlink and create another symlink at its destination, failing if a file already exists there, which was confusing gentoo's package manager), timeout now produces the right exit code when the timed command intercepts the exit signal, and hostname -d no longer segfaults on machines with no domain name.

Denys Nykula fixed the ftpget freeze (it was sending REST instead of RETR), made mv work with a trailing slash in the source, fixed a find segfault, and made env always exec rather than recursing to a builtin (on the theory #!/usr/bin/env is expected to search the $PATH).

Elliott improved killall's handling of long filenames, made kill work when killall5 is disabled (missing FORCE_FLAGS), fixed error reporting in hostname, fixed several things in xargs, made printf \c and \0 octal escapes work, fixed a find -name corner case (find src/*.c -name file.c) and find dangling symlink behavior, made some rm error messages consistent, fixed \x behavior in echo and printf, fixed linestack.c's buffer length for utf8 U+XXXX escape printing, fixed a race in losetup, fixed grep -F with multiple matches on the same line and an -I failure in the existing grep tests, made readlink notice when it has more than one argument, and made various fixes to modinfo.

Ethan Sommer reported that stat of an suid/sticky file output 5 digits of octal stat date instead of 4. Rob fixed an unaligned access in grep. Alessio Balsini removed an incorrect null termination in losetup. Jarno Mäkipää fixed hexedit scrolling up and down on older terminals, and fixed ls segfaulting with a broken (non-UTF8) locale (didn't expect wcrtomb to return -1). Andrew Ilijic made ls put 2 spaces between columns like other implementations (which helps when terminals get confused and apply UTF8 combining characters to the space after a filename).

Library: Added dlist_lpop() to use a dlist as a stack (it removes the last entry instead of the first), and dlist_pop() now works on a dlist_terminate()d list. DIRTREE_STATLESS returns entries we couldn't stat() (with a zeroed ->st field, and ->again |= 2), but filling in the file type from readdir(). Coversions between signal names and numbers now include all the Linux signals, not just posix ones. The functions sig_to_num() and num_to_sig() moved into lib/portability.h, because MacOS has different signals. TOYFLAG_MAYFORK allows commands to run in toysh's process without forking, but also makes them accessable from the toybox multiplexer or standalone. A MAYFORK command has to clean up after itself (even in error paths) and can't discard anything we need to keep (such as closing stdout).

Elliott did a big xbind/xconnect cleanup (adding xbindany and xconnectany), taught xregcomp that an empty regex matches the whole line (because FreeBSD, and thus MacOS, doesn't already do that), and replaced several uses of get_line() (which does single byte reads) with getline() (which doesn't).

Plumbing: "make clean" doesn't produce a screenful of unnecessary output now, rm, ln, cp, kill, and netcat use the FLAG() macros now, makedevs uses the new GLOBALS naming format, timeout now uses xwaitpid(), and we fixed an off by one error in xwaitpid().

Elliott removed a workaround for old NDK versions from getconf and moved sort off of get_rawline() (which let us remove it). Rob undid some loop unrolling in md5sum/sha1sum (we have libcrypto if you want an assembly optimized version instead of an understandable version).

Android ndk-r20 doesn't define the __ANDROID_NDK__ symbol, so we switched to using clang's __has_include() (which is an undefined macro and thus a NOP resolving to false on gcc).

Pending: Rob did a lot of work on toysh: continuation support works (it knows when to ask for another line of text and when to run what it's got), as do nested if/else/elif statements, and while and for loops (supporting "for i" and "for i in", but not for ((;;)) yet). It parses pipes and redirections but doesn't perform them yet. The next big todo chunk is environment variable resolution.

Gavin Howard fixed some bugs in bc, such as not returning error when raising zero to a negative power. Jarno Mäkipää continues to extend vi, adding yank and push, support for tabs, rewriting delete, changing the drawing code, etc. Elliott also added several fixes and features to vi, fixed host to cope with large DNS responses, switched crontab to use getline(), did work on man, fixed fixed several things in dd, implemented diff --strip-trailing-cr and made diff not need /tmp. Mike Bennett added extended attribute support to ip.c's route change.

Test suite: The killall and pgrep tests were having occasional spurious failures due to a race condition (the test script would fork() to call sleep and for just a moment there were two instances of the test script, reporting an extra process if killall or pgrep ran then).

Elliott Hughes did a lot of work on the test suite: add kill -l tests, make losetup.test notice (and skip) if loopback devices area already in use, blkid.test can TEST_HOST e2fsprogs blkid now, modinfo.test notices (and skips) if there's no /proc/modules or modules directory, ifconfig.test skips if "dummy0 up" fails and disabled the pointtopoint tests entirely (the kernel never supported it?), truncate.test is less confused by SELinux, hostname.test can run some tests as non-root, addressed a race condition in killall.test on slow systems, made chgrp.test, chown.test, and tar.test handle an empty /etc/passwd or /etc/group (we were checking whether they were _there_ but some android devics have empty ones), fixed a couple things in env.test, extended killall.test to explicitly cover long and short names (and not assume the shell is /bin/sh), taught split.test not to rely on bash process substitution, added missing TZ=utc to touch.test, fixed cp.test to pass for root or with a restrictive umask, and fixed the FAILCOUNT arithmetic to use more portable $(()). Elliott also made some tests more flexible (find.test can handle any error message about symlink loops, etc), and disabled others (such as du) when SELinux is enabled.

Rob taught testcmd not to use the shell builtin for TEST_HOST unless there isn't one in the $PATH, work if $PWD has a space in it, and make kill.test stop testing the shell builtin insead of the command, quieted tests that were producing output other than their PASS/FAIL line, and made NOSPACE tests ignore the presence/absence of leading/trailing whitespace as well as differences in the amount of space.

Documentation: The roadmap got freshened up a bit, with updates for android from Elliott. In the design page the Features section starts with 4 new paragraphs about the scope of toybox, and a new License section talks about 0BSD. The "./toybox --help" output now explains how to do install_flat by hand.

Sheer pedantry: Elliott fixed a double close in loopfiles_lines() so strace doesn't have an EBADF in it, and added a missing "static" in lib/net.c.

## May 21, 2019

> "I like the cover," he said. "'Don't Panic.' It's the first helpful or intelligible thing anybody's said to me all day."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.1 (git commit) is out.

Android is now using toybox as part of a "hermetic" build (meaning Android is building under toybox, which is halfway to Android building under Android). See Android's build-tools and soong repositories to follow along with development, or check the list for the current status.

New commands: Isaac Dunham added mcookie, which is used by X11. Elliott Hughes added devmem, which replaces toolbox's "r".

Promoted: tar, gunzip, and zcat were cleaned up and moved out of pending. Tar is a near-rewrite with support for --owner --group and --sparse, capable of autodetecting "wget blah.tar.bz2 -O - | tar xv", a --restrict option that only allows files to extract into a single subdirectory, and so on.

Added to pending: Jarno Mäkipää contributed a new vi implementation. Makepost added man.

Updates: Elliott added find -wholename/-iwholename, -printf, and -context, grep --exclude-dir, and echo -E. Rob added blkid -U and -L, mount now has UUID= support via blkid -U, you can now specify TZ="blah" in the date -d input string (although why the double quotes are required is an open question), and sed now understands ,+N relative ranges. Makepost added rm -v. The human_readable fields in ps/top/iotop now use all available space to show more precision, iotop displays swap bandwidth properly (it was showing a signed field as unsigned), and touch -t and -d autodetect the time format.

Cleanups: In pending Rob did some bc cleanup, Colin Davidson did some arp cleanup, Uros Prestor fixed route argument parsing, and in bc Daniel Rosenberg fixed bc_vec_concat()'s allocation and Gavin Howard fixed an overflow bug in bc_num_ulong().

Elliott made scan_key() detect cursor keys and such with several more terminal types, made more better about directories and non-tty output, cleaned up inconsistent uses of ARRAY_LEN(), taught file to recognize a c-sky ELF machine, and fixed timezone and daylight savings time issues in date and its tests. Rob simplified netcat and ping using new lib/net.c infrastructure. When run as non-PID 1 (for a chroot) oneit's exit code now indicates which signal it's exiting due to. Hadrian Węgrzynowski #defined constants for mkpathat. Date now uses the current time for unspecified fields (instead of zeroing them), and should set the weekday properly. Sort's -k2.3,4.5 syntax is now documented and behaves more closely to other implementations (silly as that behavior is). Significant speedup to sed s/a/b/g on a megabyte long line (it was O(n^2) and now it's quite snappy).

Several cases of warning about stdout failing to write were silenced because things like piping the output to head means stdout is a special case: its output is often discarded and that's fine. And xprintf() and friends only checks stdout for errors so it can exit early ("yes | head" should not spin endlessly) without actually flushing anything. There's an ongoing design debate about line buffering stdin and stdout that'll have to be resolved next dev cycle.

Bugs: Elliott sent in a lot of fixes for building AOSP with toybox: support for more date formats, sed substitution of empty capture groups and an endless loop with -EPIPE, fixed find -path/-ipath, made loggit() only feed LOG_AUTH to syslog when we have a tty, gave grep a bunch of --longname synonyms for short options, added getfattr --only-values, and timeout --foreground --preserve-status and --signal.

Top got a lot of tweaks: it no longer collates thread's CPU usage into the parent thread (in -H mode), hides the cursor in interactive mode, updates the display properly in batch mode, and accepts ENTER as a synonym for SPACE when refreshing the display. The header lines now abbreviate long numbers with units (via human_readable()), more reliably spans the terminal width, and says "Thread" instead of "Task" when it's showing threads. The task/thread count now adds up (understanding more kernel states and treating unknown ones as "sleeping"). Top now treats -o "" as an error (previously it displayed an empty screen).

William Djupström pointed out login needs to chown() the tty, and made it clear the environment when -p is absent. Vidar Holen fixed inverted find -exec exit status. Rob made chgrp() stop relying on libc's printf("%s", NULL) printing "(null)" because a newly added gcc bug turns that into a build break, and fixed an outright embarassing xstrndup() bug. Liwugang fixed a segfault when stat's format string had a trailing %. A missing else in grep meant -x was sometimes ignored.

Infrastructure: in the build scripts/portability.sh now tests that the compiler it's trying to use exists up front. We no longer link against librt because on glibc that's pulling in libpthread for some unknown reason.

TOYFLAG_ARGFAIL() lets commands return custom exit values when option parsing fails (because AOSP build scripts cared), so timeout --unknown returns 125 and so on: chroot, diff, cmp, env, grep, nohup, and sort also use it now with various values.

New FLAG() macros: FLAG(x) expands to (toys.optflags&FLAG_x) and returns zero if the command line argument's bit isn't set and nonzero if it is (meaning -x was or wasn't encountered on the command line this time by lib/args.c). Lots of commands got converted to use them.

New lib/env.c with reset_env(), xsetenv(), and xunsetenv() which frees the old environment variable when it wasn't inherited from exec(). This lets long-running loops reset environment variables without memory leaks.

New xnotify() plumbing in lib/portability.c with Linux and Mac versions (which should also work on BSD).

New xparsedate() and xvali_date() functions allow date, tar --mtime, and touch to understand the same date formats, xpopen_both() now knows how to use existing filehandles for the child's stdin/stdout, and no longer redirects stderr (which hides errors), new nanomove(), nanodiff(), union socksaddr, xrecvwait(), and human_readable_long() to show more than 3 digits of output.

Taught xgetaddrinfo() to return a wildcard address for a NULL host, xconnbind() sets SO_REUSEADDR by default, fileunderdir() returns the abspath to the file now (since we had to work it out anyway), and xabspath() uses O_PATH now (because Android's SELinux rules got more aggressive).

Several new xsendfile() variants, including sendfile_len() to copy a specific amount of data and xsendfile_pad() to append zeroes to the output when there isn't enough input.

regexec0() is now using libc's REG_STARTEND supported by every libc out there _except_ musl. (It originated in BSD and was adopted by glibc, bionic, and uClibc 15 years ago, and is also supported in macosx. Musl's maintainer turned down the feature request as an invalid use case he didn't think they should be trying to do.)

Docs: the license page now has an SPDX identifier, and links to more history/context. The actual LICENSE file had its title line removed so github could recognize it as 0BSD. (We're still waiting for "a while" to pass before github actually does, though.)

A new www/doc/mount.txt file describes how mount works under the covers.

Rob consistently misspelled "canonical" and "millisecond", mountpoint has a synopsis now, Kevin van der Kamp fixed a typo in netstat's help text, and Elliott Hughes fixed typos everywhere and made the tense, capitalization, and punctuation of help text more consistent.

New paragraph in the code style part of design.html explaining that "char* a, b;" is not how C works, and since you wind up with "char *a, b;" anyway you might as well say that.

Given dreamhost's tendency to repeatedly delete the mailing list archive, the nav bar on the left links to a backup web archive now too.

The FAQ now says why we do time based releases.

Testing: Added VERBOSE=nopass to not show passing tests. The test suite now does an rm -rf on testdir between each command so debris files don't accumulate. New skipnot function skips the next test if a command line fails, and toyonly function only runs command when we're testing the toybox version of command. (This isn't the same as TEST_HOST, the host version could be toybox.) The find -newer test calls "sleep .1" to avoid intermittently failing with an identical timestamp. Elliott added the start of a file.test rogues gallery. No longer call lsattr in "make tests" because the behavior differs by filesystem and it needs fixing somehow.

## February 8, 2019

> "Most readers get as far as the Future Semiconditionally Modified Subinverted Plagal Past Subjunctive Intentional before giving up; and in fact in later editions of the book all pages beyond this point have been left blank to save on printing costs."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.8.0 (git commit) is out.

Toybox now builds on MacOS and FreeBSD, thanks to the efforts of Elliott Hughes and Ed Maste respectively. Use the "make macos_defconfig" and "make freebsd_defconfig" targets to enable the set of commands that compile on each so far.

New commands: Added an sntp client/server (RFC 4330 Simple Network Time Protocol, a compatible subset of ntp). The test command was rewritten and promoted out of pending.

New options: grep now has --color, supports embedded NUL bytes in its input, recognizes binary files, and passes all of grep.test (in case you needed the middle numerical field of -bB, etc). Josh Gao added ipv6 and UDP support to netcat. Volodymyr Medvid reported that install -d doesn't honor -o or -g. Elliott Hughes did a lot of work to support hermetic Android/AOSP builds: mkdir accepts both --parent and --parents as synonyms for -p, touch ignores -f, basename added -s to remove a trailing suffix, dirname now supports multiple arguments, cmp accepts --quiet and --silent as synonyms for -s, hostname added -sfd, head added --bytes as a synonym for -c and --lines as a synonym for -n, mktemp added -t and fixed -u, sed added -z and -iEXT to keep backup files, md5sum and sha1sum added --status and --check as synonyms -s and -c, readlink added --canonicalize as a synonym for -f, sort grew -V, patch added -s its synonym --quiet, stat added --format as a synonym for -c, xargs added -p -t -r, Eduardas Meile asked that umount ignore -c. Reverend Homer added a small optimization to file.c, and Elliott taught file to recognize riscv ELF binaries. Peter Collingbourne taught ls -t to use the nanoseconds field. patch has better support for patching a file with a tab in the name.

Bugfixes: cp --preserve was segfaulting when you didn't specify _what_ to preserve (it now correctly defaults to "mot") and didn't get the permissions right when copying a symlink's contents as a regular file, sort -x didn't work when attached to a key, host didn't allocate a big enough buffer for worst case ipv6 address size, sed needed a ; between b and } when other implementations don't (we're already well past what posix says but a script out in the field broke...), and several fixes to hostname in a container, ps/top were misreading the VIRT and SHM fields.

