.. SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
   Copyright (c) 2013-2025, John McNamara, jmcnamara@cpan.org

.. _worksheet:

The Worksheet Class
===================

The worksheet class represents an Excel worksheet. It handles operations such
as writing data to cells or formatting worksheet layout.

A worksheet object isn't instantiated directly. Instead a new worksheet is
created by calling the :func:`add_worksheet()` method from a :func:`Workbook`
object::

    workbook   = xlsxwriter.Workbook('filename.xlsx')

    worksheet1 = workbook.add_worksheet()
    worksheet2 = workbook.add_worksheet()

    worksheet1.write('A1', 123)

    workbook.close()


.. image:: _images/worksheet00.png

XlsxWriter supports Excels worksheet limits of 1,048,576 rows by 16,384
columns.


worksheet.write()
-----------------

.. py:function:: write(row, col, *args)

   Write generic data to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param \*args:      The additional args that are passed to the sub methods
                       such as number, string and cell_format.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns:  Other values from the called write methods.

Excel makes a distinction between data types such as strings, numbers, blanks,
formulas and hyperlinks. To simplify the process of writing data to an
XlsxWriter file the ``write()`` method acts as a general alias for several
more specific methods:

* :func:`write_string()`
* :func:`write_number()`
* :func:`write_blank()`
* :func:`write_formula()`
* :func:`write_datetime()`
* :func:`write_boolean()`
* :func:`write_url()`

The rules for handling data in ``write()`` are as follows:

* Data types ``float``, ``int``, ``long``, :class:`decimal.Decimal` and
  :class:`fractions.Fraction`  are written using :func:`write_number()`.

* Data types :class:`datetime.datetime`, :class:`datetime.date`
  :class:`datetime.time` or :class:`datetime.timedelta` are written using
  :func:`write_datetime()` .

* ``None`` and empty strings ``""`` are written using :func:`write_blank()`.

* Data type ``bool`` is written using :func:`write_boolean()`.

Strings are then handled as follows:

* Strings that start with ``"="`` are assumed to match a formula and are written
  using :func:`write_formula()`. This can be overridden, see below.

* Strings that match supported URL types are written using
  :func:`write_url()`. This can be overridden, see below.

* When the :func:`Workbook` constructor ``strings_to_numbers`` option is
  ``True`` strings that convert to numbers using :func:`float()` are written
  using :func:`write_number()` in order to avoid Excel warnings about "Numbers
  Stored as Text". See the note below.

* Strings that don't match any of the above criteria are written using
  :func:`write_string()`.

If none of the above types are matched the value is evaluated with ``float()``
to see if it corresponds to a user defined float type. If it does then it is
written using :func:`write_number()`.

Finally, if none of these rules are matched then a ``TypeError`` exception is
raised. However, it is also possible to handle additional, user defined, data
types using the :func:`add_write_handler` method explained below and in
:ref:`writing_user_types`.

Here are some examples::

    worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Hello')          # write_string()
    worksheet.write(1, 0, 'World')          # write_string()
    worksheet.write(2, 0, 2)                # write_number()
    worksheet.write(3, 0, 3.00001)          # write_number()
    worksheet.write(4, 0, '=SIN(PI()/4)')   # write_formula()
    worksheet.write(5, 0, '')               # write_blank()
    worksheet.write(6, 0, None)             # write_blank()

This creates a worksheet like the following:

.. image:: _images/worksheet01.png

.. note::

   The :func:`Workbook` constructor option takes three optional arguments
   that can be used to override string handling in the ``write()`` function.
   These options are shown below with their default values::

       xlsxwriter.Workbook(filename, {'strings_to_numbers':  False,
                                      'strings_to_formulas': True,
                                      'strings_to_urls':     True})

The ``write()`` method supports two forms of notation to designate the position
of cells: **Row-column** notation and **A1** notation::

    # These are equivalent.
    worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Hello')
    worksheet.write('A1', 'Hello')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The ``cell_format`` parameter in the sub ``write`` methods is used to apply
formatting to the cell. This parameter is optional but when present it should
be a valid :ref:`Format <format>` object::

    cell_format = workbook.add_format({'bold': True, 'italic': True})

    worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Hello', cell_format)  # Cell is bold and italic.



worksheet.add_write_handler()
-----------------------------

.. py:function:: add_write_handler(user_type, user_function)

   Add a callback function to the ``write()`` method to handle user define
   types.

   :param user_type:     The user ``type()`` to match on.
   :param user_function: The user defined function to write the type data.

   :type user_type:     type
   :type user_function: types.FunctionType


As explained above, the :func:`write` method maps basic Python types to
corresponding Excel types. If you want to write an unsupported type then you
can either avoid ``write()`` and map the user type in your code to one of the
more specific write methods or you can extend it using the
``add_write_handler()`` method.

For example, say you wanted to automatically write :mod:`uuid` values as
strings using ``write()`` you would start by creating a function that takes the
uuid, converts it to a string and then writes it using :func:`write_string`::

    def write_uuid(worksheet, row, col, uuid, cell_format=None):
        string_uuid = str(uuid)
        return worksheet.write_string(row, col, string_uuid, cell_format)

You could then add a handler that matches the ``uuid`` type and calls your
user defined function::

    #                           match,     action()
    worksheet.add_write_handler(uuid.UUID, write_uuid)

Then you can use ``write()`` without further modification::

    my_uuid = uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')

    # Write the UUID. This would raise a TypeError without the handler.
    worksheet.write('A1', my_uuid)

.. image:: _images/user_types4.png

Multiple callback functions can be added using ``add_write_handler()`` but
only one callback action is allowed per type. However, it is valid to use the
same callback function for different types::

    worksheet.add_write_handler(int,   test_number_range)
    worksheet.add_write_handler(float, test_number_range)

See :ref:`writing_user_types` for more details on how this feature works and
how to write callback functions, and also the following examples:

* :ref:`ex_user_type1`
* :ref:`ex_user_type2`
* :ref:`ex_user_type3`


worksheet.write_string()
------------------------

.. py:function:: write_string(row, col, string[, cell_format])

   Write a string to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param string:      String to write to cell.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  string:      string
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: String truncated to 32k characters.

The ``write_string()`` method writes a string to the cell specified by ``row``
and ``column``::

    worksheet.write_string(0, 0, 'Your text here')
    worksheet.write_string('A2', 'or here')

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The ``cell_format`` parameter is used to apply formatting to the cell. This
parameter is optional but when present is should be a valid
:ref:`Format <format>` object.

Unicode strings are supported in UTF-8 encoding. This generally requires that
your source file is UTF-8 encoded::

  worksheet.write('A1', 'Some UTF-8 text')

.. image:: _images/worksheet02.png

See :ref:`ex_unicode` for a more complete example.

Alternatively, you can read data from an encoded file, convert it to UTF-8
during reading and then write the data to an Excel file. See
:ref:`ex_unicode_polish_utf8` and :ref:`ex_unicode_shift_jis`.

The maximum string size supported by Excel is 32,767 characters. Strings longer
than this will be truncated by ``write_string()``.

.. note::

   Even though Excel allows strings of 32,767 characters it can only
   **display** 1000 in a cell. However, all 32,767 characters are displayed in the
   formula bar.


worksheet.write_number()
------------------------

.. py:function:: write_number(row, col, number[, cell_format])

   Write a number to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param number:      Number to write to cell.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  number:      int or float
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``write_number()`` method writes numeric types to the cell specified by
``row`` and ``column``::

    worksheet.write_number(0, 0, 123456)
    worksheet.write_number('A2', 2.3451)

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The numeric types supported are ``float``, ``int``, ``long``,
:class:`decimal.Decimal` and :class:`fractions.Fraction` or anything that can
be converted via ``float()``.

When written to an Excel file numbers are converted to IEEE-754 64-bit
double-precision floating point. This means that, in most cases, the maximum
number of digits that can be stored in Excel without losing precision is 15.

.. note::
   NAN and INF are not supported and will raise a TypeError exception unless
   the ``nan_inf_to_errors`` Workbook() option is used.

The ``cell_format`` parameter is used to apply formatting to the cell. This
parameter is optional but when present is should be a valid
:ref:`Format <format>` object.


worksheet.write_formula()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: write_formula(row, col, formula[, cell_format[, value]])

   Write a formula to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param formula:     Formula to write to cell.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :param value:       Optional result. The value if the formula was calculated.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  formula:     string
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``write_formula()`` method writes a formula or function to the cell
specified by ``row`` and ``column``::

    worksheet.write_formula(0, 0, '=B3 + B4')
    worksheet.write_formula(1, 0, '=SIN(PI()/4)')
    worksheet.write_formula(2, 0, '=SUM(B1:B5)')
    worksheet.write_formula('A4', '=IF(A3>1,"Yes", "No")')
    worksheet.write_formula('A5', '=AVERAGE(1, 2, 3, 4)')
    worksheet.write_formula('A6', '=DATEVALUE("1-Jan-2013")')

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

Array formulas are also supported::

    worksheet.write_formula('A7', '{=SUM(A1:B1*A2:B2)}')

See also the ``write_array_formula()`` method below.

The ``cell_format`` parameter is used to apply formatting to the cell. This
parameter is optional but when present is should be a valid
:ref:`Format <format>` object.

If required, it is also possible to specify the calculated result of the
formula using the optional ``value`` parameter. This is occasionally
necessary when working with non-Excel applications that don't calculate the
result of the formula::

    worksheet.write('A1', '=2+2', num_format, 4)

See :ref:`formula_result` for more details.

Excel stores formulas in US style formatting regardless of the Locale or
Language of the Excel version::

    worksheet.write_formula('A1', '=SUM(1, 2, 3)')    # OK
    worksheet.write_formula('A2', '=SOMME(1, 2, 3)')  # French. Error on load.

See :ref:`formula_syntax` for a full explanation.

Excel 2010 and 2013 added functions which weren't defined in the original file
specification. These functions are referred to as *future* functions. Examples
of these functions are ``ACOT``, ``CHISQ.DIST.RT`` , ``CONFIDENCE.NORM``,
``STDEV.P``, ``STDEV.S`` and ``WORKDAY.INTL``. In XlsxWriter these require a
prefix::

    worksheet.write_formula('A1', '=_xlfn.STDEV.S(B1:B10)')

See :ref:`formula_future` for a detailed explanation and full list of
functions that are affected.


worksheet.write_array_formula()
-------------------------------

.. py:function:: write_array_formula(first_row, first_col, last_row, \
                                    last_col, formula[, cell_format[, value]])

   Write an array formula to a worksheet cell.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :param formula:     Array formula to write to cell.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :param value:       Optional result. The value if the formula was calculated.
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int
   :type  formula:     string
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``write_array_formula()`` method writes an array formula to a cell range. In
Excel an array formula is a formula that performs a calculation on a set of
values. It can return a single value or a range of values.

