#ifdef RCSID
static char RCSid[] =
"$Header: d:/cvsroot/tads/tads3/VMRUN.CPP,v 1.4 1999/07/11 00:46:58 MJRoberts Exp $";
#endif

/* 
 *   Copyright (c) 1998, 2002 Michael J. Roberts.  All Rights Reserved.
 *   
 *   Please see the accompanying license file, LICENSE.TXT, for information
 *   on using and copying this software.  
 */
/*
Name
  vmrun.cpp - VM Execution
Function
  
Notes
  
Modified
  11/12/98 MJRoberts  - Creation
*/

#include <stdio.h>

#include "t3std.h"
#include "os.h"
#include "vmrun.h"
#include "vmdbg.h"
#include "vmop.h"
#include "vmstack.h"
#include "vmerr.h"
#include "vmerrnum.h"
#include "vmobj.h"
#include "vmlst.h"
#include "vmstr.h"
#include "vmtobj.h"
#include "vmfunc.h"
#include "vmmeta.h"
#include "vmbif.h"
#include "vmpredef.h"
#include "vmfile.h"
#include "vmsave.h"
#include "vmprof.h"
#include "vmhash.h"
#include "vmlookup.h"
#include "vmfref.h"
#include "vmop.h"
#include "vmbignum.h"


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Define static global variables for certain VM registers, if we're
 *   compiling the system in a static global configuration.
 *   
 *   Empirically, it makes a measurable difference (on the order of 2%
 *   compared to the struct configuration) to keep these in globals and to
 *   keep them together.  These are the VM's equivalent of CPU registers, and
 *   they get hit a lot during bytecode execution; keeping this small cluster
 *   of hot memory locations together seems to enable the CPU to keep them in
 *   cache.
 */
VM_IF_REGS_IN_GLOBALS(vm_val_t *sp_;)
VM_IF_REGS_IN_GLOBALS(vm_val_t *frame_ptr_;)
VM_IF_REGS_IN_GLOBALS(vm_val_t r0_;)
VM_IF_REGS_IN_GLOBALS(const uchar *entry_ptr_native_;)
VM_IF_REGS_IN_GLOBALS(const uchar **pc_ptr_;)


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Initialize 
 */
CVmRun::CVmRun(size_t max_depth, size_t reserve_depth)
    : CVmStack(max_depth, reserve_depth)
{
    init();
}

void CVmRun::init()
{
    /* inherit base class handling */
    CVmStack::init();

    /* start out with 'nil' in R0 */
    r0_.set_nil();

    /* there's no frame yet */
    frame_ptr_ = 0;

    /* there's no entry pointer yet */
    entry_ptr_native_ = 0;

    /* function header size is not yet known */
    funchdr_size_ = 0;

    /* we have no 'say' function yet */
    say_func_ = 0;

    /* no default 'say' method */
    say_method_ = VM_INVALID_PROP;

    /* no debugger halt requested yet */
    halt_vm_ = FALSE;

    /* we have no program counter yet */
    pc_ptr_ = 0;

    /*
     *   If we're including the profiler in the build, allocate and
     *   initialize its memory structures. 
     */
#ifdef VM_PROFILER

    /* 
     *   Allocate the profiler stack.  This stack will contain one record per
     *   activation frame in the regular VM stack.  
     */
    prof_stack_max_ = 250;
    (prof_stack_ = (vm_profiler_rec *)
                   t3malloc(prof_stack_max_ * sizeof(prof_stack_[0])));

    /* we don't have anything on the profiler stack yet */
    prof_stack_idx_ = 0;

    /* create the profiler master hash table */
    prof_master_table_ = new CVmHashTable(512, new CVmHashFuncCI(), TRUE);

    /* we're not running the profiler yet */
    profiling_ = FALSE;

#endif /* VM_PROFILER */
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Terminate 
 */
CVmRun::~CVmRun()
{
    terminate();
}

void CVmRun::terminate()
{
    /*
     *   If we're including the profiler in the build, delete its memory
     *   structures.  
     */
#ifdef VM_PROFILER

    /* delete the profiler stack */
    if (prof_stack_ != 0)
    {
        t3free(prof_stack_);
        prof_stack_ = 0;
    }

    /* delete the profiler master hash table */
    if (prof_master_table_ != 0)
    {
        delete prof_master_table_;
        prof_master_table_ = 0;
    }

#endif /* VM_PROFILER */
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Set the function header size 
 */
void CVmRun::set_funchdr_size(size_t siz)
{
    /* remember the new size */
    funchdr_size_ = siz;