Pending: Gavin Howard updated bc and added more tests, Marius Adaskevicius pointed out mdev -s should follow symlinks, Yangchun Fu reported a dhcp checksum bug, modprobe needed errno reset to avoid reporting spurious errors in verbose mode and no longer exits with status 1 if it can't find /etc/modprobe.conf, the more command wasn't always flushing stdout when it exited.

Build: chrt no longer #warns about the musl sched_get_priority_min() bug, but instead works around it. We were mixing setjmp/siglongjmp (harmless in some contexts but it kind of annoyed FreeBSD), and make install_airlock now adds sha256sum (because the Linux 4.20 build now needs that for the s390x target).

Coding style: Rob converted the rest of the option GLOBALS() to the new single letter coding style, and the new FLAG(x) macro is a slightly tidier way to say "toys.optflags&FLAG_x". Removed CFG_SORT_BIG (the sort command always has the full functionality now. The general future direction or toybox is to either have a command or not have it; multiple versions of the same command aren't worth the complexity in testing, documentation, or system adminstration).

Library code: The mkflags plumbing can now support arbitrary punctuation as option names via an escape syntax (because mkfs.vfat specifies an offset with -@), and lib/args.c now only sets FLAGS_NODASH when the first argument didn't have a dash (allowing "ps ax" and "ps -ax" to behave differently).

Added an xrename() function, xchdir() has better error reporting, xconnect()/xbind() had their implementations merged, xsendto() moved from ping to lib, xpoll() now measures elapsed time and only waits for the remaining period when restarted, and Eduardas Meile converted several error_exit() to error_exit_raw() (because yocto 2.6 buils with -Werror=format-security by default).

There's a scripts/portability.sh now which lets the build use gsed and gmake (when available) in more places to avoid broken host versions on MacOS and FreeBSD. The syntax of the "noreturn" attribute changed slightly, some calls to strnstr() were replaced with strcasestr(), we work around MacOS' lack of features.h, portability.h can now do Apple's endianness macros, and so on.

Following the seven year rule Elliott removed support or glibc 2.10, and also reformatted a lot of --help text for consistency (removing trailing periods and such).

Test suite: The test suite now has its own version of "pending", specifically "make tests" skips test files without the executable bit set (unless you export $TEST_ALL). This eliminates "expected failures" (I.E. files with unresolved todo items) from the global regression test. Additional tests can be added to the global regression test with chmod +x as the todo items they document get resolved.

Several places the test suite got fluffed out, including guards to skip root-only tests when run as a normal user. The testcmd function prints the short name instead of the full path to the command. The tests for the test command ("test.test") no longer test the shell builtin but correctly test the toybox command. (Now say that ten times fast.)

Bash version skew required replacing "continue" with "return" to stop tests early in bash 4.4 (for VERBOSE=fail).

## October 31, 2018

> "In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.8 (git commit) is out (a month late).

Toybox now builds with the Android NDK (r18 release), almost out of the box. You have to add an "llvm-cc" symlink to "clang", then use CROSS_COMPILE=llvm- with the appropriate $PATH (or absolute path in CROSS_COMPILE) for the target you want to build for. (To run it on a non-android host, you probably want "LDFLAGS=--static" too.)

New commands: i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, and i2cset courtesy of Elliott/Android. The watch command got a complete (tty-aware) rewrite, and was promoted out of pending. The prlimit command is back (a configuration bug was always disabling it), and ascii now defaults y in defconfig (an oversight).

New options: The ifconfig command added -S (short view) giving one line of information per interface, in "name ipv4/mask macaddr [ipv6/mask@type...]" format. grep grew binary file detection, with -I and -a options to ignore them or force treating them as ascii (really utf8). Zach Van Rijn asked for find -empty. In the file command, Elliott improved java .class support and added .wav, .bmp, and android .dex. Elliott also added "getconf -a" and a lot of missing getconf symbols the AOSP build uses, including support for pathconf(3) symbols requiring two arguments. This means getconf's arguments work more like ubuntu's now (one or two arguments, not iterating through the supplied list and processing each like last release), and -l grew section identifiers (so the "getconf -l" output is no longer a directly consumable list of symbols it takes). Command line options specifying durations (like top -d or ping -i) can now use fractions and units, like "1.5" and ".1m". See "toybox --help" for details. Toybox now dereferences one layer of symlinks if it doesn't recognize the name it's called under (so if you "ln -s $(which sleep) blah" and then "./blah 30", it should figure out you mean sleep 30).

Pending: Gavin Howard contributed a large new bc implementation to pending, which covers everything the kernel build needs (and more) but is going to take a while to review. In diff the android guys added --color and timestamps on the +++/--- lines. In mdev Faustas Azuolas Bagdonas added support for mdev.conf's fourth field. Reverend Homer suggested an error message improvement in wget, Kevin Spiteri did a cleanup pass on test.c, and there was a cleanup pass on the passwd command.

Bugfixes: Elliott responded to a bug in getconf's sed-based header generation by replacing it with a more conventional array of #defined symbols, with #ifdefs for missing symbols on the three libc implementations (glibc, bionic, musl) we've tested so far. (This requires portability.h work to add new supported build environments, but at least it works on bionic now.) The file command now fails gracefully when reading pathologically broken ELF files (the tests for integer overflow missed one), and date no longer shows a meaningless errno when it can't parse the date format. Several fixes in ping (-w and -W didn't work, -c kept sending packets while waiting for replies, and when no reply packets were received the summary data was printed twice). Elliott fixed wc column widths (traditional reality doesn't match posix), fixed modprobe's error handling (reported by Wen Xie), and also fixed the units on blockdev --blkraget (reported by Martijn Coenen). Several small fixes to the stat command's output (help text, quoting style, leading zeroes, switch -f from %t to %T), oneit no longer reboots the system when it's not called as PID 1. Last release's commit letting $STRIP be redefined had a typo. Nick Kralevich added an istty() check before calling TIOCGWINSZ (which triggered Android's strict ioctl filtering on non-filesystem fifos). An unstripped build (where the "strip" command fails for a given CROSS_COMPILE) will now overwrite the (read-only) output file instead of failing a rebuild. The dirtree plumbing no longer prints a "No" on front of the filename in error messages (such as "permission denied").

Docmentation Elliott updated the roadmap with Android AOSP status, towards turning that into a hermetic build (hopefully with an eventual self-hosting option, work is already underway on the airlock step). Rob added a little more context for LSB and described the move from Aboriginal Linux to mkroot. The ps help text changed: now "ps -o help" shows the fields and the normal --help is much more manageable. Ifconfig's --help text also got tidied up. Our LICENSE file has the SPDX identifier (0BSD) now, and the note about the kconfig/ subdirectory still having (build only, non-shipping) GPL code in it moved into the kconfig subdirectory.

Coding style change: GLOBALS() now uses the argument letter as the variable name for variables automatically set by command line arguments via lib/args.c, and no longer requires they be one per line. Removed use of the gcc \e extension in string constants, replacing it with \033.

Library code: lib/interestingtimes.c was renamed to lib/tty.c. The deflate code from toys/pending/compress.c moved to lib/deflate.c, which gunzip.c now uses when it's not configured to use zlib. (This reduces the bootstrap dependencies for the "airlock" step of a hermetic build.) The compression side remains a todo item. Added "%" to lib/args.c reading seconds (including fractions/units) into a long milliseconds argument. Redid xparsetime() to not need floating point, added xparsemillitime() for milliseconds common case, and parsetime() now treats leading garbage as an error instead of returning zero. The bufgetpwuid()/pufgetgrgid() functons can now handle more than 4k of group data. The set_terminal() function can now set serial speed, and microcom.c uses it. Added xsignal_flags(), and more consistently use xsignal() (which wraps sigaction()) instead of signal(). A new xgetrandom() function calls the new getrandom() system call, falling back to /dev/urandom on older kernel/libc (made to actually _work_ by Patrick Oppenlander).

Build infrastructure: Updated dependency detection so "make distclean defconfig toybox" now works all on the same command line. (This is nice when $CROSS_COMPILE changes). scripts/config2help.c no longer includes parts of lib/ and just copies what it needs into itself, improving build portability. The build now checks the specified cross compiler exists, hopefully providing a more informative error message when it doesn't. Similarly, when .config is missing the error message suggests running make defconfig.

## June 23, 2018

> There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.7 (git commit) is out.

New commands: Rob Landley added getconf, Elliott Hughes added uuidgen, and ping and fmt were promoted out of pending.

New options: The cp command added the --parents option, readlink now has -m to show where a missing path would be, netstat got some updates (better nommu support, it can use /etc/services names, more command line options are bounds checked), Ng Zhi An added --getra and --setra (get/set readahead) to blockdev, Elliott Hughes added xxd -o and made top -d understand fractional sections (because the Linux Test Project uses that), and Minghui Liu added watch -b.

Bugfixes: Several fixes to vmstat: Elliott Hughes made it work on a 48-core machine and fixed a glitch with -n, Haroon Maqsood pointed out "vmstat 1 1" didn't stop and "vmstat -n" didn't print the first theader line. Minghui Liu fixed a bug where cp -p didn't preserve timestamps, and pointed out the b, c, and d suffixes on numbers weren't working. Ryan Pritchard pointed out that du -d0 should act like du -s. Filip Perich made an RFC2347 OACK compliance fix to tftp in pending. Zach van Rijn fixed a bug in xxd causing incorrect translation of uppercase characters. Elliott fixed several things in top (removed spurious '\r' characters from -b output, removed interactive flicker, made running processes bold), and pushed Rob to make file work better recognizing things on stdin ("cat /bin/ls | file -" still won't work but "file - < /bin/ls" should). Rob fixed a bug in netstat on 64 bit big endian systems, and fixed cut -DF (a posix compliance fix broke its ability to act as a decent awk replacment because outputting all delimiterless lines isn't what you want there, -D now disables that too).

Documentation: Rob added a buildroot section to the roadmap with the prequisites that needs to run, and reformatted more of the ps --help text to two columns.

Library: FLAGS_NODASH is now set in toys.optargs when an optstring starting with & has no dash in its first argument. (This lets "ps -ax" and "ps ax" behave differently.) Factored out xtestfile() into lib/. The comma-separated-list parsing infrastructure moved to lib/commas.c. Added mkpath() for the common case of mkpathat() and #defined MKPATHAT_* constants for the uncommon cases. Elliott added better error checking to xparsetime() and fixed a bug in names_to_pid() (used in pidof and killall and such). Rob inlined the old toys/e2fs.h into pending's mke2fs, and removed a rogue semicolon from the WOULD_EXIT() macro that screwed up if() statement levels. The do_lines() semantics changed adding a callback(0,0) at the end of each file.

Tests: The test_* commands under toys/example were all renamed demo_* so they don't share a namespace with running a standalone command through the test suite (ala "make test_sed"), then demo_human_readable became demo_number so it can also test atolx() suffixes. The readlink.test was getting confused by a behavior difference between toybox and ubuntu (Ubuntu's ln -sf wouldn't replace a symlink that pointed to itself, toybox's would), now there's an explicit rm so it works on ubuntu too. The test suite plumbing's error message for a test with the wrong number of arguments now correctly identifies which test it's complaining about, and it can now run a test on a command name beginning with "-" (none yet but it comes up in toysh).

Building: You can now override strip with $STRIP. The set of "make install_airlock" commands got tweaked for the 4.17 kernel (which needs bison and flex because the new kconfig plumbing doesn't have _shipped versions of those generated files like the old kconfig did), and for the new release (remove ping, toybox provides it now). $LDFLAGS now applies to library probing (the android NDK provides dynamic libraries without corresponding --static versions). Elliott took a CFG_TOYBOX_DEBUG check out of an error_exit() to make clang stop complaining about an error that should never happen.

## February 24, 2018

> "Arthur," said Ford.
> "Hello? Yes?" said Arthur.
> "Just believe everything I tell you, and it will all be very, very simple."
> "Ah, well, I'm not sure I believe that."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.6 (git commit) is out, a month and change late.

This release adds a crc32 command and cleans up and promotes iconv, logger, and setfattr. Pending added stty and fmt, the other half of ping, and got a lot of cleanup on gzip/gunzip/zcat.

The cut command got a complete rewrite adding support for multiple ranges, utf8/unicode characters, and new -CDFO options. Use -C to measure columns rather than characters (for double width chars), and "cut -DF 3-5" selects words (like "awk '{print $3 $4 $5}'").

This release adds top -m and iotop -H (and fixed top width truncating for narrow terminal windows), added iconv -c, fixed ps -T 1234 to show threads belonging to that PID, improved file's executable identification (properly recognizing both endiannesses and adding sh/frv fdpic, bpf, and new microblaze identifiers), and blkid now only shows LABEL= when it isn't blank.

Running ./configure now does "make defconfig", help_exit() now shows the "See %s --help" message on the same line, and several web pages (about, code, roadmap, cleanup) got updates.

Elliott and the Android devs added df -i, uptime -p, time -v, and xxd -i -ri, fixed id -G to only output the group IDs, fixed the xargs -0 -n combination, made find -exec + obey ARG_MAX (just like xargs), made killall kill scripts too, fixed an off by one error in pidof that could cause false positive matches in 15 character names, added gzip/gunzip/zcat tests, and taught file to identify more stuff (ogg, TrueType font, LLVM bitcode, PEM certs, and PE executables), and for some reason needed TOYBOX_VENDOR in the version stuff. Android getprop/setprop now allows ro. properties to have arbitrary lengths, losetup can now find loop devices under /dev/block (where android puts them for historical reasons), and Andreas Gampe pointed out a thinko in top that triggered llvm's address sanitizer checks.

Gael PORTAY asked for mdev to work when Linux has the block layer configured out, Patrick Oppenlander pointed out a problem with make bloatcheck's build dependencies, and xuphung on github fixed config2help building on MacOS X.

Commands with locale support now setlocale(LC_TYPE, "C.UTF-8") for more targeted locale support (enable character parsing with utf8 support, use "C" semantics otherwise). The toys/example/test_*.c commands got renamed demo_*.c.

In lib.c the millitime() function returns current unix time in milliseconds (which as a 64 bit number is good for + or - 292 million years from midnight Jan 1 1970), and the old xgetty() function became tty_fd() returning -1 instead of erroring out.

The "make help" text moved from the Makefile to scripts/help.txt, ls.c now lists some of its deviations from posix, and work is underway to make ps.c more intelligible (and figure out how to break it up into multiple files).

## October 12, 2017

> Would it save you a lot of time if I just gave up and went mad now?

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.5 (git commit) is out.

This is another mostly bugfix release. I delayed it a bit trying to get some of the many half-finished projects (dd, ping, lsof, iconv, cut, sysconf, the cp --parents option...) finished/promoted/tested, but decided adding big things at the end of the dev cycle would be too destabilizing.

A couple new features slipped in anyway. Ilya Kuzmich added head -c and strings -t (and corrected strings' output in a couple places). Elliott Hughes taught file to recognize Macintosh (Mach-O) binaries.

NOTE: the chrt command is broken when built against musl-libc because that project's maintainer decided he didn't like the system calls it depends on, so he removed them from his libc. The prebuilt binaries are built against musl, so the chrt command there will always say -ENOSYS. (It works fine built against glibc, and presumably bionic or uClibc.)

Bugfixes: Remounting (mount -o remount,rw) should work properly now, and we fixed another place ps was segfaulting when /proc entries vanished out from under us (a hard to hit race condition mostly noticeable in long-running "top" exiting; error value was treated as a pointer). Elliott Hughes fixed a -Wformat warning in expr.c, and made xargs split the command line at ARG_MAX (which is 1/4 the stack size ulimit, which normal users can arbitrarily increase but execve() will complain if they don't). Josh Gao made netcat -l exit after handling a request, and reported a seq bug (seq "1000000 10000001" output 1e+06, fixed now). Zach Riggle fixed a broken URL in the README. Rob fixed env -0 checking the flag wrong so it didn't work in combination with other flags (typo).