An array formula is indicated by a pair of braces around the formula:
``{=SUM(A1:B1*A2:B2)}``.

For array formulas that return a range of values you must specify the range
that the return values will be written to::

    worksheet.write_array_formula(0, 0, 2, 0, '{=TREND(C1:C3,B1:B3)}')
    worksheet.write_array_formula('A1:A3',    '{=TREND(C1:C3,B1:B3)}')

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

If the array formula returns a single value then the ``first_`` and ``last_``
parameters should be the same::

    worksheet.write_array_formula('A1:A1', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}')

It this case however it is easier to just use the ``write_formula()`` or
``write()`` methods::

    # Same as above but more concise.
    worksheet.write('A1', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}')
    worksheet.write_formula('A1', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}')

The ``cell_format`` parameter is used to apply formatting to the cell. This
parameter is optional but when present is should be a valid
:ref:`Format <format>` object.

If required, it is also possible to specify the calculated result of the
formula (see discussion of formulas and the ``value`` parameter for the
``write_formula()`` method above). However, using this parameter only writes a
single value to the upper left cell in the result array. See
:ref:`formula_result` for more details.

 See also :ref:`ex_array_formula`.


worksheet.write_dynamic_array_formula()
---------------------------------------

.. py:function:: write_dynamic_array_formula(first_row, first_col, last_row, \
                                             last_col, formula[, cell_format[, value]])

   Write an array formula to a worksheet cell.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :param formula:     Array formula to write to cell.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :param value:       Optional result. The value if the formula was calculated.
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int
   :type  formula:     string
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``write_dynamic_array_formula()`` method writes an dynamic array formula to a cell
range. Dynamic array formulas are explained in detail in :ref:`formula_dynamic_arrays`.

The syntax of ``write_dynamic_array_formula()`` is the same as
:func:`write_array_formula`, shown above, except that you don't need to add
``{}`` braces::

    worksheet.write_dynamic_array_formula('B1:B3', '=LEN(A1:A3)')

Which gives the following result:

.. image:: _images/intersection03.png

It is also possible to specify the first cell of the range to get the same
results::

    worksheet.write_dynamic_array_formula('B1:B1', '=LEN(A1:A3)')

See also :ref:`ex_dynamic_arrays`.


worksheet.write_blank()
-----------------------

.. py:function:: write_blank(row, col, blank[, cell_format])

   Write a blank worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param blank:       None or empty string. The value is ignored.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

Write a blank cell specified by ``row`` and ``column``::

    worksheet.write_blank(0, 0, None, cell_format)
    worksheet.write_blank('A2', None, cell_format)

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

This method is used to add formatting to a cell which doesn't contain a string
or number value.

Excel differentiates between an "Empty" cell and a "Blank" cell. An "Empty"
cell is a cell which doesn't contain data or formatting whilst a "Blank" cell
doesn't contain data but does contain formatting. Excel stores "Blank" cells
but ignores "Empty" cells.

As such, if you write an empty cell without formatting it is ignored::

    worksheet.write('A1', None, cell_format)  # write_blank()
    worksheet.write('A2', None)               # Ignored

This seemingly uninteresting fact means that you can write arrays of data
without special treatment for ``None`` or empty string values.


worksheet.write_boolean()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: write_boolean(row, col, boolean[, cell_format])

   Write a boolean value to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param boolean:     Boolean value to write to cell.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  boolean:     bool
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``write_boolean()`` method writes a boolean value to the cell specified by
``row`` and ``column``::

    worksheet.write_boolean(0, 0, True)
    worksheet.write_boolean('A2', False)

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The ``cell_format`` parameter is used to apply formatting to the cell. This
parameter is optional but when present is should be a valid
:ref:`Format <format>` object.


worksheet.write_datetime()
--------------------------

.. py:function:: write_datetime(row, col, datetime [, cell_format])

   Write a date or time to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param datetime:    A datetime.datetime, .date, .time or .delta object.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  formula:     string
   :type  datetime:    :mod:`datetime`
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``write_datetime()`` method can be used to write a date or time to the cell
specified by ``row`` and ``column``::

    worksheet.write_datetime(0, 0, datetime, date_format)
    worksheet.write_datetime('A2', datetime, date_format)

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The datetime should be a :class:`datetime.datetime`, :class:`datetime.date`
:class:`datetime.time` or :class:`datetime.timedelta` object. The
:mod:`datetime` class is part of the standard Python libraries.

There are many ways to create datetime objects, for example the
:meth:`datetime.datetime.strptime` method::

    date_time = datetime.datetime.strptime('2013-01-23', '%Y-%m-%d')

See the :mod:`datetime` documentation for other date/time creation methods.

A date/time should have a ``cell_format`` of type :ref:`Format <format>`,
otherwise it will appear as a number::

    date_format = workbook.add_format({'num_format': 'd mmmm yyyy'})

    worksheet.write_datetime('A1', date_time, date_format)

If required, a default date format string can be set using the :func:`Workbook`
constructor ``default_date_format`` option.

See :ref:`working_with_dates_and_time` for more details and also
:ref:`Timezone Handling in XlsxWriter <timezone_handling>`.


worksheet.write_url()
---------------------

.. py:function:: write_url(row, col, url[, cell_format[, string[, tip]]])

   Write a hyperlink to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param url:         Hyperlink url.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object. Defaults to the Excel hyperlink style.
   :param string:      An optional display string for the hyperlink.
   :param tip:         An optional tooltip.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  url:         string
   :type  string:      string
   :type  tip:         string
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: String longer than 32k characters.
   :returns: -3: Url longer than Excel limit of 2079 characters.
   :returns: -4: Exceeds Excel limit of 65,530 urls per worksheet.

The ``write_url()`` method is used to write a hyperlink in a worksheet cell.
The url is comprised of two elements: the displayed string and the
non-displayed link. The displayed string is the same as the link unless an
alternative string is specified::

    worksheet.write_url(0, 0, 'https://www.python.org/')
    worksheet.write_url('A2', 'https://www.python.org/')

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported, as shown above. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The ``cell_format`` parameter is used to apply formatting to the cell. This
parameter is optional and the default Excel hyperlink style will be used if it
isn't specified. If required you can access the default url format using the
Workbook :func:`get_default_url_format` method::

    url_format = workbook.get_default_url_format()

Four web style URI's are supported: ``http://``, ``https://``, ``ftp://`` and
``mailto:``::

    worksheet.write_url('A1', 'ftp://www.python.org/')
    worksheet.write_url('A2', 'https://www.python.org/')
    worksheet.write_url('A3', 'mailto:jmcnamara@cpan.org')

All of the these URI types are recognized by the :func:`write()` method, so the
following are equivalent::

    worksheet.write_url('A2', 'https://www.python.org/')
    worksheet.write    ('A2', 'https://www.python.org/')  # Same.

You can display an alternative string using the ``string`` parameter::

    worksheet.write_url('A1', 'https://www.python.org', string='Python home')

.. Note::

  If you wish to have some other cell data such as a number or a formula you
  can overwrite the cell using another call to ``write_*()``::

    worksheet.write_url('A1', 'https://www.python.org/')

    # Overwrite the URL string with a formula. The cell will still be a link.
    # Note the use of the default url format for consistency with other links.
    url_format = workbook.get_default_url_format()
    worksheet.write_formula('A1', '=1+1', url_format)

There are two local URIs supported: ``internal:`` and ``external:``. These are
used for hyperlinks to internal worksheet references or external workbook and
worksheet references::

    # Link to a cell on the current worksheet.
    worksheet.write_url('A1',  'internal:Sheet2!A1')

    # Link to a cell on another worksheet.
    worksheet.write_url('A2',  'internal:Sheet2!A1:B2')

    # Worksheet names with spaces should be single quoted like in Excel.
    worksheet.write_url('A3',  "internal:'Sales Data'!A1")

    # Link to another Excel workbook.
    worksheet.write_url('A4', r'external:c:\temp\foo.xlsx')

    # Link to a worksheet cell in another workbook.
    worksheet.write_url('A5', r'external:c:\foo.xlsx#Sheet2!A1')

    # Link to a worksheet in another workbook with a relative link.
    worksheet.write_url('A7', r'external:..\foo.xlsx#Sheet2!A1')

    # Link to a worksheet in another workbook with a network link.
    worksheet.write_url('A8', r'external:\\NET\share\foo.xlsx')

Worksheet references are typically of the form ``Sheet1!A1``. You can also link
to a worksheet range using the standard Excel notation: ``Sheet1!A1:B2``.

In external links the workbook and worksheet name must be separated by the
``#`` character: ``external:Workbook.xlsx#Sheet1!A1'``.

You can also link to a named range in the target worksheet. For example say you
have a named range called ``my_name`` in the workbook ``c:\temp\foo.xlsx`` you
could link to it as follows::

    worksheet.write_url('A14', r'external:c:\temp\foo.xlsx#my_name')

Excel requires that worksheet names containing spaces or non alphanumeric
characters are single quoted as follows ``'Sales Data'!A1``.

Links to network files are also supported. Network files normally begin with
two back slashes as follows ``\\NETWORK\etc``. In order to generate this in a
single or double quoted string you will have to escape the backslashes,
``'\\\\NETWORK\\etc'`` or use a raw string ``r'\\NETWORK\etc'``.

Alternatively, you can avoid most of these quoting problems by using forward
slashes. These are translated internally to backslashes::

    worksheet.write_url('A14', "external:c:/temp/foo.xlsx")
    worksheet.write_url('A15', 'external://NETWORK/share/foo.xlsx')

See also :ref:`ex_hyperlink`.

.. note::
   XlsxWriter will escape the following characters in URLs as required
   by Excel: ``\s " < > \ [ ] ` ^ { }`` unless the URL already contains ``%xx``
   style escapes. In which case it is assumed that the URL was escaped
   correctly by the user and will by passed directly to Excel.