    /* 
     *   Ensure that the size is at least as large as our required function
     *   header block - if it's not, this version of the VM can't run this
     *   image file.  If we throw an error, flag it as a version mismatch
     *   error.  
     */
    if (siz < VMFUNC_HDR_MIN_SIZE)
        err_throw_a(VMERR_IMAGE_INCOMPAT_HDR_FMT, 1, ERR_TYPE_VERSION_FLAG);
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Add two values, leaving the result in *val1 
 */
int CVmRun::compute_sum(VMG_ vm_val_t *val1, const vm_val_t *val2)
{
    /* the meaning of "add" depends on the type of the first operand */
check_type:
    switch(val1->typ)
    {
    case VM_SSTRING:
        /* 
         *   string constant - add the second value to the string, using
         *   the static string add method 
         */
        CVmObjString::add_to_str(vmg_ val1, val1, val2);
        return TRUE;

    case VM_LIST:
        /* 
         *   list constant - add the second value to the list, using the
         *   static list add method 
         */
        CVmObjList::add_to_list(vmg_ val1, VM_INVALID_OBJ,
                                get_const_ptr(vmg_ val1->val.ofs), val2);
        return TRUE;

    case VM_OBJ:
        /*
         *   object - add the second value to the object, using the
         *   object's virtual metaclass add method 
         */
        return vm_objp(vmg_ val1->val.obj)->add_val(
            vmg_ val1, val1->val.obj, val2);

    case VM_INT:
        /* 
         *   callers handle the int+int case inline, so we can skip that; we
         *   just need to check for other numeric types
         */
        if (val2->is_numeric(vmg0_))
        {
            /* 
             *   the other value is numeric but not an integer; promote the
             *   integer to the other type, then re-do the type check
             */
            val2->promote_int(vmg_ val1);
            goto check_type;
        }
        else
        {
            /* can't add a non-numeric value to an integer */
            err_throw(VMERR_NUM_VAL_REQD);
            AFTER_ERR_THROW(return FALSE;)
        }

    default:
        /* other types don't understand '+' as a native operator */
        return FALSE;
    }
}

/*
 *   Compute the sum for an INC instruction 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::compute_sum_inc(VMG_ const uchar *p)
{
    /* add 1 to the value at TOS, leaving it on the stack */
    vm_val_t val2;
    val2.set_int(1);
    if (compute_sum(vmg_ get(0), &val2))
    {
        return p;
    }
    else
    {
        /* no native implementation - check for an overload */
        vm_val_t val;
        pop(&val);
        push(&val2);
        return op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                           &val, G_predef->operator_add, 1,
                           VMERR_BAD_TYPE_ADD);
    }
}

/*
 *   Compute the sum for an ADD instruction 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::compute_sum_add(VMG_ const uchar *p)
{
    if (compute_sum(vmg_ get(1), get(0)))
    {
        /* success - the result is at TOS-1 */
        discard();
        return p;
    }
    else
    {
        /* try the operator overload */
        vm_val_t val;
        pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
        return op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                           &val, G_predef->operator_add, 1,
                           VMERR_BAD_TYPE_ADD);
    }
}

/*
 *   Compute the sum of a local and an immediate value, assigning the result
 *   to the local 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::compute_sum_lcl_imm(VMG_ vm_val_t *lclp,
                                         const vm_val_t *ival,
                                         int lclidx, const uchar *p)
{
    /* compute the sum, leaving the result in the local */
    if (compute_sum(vmg_ lclp, ival))
    {
        /* success */
        return p;
    }
    else
    {
        /* check for an overload */
        push(ival);
        return op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, lclidx,
                           lclp, G_predef->operator_add, 1,
                           VMERR_BAD_TYPE_ADD);
    }
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Compute the difference of two values, leaving the result in *val1 
 */
int CVmRun::compute_diff(VMG_ vm_val_t *val1, vm_val_t *val2)
{
    /* the meaning of "subtract" depends on the type of the first operand */
check_type:
    switch(val1->typ)
    {
    case VM_LIST:
        /* 
         *   list constant - remove the second value from the list, using
         *   the static list subtraction method 
         */
        CVmObjList::sub_from_list(vmg_ val1, val1,
                                  get_const_ptr(vmg_ val1->val.ofs), val2);
        return TRUE;

    case VM_OBJ:
        /* object - use the object's virtual subtraction method */
        return vm_objp(vmg_ val1->val.obj)->sub_val(
            vmg_ val1, val1->val.obj, val2);

    case VM_INT:
        /* 
         *   callers handle the int-int case inline, so we can skip that;
         *   check for other numeric types 
         */
        if (val2->is_numeric(vmg0_))
        {
            /* 
             *   the other value is numeric but not an integer; promote the
             *   integer to the other type, then re-do the type check 
             */
            val2->promote_int(vmg_ val1);
            goto check_type;
        }
        else
        {
            /* other values can't be subtracted */
            err_throw(VMERR_NUM_VAL_REQD);
            AFTER_ERR_THROW(return FALSE;)
        }

    default:
        /* other types cannot be subtracted */
        return FALSE;
    }
}