Plumbing: Replaced mbrtowc() with a new utf8towc() that doesn't have a context struct or care about locale. A bugfix in comma_scan() (wasn't removing an entry at the end of the list) is why remount _sometimes_ worked (depending on argument order), xgetaddrinfo() is now separate from xconnect(), atolx_range() learned the w (word=2) suffix, and b is now (block=512) instead of (byte=1).

Build: Patrick Oppenlander added a workaround for a bug in config2help.c that resulted in segfaults on newer toolchains. (It was actually a use after free error; the build infrastructure isn't nearly as heavily audited as code that gets installed on the target; oops.) A new GITHASH environment variable can force the build version from the command line, and the build checks for .git in the top directory before asking git what our version is (so it isn't confused by ../../.git in an enclosing directory). Added a build #warning about musl intentionally breaking chrt (as with nommu fork() musl now provides a broken stub function so compile-time probes for its existence think it's there, and you can't run the result to test behavior when cross compiling).

## June 19, 2017

> It is a well-known fact that those people who most want to rule people are, ipso facto, those least suited to do it. To summarize the summary: anyone who is capable of getting themselves made President should on no account be allowed to do the job.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.4 (git commit) is out. No new commands this time, but chrt and dmesg got promoted out of pending.

New features: Rob rewrote paste, which should work much better now, and added grep -M and -S to match and skip wildcards respectively (useful with -r). Elliott's updated dmesg has -T and --color. The file command can recognize gzip now, uptime grew -s, date grew %N, env knows - as a first argument means -i (posix!) and grew -0, ls defaults to -b instead of -q now when there's a tty, and ls has a new -ll option (with --full-time as a compatibility synonym) showing nanoseconds and (for some reason) timezone. (Why do individual files have timezones?) Elliott added "uudecode -o -" support. Illya Kuzmich taught head -v and -q. The cpio code no longer adds the "TRAILER!!!" entry by default (initramfs extractor doesn't care) without which you can concatenate cpio archives with "cat". (Use the new --trailer option if you want the legacy behavior.) In pending, fdisk compiles now and tar understands bzip2.

Build: The "make install_airlock" target now symlinks bc from the host because the kernel inexplicably needs that to build. This was motivated by mkroot, which builds under a toybox airlock directory.

Lots of work on the test suite, mostly from the Android guys who are now running it under Android. This fixed several existing tests that didn't pass, made more tests run on a toybox-only system, and so on. The test suite infrastructure now has a second testing function, "testcmd", which supplies the command name being tested (bypassing shell builtins).

Various android build and config fixes, getting closer to being able to let android someday use scripts/make.sh instead of generated/* snapshots. Also more work into building under android's NDK; not quite there yet but much closer. Use nproc in scripts/make.sh detect available processors (so you can control the SMP level with taskset). Removed the old uClibc compatibility glue, it's been 5 years since their last release.

The new config option TOYBOX_PEDANTIC_ARGS checks arguments when there are no arguments, so things like "uptime" no longer silently ignore arguments you pass but instead refuse to run.

Docs: The FAQ now has more than one entry. Commands no longer output the full help text for argument errors but instead just say "See %s --help" with the command name (in addition to the actual error message). Elliott did a big period-ectomy on all the --help text, and we cleaned up some tab/space inconsistency. The non-html help -a output now has separators with the command name. The top/iotop and pkill/pgrep help text now describe a lot more of what the commands can do. Twitter's code of conduct page went down so we mirrored the text locally.

Bugfixes: Fixed a race condition in ps/top where a process that exited right as we read its data returned a different error value than we were expecting (which was causing long-running top instances to occasionally exit), mount now gives an error if it can't autodetect the filesystem type, ps no longer queries the terminal size when output isn't to a tty (so "ps -A | cat" doesn't vary), date's chkmktime() was replaced with simple range checks for fields (to avoid false positives from things like timezones and daylight savings time), removed %s from date's help (we didn't implement it, we have @seconds[.nanoseconds] instead), fixed zcat's buffer flush logic (which was always failing on files larger than 32k), and factor now detects requests for numbers >64 bits and fails loudly instead of producing incorrect answers. Elliott fixed touch -a/-m (they were backwards), and allowed ':' in setprop's property names. Grep now exits with 2 for errors (so -q can distinguish "didn't find" from "didn't work"), doesn't stop on symlinks that point nowhere (there was an error_exit() that should just be a warning), and provides error messages for files we could open but not read.

Library: New library functions: strend() complements strstart(), minof()/maxof() are min/max macros that evalute arguments once and autodetect type (why isn't this in libc?), xmmap() checks MAP_FAILED (which is not NULL).

## February 21, 2017

> Only six people in the Galaxy knew that the job of the Galactic President was not to wield power but to attract attention away from it. Zaphod Beeblebrox was amazingly good at his job.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Despite everything, Toybox 0.7.3 (git commit) is out. The new commands this time are ftpget, ftpput, microcom, and ascii.

We also had two command _demotions_ out of defconfig: hostid got moved to toys/example and switched to "default n" because despite still being in posix the concept of a unique 32 bit number identifying a system is something Linux outgrew about the time Pauline Middelink wrote the first IP Masquerading code. And Elliott did a complete rewrite of dmesg introducing two codepaths that I didn't get a chance to unify and didn't want to hold up the release for, so that's back in pending.

New features: Rob added units to find -atime and friends (with the legacy -amin alias). Elliott added color and -w to dmesg, fallocate -o, and improved file's ELF parsing. Steve Muckle added -d and finit_module support to modprobe. Rob and Elliott tweaked the ps/top display format a bit more (extending the USER field from 8 to 18 chars and putting + at the end of string fields that got truncated). df -a isn't entirely new, but wasn't documented and needed a bugfix.

Bugfixes: Last release broke oneit because -c didn't get moved to xopen_stdio() (oops). Rob and Elliott simultaneously spotted ps padding each line to 99999 chars when there's no tty (serial console or adb); now it pads to 80 in that case but also switches on -w to avoid field truncation. The "tty" field also sometimes had trailing debris (that's fixed now). And "top" was endlessly redrawing with out tty because receipt of the ANSI size probe results would set SIGWINCH, and handling that sent another ansi probe. (Sigh.) And while we're there, replace "ADDR" with "BIT" in ps -l so there are more than 4 chars left for the "CMD" field on 64 bit systems.

Izabera pointed out that split -b and -l can't mix, and suggested seq should multiply to avoid accumulating rounding errors from repeated fractional increments. Wang Xiao Jian fixed a bug in sort -k. Elliott let getprop use the @ character in property names, and Dimitry Ivanov removed the name length limit for system properties. Elliott also improved some error reporting and improved top -H's display of thread names.

Josh Gao pointed out that recursive operations on . and .. could be ignored in chmod -R (and the resulting generic fix to dirtree_notdotdot() fixed it in several other places).

Justin Cormack caught tar producing a warning to stdout that screwed up "tar c" to stdout. Rob fixed an option parsing bug (where switching off a --longopt in menuconfig confused the parser), and another one where an option excluding itself (ala "abc[-ab][!abc]" with "command -a -b") would segfault.

There's some sort of gcc stack over-optimization bug where musl-libc's version of vfork() doesn't get marked with attribute(returns_twice) so stack varabiles in the same function after that get semi-randomly overwritten when the optimizer decides to reclaim the space. So add the attribute to the function the XVFORK() wrapper macro calls. (It's a nommu thing.)

Fixed a couple variable size mismatch bugs that were only tested on 64 bit (printf %x 64) or only tested on 32 bit (modprobe), removed some unnecessary casts in stat.

Continuing attempts to build under Android NDK brought up that posix defines the global 'stdout' as a macro, which older versions of bionic turned into an array member, but a function was using it as an argument name. (This worked in the AOSP build because it only builds against current bionic, where there's a global 'stdout'.)

Several commits argued with clang's warning generation, eventually settling on a variant of __attribute__((__shut_up__)).

Android should no longer give spurious error messages when you "ps -A | head" about EPIPE on output. (Older versions of bionic set an error handler on SIGPIPE, but it shouldn't do that now. More recent versions of adb set the SIGPIPE handler to SIGIGN instead of SIGDFL, leading to write returning an error message instead of silently killing the program. So we set it back to the default.)

Docs: Removed website link to the gmane archive (which didn't survive gmane's change of ownership). The FAQ now answers a _second_ question. (Woo!) Some roadmap updates.

Build tweaks: Upgraded "make install_airlock" target to only warn about missing commands (unless $PEDANTIC is set) when it sets up the hermetic build path. (The plan is still to implement everything but the toolchain binaries in toybox, but in the meantime we're symlinking other stuff from the $HOST that isn't ready yet. See mkroot for an example using this.)

Elliott and Rob continue to poke at building toybox with Android's NDK, but it's a work in progress (thread). Various changes removing libcutils dependencies and adding an selinux dependency to getprop are fallout from this.

Cross-compiling from Macs needs to use "gsed" instead of apple's version, so teach the build to use that name if it exists in the $PATH. If you try to build without running config first, you should get better error reporting now. Added a workaround for Centos' broken "which" command producing output when it _can't_ find a name in the $PATH.

Library: The new dirtree flag DIRTREE_PROC skips non-numeric entries so things like ps and top can scan /proc more efficiently.

## October 21, 2016

> Probability factor of one to one. We have normality. I repeat, we have normality. Anything you still can't cope with is therefore your own problem.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.2 (git commit) is out.

During this development cycle, Elliott Hughes got interviewed on the ADB podcast and Rob Landley got interviewed on Linux Luddites (again). Both talk about toybox and many other things. The web page also grew a new FAQ page, currently with just the one.

New comands added to defconfig are tunctl, log, start, stop, and sendevent. The commands file and netstat got promoted out of pending. Pending added chrt, setfattr, and getfattr, and saw a lot of cleanups to diffstat and dd but not enough to promote them to defconfig yet. A new toys/net directory was added, moving ifconfig, netcat, netstat, rfkill, and tunctl there so far.

Upgrades: All commands now parse --version when they understand --help, but "true" and "false" should now ignore their arguments entirely. We taught stat to handle "%12x" and "%.12x" printf-style escapes, which apparently other versions do. The ifconfig output now shows the interface's device driver. Added patch -d and --dry-run, wc can now do -cm together, find has a NOP -noleaf so scripts that use that don't break, add -c to md5sum and sha1sum. Elliott taught ps to treat extra aguments as additional -p pids, implemented xxd -s, did a number of upgrades to file (added -HL, support for ar files, improved ELF support to report android API level and stripped/not stripped and it no longer prints a guessed build ID type). Elliott also added optional build-time support for using openssl's assembly-optimized md5sum/sha1sum implementations (leading to a new design policy on shared libraries).

Bugfixes: Too many fixes to "ps" and "touch" to list, from both Elliott and Rob. Rob taught sed to handle s/[[:space:]/]// type sequences properly, switched grep to a better workaround for glibc bug 17829, made sed -i preserve ownership when run as root, made du max out at 2 terabytes instead of 2 gigabytes on 32-bit systems (it was always designed to, but was missing a typecast), fixed the option parsing infrastructure (config options that remove command line options got the placeholders wrong), fix to printf for printing octal digits and handling the (posix-mandated) difference between %b and non-%b octal output, reading from "-" no longer closes stdin when done, netcat -L works with nommu (although it may need more portability work), and you can now "make test_scankey" if you want to. Several commands (stat, makedeves, chgrp, cp, find) handled user name lookup failure badly (stat was segfaulting if you interrogated a file belonging to a nonexistent user, "chown 12345 file" errored out if you didn't have that user in /etc/passwd... now they should all print/accept the number when appropriate). "LC_ALL=C ls -Cs --color" produces the same output as other versions (two spaces padding, -k hardwired on).

Kyungsik Lee fixed a bug in cp (readlink() doesn't actually null terminate the string it reads in), Elliott Hughes made pgrep/pkill return success/failure, fixed trailing whitespace in netstat, fixed a SMACK symbol conflict due to linux/xattr.h changing, fixed ls -sh, and added a lot of stuff to the roadmap page. Izabera pointed out cmp -l and -s can't be selected at the same time, that timeout was never actually checking -v, that ls should default to -q when output is to a tty, and that "file -" would sometimes try to open "-" instead of stdin. Usischev Yury pointed out a use after free error, and that id shouldn't call exit() directly. Matthias Urhahn pointed out that stat(2) returns hardwired 512-byte units, so stat.c was wrong. David Hedges pointed out that route could only handle 10 character interface names when the kernel can do 15 (it's still in pending for a reason, but fixed). Evgenii Stepanov found and helped diagnose one of the more subtle ps bugs fixed this time around.

Calling "make test_blah" no longer causes make to error out if the last test fails (and thus returns a nonzero error code). Building single commands and the multiplexer used to require a "make clean" between them (because they had different config files both of which were older than generated/config.h so it didn't get rebuilt; now it just always rebuilds it).

The defconfig build is now slightly less broken on older centos versions (although the consensus is that Centos is just generally broken).

Several commands were over-using xprintf(), which flushes its output to check for error (something you only need to do maybe once per line, and even then maybe only in loops because xexit() flushes and checks ferror() for you and adjusts the exit code if we wrote stuff to stdout that couldn't be printed). Lots of little flushes are inefficient, so most things can use normal printf(). (Retransmission of short writes is presumably libc's problem since it's buffering the output and all.)

Library: New library functions readlink0() and readlinkat0() which properly null terminates the symlink value (which the stock libc function inexplicably doesn't). The new do_lines() function interates reading lines from a filehandle and calling a function on each line. New function pollinate() factoring out netcat's poll() loop so things like telnet can use it. New functions getusername() and getgroupname() return a char * given a uid/gid (and return a string representation of the number if the lookup fails), and xgetpwnamid/xgetgrnamid were renamed to xgetuid/xgetgid and now return an integer instead of a struct (also helping handle lookup failures, you can still return the uid/get for "12345").

Switched atolx() to use long long internally. Renamed xopen() to xopen_stdio() and made a new xopen() that never returns stdin, stdout, or stderr (duping /dev/null into the filehandles as necessary). New function xopenro() opens a file read only with one less argument, and understands that "-" means stdin. New flag WARN_ONLY tells these functions to just print a warning on failure, and return -1 instead of exiting. Misc new functions like openro() which defaults to the WARN_ONLY behavior and notstdio() which dup()s a filehandle up beyond stdin/out/err backfilling with /dev/null as necessary. The WARN_ONLY flag let us remove the failok argument from loopfiles().

New TOYFLAG_NOHELP disables --help processing (which "true" and "false" should not do).

The test suite now has NOSPACE=1 to ignore whitespace (using diff -b to check results), which helps TEST_HOST pass the same tests as toybox. Fixes to chattr and date tests. It also has a new variable $C with the absolute path to the command being tested (bypassing shell builtins), and a function testcmd() which is just like testing() except it prepends the command name ($C) to the test command line as well as the test description.

## June 2, 2016

> When the 'Drink' button is pressed it makes an instant but highly detailed examination of the subject's taste buds, a spectroscopic analysis of the subject's metabolism, and then sends tiny experimental signals down the neural pathways to the taste centres of the subject's brain to see what is likely to be well received. However, no-one knows quite why it does this because it then invariably delivers a cupful of liquid that is almost, but not quite, entirely unlike tea.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.1 (git commit) is out. (Yes, I forgot to update the --version string, but I already uploaded the binaries.)