.. note::
   Versions of Excel prior to Excel 2015 limited hyperlink links and
   anchor/locations to 255 characters each. Versions after that support urls
   up to 2079 characters. XlsxWriter versions >= 1.2.3 support this longer
   limit by default. However, a lower or user defined limit can be set via
   the ``max_url_length`` property in the :func:`Workbook` constructor.


worksheet.write_rich_string()
-----------------------------

.. py:function:: write_rich_string(row, col, *string_parts[, cell_format])

   Write a "rich" string with multiple formats to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:          The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:          The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param string_parts: String and format pairs.
   :param cell_format:  Optional Format object.
   :type  row:          int
   :type  col:          int
   :type  string_parts: list
   :type  cell_format:  :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: String longer than 32k characters.
   :returns: -3: 2 consecutive formats used.
   :returns: -4: Empty string used.
   :returns: -5: Insufficient parameters.

The ``write_rich_string()`` method is used to write strings with multiple
formats. For example to write the string "This is **bold** and this is
*italic*" you would use the following::

    bold   = workbook.add_format({'bold': True})
    italic = workbook.add_format({'italic': True})

    worksheet.write_rich_string('A1',
                                'This is ',
                                bold, 'bold',
                                ' and this is ',
                                italic, 'italic')

.. image:: _images/rich_strings_small.png

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.write_rich_string(0, 0, 'This is ', bold, 'bold')
    worksheet.write_rich_string('A1', 'This is ', bold, 'bold')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The basic rule is to break the string into fragments and put a
:func:`Format <format>` object before the fragment that you want to format.
For example::

    # Unformatted string.
    'This is an example string'

    # Break it into fragments.
    'This is an ', 'example', ' string'

    # Add formatting before the fragments you want formatted.
    'This is an ', format, 'example', ' string'

    # In XlsxWriter.
    worksheet.write_rich_string('A1',
                                'This is an ', format, 'example', ' string')

String fragments that don't have a format are given a default format. So for
example when writing the string "Some **bold** text" you would use the first
example below but it would be equivalent to the second::

    # Some bold format and a default format.
    bold    = workbook.add_format({'bold': True})
    default = workbook.add_format()

    # With default formatting:
    worksheet.write_rich_string('A1',
                                'Some ',
                                bold, 'bold',
                                ' text')

    # Or more explicitly:
    worksheet.write_rich_string('A1',
                                 default, 'Some ',
                                 bold,    'bold',
                                 default, ' text')

If you have formats and segments in a list you can add them like this, using
the standard Python list unpacking syntax::

    segments = ['This is ', bold, 'bold', ' and this is ', blue, 'blue']
    worksheet.write_rich_string('A9', *segments)

In Excel only the font properties of the format such as font name, style, size,
underline, color and effects are applied to the string fragments in a rich
string. Other features such as border, background, text wrap and alignment
must be applied to the cell.

The ``write_rich_string()`` method allows you to do this by using the last
argument as a cell format (if it is a format object). The following example
centers a rich string in the cell::

    bold   = workbook.add_format({'bold': True})
    center = workbook.add_format({'align': 'center'})

    worksheet.write_rich_string('A5',
                                'Some ',
                                bold, 'bold text',
                                ' centered',
                                center)

.. note::

   Excel doesn't allow the use of two consecutive formats in a rich string or
   an empty string fragment. For either of these conditions a warning is
   raised and the input to ``write_rich_string()`` is ignored.

   Also, the maximum string size supported by Excel is 32,767 characters. If
   the rich string exceeds this limit a warning is raised and the input to
   ``write_rich_string()`` is ignored.

See also :ref:`ex_rich_strings` and :ref:`ex_merge_rich`.


worksheet.write_row()
---------------------

.. py:function:: write_row(row, col, data[, cell_format])

   Write a row of data starting from (row, col).

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param data:        Cell data to write. Variable types.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: Other: Error return value of the ``write()`` method.

The ``write_row()`` method can be used to write a list of data in one go. This
is useful for converting the results of a database query into an Excel
worksheet. The :func:`write()` method is  called for each element of the data.
For example::

    # Some sample data.
    data = ('Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz')

    # Write the data to a sequence of cells.
    worksheet.write_row('A1', data)

    # The above example is equivalent to:
    worksheet.write('A1', data[0])
    worksheet.write('B1', data[1])
    worksheet.write('C1', data[2])

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.write_row(0, 0, data)
    worksheet.write_row('A1', data)

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.


worksheet.write_column()
------------------------

.. py:function:: write_column(row, col, data[, cell_format])

   Write a column of data starting from (row, col).

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param data:        Cell data to write. Variable types.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: Other: Error return value of the ``write()`` method.

The ``write_column()`` method can be used to write a list of data in one go.
This is useful for converting the results of a database query into an Excel
worksheet. The :func:`write()` method is  called for each element of the data.
For example::

    # Some sample data.
    data = ('Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz')

    # Write the data to a sequence of cells.
    worksheet.write_column('A1', data)

    # The above example is equivalent to:
    worksheet.write('A1', data[0])
    worksheet.write('A2', data[1])
    worksheet.write('A3', data[2])

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.write_column(0, 0, data)
    worksheet.write_column('A1', data)

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.


worksheet.set_row()
-------------------

.. py:function:: set_row(row, height, cell_format, options)

   Set properties for a row of cells.

   :param int row:      The worksheet row (zero indexed).
   :param float height: The row height, in character units.
   :param cell_format:  Optional Format object.
   :type  cell_format:  :ref:`Format <format>`
   :param dict options: Optional row parameters: hidden, level, collapsed.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``set_row()`` method is used to change the default properties of a row. The
most common use for this method is to change the height of a row::

    worksheet.set_row(0, 20)  # Set the height of Row 1 to 20.

The height is specified in character units. To specify the height in pixels
use the :func:`set_row_pixels` method.

The other common use for ``set_row()`` is to set the :ref:`Format <format>` for
all cells in the row::

    cell_format = workbook.add_format({'bold': True})

    worksheet.set_row(0, 20, cell_format)

If you wish to set the format of a row without changing the default row height
you can pass ``None`` as the height parameter or use the default row height of
15::

    worksheet.set_row(1, None, cell_format)
    worksheet.set_row(1, 15,   cell_format)  # Same as above.

The ``cell_format`` parameter will be applied to any cells in the row that
don't have a format. As with Excel it is overridden by an explicit cell
format. For example::

    worksheet.set_row(0, None, format1)      # Row 1 has format1.

    worksheet.write('A1', 'Hello')           # Cell A1 defaults to format1.
    worksheet.write('B1', 'Hello', format2)  # Cell B1 keeps format2.

The ``options`` parameter is a dictionary with the following possible keys:

* ``'hidden'``
* ``'level'``
* ``'collapsed'``

Options can be set as follows::

    worksheet.set_row(0, 20, cell_format, {'hidden': True})

    # Or use defaults for other properties and set the options only.
    worksheet.set_row(0, None, None, {'hidden': True})

The ``'hidden'`` option is used to hide a row. This can be used, for example,
to hide intermediary steps in a complicated calculation::

    worksheet.set_row(0, 20, cell_format, {'hidden': True})

The ``'level'`` parameter is used to set the outline level of the row. Outlines
are described in :ref:`outlines`. Adjacent rows with the same outline level
are grouped together into a single outline.

The following example sets an outline level of 1 for some rows::

    worksheet.set_row(0, None, None, {'level': 1})
    worksheet.set_row(1, None, None, {'level': 1})
    worksheet.set_row(2, None, None, {'level': 1})

Excel allows up to 7 outline levels. The ``'level'`` parameter should be in the
range ``0 <= level <= 7``.

The ``'hidden'`` parameter can also be used to hide collapsed outlined rows
when used in conjunction with the ``'level'`` parameter::

    worksheet.set_row(1, None, None, {'hidden': 1, 'level': 1})
    worksheet.set_row(2, None, None, {'hidden': 1, 'level': 1})

The ``'collapsed'`` parameter is used in collapsed outlines to indicate which
row has the collapsed ``'+'`` symbol::

    worksheet.set_row(3, None, None, {'collapsed': 1})


worksheet.set_row_pixels()
--------------------------

.. py:function:: set_row_pixels(row, height, cell_format, options)

   Set properties for a row of cells, with the row height in pixels.

   :param int row:      The worksheet row (zero indexed).
   :param float height: The row height, in pixels.
   :param cell_format:  Optional Format object.
   :type  cell_format:  :ref:`Format <format>`
   :param dict options: Optional row parameters: hidden, level, collapsed.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``set_row_pixels()`` method is identical to :func:`set_row` except that
the height can be set in pixels instead of Excel character units::

    worksheet.set_row_pixels(0, 18)  # Same as 24 in character units.

All other parameters and options are the same as ``set_row()``. See the
documentation on :func:`set_row` for more details.


worksheet.set_column()
----------------------

.. py:function:: set_column(first_col, last_col, width, cell_format, options)

   Set properties for one or more columns of cells.

   :param int first_col: First column (zero-indexed).
   :param int last_col:  Last column (zero-indexed). Can be same as first_col.
   :param float width:   The width of the column(s), in character units.
   :param cell_format:   Optional Format object.
   :type  cell_format:   :ref:`Format <format>`
   :param dict options:  Optional parameters: hidden, level, collapsed.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``set_column()``  method can be used to change the default properties of a
single column or a range of columns::

    worksheet.set_column(1, 3, 30)  # Width of columns B:D set to 30.

If ``set_column()`` is applied to a single column the value of ``first_col``
and ``last_col`` should be the same::

    worksheet.set_column(1, 1, 30)  # Width of column B set to 30.

It is also possible, and generally clearer, to specify a column range using the
form of A1 notation used for columns. See :ref:`cell_notation` for more
details.

Examples::

    worksheet.set_column(0, 0, 20)   # Column  A   width set to 20.
    worksheet.set_column(1, 3, 30)   # Columns B-D width set to 30.
    worksheet.set_column('E:E', 20)  # Column  E   width set to 20.
    worksheet.set_column('F:H', 30)  # Columns F-H width set to 30.

The ``width`` parameter sets the column width in the same units used by Excel
which is: the number of characters in the default font. The default width is
8.43 in the default font of Calibri 11. The actual relationship between a
string width and a column width in Excel is complex. See the `following
explanation of column widths <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-US/office/troubleshoot/excel/determine-column-widths>`_
from the Microsoft support documentation for more details. To set the width in
pixels use the :func:`set_column_pixels` method.

See also the  :func:`autofit` method for simulated autofitting of column widths.