/*
 *   Compute the difference for a DEC instruction 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::compute_diff_dec(VMG_ const uchar *p)
{
    /* compute TOS - 1, leaving the result in TOS */
    vm_val_t val2;
    val2.set_int(1);
    if (compute_diff(vmg_ get(0), &val2))
    {
        return p;
    }
    else
    {
        /* no native implementation - check for an overload */
        vm_val_t val;
        pop(&val);
        push(&val2);
        return op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                           &val, G_predef->operator_sub, 1,
                           VMERR_BAD_TYPE_SUB);
    }
}

/*
 *   Compute the difference for a SUB instruction 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::compute_diff_sub(VMG_ const uchar *p)
{
    if (compute_diff(vmg_ get(1), get(0)))
    {
        /* the difference is at TOS-1 - discard the second value */
        discard();
        return p;
    }
    else
    {
        /* try for an operator overload */
        vm_val_t val;
        pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
        return op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                           &val, G_predef->operator_sub, 1,
                           VMERR_BAD_TYPE_SUB);
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Compute the product val1 * val2, leaving the result in val1 
 */
int CVmRun::compute_product(VMG_ vm_val_t *val1, vm_val_t *val2)
{
check_type:
    switch(val1->typ)
    {
    case VM_OBJ:
        /* use the object's virtual multiplication method */
        return vm_objp(vmg_ val1->val.obj)->mul_val(
            vmg_ val1, val1->val.obj, val2);

    case VM_INT:
        /* callers handle int*int inline; check for other numeric types */
        if (val2->is_numeric(vmg0_))
        {
            /* 
             *   int+other numeric - promote the integer to the other type,
             *   then restart the calculation with the promoted value 
             */
            val2->promote_int(vmg_ val1);
            goto check_type;
        }
        else
        {
            /* other types are invalid */
            err_throw(VMERR_NUM_VAL_REQD);
            AFTER_ERR_THROW(return FALSE;)
        }

    default:
        /* other types are invalid */
        return FALSE;
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Compute the quotient val1/val2, leaving the result in val1.  
 */
int CVmRun::compute_quotient(VMG_ vm_val_t *val1, vm_val_t *val2)
{
check_type:
    switch(val1->typ)
    {
    case VM_OBJ:
        /* use the object's virtual division method */
        return vm_objp(vmg_ val1->val.obj)->div_val(
            vmg_ val1, val1->val.obj, val2);
        break;

    case VM_INT:
        /* callers handle int/int inline; check for other numeric types */
        if (val2->is_numeric(vmg0_))
        {
            /* promote to integer, then restart with the promoted value */
            val2->promote_int(vmg_ val1);
            goto check_type;
        }
        else
        {
            err_throw(VMERR_NUM_VAL_REQD);
            AFTER_ERR_THROW(return FALSE;)
        }

    default:
        /* other types are invalid */
        return FALSE;
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   XOR two values and push the result.  The values can be numeric or
 *   logical.  If either value is logical, the result will be logical;
 *   otherwise, the result will be a bitwise XOR of the integers.  
 */
int CVmRun::xor_and_push(VMG_ vm_val_t *val1, vm_val_t *val2)
{
    /* figure what to do based on the types */
    if (val1->is_logical() && val2->is_logical())
    {
        /* both values are logical - compute the logical XOR */
        val1->set_logical(val1->get_logical() ^ val2->get_logical());
    }
    else if (val1->is_logical() || val2->is_logical())
    {
        /* 
         *   one value is logical, but not both - convert the other value
         *   from a number to a logical and compute the result as a
         *   logical value 
         */
        if (!val1->is_logical())
            val1->num_to_logical();
        else if (!val2->is_logical())
            val2->num_to_logical();

        /* compute the logical xor */
        val1->set_logical(val1->get_logical() ^ val2->get_logical());
    }
    else if (val1->typ == VM_INT && val2->typ == VM_INT)
    {
        /* compute and store the bitwise XOR */
        val1->val.intval = val1->val.intval ^ val2->val.intval;
    }
    else
    {
        /* there's no logical conversion, so we can't compute it here */
        return FALSE;
    }