The website has https support now, you can "make cat ps ls" to get standalone commands (and "make list list_pending" to see what's available), and a whole lot of bugfixes and new options to existing commands.

## New Commands

Rob implemented ulimit. In pending, Elliott Hughes implemented file. and Lipi Lee implemented a simple wget. (Pending also had minor cleanups to more and lsof, but no promotions this time around.)

## New Options

Izabera implemented env -u, suggested adding seq -w, made factor use full unsigned 64 bit math even on 32 bit platforms, pointed out base64 -w0 should disable wrapping, and sped up wc -c. Elliott Hughes added mount -o relatime, xxd -p -r, and od -w. Sameer Pradhan (or possibly Bilal Qureshi) suggested adding stat -tL -c %m%t%T. Tom Cherry added getprop -Z. Paul Barker added hostname -b and -F. Rob added ls -b, made ls -q work with utf8, made sed -f - read from stdin, and added top -O (like ps -O).

Elliott and Rob added Thread support to ps and top, with -o TID, TNAME. We also added -o PCY (android scheduling policy), -o BIT (process is 32 or 64 bit), and -o TNAME now shows the parent command name for threads.

## Documentation

Rob added the sed invocations to convert tabs/spaces and back to design.html. Isaac Dunham updated hexedit's help text. Jakob Flierl pointed out a broken URL in the README.

Rob also redid the naming scheme of sed's pattern manipulation code to remove the gratuitous references to Roger Zelazny's "Amber" series, since it was confusing people.

## Bugfixes

Grep -H and -n should now work properly with -ABC. Andy Chu pointed out an out of bounds access for zero length lines in rev, fixed a buffer overflow in diff -r, and fixed operator precedence in expr (although Rob is rewriting chunks of expr so toysh can use its plumbing for $(( )) ). Patrick Ohly fixed the too-aggressive suid permission dropping logic. Josh Gao fixed a segfault when find -iname got no argument, and made tail -f work right with just one file argument. Tom Marshall cleaned up tar's long filename support and improved the tar tests, and reported another find bug (with -iname -o -iname not tracking copy lifetimes properly) that got fixed.

Elliott Hughes fixed wc -c to not trust zero length files to actually be zero length (/proc does that), fixed "mount -o rw,remount /system" on Android, removed trailing spaces on ps -o cmdline, fixed pkill -9 and the corresponding tests, made "insmod -" work, fixed top -b and tail -NUM, pointed out that ps shouldn't trim numeric fields for display size limits, and added some more explicit "sort" calls to make pipelines so build tempfiles are easier to cache. Rob fixed an insane sed thing the perl 5.22 build was doing. Fixed mount -o to properly pass in leftover string data, and documented how to use toybox to mount nfs (warning: kernel patch to fix some bitrot in the kernel NFS driver's string parsing attached to that message).

George Burgess IV corrected some variable types in traceroute. Base64 now wraps == properly. Fixed two bzcat segfaults reported by John Regehr. Andy Chu found a segfault in "sed -e 'c\'" with no trailing line, and implemented mv -n and cp -n. The cyanogenmod guys pointed out that cp -a shouldn't complain if a non-root user can't chown, and we added the output path to cp -r error messages while we were there (before was just the filename).

Samuel Holland fixed blkid's handling of vfat labels, and fixed a segfault when basename was passed an empty string and an empty suffix. Davis Mosenkovs fixed touch -t seconds parsing. Rob fixed a bunzip bug reported by John Regehr (the bad CRC error message was printing a NUL argument).

Not all of the commands build standalone, but more of them do now; scripts/single.sh can now build a "mv" that isn't actually "cp". The dependencies are more granualr, so "make top; make ps" no longer produces a broken ps that ignores -A (because ps.o wasn't getting rebuilt even though top had the FLAG macros for -A zeroed).

## Build

Rob added a warning when building commands out of pending. (The pending directory is full of code that hasn't been properly vetted. Use at your own risk.)

New build targets let you build individual commands by name, ala "make ls cat ps", and you can run the test suite for each standalone command with "make test_ls" and such. "make list" shows all such standalone commands in defconfig, and "make list_pending" shows unfinished commands from toys/pending ("make list list_pending" shows both together). "make clean" now deletes these filenames at the top level, and the corresponding unstripped files live in the directory generated/unstripped.

Nicholas Boichat suggested switching make.sh to use $! for process enumeration during parallel builds (which is both more efficient and more portable), and suggested shell builtin replacements for wc/awk/sed so the build loop has fewer forks now.

Lots of work on the test suite, much of it due to Andy Chu. It now consistently prints the name of the command being tested at the start of each test (and the common infrastructure does that, not each individual test), and "make tests" actually runs all the available tests now. Seperated pgrep and pkill tests, split lsattr/chattr, added fstype and base64 tests. The "tests/files" directory now collects files for tests to use, with blkid, bzcat, and utf8 subdirectories: the $FILES variable gives a path to it, so "$FILES/blkid/ext2.bz2" and so on. The testsuite now has test files with 3 different types of "not utf8 output" sequences that require escaping, plus some combining character torture tests, direction reversals, and so on.

Added dependencies on TOYBOX_FORK to various pending commands that need nommu conversion (which should fix the allyesconfig build).

Static builds with selinux should work again.

## Library

New bufgetgrgid() and bufgetpwuid() functions cache previous lookup info rather than repeatedly traversing /etc/passwd and /etc/group (which is slow). Added xpipe() to lib to catch pipe creation failure. The HELP_ macros generated by config2help.c now use a capital prefix to avoid collicing with help_exit() and such.

The dirtree infrastructure got a cleanup pass in preparation for adding infinite recursion depth support (needed by rm -r), updated the documentation to describe the new semantics (removing dirtree_start() and adding dirtree_flagread()). Now dirtree_recurse() takes the new dirfd as an argument.

Split out _xexit() from xexit() and let sigatexit() set multiple callbacks.

For years the man pages have said to #include to get major/minor/makedev but now that glibc has vowed to break existing programs and replace it with another nonstandard header not in posix or lsb, we added our own functions to lib/ to do the transform ourselves (based on what the kernel actually expects).

## Portability

Debian unstable started needing an extra header #include for some reason, and although printf("%.*s", INT_MAX, s) worked fine on Ubuntu 12.04 it didn't on 14.04, so added a workaround for that. Typecast a printf because wchar_t isn't a rigidly defined size. RLIMIT_RTTIME was added to the kernel in 2008 but you can't expect uClibc to have noticed yet, nor did it #define MS_RELATIME (added in 2006), or prlimit (2010)... (Given the improvements in musl and bionic, uClibc support may be dropped in a future release.) Given that the xattr functions were added during linux 2.5, we can #include its header unconditionally.

Renamed basename_r() to something else to avoid conflicting with freebsd's libc, and both scripts/install.h and scripts/config2help.c no longer include toys.h (to make cross-compiling from systems we don't run on easier).

Debian bug 635570 did something unspeakably nonportable, depending on "sed -e 'a\'" (with no next line of the pattern, so an unterminated continuation) to add a newline to the last line of input if and only if that last line of the input didn't have a newline, and to take no other action. This is well into "depending on a bug" territory, but we implemented it because otherwise Debian's install broke. (Of course this behavior is undocumented, non-obvious, and doesn't really make logical sense.)

CONFIG_TOYBOX_NORECURSE now disables the stack measuring logic (which was giving some "security" code fits). Also we typecast pointers to (long) before comparing them to avoid spurious compiler "optimizations" that break the code.

## February 2, 2016

> "I checked it very thoroughly," said the computer, "and that quite definitely is the answer. I think the problem, to be quite honest with you, is that you've never actually known what the question is."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.7.0 (git commit) is out.

The new commands in defconfig are iotop, top, pgrep, and pkill (most replacing corresponding versions from pending). Added grep -ABC, swapon -d (discard), mkswap -L (label) and UUID support, and find -delete. Izabera added free -h and unshare -f. Josh Gao implemented tail -f. Jose Bollo submitted cp --preserve=context,attr. Kylie McClain added mktemp -u.

In pending there's the start of a vi command, and Sameer Pradhan contributed a new dhcp6. This cycle saw several rounds of route cleanup and a little dhcp cleanup, but neither are complete yet. Lipi Lee did some cleanup to netstat.c and Elliott Hughes removed warnings from traceroute.

Lots of updates to ps: several new -o options, -k (--sort) -O and -M, improved compatibility with Android's historical behavior, and extensive internal code cleanup (including the removal of all the magic constants).

### Website

Dreamhost restored the missing 11 months to the mailing list archive, in the process deleting the month after that. Now they've asked if I have mbox files archiving the new gap (between December 20, 2015 to January 21, 2016, and presumably they could also fill in the gap from December 14, 2014 to January 3, 2015 that's been there since the last time they did this), but due to some gmail filtering I've never been able to disable, my copy of those files is spread among 3 different mbox files I'd have to sort/filter/collate. (It's on the todo list.)

Added a code of conduct to the README (we're borrowing twitter's) because somebody made it necessary.

### Bugfixes

Fixed another sed bug where any ] right after [ was skipped (not just the first one in the range, so [[] didn't terminate). Fixed sort -f and added test cases. Assume 80 columns in "ls -m | cat", ls -L is no longer backwards, and ls of files with no paths no longer uses an uninitialized (zero) dirfd. Several bugfixes to find (Gilad Arnold fixed -perm, Daniel K. Levy fixed "find . -exec echo {}", and while we're there I fixed find --prune, made "find . -execdir echo {} + -execdir ls {} +" work, and ripped out the environment size measuring code that checked for a 128k limit removed back in linux 2.6.22). Elliott Hughes fixed the date command's parsing of 4 digit years and documented the %s escape, fixed hwclock -u, and pointed out that runcon needs to exec to do its job (not recursively call another command_main() in the same process). Tom Marshall reported that blkid was handling ext2 wrong. Mike Moreton corrected cpio extraction's uid and gid values, and added a --no-preserve-owner option. Fixed the SUID permission dropping logic (which was a bit over-zealous, preventing some commands from running at all).

I'm told that debian-testing broke its libc so the nsenter build breaks, but my attempts to install the debian-testing network cd image under qemu keep breaking. Maybe someday they'll fix it enough I can actually reproduce the problem. (Debootstrap under unbuntu builds an ubuntu-flavored chroot in which toybox builds fine.)

### Documentation

Rewrite of the about.html page, tweaks to design.html, and a re-triage of sbase in roadmap.html. Update to mkstatus.py to collate multiple span tags with the same id, resulting in a larger status.html page (which was previously ignoring some commands in the roadmap).

Expanded the defconfig/allyesconfig/allnoconfighelp text in "make help" to explain what they're for.

### infrastructure

- Expanded toys.optargs to 64 bits so a command can have more than 32 options.

- Added NOEXIT() wrapper to turn xwrap() functions into warning versions using the existing longjump(toys.rebound) infrastructure.

- Renamed dirtree->data to dirfd and stopped storing symlink length into it (this fixed a bug where following symlinks to directories didn't give a valid directory filehandle, noticeable with ls -Z).

- New TAGGED_ARRAY() infrastructure generates index and bitmask macros for arrays of structures starting with a name string.

- New lib/linestack.c for utf8 fontmetrics (draw_str() and utf8len() and so on), and for tracking multiple lines of text (vi, less, shell history) that need wordwrapping and scrolling up/down.

- Upgrades to lib/interestingtimes.c: scan_key() now has a timeout in milliseconds and recognizes more sequences including ANSI window size probes. New utf8 test files in tests/files/utf8 including sequence reversing, stacked combining chars, and all three types of unprintable sequences (low ascii <32 ala ^X, invalid utf8 sequences ala , and invalid unicode code points ala U+1234).

- More comma handling code in lib.c: comma_args()

- Added error_msg_raw() to shut up fortify's endless static checking false positives.

- readfileat() can now realloc() in a loop to read long files ("zcat | insmod" needed it).

### Roadmap

We're getting close to having a self-hosting development environment using toybox for the command line. The remaining busybox commands in Aboriginal Linux are:

> awk bunzip2 bzcat bzip2 dd diff expr fdisk ftpd ftpget ftpput gunzip gzip less ping route sh sha512sum tar test tr unxz vi wget xzcat zcat

And the remaining non-busybox commands in Aboriginal Linux's build/host directory (from the distcc, genext2fs, e2fsprogs, zlib, and squashfs packagesi) are:

> mke2fs fsck.ext2 resize2fs distcc genext2fs unsquashfs distccd mksquashfs tune2fs

Squashfs and distcc are probably out of scope for toybox, but mke2fs, fsck.ext2, resize2fs, genext2fs, and tune2fs should all be added to the above "busybox" replacement list.

Remind me to include this countdown in future releases. Once they've all been replaced, the next goal is building AOSP under itself.

See the full roadmap and status pages for more details.

## December 21, 2015

Yes, 11 months have gone missing from the mailing list web archive.

Yesterday evening Dreamhost's mailman server went down (timing out trying to connect). I poked them about it, they blamed DNS, I explained that the hang was _after_ the DNS lookup and entered the dig info into the trouble ticket showing the IPs the DNS queries were returning, they reinstalled the server at that IP from what I assume was their most recent backup, and that's how 11 months of messages vanished out of the archive.

I've continued to poke them about it but I honestly believe that's the best they can do. Last time this sort of thing happened we went back and forth for months, so I added a link to a backup web archive (in the nav bar on the left) that isn't controlled by dreamhost, and thus doesn't gratuitously lose data on a regular basis. (I note the earlier hole in Dreamhost's archive was never fixed either. That was data never getting archived, this is a year's worth of data that was in the archive until yesterday vanishing after the fact.)

If you're wondering why the top level list page has been "temporarily disabled" for multiple years now... you'd have to ask Dreamhost. I know I have. More than a dozen times.

## November 3, 2015

> "Alright," said Ford. "How would you react if I said that I'm not from Guildford after all, but from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse?" Arthur shrugged in a so-so sort of way. "I don't know," he said, taking a pull of beer. "Why - do you think it's the sort of thing you're likely to say?"

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.6.1 (git commit) is out.

We have a new ps command with all the -o fields posix wants (although it doesn't accept BSD non-dash option syntax yet), and bunzip2 (not just bzcat but the proper extract-in-place command). Sameer Pradhan added hostid and fsync. Elliott Hughes added flock.

The people waiting for human readable number support (du -hH, ls -h, and so on) can thank Elliott Hughes for implementing it. (Our output doesn't exactly match others' because we our "binary" mode will say 1.0G instead of 1024M, which is a bug in the other one we didn't emulate.)

The other big news is nommu support, tested on the new jcore processor but presumaby working on any nommu system. A few commands don't support nommu yet, but those are disabled by dependencies on TOYBOX_FORK in menuconfig when building for nommu. The roadmap now has a large section analyzing the uClinux project (note that nommu.org is slowly replacing uclinux.org as the standard repository of all knowledge and wisdom about nommu. The old site contains much that is apocryphal, or at least wildly inaccurate, and the new one is trying to improve on that).

Both "make change" and scripts/single.sh (for building standalone commands without the multiplexer logic) now use the top level .config for toybox global settings such as Linux Security Blanket Module selection, (so make defconfig before change now).

Documentation updates to the code and roadmap pages.

### pending

In the pending directory Sameer Pradhan added tftp, and Elliott Hughes sent lsof. Isaac Dunham upgraded mdev, reboot, init, login, and modprobe, and fixed a distro-specific build break in scripts/mkflags.h. Elliott Hughes and Lipi Lee made netstat -p handle command lines longer than 21 characters, and Elliott fixed netstat -e and some build warnings. Yeongdeok Suh fixed a warning in dhcpd. I started cleanup on pgrep/pkill.