As usual the ``cell_format`` :ref:`Format <format>` parameter is optional. If
you wish to set the format without changing the default column width you can
pass ``None`` as the width parameter::

    cell_format = workbook.add_format({'bold': True})

    worksheet.set_column(0, 0, None, cell_format)

The ``cell_format`` parameter will be applied to any cells in the column that
don't have a format. For example::

    worksheet.set_column('A:A', None, format1)  # Col 1 has format1.

    worksheet.write('A1', 'Hello')              # Cell A1 defaults to format1.
    worksheet.write('A2', 'Hello', format2)     # Cell A2 keeps format2.

A  row format takes precedence over a default column format::

    worksheet.set_row(0, None, format1)         # Set format for row 1.
    worksheet.set_column('A:A', None, format2)  # Set format for col 1.

    worksheet.write('A1', 'Hello')              # Defaults to format1
    worksheet.write('A2', 'Hello')              # Defaults to format2

The ``options`` parameter is a dictionary with the following possible keys:

* ``'hidden'``
* ``'level'``
* ``'collapsed'``

Options can be set as follows::

    worksheet.set_column('D:D', 20, cell_format, {'hidden': 1})

    # Or use defaults for other properties and set the options only.
    worksheet.set_column('E:E', None, None, {'hidden': 1})

The ``'hidden'`` option is used to hide a column. This can be used, for
example, to hide intermediary steps in a complicated calculation::

    worksheet.set_column('D:D', 20,  cell_format, {'hidden': 1})

The ``'level'`` parameter is used to set the outline level of the column.
Outlines are described in :ref:`outlines`. Adjacent columns with the same
outline level are grouped together into a single outline.

The following example sets an outline level of 1 for columns B to G::

    worksheet.set_column('B:G', None, None, {'level': 1})

Excel allows up to 7 outline levels. The ``'level'`` parameter should be in the
range ``0 <= level <= 7``.

The ``'hidden'`` parameter can also be used to hide collapsed outlined columns
when used in conjunction with the ``'level'`` parameter::

    worksheet.set_column('B:G', None, None, {'hidden': 1, 'level': 1})

The ``'collapsed'`` parameter is used in collapsed outlines to indicate which
column has the collapsed ``'+'`` symbol::

    worksheet.set_column('H:H', None, None, {'collapsed': 1})


worksheet.set_column_pixels()
-----------------------------

.. py:function:: set_column_pixels(first_col, last_col, width, cell_format, options)

   Set properties for one or more columns of cells, with the width in pixels.

   :param int first_col: First column (zero-indexed).
   :param int last_col:  Last column (zero-indexed). Can be same as first_col.
   :param float width:   The width of the column(s), in pixels.
   :param cell_format:   Optional Format object.
   :type  cell_format:   :ref:`Format <format>`
   :param dict options:  Optional parameters: hidden, level, collapsed.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``set_column_pixels()`` method is identical to :func:`set_column` except
that the width can be set in pixels instead of Excel character units::

    worksheet.set_column_pixels(5, 5, 75)  # Same as 10 character units.

.. image:: _images/set_column_pixels.png

All other parameters and options are the same as ``set_column()``. See the
documentation on :func:`set_column` for more details.


worksheet.autofit()
-------------------

.. py:function:: autofit([max_width])

   Autofit the worksheet column widths to the widest data in the column,
   approximately.

   :param int max_width: Optional maximum column width, in pixels, to use for
    autofitting. The default is 1790 pixels/255 characters.
   :returns:  Nothing.

The ``autofit()`` method can be used to simulate autofitting column widths based
on the largest string/number in the column::

    # Write some worksheet data to demonstrate autofitting.
    worksheet.write(0, 0, "Foo")
    worksheet.write(1, 0, "Food")
    worksheet.write(2, 0, "Foody")
    worksheet.write(3, 0, "Froody")

    worksheet.write(0, 1, 12345)
    worksheet.write(1, 1, 12345678)
    worksheet.write(2, 1, 12345)

    worksheet.write(0, 2, "Some longer text")

    worksheet.write(0, 3, "http://ww.google.com")
    worksheet.write(1, 3, "https://github.com")

    # Autofit the worksheet.
    worksheet.autofit()

.. image:: _images/autofit.png

See :ref:`ex_autofit`.

Excel autofits columns at runtime when it has access to all of the required
worksheet information as well as the Windows functions for calculating display
areas based on fonts and formatting. XlsxWriter doesn't have access to these
Windows functions so it simulates autofit by calculating string widths based on
metrics taken from Excel. This isn't perfect but for most cases it should be
sufficient and indistinguishable from the output of Excel. However there are
some limitations to be aware of when using this method:

- It is based on the default Excel font type and size of Calibri 11. It will not
  give accurate results for other fonts or font sizes.
- It doesn't take formatting of numbers or dates account, although this may be
  addressed in a later version.
- Autofit is a relatively expensive operation since it performs a calculation
  for all the populated cells in a worksheet. See the note on performance below.

For cases that don't match your desired output you can set explicit column
widths via :func:`set_column` or :func:`set_column_pixels` method ignores
columns that have already been explicitly set if the width is greater than the
calculated autofit width. Alternatively, setting the column width explicitly
after calling ``autofit()`` will override the autofit value. You can also set an
upper limit using the ``max_width`` parameter as explained below.

Excel autofits very long strings up to limit of 1790 pixels/255 characters. This
is often too wide to display on a single screen at normal zoom. As such the
``max_width`` parameter is provided to enable a smaller upper pixel limit for
autofitting long strings. A value of 300 pixels is recommended as a good
compromise between column width and readability::

    worksheet.autofit(300)

If you need more control over the autofit effect you can use the
:func:`cell_autofit_width` utility function to calculate the autofit width for a
cell value. This is the same calculation used internally by ``autofit()``. See
also See :ref:`ex_autofit_manually`.

**Performance**: By default ``autofit()`` performs a length calculation for each
populated cell in a worksheet. For very large worksheets this could be slow.
However, it is possible to mitigate this by calling ``autofit()`` after writing
the first 100 or 200 rows. This will produce a reasonably accurate autofit for
the first visible page of data without incurring the performance penalty of
autofitting thousands of non-visible rows.


worksheet.insert_image()
------------------------

.. py:function:: insert_image(row, col, filename[, options])

   Insert an image in a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param filename:    Image filename (with path if required).
   :param options:     Optional parameters for image position, scale and url.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  image:       string
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

This method can be used to insert a image into a worksheet.

This is the equivalent of Excel's menu option to insert an image using the
option to "Place over Cells". See :func:`embed_image` for the equivalent method
to "Place in Cell".

The image can be in PNG, JPEG, GIF, BMP, WMF or EMF format (see the notes about
BMP and EMF below)::

    worksheet.insert_image('B2', 'python.png')

.. image:: _images/insert_image.png

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.insert_image(1, 1, 'python.png')
    worksheet.insert_image('B2', 'python.png')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.


A file path can be specified with the image name::

    worksheet1.insert_image('B10', '../images/python.png')
    worksheet2.insert_image('B20', r'c:\images\python.png')

The ``insert_image()`` method takes optional parameters in a dictionary to
position and scale the image. The available parameters with their default
values are::

    {
        'x_offset':        0,
        'y_offset':        0,
        'x_scale':         1,
        'y_scale':         1,
        'object_position': 2,
        'image_data':      None,
        'url':             None,
        'description':     None,
        'decorative':      False,
    }

The offset values are in pixels::

    worksheet1.insert_image('B2', 'python.png', {'x_offset': 15, 'y_offset': 10})

The offsets can be greater than the width or height of the underlying cell.
This can be occasionally useful if you wish to align two or more images
relative to the same cell.

The ``x_scale`` and ``y_scale`` parameters can be used to scale the image
horizontally and vertically::

    worksheet.insert_image('B3', 'python.png', {'x_scale': 0.5, 'y_scale': 0.5})

The ``url`` parameter can used to add a hyperlink/url to the image. The ``tip``
parameter gives an optional mouseover tooltip for images with hyperlinks::

    worksheet.insert_image('B4', 'python.png', {'url': 'https://python.org'})

See also :func:`write_url` for details on supported URIs.

The ``image_data`` parameter is used to add an in-memory byte stream in
:class:`io.BytesIO` format::

    worksheet.insert_image('B5', 'python.png', {'image_data': image_data})

This is generally used for inserting images from URLs::

    url = 'https://python.org/logo.png'
    image_data = io.BytesIO(urllib2.urlopen(url).read())

    worksheet.insert_image('B5', url, {'image_data': image_data})

When using the ``image_data`` parameter a filename must still be passed to
``insert_image()`` since it is used by Excel as a default description field
(see below). However, it can be a blank string if the description isn't
required. In the previous example the filename/description is extracted from
the URL string. See also :ref:`ex_images_bytesio`.

The ``description`` field can be used to specify a description or "alt text"
string for the image. In general this would be used to provide a text
description of the image to help accessibility. It is an optional parameter
and defaults to the filename of the image. It can be used as follows::

    worksheet.insert_image('B3', 'python.png',
                           {'description': 'The logo of the Python programming language.'})

.. image:: _images/alt_text1.png

The optional ``decorative`` parameter is also used to help accessibility. It
is used to mark the image as decorative, and thus uninformative, for automated
screen readers. As in Excel, if this parameter is in use the ``description``
field isn't written. It is used as follows::

    worksheet.insert_image('B3', 'python.png', {'decorative': True})

The ``object_position`` parameter can be used to control the object
positioning of the image::

    worksheet.insert_image('B3', 'python.png', {'object_position': 1})

Where ``object_position`` has the following allowable values:

1. Move and size with cells.
2. Move but don't size with cells (the default).
3. Don't move or size with cells.
4. Same as Option 1 to "move and size with cells" except XlsxWriter applies
   hidden cells after the image is inserted.

See :ref:`object_position` for more detailed information about the positioning
and scaling of images within a worksheet.

.. Note::
   * BMP images are only supported for backward compatibility. In general it
     is best to avoid BMP images since they aren't compressed. If used, BMP
     images must be 24 bit, true color, bitmaps.

   * EMF images can have very small differences in width and height when
     compared to Excel files. Despite a lot of effort and testing it wasn't
     possible to exactly match Excel's calculations for handling the
     dimensions of EMF files. However, the differences are small (< 1%) and in
     general aren't visible.

See also :ref:`ex_insert_image`.


worksheet.embed_image()
-----------------------

.. py:function:: embed_image(row, col, filename[, options])

   Embed an image in a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param filename:    Image filename (with path if required).
   :param options:     Optional parameters for formatting and url.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  image:       string
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

This method can be used to embed a image into a worksheet cell and have the
image automatically scale to the width and height of the cell. The X/Y scaling
of the image is preserved but the size of the image is adjusted to fit the
largest possible width or height depending on the cell dimensions.