    /* push the result */
    pushval(vmg_ val1);

    /* handled */
    return TRUE;
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Set an indexed value.  Updates *container_val with the modified
 *   container, if the operation requires this.  (For example, setting an
 *   indexed element of a list will create a new list, and return the new
 *   list in *container_val.  Setting an element of a vector simply modifies
 *   the vector in place, hence the container reference is unchanged.)  
 */
int CVmRun::set_index(VMG_ vm_val_t *container_val,
                      const vm_val_t *index_val,
                      const vm_val_t *new_val)
{
    switch(container_val->typ)
    {
    case VM_LIST:
        /* list constant - use the static list set-index method */
        CVmObjList::set_index_list(vmg_ container_val,
                                   get_const_ptr(vmg_ container_val->val.ofs),
                                   index_val, new_val);
        return TRUE;

    case VM_OBJ:
        /* object - use the object's virtual set-index method */
        return vm_objp(vmg_ container_val->val.obj)
            ->set_index_val_q(vmg_ container_val,
                              container_val->val.obj, index_val, new_val);
        
    default:
        /* other values cannot be indexed */
        return FALSE;
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Create a new object and store it in R0
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::new_and_store_r0(VMG_ const uchar *pc,
                                      uint metaclass_idx, uint argc,
                                      int is_transient)
{
    vm_obj_id_t obj;
    
    /* create the object */
    obj = G_meta_table->create_from_stack(vmg_ &pc, metaclass_idx, argc);

    /* if we got a valid object, store a reference to it in R0 */
    if (obj != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
    {
        /* set the object return value */
        r0_.set_obj(obj);

        /* make the object transient if desired */
        if (is_transient)
            G_obj_table->set_obj_transient(obj);
    }
    else
    {
        /* failed - return nil */
        r0_.set_nil();
    }

    /* return the new instruction pointer */
    return pc;
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Process a MAKELSTPAR instruction 
 */
void CVmRun::makelstpar(VMG0_)
{
    /* pop the value and the argument counter so far */
    vm_val_t val, val2;
    popval(vmg_ &val);
    pop_int(vmg_ &val2);
    
    /* if it's not a list, just push it again unchanged */
    int lstcnt;
    if (!val.is_listlike(vmg0_)
        || (lstcnt = val.ll_length(vmg0_)) < 0)
    {
        /* put it back on the stack */
        pushval(vmg_ &val);
        
        /* increment the argument count and push it */
        ++val2.val.intval;
        pushval(vmg_ &val2);
        
        /* our work here is done */
        return;
    }

    /* set up a pointer to the current function header */
    CVmFuncPtr hdr_ptr;
    hdr_ptr.set(entry_ptr_native_);

    /* get the depth required for the header */
    uint hdr_depth = hdr_ptr.get_stack_depth();
    
    /* 
     *   deduct the amount stack space we've already used from the amount
     *   noted in the header, because that's the amount more that we could
     *   need for the fixed stuff
     */
    hdr_depth -= (get_depth_rel(frame_ptr_) - 1);
    
    /* make sure we have enough stack space available */
    if (!check_space(lstcnt + hdr_depth))
        err_throw(VMERR_STACK_OVERFLOW);
    
    /* push the elements of the list from last to first */
    for (uint i = lstcnt ; i != 0 ; --i)
    {
        /* push this element's value */
        val.ll_index(vmg_ push(), i);
    }

    /* increment and push the argument count */
    val2.val.intval += lstcnt;
    pushval(vmg_ &val2);
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Index a value and push the result.
 */
int CVmRun::apply_index(VMG_ vm_val_t *result,
                        const vm_val_t *container_val,
                        const vm_val_t *index_val)
{
    /* check the type of the value we're indexing */
    switch(container_val->typ)
    {
    case VM_LIST:
        /* list constant - use the static list indexing method */
        CVmObjList::index_list(
            vmg_ result, get_const_ptr(vmg_ container_val->val.ofs),
            index_val);
        return TRUE;

    case VM_OBJ:
        /* object - use the object's virtual indexing method */
        {
            vm_obj_id_t obj = container_val->val.obj;
            return vm_objp(vmg_ obj)->index_val_q(vmg_ result, obj, index_val);
        }

    default:
        /* other values cannot be indexed */
        return FALSE;
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Property evaluation invoker.  This is a streamlined invoker for simple
 *   evaluations where targetobj == self.  
 */
class vmrun_prop_eval
{
public:
    /* caller offset */
    uint caller_ofs;

    /* target property */
    vm_prop_id_t target_prop;

    /* self and target object */
    vm_val_t self;