### Command updates, bugfixes, and infrastructure

The multiplexer's "command not found" error exit is now 127, so now you can't distinguish between a command not being found in the multiplexer and the multiplexer itself not being found by the shell, because people wanted that for some reason.

Elliott Hughes made date reject invalid dates rather than set the clock to something weird (setting the clock 100 years into the future makes most Linux desktops surprisingly unhappy, and ntpdate won't fix it either), fixed several ls -l display issues (user/group field ordering, make user/group/lsmcontext left aligned), did the aforementioned extensive work on human readable number output, fixed ionice's default class, fixed a mv overwrite bug, made df's columns auto-size, added --ppid and -Z to ps, and teamed up with Daniel K. Levy to fix a segfault in find's handling of -newer -group or -user.

Hyejin Kim added stat -c %T support. Colin Cross worked on vmstat fixing a header printing bug and calculating the bi and bo columns in the right units. Isabella Parakiss reported that sed -e "/x/c\" -e "y" added an extra newline and that grep -w '\(x\)\1' didn't work, both now fixed. Alistair Strachan fixed several problems with switch_root. Kylie McClain pointed out env should be able to clear variables via NAME= syntax. Dima Krasner added support for running blkid without a partition (so it shows all partitions). Hyejin Kim sent in a bunch of static analysis bug reports.

Isabella Parakiss reported that sed -e "/x/c\" -e "y" added an extra newline and that grep -w '\(x\)\1' didn't work, both now fixed. Alistair Strachan fixed several problems with switch_root. Kylie McClain pointed out env should be able to clear variables via NAME= syntax. Dima Krasner added support for running blkid without a partition (so it shows all partitions). Hyejin Kim sent in a bunch of static analysis bug reports.

Two large thinko fixes in oneit: -3 was always enabled (which would eventually block if the child never read the exiting PID numbers from its file descriptor #3 until the pipe filled up), and the signal handlers weren't set up right (for requesting semi-graceful halt/poweroff/reboot). Calling install without a mode is now 0755, and install -g 0 no longer clashes with cp --preserve. Better error message for ls -r on unreadable directories, and ls -Z now uses O_PATH (with the /proc/self/fd/%d workaround for kernel stupidity as necessary).

Date now understands @unixtime[.fraction] and uses -D for the set-side format (matching busybox's extension for this). The seq -f string now checks that it's got exactly one %f escape with the correct attributes (and a whole bunch of test cases for it). Fixed a bug in od that screwed up the position indicator on arm and mips. In stat the d/h units moved from %d %D to the default string. And patch can now correctly apply hunks with trailing context to the start of the file.

The prompt argument moved out of yesno() (the caller can print the prompt themselves). Replaced toys.exithelp with help_exit(). Added new XVFORK() macro, and xpopen_both() calls /proc/self/exe when passed a NULL argv (see cpio -p for example usage). Replaced toys.recurse with toys.stacktop so the recurse or re-exec decision is now based on bytes of stack space used. Marked a bunch of command-local functions static.

New additions to lib/ include strlower(), xconnect(), and the aforementioned help_exit(). The testsuite now has some infrastructure tests based on "example" commands such as toys/examples/test_human_readable.c. The login command finally got a long-overdue cleanup (it's one of the commands that predate the "pending" directory but were part of the reason for it). Hexedit had an uninitialized variable (of course gcc didn't spot it, it was too busy warning about "may be used uninitialized but never actually is" variables).

Tweaked makefile so "make CROSS_COMPILE=prefix-" (as well as "CROSS_COMPILE=prefix- make", which still works). Toybox is now installed chmod -w so broken installers (like the bunzip2 package's) that try to overwrite existing binaries won't knock out the whole of toybox. GCC 5.2.0 stopped being able to compile Linux 2.6.12's kconfig, but we added a workaround. You can now build uptime without utmpx.h. Alejandro Joya pointed out that enabling smack required smack on the host as well as target when cross compiling, which is now fixed.

Note: toybox can autodetect nommu support when building with a uClibc toolchain such as the one from Aboriginal Linux, but with musl-libc you'll have to enable CONFIG_TOYBOX_MUSL_NOMMU_IS_BROKEN to work around the fact they provide a non-functional fork() implementation that always returns -ENOSYS, to prevent you from compile-time probing for nommu support when cross-compiling. Unfortunately "preventing you from probing" seems to be an explicit policy with musl, they also don't provide an "#ifdef __MUSL__" because their library is perfect and you're only ever allowed to work around other people's bugs, not theirs. So we have to use menuconfig to manually enable musl-specific bug workarounds.

## July 23, 2015

I recreated the 0.6.0 source tarball (new sha1sum 08fb1c23f520c25a15f262a8a95ea5b676a98d54) because I forgot to add --prefix to the git archive command when I updated my release script from mercurial, so the files weren't in an enclosing directory. (Ooops.)

## July 19, 2015

> The reason why it was published in the form of a micro sub meson electronic component is that if it were printed in normal book form, an interstellar hitchhiker would require several inconveniently large buildings to carry it around in.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.6.0 (git commit) is out. (Yes, git. See the previous news entry.)

Sorry for the unusually long gap between releases. Since last release Ye Olde Project Maintainer traveled to japan twice and had two more "once a century" floods at home. (Probably a coincidence.) Still catching up.

### CELF/ELC talk and Wikipedia[citation needed] article

I gave another State Of The Toybox talk (video outline), in which I repeat my perennial complaint that Wikipedia[citation needed] still says toybox was relicensed before its hiatus, when relicensing was why the hiatus ended.

Since Wikipedia[citation needed] seems unable to do the most basic research on this point, and has stuck to an incorrect sequence of events for years, I've been gradually escalating my attempts to correct them. Toybox came out of mothballs in November 2011 because it could be relicensed. That's what opened up a new niche busybox wasn't already filling with a 10 year headstart.

The article has plenty of smaller issues*, but given that I gave an entire talk at Ohio LinuxFest in 2013 (outline, audio) on why I switched away from GPL for my projects, that one bugs me.

### New stuff this release

There's a new android menu in menuconfig, and rather a lot of Linux Security Module support (Smack for Tizen from Xavier Roche and José Bollo, and SELinux for Android from Elliott Hughes; see the Security Blanket menu under global settings in menuconfig) has trickled in, although there's still more to come.

New commands: Added reset, nproc, ionice, and iorenice. Elliott Hughes contributed xxd, runcon, restorecon, load_policy, getenforce, setenforce, getprop, and setprop. Promoted shred, nsenter, and hwclock.

You can once again build catv now the flag infrastructure's been updated to let it coexist with cat -v. And on a long plane flight I wrote hexedit, an interactive hex editor that implements the start of cursor control infrastructure (for eventual use by less and vi and shell command history and so on).

New options: Added sed -E as a BSD-compatible synonym for -r. Upgraded oneit with -r (restart), -3 (send exiting PID values to child), and signal handling. Added -v option to timeout, -m to mknod, -u to shred, -t to dmesg, and -123 to head and tail. Added implicit "." to grep -r without any files to work on. Hyejin Kim requested prefix support for truncate -s. Greg Hackman added -inum to find. Jan Cybulski added the smack side of ls -Z support. Various patches also added -Z to mkdir, mknod, and mkfifo. Basic cp --preserve support went in, but not yet the xattr/LSM parts.

The toybox command now has a --version option, which uses "git describe" if available.

Build infrastructure: The "make change" target now saves the output of each failed standalone command build in a .bad file, and "make defconfig" is quieter now.

Paul Barker submitted a large patch changing command install paths so "toybox can be installed alongside busybox without confusing update-alternatives". (There's some argument over what the right paths should be, and I'm waiting for people to tell me what else needs fixing because I have no idea. I've been symlinking /bin to /usr/bin since 2002 for historical reasons.)

Docs: The repository link now goes to github, with another link to the commit rss feed.

Elliott Hughes updated the Android section of the roadmap (and he would know). Redid bits of scripts/mkstatus.py to make updating status.html easier, and the README is larger.

More description of option parsing in code.html, which now describes the FLAG_x macros, switching flag macro sets with FOR_newcommand, how configuration zeroes flag macros and using FORCE_FLAGS to suppress the zeroing of options shared between commands. Also added description of ";" to make --longopts take an optional =value part, and more about TOYBOX_DEBUG to check NEWTOY() option strings (otherwise a bad option string makes lib/args.c obviously segfault, but doesn't explain why).

Added a "Why 0BSD?" section to license.html when submitting zero clause bsd to SPDX (according to the pending license spreadsheet, it's been approved for SPDX 2.2).

The old list of commands needing cleanup but not in pending was removed from toys/pending/README and instead the issues were added as TODO comments in the individual commands.

Bugfixes: Fixed mount -a segfaulting without -O (reported by Janus Troelsen), and made it try a "become rw" ioctl() on the block device before falling back to mounting read only (because Android expects that). Fixed printf -- and printf ---. Lots of tweaks to ls -l spacing with different options. Make touch -d and -t actually set time when you don't specify nanoseconds. Fixed a subtle bug where recursive calls (toybox commands that run other toybox commands) weren't resetting all their state. (This manifested as a "no }" error from "find | xargs sed", but could cause other problems.) And David Halls reported another sed bug trying to compile libiconv (which left extra \ at the start of lines in a generated shell script, breaking the build). Output an error message for "cat /mnt".

Kylie McClain reported that mktemp broke when $TMPDIR was set to an empty string (which is not the same as unset), that install/find didn't support numeric uid/gids, and that sort -z affects both input and output. Isabella Parakiss fixed a printf.c bug. David Halls fixed bugs in install -D and find -exec. Samuel Holland fixed unshare -r. Hyejin Kim fixed makedevs with a count of 1, fold -w range checking, an error path in scripts/mkflags.c, added -i to dhcpd, and stopped su from prompting the root user for the new user's password. Jan Cybulski spotted wrong indentation when combining ls -s and -i with -C and -x. José Bollo fixed stat %G. Sameer Pradhan fixed a bug in mkfifo -Z.

Elliott Hughes asked for a default SIGPIPE handler to disable the signal handler bionic's dynamic loader installs (yes really). Still not 100% sure what the correct behavior is there. (Posix is (actively unhelpful, but at least they're taking years to make up their mind. Elliott also sent patches to fix a typo in useradd.test, add missing arguments to error_exit() calls and clean up printf() format strings, fix an off by one error in human_readable(), fix dmesg -c error reporting, fix a segfault in comma_scan where the option was the last item in optlist (triggered by mount -o ro,remount), fix hwclock -w, made ifconfig print lowercase MAC addresses (it was bothering him), and make terminal_size() read the right environment variable (LINES, not ROWS). And he suggested the test suite notice high command exit values (corresponding to segfault or other signals).

People are apparently using toys/pending commands, despite the police tape and flashing lights, so added louder warnings to toys/pending/README. Elliott Hughes fixed various problems with tar, dd, more, and top. Hyejin Kim cleaned up syslogd and dumpleases. Isaac Dunham added hotplug support to mdev. Yeongdeok Suh added RFC-3315 ipv6 support to dhcpd.

I rewrote ps.c from scratch (in pending), but it's not ready for real use yet.

Portability: On the portability front Bernhard Rosenkranzer fixed a problem where the menuconfig code wouldn't compile in C99 mode. (This led to me documenting the craptacular nature of kconfig in a README, and the plan to replace it sometime before 1.0.) Some extra flags to shut up overzealous llvm warnings were added (and have to be probed for because gcc complains about arguments it doesn't recognize even when they switch stuff _off_ using a standard syntax). Don't depend on malloc(0) to return non-null in ls. David Halls fixed some mac/ios portability issues, implying somebody's built at least part of toybox on a mac.

Added basename_r() to lib/lib.c because the posix semantics for basename() are stupid but what the gnu guys did to it was appalling. Turns out bionic already had a basename_r(), but posix still doesn't. Fixed it up in portability.h, but this could break more stuff in future. (Correct fix is to lobby posix to add it, which would probably take about 15 years...)

Infrastructure: The build now checks $LDFLAGS for linker-only flags, and allows the strip command to fail (binflt toolchains provide a strip that doesn't work). Since time.c uses floating point, added TOYBOX_FLOAT dependency in config.

There's a lib/lsm.h defining varous inline functions for linux security modules stuff, if (lsm_enabled()) should turn into a compile-time constant 0 and let code drop out when TOYBOX_LSM_NONE selected, but testing against CFG_TOYBOX_LSM_NONE or derived symbols is still useful becuase when it _is_ enabled the probe turns into a system call you don't want to repeat too much.

Switched a bunch of commands from signal() to xsignal(). Factored out xgetgrnamid() and xgetpwnamid() into xwrap.c. Make time.c depend on TOYBOX_FLOAT (since it always uses float so shouldn't be available on build targets without even software float). Added readfileat() to lib/lib.c.

The dirtree infrastructure now passes in full flags for the old symlink field, and the new DIRTREE_SHUTUP flag disables warnings if a file vanishes out from under you during traverse. New dirtree_start() wrapper to create dirtree root with only two arguments.

The not-curses infrastructure introduced by hexedit mostly moved to lib/interestingtimes.c.

Asterisk: such when Tim contacted me (my blog says a couple days before nov 13, 2011, I.E. 11/11/11 not some specific day 2 months later) to ask if I wanted to work on a new project he was proposing called BentoBox (because I used to do busybox, he'd forgotten toybox existed until I brought it up). And don't ask me what "focuses not on compatibility with its GNU counterparts" means when CP_MORE adds 7 non-posix options and toys/other has 84 commands in neither posix nor LSB. I think they're struggling to explain the difference having dismissed "licensing" as being the reason it started up again after a long hiatus? The reason I don't think GNU is special is there are a half-dozen other independent implementations of the same unix command tools out there (AT&T, BSD, Coherent, Minix, plan 9, busybox, toybox, and several more analyzed in the roadmap, and that's ignoring the implementations written for DOS or in assembly over the years). But I do care what Linux From Scratch expects, and if it's calling mv -v then I impelement mv -v even if posix hasn't got it. And I don't know why "gnu counterparts" would describe this when util-linux isn't a gnu package, nor are info-zip, e2fsprogs, kmod, less, procps, shadow, sysklogd, vim, zlib, sudo, dhcpcd...

## April 5, 2015

Since android and tizen and openembedded and gentoo and so on have all been using Georgi Chorbadzhiyski's git mirror rather than the mercurial repository, I bit the bullet and switched the project's repo to git. Georgi's mirror is now pulling from that.

## February 25, 2015

> "A common mistake that people make when trying to design something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.5.2 (commit 1702) is out.

New promoted commands: sed (finally fixed enough it builds Linux From Scratch), printf (cleaned up and promoted), shred and base64 (the Tizen guys wanted them), getenforce, setenforce, and chcon (android), mix (promoted with fixes from Isaac Dunham), nsenter (from Andy Lutomirski, merged into unshare).

Elliott Hughes submited a bunch of patches to support Android (to both toybox and Bionic libc, which he maintains). On toybox's end this involved a lot of fixups to portability.[ch] and fixes to over a dozen commands, plus several new ones. Other portability fixes included working with buildroot's uclibc fork and building for nommu targets.

The new "make change" target builds each toybox command as a standalone binary. Rather a lot of commands that didn't build by themselves (mv depending on cp and so on) were hit with a large rock until they built standalone. This involved rewriting bits of option parsing, more elaborate dependency generation, making each command have its own config symbol and main() function (even when it's just a wrapper calling another command's main()), and so on. Also, some commands can't be built standalone at a conceptual level: "help" describes other enabled commands and "sh" has a number of bulitin commands (cd, exit, set) that require the multiplexer infrastructure, so "make change" filters them out.