This is the equivalent of Excel's menu option to insert an image using the
option to "Place in Cell" which is only available in Excel 365 versions from
2023 onwards. For older versions of Excel a ``#VALUE!`` error is displayed. See
:func:`insert_image` for the equivalent method to "Place over Cells".

Here is an example::

    # Widen the first column to make the caption clearer.
    worksheet.set_column(0, 0, 30)
    worksheet.write(0, 0, "Embed images that scale to cell size")

    # Embed an images in cells of different widths/heights.
    worksheet.set_column(1, 1, 14)

    worksheet.set_row(1, 60)
    worksheet.embed_image(1, 1, "python.png")

    worksheet.set_row(3, 120)
    worksheet.embed_image(3, 1, "python.png")

.. image:: _images/embedded_images.png

The image can be in PNG, JPEG, GIF, BMP, WMF or EMF format (see
:func:`insert_image` above for more details).

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.embed_image(1, 1, 'python.png')
    worksheet.embed_image('B2', 'python.png')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.


A file path can be specified with the image name::

    worksheet1.embed_image('B10', '../images/python.png')
    worksheet2.embed_image('B20', r'c:\images\python.png')

The ``embed_image()`` method takes optional parameters in a dictionary to
position and scale the image. The available parameters with their default
values are::

    {
        'cell_format':     None,
        'url':             None,
        'image_data':      None,
        'description':     None,
        'decorative':      False,
    }

The ``cell_format`` parameters can be an standard :ref:`Format <format>` to set
the formatting of the cell behind the image.

The ``url`` parameter can used to add a hyperlink/url to the image. The ``tip``
parameter gives an optional mouseover tooltip for images with hyperlinks.

See also :func:`write_url` for details on supported URIs.

The ``image_data`` parameter is used to add an in-memory byte stream in
:class:`io.BytesIO` format::

    worksheet.embed_image('B5', 'python.png', {'image_data': image_data})

This is generally used for inserting images from URLs::

    url = 'https://python.org/logo.png'
    image_data = io.BytesIO(urllib2.urlopen(url).read())

    worksheet.embed_image('B5', url, {'image_data': image_data})

The ``description`` field can be used to specify a description or "alt text"
string for the image. In general this would be used to provide a text
description of the image to help accessibility.

The optional ``decorative`` parameter is also used to help accessibility. It is
used to mark the image as decorative, and thus uninformative, for automated
screen readers. As in Excel, if this parameter is in use the ``description``
field isn't written.

See also :ref:`ex_embedded_images`.


worksheet.insert_chart()
------------------------

.. py:function:: insert_chart(row, col, chart[, options])

   Write a string to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param chart:       A chart object.
   :param options:     Optional parameters to position and scale the chart.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

This method can be used to insert a chart into a worksheet. A chart object is
created via the Workbook :func:`add_chart()` method where the chart type is
specified::

    chart = workbook.add_chart({type, 'column'})

It is then inserted into a worksheet as an embedded chart::

    worksheet.insert_chart('B5', chart)

.. image:: _images/chart_simple.png
   :scale: 75 %

.. Note::

   A chart can only be inserted into a worksheet once. If several similar
   charts are required then each one must be created separately with
   :func:`add_chart()`.

See :ref:`chart_class`, :ref:`working_with_charts` and :ref:`chart_examples`.

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.insert_chart(4, 1, chart)
    worksheet.insert_chart('B5', chart)

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.


The ``insert_chart()`` method takes optional parameters in a dictionary to
position and scale the chart. The available parameters with their default
values are::

    {
        'x_offset':        0,
        'y_offset':        0,
        'x_scale':         1,
        'y_scale':         1,
        'object_position': 1,
        'description':     None,
        'decorative':      False,
    }

The offset values are in pixels::

    worksheet.insert_chart('B5', chart, {'x_offset': 25, 'y_offset': 10})

The ``x_scale`` and ``y_scale`` parameters can be used to scale the chart
horizontally and vertically::

    worksheet.insert_chart('B5', chart, {'x_scale': 0.5, 'y_scale': 0.5})

These properties can also be set via the Chart :func:`set_size` method.

The ``description`` field can be used to specify a description or "alt text"
string for the chart. In general this would be used to provide a text
description of the chart to help accessibility. It is an optional parameter
and has no default. It can be used as follows::

    worksheet.insert_chart('B5', chart,
                           {'description': 'Chart showing sales for the current year'})

.. image:: _images/alt_text2.png

The optional ``decorative`` parameter is also used to help accessibility. It
is used to mark the chart as decorative, and thus uninformative, for automated
screen readers. As in Excel, if this parameter is in use the ``description``
field isn't written. It is used as follows::

    worksheet.insert_chart('B5', chart, {'decorative': True})

The ``object_position`` parameter can be used to control the object
positioning of the chart::

    worksheet.insert_chart('B5', chart, {'object_position': 2})

Where ``object_position`` has the following allowable values:

1. Move and size with cells (the default).
2. Move but don't size with cells.
3. Don't move or size with cells.

See :ref:`object_position` for more detailed information about the positioning
and scaling of charts within a worksheet.


worksheet.insert_textbox()
--------------------------

.. py:function:: insert_textbox(row, col, textbox[, options])

   Write a string to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param text:        The text in the textbox.
   :param options:     Optional parameters to position and scale the textbox.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  text:        string
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

This method can be used to insert a textbox into a worksheet::

    worksheet.insert_textbox('B2', 'A simple textbox with some text')

.. image:: _images/textbox03.png

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.insert_textbox(1, 1, 'Some text')
    worksheet.insert_textbox('B2', 'Some text')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The size and formatting of the textbox can be controlled via the ``options`` dict::

    # Size and position
    width
    height
    x_scale
    y_scale
    x_offset
    y_offset
    object_position

    # Formatting
    line
    border
    fill
    gradient
    font
    align
    text_rotation

    # Links
    textlink
    url
    tip

    # Accessibility
    description
    decorative

These options are explained in more detail in the
:ref:`working_with_textboxes` section.

See also :ref:`ex_textbox`.

See :ref:`object_position` for more detailed information about the positioning
and scaling of images within a worksheet.


worksheet.insert_checkbox()
---------------------------

.. py:function:: insert_checkbox(row, col, boolean[, cell_format])

   Insert a boolean checkbox in a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param boolean:     The boolean value to display as a checkbox.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  boolean:     bool
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

Checkboxes are a new feature added to `Excel in 2024`_. They are a way of
displaying a boolean value as a checkbox in a cell. The underlying value is
still an Excel ``TRUE/FALSE`` boolean value and can be used in formulas and in
references.

.. image:: _images/excel_checkbox.png

.. _Excel in 2024: https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/excelblog/introducing-checkboxes-in-excel/4173561

The ``insert_checkbox()`` method can be used to replicate this behavior:

.. literalinclude:: ../../../examples/checkbox.py
   :lines: 18-36

.. image:: _images/checkbox.png

See :ref:`ex_checkbox` for the complete example.

The checkbox feature is only available in Excel versions from 2024 and later. In
older versions the value will be displayed as a standard Excel ``TRUE`` or
``FALSE`` boolean. In fact Excel stores a checkbox as a normal boolean but with
a special format. If required you can make use of this property to create a
checkbox with :func:`write_boolean` and a cell format that has the
:func:`set_checkbox` property set::

    cell_format = workbook.add_format({"checkbox": True})

    worksheet.write(2, 2, False, cell_format)
    worksheet.write(3, 2, True, cell_format)

.. image:: _images/checkbox_boolean.png

This latter method isn't required very often but it can be occasionally useful
if you are dealing with boolean values in a dataframe:

.. literalinclude:: ../../../examples/polars_checkbox.py
   :lines: 11-

.. image:: _images/polars_checkbox.png

Note, this feature is currently possible with Pandas dataframes but it will be
in a future release.

worksheet.insert_button()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: insert_button(row, col, [options])

   Insert a VBA button control on a worksheet.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param options:     Optional parameters to position and scale the button.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.

The ``insert_button()`` method can be used to insert an Excel form button into a worksheet.

This method is generally only useful when used in conjunction with the
Workbook :func:`add_vba_project` method to tie the button to a macro from an
embedded VBA project::

    # Add the VBA project binary.
    workbook.add_vba_project('./vbaProject.bin')

    # Add a button tied to a macro in the VBA project.
    worksheet.insert_button('B3', {'macro':   'say_hello',
                                   'caption': 'Press Me'})

.. image:: _images/macros.png

See :ref:`macros` and :ref:`ex_macros` for more details.

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.insert_button(2, 1, {'macro':   'say_hello',
                                   'caption': 'Press Me'})

    worksheet.insert_button('B3', {'macro':   'say_hello',
                                   'caption': 'Press Me'})

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The ``insert_button()`` method takes optional parameters in a dictionary to
position and scale the chart. The available parameters with their default
values are::

    {
        'macro':       None,
        'caption':     'Button 1',
        'width':       64,
        'height':      20.
        'x_offset':    0,
        'y_offset':    0,
        'x_scale':     1,
        'y_scale':     1,
        'description': None,
    }

The ``macro`` option is used to set the macro that the button will invoke when
the user clicks on it. The macro should be included using the Workbook
``add_vba_project()`` method shown above.

The ``caption`` is used to set the caption on the button. The default is
``Button n`` where ``n`` is the button number.

The default button ``width`` is 64 pixels which is the width of a default cell
and the default button ``height`` is 20 pixels which is the height of a
default cell.

The offset, scale and description options are the same as for
``insert_chart()``, see above.


worksheet.data_validation()
---------------------------

.. py:function:: data_validation(first_row, first_col, last_row, \
                                 last_col, options)

   Write a conditional format to range of cells.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :param options:     Data validation options.
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: Incorrect parameter or option.