The mailing list's web archive is still screwed up. Dreamhost has been trying to fix it since approximately September. There are two other less broken archives, but neither has quite the same UI as mailman.

### Bugfixes and tweaks

Cynt Rynt sent in tests for ifconfig, Robert Thompson taught factor to accept whitespace separated arguments, Hyejin Kim pointed out that some of mktemp's longopts were attached to the wrong short options, Luis Felipe Strano Moraes fixed a wrong free() call in bootchartd in pending. Patches from Ashwini Sharma to make "df /dev/node" work, prevent du from looping endlessly following symlinks, and to make expr.c (in pending) understand == and regex matches. (Speaking of expr, it gets priority groupings wrong but the bug was actually in the posix spec's HTML conversion. They fixed the posix spec upstream for us. Still need to fix the expr code, but it's in pending for a reason...)

Some commands grew new option flags, such as cp --remove-destination and touch -h.

The parallel build has better error reporting now. When toybox needs to re-exec itself to regain suid root permissions and hasn't got the suid bit, it now gives the right error message ("not root" instead of "no such command").

Added a test to "mount" to not mount the same device/directory combination over itself (the OS catches this for block devices, but not for tmpfs). Make blkid distinguish ext3 from ext4. Added catv back into cat (because the Android guys wanted it, and they have historical usage on their side, so...). Handle nanoseconds in touch.

Fixed a segfault when CP_MORE was disabled (the resulting option flag list no longer defined -d but still had it in option groups at the end). Workaround for glibc redefining dirname() and basename() to random non-posix semantics because gnu. (They could have created dirname_r() but didn't want to.)

Fix an ifconfig test that was preventing assigning an ipv4 address to interface aliases. Several cleanup passes on hwclock but not quite promoted out of pending yet.

Fixed a wrong error message in rm (if you had a chmod 000 directory and did rm -r on it without -f, after the prompt it would complain it was a directory, which was not the problem).

The gzip compression code now does "store only" output to stdout, for what that's worth.

Cleanup mountpoint and expand, and remove them from toys/pending/README (a list of commands that predate the toys/pending directory but needed another pass).

### Library and infrastructure:

Reworked the option parsing infrastructure so more commands build standalone (via scripts/single.sh or "make change"). The option flag bit values are no longer packed, it leaves spaces where currently disabled flags go, and you can #define FORCE_FLAGS so disabled flags aren't zeroed. This allows multiple commands to more easily share infrastructure, even if your current flag context is for a disabled command (switched off in config), you can force them to stay on and as long as the flags read the same right to left they'll have the same values.

We've started removing use of strncpy() because it's a hugely broken standard C function: the length is the maximum length to _append_, not the size of the destination buffer. It memsets the remaining space it didn't copy ala "memset(dest+strlen(dest), 0, len);" so if you think len is the size of dest you're guaranteed to stomp memory off the end). And if it runs out of space it won't null terminate because reasons. (Meanwhile sprintf("%*s", len, str) is counting wide characters in your current locale, so if you set a locale other than "C" it will also go past your allocated buffer size. Whoever is maintining the C library standards is really bad at strings.) Instead we have xstrncat() which will error_exit() if src+dest+1 doesn't fit in the buffer. (Because randomly truncating input data isn't necessarily an improvement.) And there's always xmprintf().

Similarly, strtol() doesn't return an error indicator on overflow, you have to clear and then check errno. So new xstrtol() that cares about overflow.

The bionic and musl guys agree faccessat(AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) is not supported, so stop using it.

Fixed toy_exec() to detect when argc is in optargs, so we don't need a separate xexec_optargs().

## February 18, 2015

Dreamhost continues to be unable to make mailing list archives work, so here's another list archive with a less awkward interface than gmane.

(Neither gives you the convenient historical monthly views of mailman, but I still have hopes dreamhost will someday figure out what they're doing wrong. They've only been trying since October. Last month they did a hardware upgrade to fix a software problem, and the stale data loads much faster now, so that's something.)

Update (Feb 19): the archive started updating again, by discarding all the pending data. So there are now _two_ giant holes in Dreamhost's web archive, from Dec 15-Jan 3, and then another hole from Jan 16-Feb 18. The relevant messages are in both of the other archives. Here's hoping the chronic archive constipation problem won't happen a sixth time.

## December 30, 2014

Due to Dreamhost's ongoing inability to make mailman work reliably, I've added a link to a backup web archive at gmane to the nav bar on the left.

You still subscribe to the list through the first link.

Update (January 27, 2015): they're still working on it.

## November 19, 2014

> "This time it was right, it would work, and no one would have to get nailed to anything."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.5.1 (commit 1566) is out.

It's an interim release, mostly bugfixes. There are several new commands, but they're all in pending.

### Development

Finally implemented sed, which is still in pending because although it's feature complete according to posix, and even passes the parts of Busybox's sed test suite that aren't explicitly testing for gnu bugs we don't want to copy, it's not yet good enough to build Linux From Scratch. (The ./configure stages use very long sed scripts. 20 commits worth of implementation and debugging, just under 1000 lines of code, and there's still more to do. We're definitely up to some of the "fiddly" commands now. Did you know "echo hello | sed p - -" segfaults gnu sed in Ubuntu 12.04? Yeah...)

Talked with the Tizen developers to follow up on their desire to make toybox a part of the base Tizen system, and got a list of commands to add to the roadmap. The tizen todo list is:

> wget, sha256*, gzip, gunzip, bunzip2, rsync, zdiff*, less, ar, arch, base64, csplit, dir, fmt, join, nproc, shred, shuf, stdbuf, stty, test, tr, unexpand, users, vdir, diff3, sdiff, dosfsck (fsck.vfat), awk, fdisk

(Most of which was already on the todo list, but it helps prioritize.)

Fixed md5sum and sha1sum on big endian systems (reported by James McMechan). Andy Lutomirski fixed unshare's help text and option parsing, and submitted nsenter (a tool to use setns(2)) to pending. Isaac Dunham implemented acpi -ctV options, and spotted the bug that ls -d was inappropraitely following command line symlinks without -H or -L (it should act like ls -l does), and ls -F handles symlinks wrong too. Lukasz Szpakowski sent in two bugfixes to tail.c. Cynt Rynt spotted an unnecessary assignment in lib/password.c.

Ashwini Sharma's team was as busy as usual, submitting tr, crontab, and ipcrm, and hwclock to pending, more features to the pending ip.c, and a pile of bugfixes (to chgrp, killall, ifconfig, insmod, losetup, comm, cp, id, xwrap, netcat, modprobe, nohup...) mostly found by static analysis. (These fixes are mostly to seldom-used codepaths like the TOYBOX_FREE config option, but test coverage is always appreciated.) Ashwini also suggested upgrading ln -f to leave the original target alone if link creation fails, and reported that mv -f and -i weren't implemented (now fixed).

New config option: TOYBOX_NORECURSE prevents xexec() from making internal function calls (for nommu systems with a finite stack).

The "toybox" multiplexer command no longer adds a trailing space to each line of command names, so things like "./toybox | tr ' \n' '|'" to create a grep pattern snippet are easier to do. (Why you'd want to is your business, but the output is tidier now.)

### Infrastructure

Isaac Dunham added Android support to portability.h, including compile probes for functions missing from bionic-libc, and annotated the commands that use those functions. We haven't really tested building against bionic, but in theory it's possible now.

Running the test suite now color codes the PASS/SKIP/FAIL notifications if output is to a tty. (And in case you missed it last time, VERBOSE=fail to stop at the first failure is really useful.)

In loopfiles_rw() use O_CLOEXEC instead of O_RDONLY to request the loop function close filehandles for us. (Otherwise the callback function must close each supplied filehandle itself.)

The printf-style escape parsing ("\n" and friends) got factored out into a new unescape() function.

## October 2, 2014

> "There is an art, it says, or rather, a knack to flying. The knack lies in learning how to throw yourself at the ground and miss... Clearly, it is this second part, the missing, which presents the difficulties."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.5.0 (commit 1512) is out.

### New commands

The new commands are find, install, factor, and mount. Promoted commands (cleaned up and moved out of "pending") are lspci, inotifyd, and blockdev.

cp now implements -HL and -F to force delete of pending files, cpio now ignores -m and implements -p, ls -C now has utf8 support (using wcwidth instead of strlen), and umount got a number of upgrades involving looking things up in /proc/mounts. Other minor cleanups happend to cut, touch, free, and id.

In pending: Bradley Controy submitted mix (adjusts OSS sound volume). Ashwini Sharma submitted diff, userdel, blockdev, ipcs, and crond, upgraded fdisk, fsck, and ftpget, and ran a static analyzer on a lot of other code. Partial cleanup was done to useradd, userdel, groupadd, and groupdel.

### Build infrastructure

Parallel builds

The build now takes advantage of SMP, autodetecting the number of processors. (Export the environment variable CPUS to pick a specific number.) Other build changes: split out $LDOPTIMIZE because old compilers complain about linker options passed with -c, and the entire "generated" directory now gets deleted by clean (the README that was in there got merged into code.html).

Standalone builds

The standalone build infrastructure (scripts/single.sh) got upgraded to build more commands as standalone executables. In make.sh the source file selection uses a regex to find the source files with the NEWTOY/OLDTOY macro for the command. It enables each command's sub-options (so CP has CP_MORE), enables I18N and FLOAT support to build full-featured commands, and includes --help text (at least when the command doesn't use another command's help). The OLDTOY() macro now produces (redundant) function prototypes so you can build an OLDTOY without the NEWTOY

It doesn't quite have complete coverage yet, the defconfig entries that aren't building standalone yet are:

> chown, egrep, fgrep, fstype, halt, mv, nc, poweroff, unix2dos, whoami

The main reason for standalone build failures is NEWTOY() or OLDTOY() entries that don't have their own config symbol. Another problem is entries that depend on another entry in kconfig, usually because common infrastructure is using one command's flags (which the other commands copy): if that command is disabled, the FLAG macros become 0 so dead code elimination can remove the code. It's possible to untangle this, but a bit awkward. (It boils down to conflicting design goals in the two contexts.)

Standalone builds are used by the test suite when testing individual commands.

Snapshot builds

A new addition to the "generated" directory is generated/build.sh containing a single compiler command line to build toybox in its current configuration. Combined with the generated/*.{h,sh} files from an exisiting build, this may let you build on a new system that hasn't quite got enough OS bits working to run a full configureand make.

### Internals

Library code: xcreate/xopen now O_CLOEXEC by default to avoid leaking filehandles to child processes. DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN's second callback is now done with the directory filehandle still open (new dir->again variable added to distinguish first from second callback, and requesting DIRTREE_RECURSE now requires passing in the specific macro value, not just a true/false). Use daemon() out of libc instead of hand-rolled daemonize() in various pending commands. string_to_mode() now passes through type bits so you can use it to more easily modify a file's existing mode. Split xpopen() into xpopen_both(), xopen(), and xrun() depending on whether we want to redirect both, one, or neither of stdin/stdout.

Bugfixes: Better error message when TOYBOX_SUID option can't drop priviliges (which happens when you suid something _other_ than root). The old pending version of nbd_client.c wasn't deleted when the command was promoted (and the build would break if both were enabled), toy_exec() sometimes needs to re-exec from $PATH rather than recurse internally (to gain dropped root permissions or limit stack depth), always call setlocale() when I18N is enabled to switch it back _off_ when we run commands that expect sscanf("%n") to return bytes, dirtree() had a memory leak in an error path, patch.c had some bugs in error paths (didn't report problem clearly). Ashwini Sharma spotted an option parsing bug where [-abc] would forget _all_ command line arguments saved in the GLOBALS() block (not just the ones for options being switched off), plus various minor fixes to nbd_client and cpio. Lukasz Szpakowski fixed rm -f on a broken symlink (failed), and killall with no arguments (segfaulted).

Portability

A somewhat fiddly fix to rm -rf (which needs to chmod directories to u+rwx to descend into them) which hit a musl bug in faccessat() which the musl maintainer refuses to fix. (He literally wants the man page changed instead, despite other libcs working.) Added an #ifdef __MUSL__ section to portability.h with a workaround, you may need CFLAGS=-D__MUSL__ in your build if your musl build's features.h doesn't #define that. (I may do a different workaround in future, but sometimes you've just got to make it work so you can ship. Also, toybox grep with multiple patterns requires a patch to musl's regex engine, which applies to 1.1.4 but not to the current musl source control.)

More portability.h fixes for uClibc too. (I don't expect that to ever have another release, so locally patching around posix-2008 violations is silly).

Change to username filtering

Posix recommends the username creation logic filter usernames to a small allowed set of characters (which even Red Hat breaks by explicitly allowing "$" at the end), but this prevents UTF-8 usernames. Posix' stated logic is to allow filesystems to create the user's home directory, but Linux filesystems can accept any character but NUL and "/". The only characters we actually _need_ to filter out are ":" (field separator in passwd), newline (line separator in passwd), and "/" (directory separator in filesystem).

### Documentation

Web pages updated: cleanup.html documents more cleanup, code.html documents more code, and about.html now capitalizes "toybox" consistently (it's just a word, capitalize at start of sentence).

The pending/README file now lists commands that needed review/cleanup before the pending directory was added.

### Test Suite

Moved out of scripts/test into top level "tests" directory, and the testing.sh script is now in scripts rather than mixed into the *.test files.

Johan Bergström requested VERBOSE=fail to make tests (telling it to stop at the first failure), and spotted a build bug where using gnu sort on the host broke in non-C locales.

Divya Kothari submitted tests for chmod, link, tar, bzcat, xzcat, zcat, and hostname. (And more, but that's all that's merged so far.)

## July 7, 2014

> "This planet has - or rather had - a problem, which was this: most of the people living on it were unhappy for pretty much of the time. Many solutions were suggested for this problem, but most of these were largely concerned with the movement of small green pieces of paper, which was odd because on the whole it wasn't the small green pieces of paper that were unhappy."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.9 (commit 1385) is out.

New commands added to pending include: lsattr, chattr, inotifyd, rfkill, sulogin, strings, makedevs, killall5, and tar from Ashwini Sharma, arp from Kyungwan Han, sysctl by Bilal Qureshi, partprobe from Bertold Van den Bergh, host from Rich felker, and I did nbd-client and the first 2/3 of mount.

Finished cleanups (commands promoted out of pending): sysctl, rfkill, strings, mkpasswd, makedevs, partprobe, killall5, fallocate, and nbd-client.

(Along the way partial cleanups got made to: last, fold, lspci, ps, bootchartd, init, fsck, telnetd, telnet, vconfig, toysh, iconv, useradd, login, host, openvt, deallocvt, getty, tftpd, and modprobe. But there's still more to do on all of those.)

This time around the static binaries are linked against musl instead of uClibc. (That's why there's no sparc version, musl doesn't support that target yet.)

Documentation:

The help text parser expects lower case "usage:" lines with a blank line after them, so go through and regularize those. Expand the "coding style" section in the docs and move it to design.html. (Not a show stopper for incoming contributions, just an explanation of some of the things I'll do to them during cleanup.) The help text for the "toybox" command now includes the shell script snippet to install symlinks to the toybox binary.

The cleanup page now has descriptions for the full ifconfig cleanup series, among others.

The new toys/examples directory contains hello.c and skeleton.c. The first is a simple hello world program in toybox style, the second is a much more elaborate example program using showing how to use the command line option parsing and how to provide multiple commands in the same C file.