The ``data_validation()`` method is used to construct an Excel data validation
or to limit the user input to a dropdown list of values::

    worksheet.data_validation('B3', {'validate': 'integer',
                                     'criteria': 'between',
                                     'minimum': 1,
                                     'maximum': 10})


    worksheet.data_validation('B13', {'validate': 'list',
                                      'source': ['open', 'high', 'close']})

.. image:: _images/data_validate1.png

The data validation can be applied to a single cell or a range of cells. As
usual you can use A1 or Row/Column notation, see :ref:`cell_notation`::

    worksheet.data_validation(1, 1, {'validate': 'list',
                                     'source': ['open', 'high', 'close']})

    worksheet.data_validation('B2', {'validate': 'list',
                                     'source': ['open', 'high', 'close']})

With Row/Column notation you must specify all four cells in the range:
``(first_row, first_col, last_row, last_col)``. If you need to refer to a
single cell set the `last_` values equal to the `first_` values. With A1
notation you can refer to a single cell or a range of cells::

    worksheet.data_validation(0, 0, 4, 1, {...})
    worksheet.data_validation('B1',       {...})
    worksheet.data_validation('C1:E5',    {...})

The options parameter in ``data_validation()`` must be a dictionary containing
the parameters that describe the type and style of the data validation. There
are a lot of available options which are described in detail in a separate
section: :ref:`working_with_data_validation`. See also :ref:`ex_data_valid`.


worksheet.conditional_format()
------------------------------

.. py:function:: conditional_format(first_row, first_col, last_row, \
                                    last_col, options)

   Write a conditional format to range of cells.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :param options:     Conditional formatting options.
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: Incorrect parameter or option.

The ``conditional_format()`` method is used to add formatting to a cell or
range of cells based on user defined criteria::

    worksheet.conditional_format('B3:K12', {'type':     'cell',
                                            'criteria': '>=',
                                            'value':    50,
                                            'format':   format1})

.. image:: _images/conditional_format1.png

The conditional format can be applied to a single cell or a range of cells. As
usual you can use A1 or Row/Column notation, see :ref:`cell_notation`::

    worksheet.conditional_format(0, 0, 2, 1, {'type':     'cell',
                                              'criteria': '>=',
                                              'value':    50,
                                              'format':   format1})

    # This is equivalent to the following:
    worksheet.conditional_format('A1:B3', {'type':     'cell',
                                            'criteria': '>=',
                                            'value':    50,
                                            'format':   format1})

With Row/Column notation you must specify all four cells in the range:
``(first_row, first_col, last_row, last_col)``. If you need to refer to a
single cell set the `last_` values equal to the `first_` values. With A1
notation you can refer to a single cell or a range of cells::

    worksheet.conditional_format(0, 0, 4, 1, {...})
    worksheet.conditional_format('B1',       {...})
    worksheet.conditional_format('C1:E5',    {...})


The options parameter in ``conditional_format()`` must be a dictionary
containing the parameters that describe the type and style of the conditional
format. There are a lot of available options which are described in detail in
a separate section: :ref:`working_with_conditional_formats`. See also
:ref:`ex_cond_format`.


worksheet.add_table()
---------------------

.. py:function:: add_table(first_row, first_col, last_row, last_col, options)

   Add an Excel table to a worksheet.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :param options:     Table formatting options. (Optional)
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int
   :type  options:     dict

   :raises OverlappingRange: if the range overlaps a previous merge or table range.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: Incorrect parameter or option.
   :returns: -3: Not supported in ``constant_memory`` mode.

The ``add_table()`` method is used to group a range of cells into an Excel
Table::

    worksheet.add_table('B3:F7', { ... })

This method contains a lot of parameters and is described in :ref:`tables`.

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.add_table(2, 1, 6, 5, { ... })
    worksheet.add_table('B3:F7',    { ... })

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

See also the examples in :ref:`ex_tables`.

.. Note::

   Tables aren't available in XlsxWriter when :func:`Workbook`
   ``'constant_memory'`` mode is enabled.


worksheet.add_sparkline()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: add_sparkline(row, col, options)

    Add sparklines to a worksheet.

   :param int row:      The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param int col:      The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param dict options: Sparkline formatting options.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: Incorrect parameter or option.

Sparklines are small charts that fit in a single cell and are used to show
trends in data.

.. image:: _images/sparklines1.png

The ``add_sparkline()`` worksheet method is used to add sparklines to a cell or
a range of cells::

    worksheet.add_sparkline('F1', {'range': 'A1:E1'})

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.add_sparkline(0, 5, {'range': 'A1:E1'})
    worksheet.add_sparkline('F1', {'range': 'A1:E1'})

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

This method contains a lot of parameters and is described in detail in
:ref:`sparklines`.



See also :ref:`ex_sparklines1` and :ref:`ex_sparklines2`.

.. Note::
   Sparklines are a feature of Excel 2010+ only. You can write them to
   an XLSX file that can be read by Excel 2007 but they won't be displayed.


worksheet.write_comment()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: write_comment(row, col, comment[, options])

   Write a comment to a worksheet cell.

   :param row:         The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param col:         The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param comment:     String to write to cell.
   :param options:     Comment formatting options.
   :type  row:         int
   :type  col:         int
   :type  comment:     string
   :type  options:     dict

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: -2: String longer than 32k characters.

The ``write_comment()`` method is used to add a comment to a cell. A comment is
indicated in Excel by a small red triangle in the upper right-hand corner of
the cell. Moving the cursor over the red triangle will reveal the comment.

The following example shows how to add a comment to a cell::

    worksheet.write('A1', 'Hello')
    worksheet.write_comment('A1', 'This is a comment')

.. image:: _images/comments1.png

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.write_comment(0, 0, 'This is a comment')
    worksheet.write_comment('A1', 'This is a comment')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The properties of the cell comment can be modified by passing an optional
dictionary of key/value pairs to control the format of the comment. For
example::

    worksheet.write_comment('C3', 'Hello', {'x_scale': 1.2, 'y_scale': 0.8})

Most of these options are quite specific and in general the default comment
behavior will be all that you need. However, should you need greater control
over the format of the cell comment the following options are available::

    author
    visible
    x_scale
    width
    y_scale
    height
    color
    font_name
    font_size
    start_cell
    start_row
    start_col
    x_offset
    y_offset

For more details see :ref:`cell_comments` and :ref:`ex_comments2` .


worksheet.show_comments()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: show_comments()

   Make any comments in the worksheet visible.

This method is used to make all cell comments visible when a worksheet is
opened::

    worksheet.show_comments()

Individual comments can be made visible using the ``visible`` parameter of the
``write_comment`` method (see above)::

    worksheet.write_comment('C3', 'Hello', {'visible': True})

If all of the cell comments have been made visible you can hide individual
comments as follows::

    worksheet.show_comments()
    worksheet.write_comment('C3', 'Hello', {'visible': False})

For more details see :ref:`cell_comments` and :ref:`ex_comments2` .


worksheet.set_comments_author()
-------------------------------

.. py:function:: set_comments_author(author)

   Set the default author of the cell comments.

   :param string author: Comment author.

This method is used to set the default author of all cell comments::

    worksheet.set_comments_author('John Smith')

Individual comment authors can be set using the ``author`` parameter of the
``write_comment`` method (see above).

If no author is specified the default comment author name is an empty string.

For more details see :ref:`cell_comments` and :ref:`ex_comments2` .


worksheet.get_name()
--------------------

.. py:function:: get_name()

   Retrieve the worksheet name.

The ``get_name()`` method is used to retrieve the name of a worksheet. This is
something useful for debugging or logging::

    for worksheet in workbook.worksheets():
        print worksheet.get_name()

There is no ``set_name()`` method. The only safe way to set the worksheet name
is via the ``add_worksheet()`` method.


worksheet.activate()
--------------------

.. py:function:: activate()

   Make a worksheet the active, i.e., visible worksheet.

The ``activate()`` method is used to specify which worksheet is initially
visible in a multi-sheet workbook::

    worksheet1 = workbook.add_worksheet()
    worksheet2 = workbook.add_worksheet()
    worksheet3 = workbook.add_worksheet()

    worksheet3.activate()

.. image:: _images/worksheet_activate.png

More than one worksheet can be selected via the ``select()`` method, see below,
however only one worksheet can be active.

The default active worksheet is the first worksheet.


worksheet.select()
------------------

.. py:function:: select()

   Set a worksheet tab as selected.

The ``select()`` method is used to indicate that a worksheet is selected in a
multi-sheet workbook::

    worksheet1.activate()
    worksheet2.select()
    worksheet3.select()

A selected worksheet has its tab highlighted. Selecting worksheets is a way of
grouping them together so that, for example, several worksheets could be
printed in one go. A worksheet that has been activated via the ``activate()``
method will also appear as selected.


worksheet.hide()
----------------

.. py:function:: hide()

   Hide the current worksheet.

The ``hide()`` method is used to hide a worksheet::

    worksheet2.hide()

You may wish to hide a worksheet in order to avoid confusing a user with
intermediate data or calculations.

.. image:: _images/hide_sheet.png

A hidden worksheet can not be activated or selected so this method is mutually
exclusive with the :func:`activate()` and :func:`select()` methods. In
addition, since the first worksheet will default to being the active
worksheet, you cannot hide the first worksheet without activating another
sheet::

    worksheet2.activate()
    worksheet1.hide()

See :ref:`ex_hide_sheet` for more details.


worksheet.very_hidden()
-----------------------

.. py:function:: very_hidden()

   Hide the current worksheet. Can only be unhidden by VBA.

The ``very_hidden()`` method can be used to hide a worksheet similar to the
``hide()`` method. The difference is that the worksheet cannot be unhidden in
the the Excel user interface. The Excel worksheet "xlSheetVeryHidden" option can
only be unset programmatically by VBA.


worksheet.set_first_sheet()
---------------------------

.. py:function:: set_first_sheet()

   Set current worksheet as the first visible sheet tab.

The :func:`activate()` method determines which worksheet is initially selected.
However, if there are a large number of worksheets the selected worksheet may
not appear on the screen. To avoid this you can select which is the leftmost
visible worksheet tab using ``set_first_sheet()``::

    for in range(1, 21):
        workbook.add_worksheet

    worksheet19.set_first_sheet()  # First visible worksheet tab.
    worksheet20.activate()         # First visible worksheet.

This method is not required very often. The default value is the first
worksheet.


worksheet.merge_range()
-----------------------

.. py:function:: merge_range(first_row, first_col, \
                             last_row, last_col, data[, cell_format])

   Merge a range of cells.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :param data:        Cell data to write. Variable types.
   :param cell_format: Optional Format object.
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int
   :type  cell_format: :ref:`Format <format>`

   :raises OverlappingRange: if the range overlaps a previous merge or table range.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Row or column is out of worksheet bounds.
   :returns: Other: Error return value of the called ``write()`` method.

The ``merge_range()`` method allows cells to be merged together so that they
act as a single area.