Fixes:

Fix od bug reported by Samuel Holland ("od -v -b" was appending the default output type even though an output type was specified). Ashwini Sharma reported bugs where readfile() was incorrectly freeing its buffer, and where toy_init() was zeroing the wrong data because the field it was using to measure (rebound) had moved (when I moved it back I added a comment why the field needs to be there), fixed a segfault in the dhcp client, and made a 0 length read at the start of password entry count as EOF. Make the "we are not root" test in the init code show the help text. Posix implies that fflush() can return success even when the stream's error bit is set, so call both fflush() and ferror() from xprintf().

Isaac Dunham pointed out that bloatcheck couldn't deal with diff implementations that only implement "unified diff" format, and that some diff implementations can't handle nonseekable input (I.E. reading from a pipe). Bugfix so "help -a" works again. Option parsing on nohup now stops at first nonoption argument. Fix segfault in "which" if PATH wasn't set, which was actually a bug in lib function find_in_path(). Made rm -rf of chmod 000 directories actually remove them.

The build now passes the same $CFLAGS to the library probe as the final build, because arch linux is so broken it provides different sets of libraries for static and dynamic linking.

It turns out sprintf("%.123s", str) is counting characters, not bytes, so globally enabling locale support opens stack smashing vulnerabilities. So there's a new TOYFLAGS_LOCALE you set in toyflags when you want the setup code to setlocale().

Upgrades:

Isaac Dunham extended cpio to archive unreadable empty files, and I taught it to set uid/gid and timestamp when extracting archives. Isaac also added tests for cpio, link, and du, added lspci -i, made the pci database parsing skip # comment lines, merged logname and whoami into id.

Daniel Verkamp sped up md5sum about 30% with some loop unrolling, making it actually smaller in the process. I added -b flags to md5sum and sha1sum for "brief" output that's just the hash with no filename. (I'm aware other implementations use that for MSDOS "binary" mode, and don't care.)

When building standalone commands (scripts/singleconfig.sh commandname), the build now switches on all the sub-options of the command so we get a standalone version with all the bells and whistles enabled.

Add -ds flags to date and document +FORMAT escapes. Add the shell NOP command ":" as an alias for true (for toysh).

Add uClibc probe for iconv() and fallocate. (The fact it didn't always build against uClibc is why fallocate wasn't enabled in defconfig before.)

The umount command now does an losetup -d on the device by default, so we don't leak loopback devices. Bugfix to losetup so "losetup /dev/loop0 filename" actually works again.

Divya Kothari sent in test suite entries for ls, ln, rm, mv, printf, dd, and renice. Then a second round for lsattr/chattr, mount, chmod, pgrep/pkill, groupadd, groupdel, and useradd. Several of these uncovered bugs, still working to fix them.

There are now free() functions for the predefined llist types and a dlist_terminate() function to break doubly linked lists. The new generic_signal() handler either sets "toys.signal" or writes a byte to toys.signalfd with the signal number if signalfd isn't -1 (which it's initialized to in toy_init).

The option parsing logic can now detect when a double fits in a long and use the more precise type for floating point arguments (the FLOAT macro contains the type used). The human_readable() function now just outputs decimal kilo/mega/gigabytes (so when du -u says 5.0G it means 5.0 billion bytes). The build infrastructure now notices duplicate commands (so if you cp toys/pending/command.c toys/other/command.c and forget to delete the first one, the build break is now more informative).

## April 20, 2014

> And to this end they built themselves a stupendous supercomputer which was so amazingly intelligent that even before the data banks had been connected up it had started from "I think therefore I am" and got as far as the existence of rice pudding and income tax before anyone managed to turn it off.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.8 is based on commit 1262. And about time too.

The big news is that the build no longer needs python to generate help.h, that's now done in C. The help text generation is also collating help text from multiple options, merging command line option blocks and usage: lines. There's even a new help web page.

New commands: Ifconfig, cpio, and su were cleaned up the rest of the way and promoted out of pending. That saga is mostly explained on the cleanup page. Vivek Bhagat's freeramdisk, Isaac Dunham's fsfreeze, and Felix Janda's iconv are also new.

In pending: Ashwini Sharma's team submitted tcpsvd, udpsvd, telnet, telnetd, last, more, groupdel/delgroup, arping, brctl, ftpget, ftpput, printf, reset, and added ipv6 support to traceroute. Kyungwan Han's team submitted modprobe and getty. Vivek Bhagat submitted openvt and deacllocvt. Samuel Holland submitted fold. I wrote a new inflate (zip/zlib/gzip decompression) implementation in compress.c, and still need to do a corresponding deflate (compression-side) and plug them into gzip and zip and so on. (Right now it does zcat.)

Several commands (vmstat, login, du, vconfig, mountpoint, free, chroot, cut, touch, modinfo, expand) predate the "pending" directory, and are thus in other directories but still need cleanup. Of these, vmstat got some work this time (which would be much easier other vmstat implementations documented what their output actually meant).

Upgrades: Ifconfig grew /prefix netmask support (ala 1.2.3.4/24). Grep now has -zZ to handle null terminated data, cksum grew -H for hex output. Upgraded od so the fields align better when producing multiple output types. Help has -a and -h options (all commands, html output). Bugfix to blkid building for a 32 bit target. The date command can actually set dates now. The O_NOFOLLOW compile time probe didn't work with cross compiling, so it's back to an #ifdef test in portability.h. Nathan McSween sent in a bugfix to od and a portability fix in the common library code. Ashwini Sharma spotted a bug in pidof -o, and added verbose (-v) options to mkdir and ln, and suggested killall should have an -s option and allow -l to take zero arguments. Ashwini Sharma and Felix Janda upgraded tftpd. Fixed dumpleases still using toynet.h after that was removed. Corrected killall return code and error reporting. Isacc Dunham fixed bugs all over the tree, did cleanup on a bunch of pending commands (getty, ftpget, init, openvt, modprobe...), and clarified find's help text. Tom Sparrow ran three different static analyzers on the code, which resulted in a few cleanups. The peek()/poke() functions now use "volatile" to prevent broken compiler "optimizations" to do with aliasing.

Build stuff: Each FOR_xxxx macro now has a complementary CLEANUP_xxxx macro, so you can put multiple commands with different command line options in the same .c file, so they can share infrastructure outside of lib. (This let the bunzip logic move out of lib into bzcat.c.) See XXX for example. i

The headers #included in toys.h are now grouped by standard, and headers not listed in Posix or LSB were moved to portability.h. The old xregcomp.h was folded into lib.h because it's posix (and supporting oddball uClibc configurations isn't as important as it once was).

Regression tested against Ubuntu 8.04 to fix up bit-rot in defconfig build on older systems. (We depend on Posix-2008, but not necessarily the absolute latest build environment.)

In lib: lib/xwrap.c added xgetpwnam(), xchroot(), and lib/lib.c now has names_to_pid(). xsetuid() was replaced with xsetuser() which takes a struct passwd and sets both gid and uid, mkpathat() got factored out into a library command, get_int_value() became atolx_range(), and xmsprintf() is now just xmprintf(). The bunzip2 logic moved from lib into bzcat.c.

Documentation: new help page with the help text for all the defconfig commands, using the new help -ah output. The source code walkthrough now says more about #including header files, and how the generated/* directory works. The design page has some new paragraphs about trading of different kinds of simplicity, and why comments aren't a substitute for good code. The README no longer trails off into obvious unfinished confusion at the end. Each page on the website should now have its own title.

## November 18, 2013

> "Space," it says, "is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mindbogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the street to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.7 is based on commit 1122.

New commands: Brad Conroy submitted blkid. Elie De Brauwer submitted reboot, halt, and poweroff. Strake's nl got cleaned up and promoted from pending to posix. In addition, the existing chvt and vconfig got some cleanup.

That said, I haven't nearly kept up with the flood of new commands going into pending: Ashwini Sharma's team submitted dd, dumpleases, traceroute, top, useradd, groupadd, mkpasswd, tftpd, and an fsck wrapper (with no filesystem drivers yet). Isaac Dunham sent in cpio.

Bugfixes: Jeroen van Rijn added a user count to uptime. Elie De Brauwer added -e to watch, removed a memory leak, and fixed a terminal size problem. William Haddon made xargs call its command line once even with blank input (the standard is vague, but builds expect it), and fixed an off by one bug where grep didn't malloc enough space with -E (leading to a segfault). I fixed a glitch in bunzip2 (same one as went into busybox since they're using the code I wrote), in od to fix -t co, -J, and -c options. Add uname -o as a synonym for -s. Build fix to never use $CC without prefixing it with $CROSS_COMPILE (since $HOSTCC could be different). Anca Emanuel spotted a typo in the web page.

The compile-time command line option parsing got rewritten (ported from bash to C), which should speed up builds a bit and allow code controlled by --longopts to drop out properly when disabled in the configuration. Terminal querying got refactored. Patch's -x option is now more informative (a debug thing if you're trying to figure out why a patch didn't apply). The "toynet.h" file got folded into toys.h since musl supports it and micromanging uClibc options isn't very interesting anymore. The test suite now uses scripts/single.sh when testing a single command.

## September 17, 2013

> "Think of a number," said the computer, "any number." Arthur told the computer the telephone number of King's Cross railway station passenger inquiries, on the grounds that it must have some function, and this might turn out to be it.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.6 is based on commit 1068.

This release adds several new commands: Felix Janda wrote paste and fallocate, Kyungwan Han submitted eject, Strake contributed grep, Ashwini Sharma added pmap (and a testsuite entry for grep), Lukasz Skalski sent pwdx, Isaac Dunham posted acpi, and I did timeout and umount.

The ls command now has a --color=auto option (suggested by Rich Felker). The multiplexer now has a --help option so you can say "./toybox --help blah" instead of using the built-in "help" command. (Which is a shell built-in. Try it on your command line, it's like man for shell builtins. But a certain other project has conditioned people to expect --help, so...) I forget who heehooman at gmail is but they pointed out unshare needed PID and UID namespace support.

### Pending

A lot of new commands in toys/pending, to the point the next release should probably just focus on cleanup and review of this backlog. We've got klogd, dhcp, dhcpd, watch, route, and ps from Ashwini Sharma (and an fsck wrapper but no fsck.fstype engines yet), syslogd, pgrep, and pkill from Madhur Verma, netstat by Ranjan Kumar, test by Felix Janda, lspci by Isaac Dunham, nl, su, and renice by strake (I.E. M. Farkas-Dyck), and sysvinit by Kyungwan Han.

Some cleanup work on existing pending commands that aren't ready to promote yet: I did a few more rounds on ifconfig and Isaac Dunham's did several cleanups to xzcat, Felix Janda cleaned up logger and syslogd...

Also some cleanup work on commands that predate the pending directory, but weren't quite polished when they went in, most prominently du, expand, and touch.

### Infrastructure

The new scripts/single.sh builds a standalone command without the multiplexer, although not all commands can be built that way yet (NEWTOY yes, OLDTOY no) and the space savings aren't anything to write home about. (If a command needs the option parsing logic at all, it needs all of it.) If you're curious, you can do:

>     make defconfig
>     make
>     mkdir singles
>     for i in $(./toybox)
>     do
>       echo $i
>       PREFIX=singles/ scripts/single.sh $i || break
>     done

> (And then wait a long time and watch almost half the builds fail.)

There is now libbuf analogous to toybuf, another global 4k buffer this time for use by lib/ code instead of command code.

The lib directory got split up a bit, lib/pending.c contains functions not yet used by anything outside of toys/pending/*, and lib/xwrap.c contains functions that wrap other functions and handle failures (via error_exit). This leaves lib/lib.c containing actual new functions.

General improvements and bug fixes to argument parsing. The [-abc] exclude logic should now clear arguments slots when disabling options. Bare --longopts should work now and be able to report errors using their name, the new ; option allows optional arguments to longopts only suppliable with = (I.E. --color and --color=auto but not --color auto).

I'm gradually weaning the code off of itoa()/utoa() because sprintf does this already. In this case "simple" probably means "let libc do it for us".

Rewrote for_each_pid_with_name_in() and renamed it to just names_to_pid(). It shouldn't get confused trying to compare absolute and relative paths quite so much anymore.

lib/llist.c grew a new dlist_pop() function for removing a doubly linked list entry while maintaining a circular list; tail and patch are using it now.

The musl guys suggested a new optimization flag (-fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables) that shaves about 10% off the binary size by removing a C++ism that crept into gcc's idea of C. While I don't normally try to micromanage the compiler, "-fstop-being-stupid" is a thing you have to hit gcc with from time to time.

### Bugfixes

Felix Janda and I did a largeish rewrite of tail to finally make it work right (we think). Still need to implement tail -f someday (the tricky bit is making -f follow multiple files at once). Felix also reported a bug in xpidfile.

Juhani Haverinen pointed out that python 3 doesn't work with config2help.py, so the detection logic looks for python2 (until I get around to rewriting that in C). Elie De Brauwer then fixed our first attempt at this, and also fixed uname's help string.

Ashwini Sharma pointed out the build was making a FLAG_ macro for " " which broke some configurations. (That's a control character, not a command line option.)

Jacek Bukarewicz pointed out a bug in chdir permission handling, and a way to make env segfault. Both should be fixed now.

The new function xexec_optargs() replaces calls to xexec(toys.optargs) to avoid freeing and reusing optargs during option parsing screwing stuff up (such as netcat's exec mode).

The stat command's %a output was padded with leading zeroes, which didn't match anybody else's behavior and thus made the test suite hiccup between TEST_HOST and testing toybox. (If you go "TEST_HOST=1 scripts/test.sh command" it sanity checks the tests against the host implementation.)

Last release, "mkdir sub/sub && chmod 007 sub/sub && rm -rf sub" didn't delete sub and didn't exit with an error either. Neither was correct, rm should now be fixed.

## July 26, 2013

Georgi Chorbadzhiyski maintains a git mirror of the repository on github, automatically updated from the mercurial every 6 hours. The mirror is read only, but you can generate patches against it and post them to the list.

## July 2, 2013

> "Time is an illusion. Lunchtime doubly so." "Very deep. You should send that in to the Reader's Digest. They've got a page for people like you."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.5 is based on commit 941. It adds uuencode and uudecode from Erich Plondke, and enables Luis Morales' "who" by default. Felix Janda and I cleaned up last year's "stat" submission and enabled it. Ivo van Poorten added "groups". Andre Renaud added "lsusb". I implemented "split", "pivot_root", and "mv".

The "help" command is implemented differently now (lib/help.c) and each command can now understand --help (including both "toybox --help" and "toybox --help command" in the multiplexer).

The "pending" directory has several commands (find, xzcat, nbd-client, logger, expr) which work but are not enabled by default pending further cleanup. Ifconfig is enabled, but still in pending because it's only 2/3 cleaned up. (It's an awkward halfway state but I'm not holding up the release for it.)

I'm documenting the cleanups to teach more people to do it, but the writeups aren't caught up yet. The roadmap also got updated a bit with further analysis of other projects, and the README and about pages got updated.

Fixed _another_ "ls -C" segfault when terminal size can't be detected, condensed the ls help text to fit on one page, implented --color, and taught -l to print the major, minor numbers when showing block/char devices. Argument parsing now handles "--" properly (to end option checking), and the infrastructure can now handle bare --longopts that have no corresponding short option (both were implemented before but didn't work). Fixed an old bug in "patch", chmod grew -f, who grew -a. Isaac Dunham fixed "-" vs "_" handling in modinfo, added a "firmware" output field, added -b and -k support, and taught it that the ".ko" extension means to look for the file at the specified path instead of under /lib. Felix Janda moved file permission display code to lib so ls and stat could share it. Ashwini Sharma spotted a bug in xabspath when the last path component exists but we haven't got permissions to open it (ala readlink -f /dev/sda as a normal user).