Excel generally merges and centers cells at same time. To get similar behavior
with XlsxWriter you need to apply a :ref:`Format <format>`::

    merge_format = workbook.add_format({'align': 'center'})

    worksheet.merge_range('B3:D4', 'Merged Cells', merge_format)

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.merge_range(2, 1, 3, 3, 'Merged Cells', merge_format)
    worksheet.merge_range('B3:D4',    'Merged Cells', merge_format)

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

It is possible to apply other formatting to the merged cells as well::

    merge_format = workbook.add_format({
        'bold':     True,
        'border':   6,
        'align':    'center',
        'valign':   'vcenter',
        'fg_color': '#D7E4BC',
    })

    worksheet.merge_range('B3:D4', 'Merged Cells', merge_format)

.. image:: _images/merge_range.png

See :ref:`ex_merge1` for more details.

The ``merge_range()`` method writes its ``data`` argument using
:func:`write()`. Therefore it will handle numbers, strings and formulas as
usual. If this doesn't handle your data correctly then you can overwrite the
first cell with a call to one of the other
``write_*()`` methods using the same :ref:`Format
<format>` as in the merged cells. See :ref:`ex_merge_rich`.

.. image:: _images/merge_rich.png

.. Note::

   Merged ranges generally don't work in XlsxWriter when :func:`Workbook`
   ``'constant_memory'`` mode is enabled.


worksheet.autofilter()
----------------------

.. py:function:: autofilter(first_row, first_col, last_row, last_col)

   Set the autofilter area in the worksheet.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int

The ``autofilter()`` method allows an autofilter to be added to a worksheet. An
autofilter is a way of adding drop down lists to the headers of a 2D range of
worksheet data. This allows users to filter the data based on simple criteria
so that some data is shown and some is hidden.

.. image:: _images/autofilter3.png

To add an autofilter to a worksheet::

    worksheet.autofilter('A1:D11')

Both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. The following are
equivalent::

    worksheet.autofilter(0, 0, 10, 3)
    worksheet.autofilter('A1:D11')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

Filter conditions can be applied using the :func:`filter_column()` or
:func:`filter_column_list()` methods.

See :ref:`working_with_autofilters` for more details.


worksheet.filter_column()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: filter_column(col, criteria)

   Set the column filter criteria.

   :param int col:          Filter column (zero-indexed).
   :param string criteria:  Filter criteria.


The ``filter_column`` method can be used to filter columns in a autofilter
range based on simple conditions.


The conditions for the filter are specified using simple expressions::

    worksheet.filter_column('A', 'x > 2000')
    worksheet.filter_column('B', 'x > 2000 and x < 5000')

The ``col`` parameter can either be a zero indexed column number or a string
column name::

    worksheet.filter_column(2,   'x > 2000')
    worksheet.filter_column('C', 'x > 2000')

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

It isn't sufficient to just specify the filter condition. You must also hide
any rows that don't match the filter condition. See
:ref:`working_with_autofilters` for more details.


worksheet.filter_column_list()
------------------------------

.. py:function:: filter_column_list(col, filters)

   Set the column filter criteria in Excel 2007 list style.

   :param int col:       Filter column (zero-indexed).
   :param list filters:  List of filter criteria to match.

The ``filter_column_list()`` method can be used to represent filters with
multiple selected criteria::

    worksheet.filter_column_list('A', ['March', 'April', 'May'])

The ``col`` parameter can either be a zero indexed column number or a string
column name::

    worksheet.filter_column_list(2,   ['March', 'April', 'May'])
    worksheet.filter_column_list('C', ['March', 'April', 'May'])

See :ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

One or more criteria can be selected::

    worksheet.filter_column_list('A', ['March'])
    worksheet.filter_column_list('C', [100, 110, 120, 130])

To filter blanks as part of the list use `Blanks` as a list item::

    worksheet.filter_column_list('A', ['March', 'April', 'May', 'Blanks'])

It isn't sufficient to just specify filters. You must also hide any rows that
don't match the filter condition. See :ref:`working_with_autofilters` for more
details.


worksheet.set_selection()
-------------------------
.. py:function:: set_selection(first_row, first_col, last_row, last_col)

   Set the selected cell or cells in a worksheet.

   :param first_row:   The first row of the range. (All zero indexed.)
   :param first_col:   The first column of the range.
   :param last_row:    The last row of the range.
   :param last_col:    The last col of the range.
   :type  first_row:   int
   :type  first_col:   int
   :type  last_row:    int
   :type  last_col:    int


The ``set_selection()`` method can be used to specify which cell or range of
cells is selected in a worksheet. The most common requirement is to select a
single cell, in which case the ``first_`` and ``last_`` parameters should be
the same.

The active cell within a selected range is determined by the order in which
``first_`` and ``last_`` are specified.

Examples::

    worksheet1.set_selection(3, 3, 3, 3)  # 1. Cell D4.
    worksheet2.set_selection(3, 3, 6, 6)  # 2. Cells D4 to G7.
    worksheet3.set_selection(6, 6, 3, 3)  # 3. Cells G7 to D4.
    worksheet4.set_selection('D4')        # Same as 1.
    worksheet5.set_selection('D4:G7')     # Same as 2.
    worksheet6.set_selection('G7:D4')     # Same as 3.

As shown above, both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details. The default cell selection is
``(0, 0)``, ``'A1'``.


worksheet.set_top_left_cell()
-----------------------------

.. py:function:: set_top_left_cell(row, col)

   Set the first visible cell at the top left of a worksheet.

   :param int row:      The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param int col:      The cell column (zero indexed).


This ``set_top_left_cell`` method can be used to set the top leftmost visible
cell in the worksheet::

    worksheet.set_top_left_cell(31, 26)

    # Same as:
    worksheet.set_top_left_cell('AA32')


.. image:: _images/top_left_cell.png

As shown above, both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.


worksheet.freeze_panes()
------------------------

.. py:function:: freeze_panes(row, col [, top_row, left_col])

   Create worksheet panes and mark them as frozen.

   :param int row:      The cell row (zero indexed).
   :param int col:      The cell column (zero indexed).
   :param int top_row:  Topmost visible row in scrolling region of pane.
   :param int left_col: Leftmost visible row in scrolling region of pane.

The ``freeze_panes()`` method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal
or vertical regions known as panes and to "freeze" these panes so that the
splitter bars are not visible.

The parameters ``row`` and ``col`` are used to specify the location of the
split. It should be noted that the split is specified at the top or left of a
cell and that the method uses zero based indexing. Therefore to freeze the
first row of a worksheet it is necessary to specify the split at row 2 (which
is 1 as the zero-based index).

You can set one of the ``row`` and ``col`` parameters as zero if you do not
want either a vertical or horizontal split.

Examples::

    worksheet.freeze_panes(1, 0)  # Freeze the first row.
    worksheet.freeze_panes('A2')  # Same using A1 notation.
    worksheet.freeze_panes(0, 1)  # Freeze the first column.
    worksheet.freeze_panes('B1')  # Same using A1 notation.
    worksheet.freeze_panes(1, 2)  # Freeze first row and first 2 columns.
    worksheet.freeze_panes('C2')  # Same using A1 notation.

As shown above, both row-column and A1 style notation are supported. See
:ref:`cell_notation` for more details.

The parameters ``top_row`` and ``left_col`` are optional. They are used to
specify the top-most or left-most visible row or column in the scrolling
region of the panes. For example to freeze the first row and to have the
scrolling region begin at row twenty::

    worksheet.freeze_panes(1, 0, 20, 0)

You cannot use A1 notation for the ``top_row`` and ``left_col`` parameters.

See :ref:`ex_panes` for more details.


worksheet.split_panes()
-----------------------

.. py:function:: split_panes(x, y [, top_row, left_col])

   Create worksheet panes and mark them as split.

   :param float x:      The position for the vertical split.
   :param float y:      The position for the horizontal split.
   :param int top_row:  Topmost visible row in scrolling region of pane.
   :param int left_col: Leftmost visible row in scrolling region of pane.

The ``split_panes``  method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal
or vertical regions known as panes. This method is different from the
``freeze_panes()`` method in that the splits between the panes will be visible
to the user and each pane will have its own scroll bars.

The parameters ``y`` and ``x`` are used to specify the vertical and horizontal
position of the split. The units for ``y`` and ``x`` are the same as those
used by Excel to specify row height and column width. However, the vertical
and horizontal units are different from each other. Therefore you must specify
the ``y`` and ``x`` parameters in terms of the row heights and column widths
that you have set or the default values which are ``15`` for a row and
``8.43`` for a column.

You can set one of the ``y`` and ``x`` parameters as zero if you do not want
either a vertical or horizontal split. The parameters ``top_row`` and
``left_col`` are optional. They are used to specify the top-most or left-most
visible row or column in the bottom-right pane.

Example::

    worksheet.split_panes(15, 0)     # First row.
    worksheet.split_panes(0, 8.43)   # First column.
    worksheet.split_panes(15, 8.43)  # First row and column.

You cannot use A1 notation with this method.

See :ref:`ex_panes` for more details.


worksheet.set_zoom()
--------------------

.. py:function:: set_zoom(zoom)

   Set the worksheet zoom factor.

   :param int zoom: Worksheet zoom factor.

Set the worksheet zoom factor in the range ``10 <= zoom <= 400``::

    worksheet1.set_zoom(50)
    worksheet2.set_zoom(75)
    worksheet3.set_zoom(300)
    worksheet4.set_zoom(400)

The default zoom factor is 100. It isn't possible to set the zoom to
"Selection" because it is calculated by Excel at run-time.

Note, ``set_zoom()`` does not affect the scale of the printed page. For that
you should use :func:`set_print_scale()`.


worksheet.right_to_left()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: right_to_left()

   Display the worksheet cells from right to left for some versions of Excel.

The ``right_to_left()`` method is used to change the default direction of the
worksheet from left-to-right, with the A1 cell in the top left, to
right-to-left, with the A1 cell in the top right::

    worksheet.right_to_left()

This is useful when creating Arabic, Hebrew or other near or far eastern
worksheets that use right-to-left as the default direction.

.. image:: _images/right_to_left.png

See also the Format :func:`set_reading_order` property to set the direction of the
text within cells and the :ref:`ex_right_to_left` example program.


worksheet.hide_zero()
---------------------

.. py:function:: hide_zero()

   Hide zero values in worksheet cells.

The ``hide_zero()`` method is used to hide any zero values that appear in
cells::

    worksheet.hide_zero()


worksheet.set_background()
--------------------------

.. py:function:: set_background(filename [, is_byte_stream])

   Set the background image for a worksheet.

   :param str filename:        The image file (or byte stream).
   :param bool is_byte_stream: The file is a stream of bytes.

The ``set_background()`` method can be used to set the background image for the
worksheet::

    worksheet.set_background('logo.png')

.. image:: _images/background01.png

The ``set_background()`` method supports all the image formats supported by
:func:`insert_image`.

Some people use this method to add a watermark background to their
document. However, Microsoft recommends using a header image `to set a
watermark
<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/add-a-watermark-in-excel-a372182a-d733-484e-825c-18ddf3edf009>`_.
The choice of method depends on whether you want the watermark to be visible
in normal viewing mode or just when the file is printed. In XlsxWriter you can
get the header watermark effect using :func:`set_header`::

    worksheet.set_header('&C&G', {'image_center': 'watermark.png'})

It is also possible to pass an in-memory byte stream to ``set_background()``
if the ``is_byte_stream`` parameter is set to True. The stream should be
:class:`io.BytesIO`::

    worksheet.set_background(io_bytes, is_byte_stream=True)

See :ref:`ex_background` for an example.


worksheet.set_tab_color()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: set_tab_color()

   Set the color of the worksheet tab.

   :param string color: The tab color.

The ``set_tab_color()`` method is used to change the color of the worksheet
tab::

    worksheet1.set_tab_color('red')
    worksheet2.set_tab_color('#FF9900')  # Orange

The color can be a Html style ``#RRGGBB`` string or a limited number named
colors, see :ref:`colors`.

See :ref:`ex_tab_colors` for more details.


worksheet.protect()
-------------------

.. py:function:: protect()

   Protect elements of a worksheet from modification.

   :param string password: A worksheet password.
   :param dict   options:  A dictionary of worksheet options to protect.


The ``protect()`` method is used to protect a worksheet from modification::

    worksheet.protect()

The ``protect()`` method also has the effect of enabling a cell's ``locked``
and ``hidden`` properties if they have been set. A *locked* cell cannot be
edited and this property is on by default for all cells. A *hidden* cell will
display the results of a formula but not the formula itself. These properties
can be set using the :func:`set_locked` and :func:`set_hidden` format methods.

You can optionally add a password to the worksheet protection::

    worksheet.protect('abc123')

The password should be an ASCII string. Passing the empty string ``''`` is the
same as turning on protection without a password. See the note below on the
"password" strength.

You can specify which worksheet elements you wish to protect by passing a
dictionary in the ``options`` argument with any or all of the following keys::

    # Default values shown.
    options = {
        'objects':               False,
        'scenarios':             False,
        'format_cells':          False,
        'format_columns':        False,
        'format_rows':           False,
        'insert_columns':        False,
        'insert_rows':           False,
        'insert_hyperlinks':     False,
        'delete_columns':        False,
        'delete_rows':           False,
        'select_locked_cells':   True,
        'sort':                  False,
        'autofilter':            False,
        'pivot_tables':          False,
        'select_unlocked_cells': True,
    }

The default boolean values are shown above. Individual elements can be
protected as follows::

    worksheet.protect('abc123', {'insert_rows': True})

For chartsheets the allowable options and default values are::

    options = {
        'objects':               True,
        'content':               True,
    }

See also the :func:`set_locked` and :func:`set_hidden` format methods and
:ref:`ex_protection`.

.. Note::

   Worksheet level passwords in Excel offer very weak protection. They do not
   encrypt your data and are very easy to deactivate. Full workbook encryption
   is not supported by XlsxWriter. However, it is possible to encrypt an
   XlsxWriter file using a third party open source tool called `msoffice-crypt
   <https://github.com/herumi/msoffice>`_. This works for macOS, Linux and
   Windows::

       msoffice-crypt.exe -e -p password clear.xlsx encrypted.xlsx


worksheet.unprotect_range()
---------------------------

.. py:function:: unprotect_range(cell_range, range_name)

   Unprotect ranges within a protected worksheet.

   :param string cell_range: The cell or cell range to unprotect.
   :param string range_name: An name for the range.

The ``unprotect_range()`` method is used to unprotect ranges in a protected
worksheet. It can be used to set a single range or multiple ranges::

    worksheet.unprotect_range('A1')
    worksheet.unprotect_range('C1')
    worksheet.unprotect_range('E1:E3')
    worksheet.unprotect_range('G1:K100')

As in Excel the ranges are given sequential names like ``Range1`` and
``Range2`` but a user defined name can also be specified::

    worksheet.unprotect_range('G4:I6', 'MyRange')


worksheet.set_default_row()
---------------------------

.. py:function:: set_default_row(height, hide_unused_rows)

   Set the default row properties.

   :param float height:          Default height. Optional, defaults to 15.
   :param bool hide_unused_rows: Hide unused rows. Optional, defaults to False.


The ``set_default_row()`` method is used to set the limited number of default
row properties allowed by Excel which are the default height and the option to
hide unused rows. These parameters are an optimization used by Excel to set
row properties without generating a very large file with an entry for each row.

To set the default row height::

    worksheet.set_default_row(24)

To hide unused rows::

    worksheet.set_default_row(hide_unused_rows=True)

See :ref:`ex_hide_row_col` for more details.

worksheet.outline_settings()
----------------------------

.. py:function:: outline_settings(visible, symbols_below, symbols_right, \
                                  auto_style)

   Control outline settings.

   :param bool visible:       Outlines are visible. Optional, defaults to True.
   :param bool symbols_below: Show row outline symbols below the outline bar.
                              Optional, defaults to True.
   :param bool symbols_right: Show column outline symbols to the right of the
                              outline bar. Optional, defaults to True.
   :param bool auto_style:    Use Automatic style. Optional, defaults to False.


The ``outline_settings()`` method is used to control the appearance of outlines
in Excel. Outlines are described in :ref:`outlines`::

        worksheet1.outline_settings(False, False, False, True)

The ``'visible'`` parameter is used to control whether or not outlines are
visible. Setting this parameter to ``False`` will cause all outlines on the
worksheet to be hidden. They can be un-hidden in Excel by means of the "Show
Outline Symbols" command button. The default setting is ``True`` for visible
outlines.

The ``'symbols_below'`` parameter is used to control whether the row outline
symbol will appear above or below the outline level bar. The default setting
is ``True`` for symbols to appear below the outline level bar.

The ``'symbols_right'`` parameter is used to control whether the column outline
symbol will appear to the left or the right of the outline level bar. The
default setting is ``True`` for symbols to appear to the right of the outline
level bar.

The ``'auto_style'`` parameter is used to control whether the automatic outline
generator in Excel uses automatic styles when creating an outline. This has no
effect on a file generated by ``XlsxWriter`` but it does have an effect on how
the worksheet behaves after it is created. The default setting is ``False``
for "Automatic Styles" to be turned off.

The default settings for all of these parameters correspond to Excel's default
parameters.

The worksheet parameters controlled by ``outline_settings()`` are rarely used.


worksheet.set_vba_name()
------------------------

.. py:function:: set_vba_name(name)
   :noindex:

   Set the VBA name for the worksheet.

   :param string name: The VBA name for the worksheet.

The ``set_vba_name()`` method can be used to set the VBA codename for the
worksheet (there is a similar method for the workbook VBA name). This is
sometimes required when a vbaProject macro included via ``add_vba_project()``
refers to the worksheet. The default Excel VBA name of ``Sheet1``, etc., is
used if a user defined name isn't specified.

See :ref:`macros` for more details.


worksheet.ignore_errors()
-------------------------

.. py:function:: ignore_errors(options)

   Ignore various Excel errors/warnings in a worksheet for user defined
   ranges.

   :returns:  0: Success.
   :returns: -1: Incorrect parameter or option.

The ``ignore_errors()`` method can be used to ignore various worksheet cell
errors/warnings. For example the following code writes a string that looks
like a number::

    worksheet.write_string('D2', '123')

This causes Excel to display a small green triangle in the top left hand
corner of the cell to indicate an error/warning:

.. image:: _images/ignore_errors1.png

Sometimes these warnings are useful indicators that there is an issue in the
spreadsheet but sometimes it is preferable to turn them off. Warnings can be
turned off at the Excel level for all workbooks and worksheets by using the
using "Excel options -> Formulas -> Error checking rules". Alternatively you
can turn them off for individual cells in a worksheet, or ranges of cells,
using the ``ignore_errors()`` method.

The worksheet errors/warnings that can be ignored are:

* ``number_stored_as_text``: Turn off errors/warnings for numbers stores as
  text.

* ``eval_error``: Turn off errors/warnings for formula errors (such as divide
  by zero).

* ``formula_differs``: Turn off errors/warnings for formulas that differ from
  surrounding formulas.

* ``formula_range``: Turn off errors/warnings for formulas that omit cells in
  a range.

* ``formula_unlocked``: Turn off errors/warnings for unlocked cells that
  contain formulas.

* ``empty_cell_reference``: Turn off errors/warnings for formulas that refer
  to empty cells.

* ``list_data_validation``: Turn off errors/warnings for cells in a table that
  do not comply with applicable data validation rules.

* ``calculated_column``: Turn off errors/warnings for cell formulas that
  differ from the column formula.

* ``two_digit_text_year``: Turn off errors/warnings for formulas that contain
  a two digit text representation of a year.

The ``ignore_errors()`` range can be a single cell, a range of cells, or
multiple cells and ranges separated by spaces::

    # Single cell.
    worksheet.ignore_errors({'eval_error': 'C6'})

    # Or a single range:
    worksheet.ignore_errors({'eval_error': 'C6:G8'})

    # Or multiple cells and ranges:
    worksheet.ignore_errors({'eval_error': 'C6 E6 G1:G20 J2:J6'})

Calling ``ignore_errors()`` multiple times will overwrite the previous values
but it is possible to ignore several types of errors/warnings at the same time
by adding them in a dict::

    # Or for more than one option:
    worksheet.ignore_errors({'number_stored_as_text': 'A1:A50',
                             'eval_error':            'B1:B50'})

It is important to note that Excel only supports one type of error/warning per
cell or range so the cells/ranges must be unique and must not overlap::

    # Error, overlapping cells!
    worksheet.ignore_errors({'number_stored_as_text': 'A1:A50',
                             'eval_error':            'A1'})

This error isn't currently caught by XlsxWriter so some care is needed when
handling multiple warning types.

You can turn off warnings for an entire column by specifying the range from
the first cell in the column to the last cell in the column::

    worksheet.ignore_errors({'number_stored_as_text': 'A1:A1048576'})

Or for the entire worksheet by specifying the range from the first cell in the
worksheet to the last cell in the worksheet::

    worksheet.ignore_errors({'number_stored_as_text': 'A1:XFD1048576'})


See also :ref:`ex_ignore_errors`.