In the build infrastructure, scripts/findglobals.sh finds leaked global variables. (Leaked means they aren't part of the global union: Other than glibc debris, toybox should define "this", "toy_list", "toybuf", and "toys", and that's it; the rest add memory footprint to every command for the benefit of just one command; use GLOBALS() to stick 'em in the union.) Static linking against libraries other than the host's libc now applies to feature probes for unshare and such. Neuter stupid internationalization support that makes various host "sort" commands put things in an order other than alphabetical (breaking the multiplexer's binary search on command names).

You should now be able to build from a source control snapshot on a build system that hasn't got python: if you disable CONFIG_TOYBOX_HELP. (The release tarballs ship generated/help.h, but it's not in source control. Eventually I should rewrite that python script in C.)

LICENSE TWEAK: After discussion on the mailing list the "2 clause BSD" license got slightly simplified so the first paragraph now says:

> Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.

It used to continue "provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies", but A) what's the point? B) does "all copies" mean binaries, or just source code, or what? C) lots of projects that consider BSD and GPL compatible have files with both license notices on them (sometimes at opposite ends of the file to make the conflict less obvious) because "all copies must include this function" would violate the GPL but "all copies must include this magic text blob" somehow don't?

I don't want to have to care about this anymore. The tweaked version is more or less public domain with a liability disclaimer, but we're still calling it BSD (sometimes "0 clause BSD") to avoid explaining.

## March 21, 2013

Video of my ELC talk "Why is Toybox?" is up on youtube. Related materials include the talk outline and an android self-hosting writeup.

[Updated June 4] The following links jump to specific topics in the video. (Sorry about the ads, it's The Linux Foundation.)

- 0m29s The smartphone is replacing the PC

- 4m22s Software needed to become self-hosting
- 6m20s Do we care if android or iphone wins?

- 9m45s Android not vanilla: oppose or accept?

- 11m30s Open source can't do User Interfaces

- 15m09s Android is not copyleft: oppose or accept?
- 18m23s Security issues
- 21m15s Solutions to the software problems

- 22m55s What toybox needs to be/do
- 28m17s What is toybox?

- 28m58s Why toybox started...
- 37m50s What does toybox actually implement?

## March 14, 2013

> "Ford, you're turning into a penguin. Stop it." -

> The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.4 is based on commit 813, adding the "time" and "readahead" commands, plus some bugfixes.

The "cp" command now implements the -s symlink option, plus bugfixes getting various corner cases right as used in actual package builds. "id -Gn root" should now print root's groups instead of the current user's. Several build fixes so toybox builds under Ubuntu 8.04 again (which is about as old a build environment as you can expect to find posix-2008 features in).

Unfinished commands have generally been moved to "toys/pending". Everything else should "default y" to participate in make defconfig. Several of those pending commands got some basic cleanup so allyesconfig should at least compile (although defconfig is still what's useful).

Significant roadmap updates, checking several other multicall binaries (klibc, sash, sbase, s6...) to see what commands they include.

## January 18, 2013

> This must be Thursday. I never could get the hang of Thursdays.

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.3 is based on commit 793. There are now exactly 100 commands in defconfig (of a little over 220 on the todo list).

Elie De Brauwer added the rev command, cleaned up tac, implemented the -s and -f flags for seq, added -v and -i to killall (and fixed killall not to kill itself before finishing its pid list), and added to the test suite. Felix Janda added -m to mkdir, pwd -L and -P, and more test suite entries.

Rob Landley added the losetup command, and fixed the existing ls, cp, and readlink commands. The segfault in ls happened when it couldn't determine the screen size (last release changed the default to -C and a screen size of 0 made column view unhappy), and cp got an extensive rewrite bringing it up to date with the dirtree changes and fixing a number of things it never did right in the first place. The xabspath() code in the library now handles a symlink after ".." properly (and the test suite checks for it).

Infrastructure-wise the code is better about automatically setting the error return code properly. Now error_msg() sets the exit code to 1 if it's still defaulting to 0, and the global exit path does a fflush(NULL) with error bit check rather than trying to be quite so granular about flushing. (That means if we use printf() instead of xprintf() it still exits with the right error code, it just doesn't end the program early on an output error.) Minor bugfix so TOYBOX_DEBUG doesn't always warn about the lack of suid bit when toybox is built with at least one STAYROOT command. Bugfix for the option [grouping] logic (and then further fixes to the error reporting pointed out by Ashwini Sharma). dirtree_handle_callback() now has a prefix like the rest of the dirtree functions. A lot of stuff doing manual path handling was switched to using libc basename() (including, embarassingly, the basename command), which means it now correctly detects "/trailing/slash/" which the previous code didn't.

Also, last release included some accidentally checked in debug code that disabled compiler optimization, so the binary size bloated a bit. It's back to -Os by default now.

## December 15, 2012

> "The major difference between a thing that might go wrong and a thing that cannot possibly go wrong is that when a thing that cannot possibly go wrong goes wrong it usually turns out to be impossible to get at or repair."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.2 is based on commit 749 and is just a resync. Linux 3.7 came out, meaning it's time to do an Aboriginal Linux release, and that should use a stable version of toybox. So here's a new stable version.

The new commands are cut (from Jason Kyungwan Han), touch (from Choubey Ji), expand (from Jonathan Clairembault, and he fixed a bug in login), and rm (from Rob Landley). Felix Janda added UTF-8 support infrastructure (for non-ascii character sets) with a config option. Elie De Brauwer added tests for cat and sha1sum, and -so options to pidof. The "ls" command defaults to -C (column view) now, and "readlink" now supports -fenq.

Portability work: toybox should now build against the musl C library, and against older glibc versions (circa 2008, much before that and kernel features we depend on start to drop out).

The whole codebase got reindented from "one tab" to "two spaces" per level. The option parsing logic now understands [groups] of commands (when more than one in a group is selected it can switch the others off, or error out, or other things). The error_exit() infrastructure can now longjmp back to an earlier point instead of exiting. Each toys/* directory now has a README, the first line of which is the fancy name menuconfig uses for the directory (so no more hardwired directory list in scripts/genconfig.sh).

Fixed a filehandle leak in getmountlist(). Pass parent pointer to dirtree_add_node() so it can give error messages with full path. The yesno() function now always reads from stdin and writes to stderr (we can retry tty checking complexity once we've got commands needing it).

The open group broke their website so the old links to POSIX 2008 now need to start with pubs. Some of the links in the tree have been updated, others haven't while I wait to see if their webmaster notices and fixes it.

(I note that the current rm implementation is not technically posix compliant because the standard requires infinite recursion depth and the current implementation uses one filehandle per level. I can add a config option to do it Posix's way, which is more brittle and needs extra security checks, but am waiting for somebody to complain first. The default "ulimit -n" is 1024 filehandles, so drilling down over 1000 nested subdirectories).

## November 13, 2012

> "Rule Six: The winning team shall be the first team that wins."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.1 is based on commit 691.

Elie De Brauwer contributed usleep, Ashwini Kumar contributed du, and Kyungwan Han contributed vconfig. Other new commands include switch_root and md5sum, and the remaining shell wrappers are now proper commands (dos2unix, unix2dos).

The patch command now supports -l, and gethostname is now enabled by default. The df command follows symlinks to get the actual device name. Felix Janda added -m support to wc (for utf8).

On the infrastructure side, the commands have now been grouped into "posix", "lsb", and "other" subdirectories (for things required by Posix-2008, the Linux Standard Base 4.1, and commands in neither). This affects menuconfig and the actual source layout (toys/cp.c is now toys/posix/cp.c, and so on). An android directory is planned (see the updated android roadmap analysis).

The FLAG_ macros for command option parsing and TT alias for the command's global block are now automatically generated, commands should #define FOR_commandname before #including to get the macros for that command.

An upgrade to the build infrastructure now allows commands with _ and - in them, such as switch_root.

Bugfixes: Avery Pennarun spotted a case where ls showed uid twice instead of uid and gid, and that nice was using the wrong range of numbers. The ls command also recursed inappropriately last time (not quite properly converted for the dirtree changes last release), and now it's fixed. Roy Tam pointed out a glitch in sh, and fixed df's percentage calculation to match the POSIX spec. The kernel build didn't like our mktemp and it does now. The wc command wasn't quite posix compliant (trailing spaces break stuff). The ls command recursed inappropriately last time (not quite properly converted for the dirtree changes last release), and now it's fixed. The catv command wasn't displaying byte 255 correctly. Some lib fixes (thinko in xpidfile). Fixed uname -m when running a 32 bit x86 binary on an x86-64 host (it lies and says the system is i686, i586, or i486 depending on what the toolchain that built the binary supported. This makes builds in a 32 bit chroot on a 64 bit kernel break less.) The df command was checking partitions in the wrong order (displaying undermounts instead of overmounts: this used to work but some library code changed out from under it and it wasn't updated to match until now). Felix Janda filled out the test suite some more. The patch file creation logic got tweaked several times to successfully apply more patches. Support for older (pre 2.10) glibc versions was added to portability.h.

Miscelaneous cleanups all around (mknod, sha1sum, logname), including a rewrite of taskset to be less dependent on libc getting the headers right. All the command headers should now point to the current relevant standards document, where applicable.

This news page had old news entries from before the relaunch moved into a separate oldnews page.

I forgot to create static binaries last time, but they're back now.

## July 23, 2012

> "Ford", Arthur said. "There's an infinite number of monkeys out here who want to talk to us about this script for Hamlet they've worked out."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.4.0 is based on commit 640.

The new status page is calculated from the roadmap info, and should be easier to keep up to date in future.

Andre Renaud contributed od and modinfo. Elie De Brauwer contributed taskset, bugfixes to cmp and tail, and tests for sort and tail. Kyungwan Han contributed passwd. Gaurang Shastri contributed w. Ashwini Sharma spotted a case where dirtree was adding extra slashes to a path.

I rewrote od, cleaned up comm, documented the llist and dirtree infrastructure, added an -r option to date (and fixed a bug where -u wouldn't override /etc/localtime), fixed bugs in chmod +stw, fixed ls to show suid bits properly when the corresponding executable bit wasn't set, and worked around a longstanding glibc bug where static linking prevents stdout from automatically flushing pending output on exit.

## June 25, 2012

> "For a moment, nothing happened. Then, after a second or so, nothing continued to happen."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Toybox 0.3.1 is based on commit commit 607. It's mostly a bugfix release for ls -l (which was unhappy on targets other than x86-64), plus a new "date" from Andre Renaud and rewritten chgrp/chown which now support the full set of posix flags, plus a little work on the test suite and some more header tweaks towards eventual compatability with the musl libc.

The todo list runneth over, but "release early, release often", so here it is. The roadmap and documentation are a bit behind, and I've got ~40 pending submissions to review. I need to catch up...

## June 12, 2012

> "For instance, on the planet Earth, man had always assumed that he was more intelligent than dolphins because he had achieved so much - the wheel, New York, wars and so on - whilst all the dolphins had ever done was muck about in the water having a good time. But conversely, the dolphins had always believed that they were far more intelligent than man - for precisely the same reasons."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

It's well past time for toybox 0.3.0, so here it is, based on commit 595, and the statically linked prebuilt binaries should actually be statically linked this time (thanks Ashwini Sharma for spotting that).

It's hard to figure out where to cut a release, because development doesn't stop. "Long before now" is the obviuos answer, of course. The project's maintainer also moved house during this development cycle, which threw things off for a bit (so many boxes). Releases should hopefully be a bit more frequent from here on.

The big things Rob worked on this time were the new dirtree (directory tree traversal) infrastructure, and a complete rewrite of ls using that which should now implement all 26 posix options.

Georgi Chorbadzhiyski added printenv, whoami, mkdir, mkfifo, chmod, chown, chgrp, and uniq. He also added fraction and extension support to sleep (so if you need a quarter-second sleep, it can do that now), and fixed a build bug on slackware.

Daniel Walter contributed a string to mode_t parser (in use by chmod and mkdir -m). Ilya Kuzmich contributed comm. Elie De Brauwer added mountpoint, vmstat, logname, login, and mktemp. Kevin Chase did some portability cleanups. Pere Orga fixed some documentation.

The "tac" and "clear" commands are now normal commands instead of shell wrappers, and the header #includes have been cleaned up a bit to remove deprecated functions and attempt to increase compatability with the bionic and musl C libraries, "tail" should now use lseek() for large files, and "id" got some cleanups and bugfixes.

The new TOYBOX_FLOAT configuration option selects whether or not to include floating point support (for embedded targets where that's problematic).

Several random bugfixes: unshare() might actually build portably now, yes 'n' | cp -i should no longer bypass stdin and prompt via the tty, the SUID support no longer drops permissions going through the toybox multiplexer command, and a bugfix to xargs -0 means it should no longer segfault. (I have a pending bug report about xargs not doing the full posix whitespace handling that -0 obsoleted, but I'll deal with that next release.)

The build infrastructure is now automatically generating FLAG_ macros for the options, but currently with the wrong names. Some more macro glue is necessary, which I haven't quite figured out how to do yet.

A defconfig toybox at the start of the $PATH has successfully built Linux From Scratch (in my Aboriginal Linux project). The commands that 'default n' in the config are often still broken, cleanup is ongoing. (The new dirtree stuff broke several of them that haven't been converted yet, but if I wait until everything works we won't have a release before 1.0, so here's a checkpoint.)

## March 3, 2012

> "They went unnoticed at Goonhilly, passed over Cape Canaveral without a blip, and Woomera and Jodrell Bank looked straight through them. Which was a pity, because it was exactly the sort of thing they'd been looking for all these years."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Here's toybox 0.2.1 based on commit 512. This time around, there are statically linked prebuilt binaries for various embedded targets.

It's been a busy few weeks, almost entirely due to new contributors. (I have not quite been keeping up.)

Elie De Brauwer contributed free, uptime, swapon, swapoff, lsmod, mknod, insmod, rmmod, and fixed a bug in basename. Andre Renaud contributed ls, ln, realpath, and hostname. Andres Heck contributed pidof and killall. Daniel Walter wrote kill and extended id. Timothy Elliott contributed tail and tests for cmp. Frank Bergmann sent a warning fix. Bryce Fricke added -i to cp. Nathan McSween pointed out an optimization. Georgi Chorbadzhiyski fixed cross compiling to work more reliably.

(My own contribution this time around was just tightening up other people's code, a build fix to unshare, some random bugfixes, and so on. My only new code this time around was writing a bash replacement for the existing python bloat-o-meter.)

Last time (the 0.2.0 release) included the first pass at an id command from Tim Bird, env and basename from Tryn Mirell, cmp and head from Timothy Elliott, more bugfixes from Nathan McSween and Elie De Brauwer, and Luis Felipe Strano Moraes did a first pass at the who command plus other bugfixes and optimizations.

(For that release I did xargs, cal, truncate, unlink, nohup, tty, wc, link, dirname, unshare, and various infrastructure tweaks, but it took me 3 months and those guys did their stuff in a week or so.)

## February 12, 2012

> "for though it has many omissions and contains much that is apocryphal, or at least wildly inaccurate, it scores over the older, more pedestrian work in two important respects..."

> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Here's the first BSD licensed release, toybox-0.2.0, more a synchronization point than anything particularly useful. 47 commands in a reasonably ready-to-use state (what "make defconfig" builds), another ten or so partially finished stubs ("make allyesconfig"), and several patches pending on the mailing list I need to review and merge.

More to come...

## November 15, 2011

- Back from the dead, Toybox is now under a 2 clause BSD license, and aiming to become the default command line implementation of Android systems everywhere.

More to come...

Old news from before the relaunch.