    /* number of arguments */
    uint argc;

    /* the property value */
    vm_val_t val;

    /* defining object */
    vm_obj_id_t defining_obj;

    const uchar *get_prop(
        VMG_ uint caller_ofs, vm_obj_id_t self, vm_prop_id_t target_prop)
    {
        this->self.set_obj(self);
        this->caller_ofs = caller_ofs;
        this->argc = 0;
        this->target_prop = target_prop;
        return get_prop(vmg0_);
    }

    const uchar *get_prop(
        VMG_ uint caller_ofs, vm_prop_id_t target_prop)
    {
        this->caller_ofs = caller_ofs;
        this->argc = 0;
        this->target_prop = target_prop;
        return get_prop(vmg0_);
    }

    const uchar *get_prop(
        VMG_ uint caller_ofs, vm_prop_id_t target_prop, uint argc)
    {
        this->caller_ofs = caller_ofs;
        this->argc = argc;
        this->target_prop = target_prop;
        return get_prop(vmg0_);
    }

    /*
     *   Evaluate a property of an object.  The caller must fill in
     *   caller_ofs, target_obj, target_prop, self, and argc.  
     */
    const uchar *get_prop(VMG0_)
    {
        /* find the property without evaluating it */
        if (get_prop_no_eval(vmg0_))
            return eval_prop_val(vmg0_);

        /* try propNotDefined */
        if (G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop != VM_INVALID_PROP)
        {
            /* save the original target property */
            vm_prop_id_t real_target_prop = target_prop;
            
            /* look up propNotDefined */
            target_prop = G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop;
            if (get_prop_no_eval(vmg0_))
            {
                /* if we found a method, set up to call it */
                if (val.typ == VM_CODEOFS
                    || val.typ == VM_OBJX
                    || val.typ == VM_BIFPTRX)
                {
                    /* 
                     *   add the target property as the additional first
                     *   argument to propNotDefined (we push backwards, so
                     *   this will conveniently become the new first
                     *   argument) 
                     */
                    G_stk->push()->set_propid(real_target_prop);
                    
                    /* count the additional argument */
                    ++argc;
                }
                
                return eval_prop_val(vmg0_);
            }
        }
            
        /* 
         *   the property or method is not defined - discard arguments and
         *   set R0 to nil 
         */
        G_stk->discard(argc);
        G_interpreter->get_r0()->set_nil();

        /* resume execution where we left off */
        return G_interpreter->get_entry_ptr() + caller_ofs;
    }

    /*
     *   Look up a property without evaluating it.  
     */
    int get_prop_no_eval(VMG0_)
    {
        int found;
        const char *target_ptr;
        int (*f_const_get_prop)(VMG_ vm_val_t *, const vm_val_t *,
                                const char *, vm_prop_id_t, vm_obj_id_t *,
                                uint *);
        vm_obj_id_t (*f_const_create)(VMG_ const char *);
        
        /* 
         *   we can evaluate properties of regular objects, as well as string
         *   and list constants - see what we have 
         */
        switch(self.typ)
        {
        case VM_OBJ:
            /* get the property value from the target object */
            return vm_objp(vmg_ self.val.obj)
                ->get_prop(vmg_ target_prop, &val, self.val.obj,
                           &defining_obj, &argc);

        case VM_LIST:
            f_const_get_prop = &CVmObjList::const_get_prop;
            f_const_create = &CVmObjListConst::create;
            goto const_common;

        case VM_SSTRING:
            f_const_get_prop = &CVmObjString::const_get_prop;
            f_const_create = &CVmObjStringConst::create;

        const_common:
            /* translate the list offset to a physical pointer */
            target_ptr = G_const_pool->get_ptr(self.val.ofs);

            /* evaluate the constant list property */
            found = f_const_get_prop(
                vmg_ &val, &self, target_ptr, target_prop,
                &defining_obj, &argc);

            /* 
             *   If the result is a method to run, we need an actual object
             *   for 'self'.  In this case, create a dynamic list object with
             *   the same contents as the constant list value.  
             */
            if (found
                && (val.typ == VM_CODEOFS
                    || val.typ == VM_OBJX
                    || val.typ == VM_BIFPTRX))
            {
                /* create the list */
                self.set_obj(f_const_create(vmg_ target_ptr));
            }

            /* go evaluate the result as normal */
            return found;
            
        case VM_NIL:
            /* nil pointer dereferenced */
            err_throw(VMERR_NIL_DEREF);
            AFTER_ERR_THROW(return FALSE;)

        default:
            /* we can't evaluate properties of anything else */
            err_throw(VMERR_OBJ_VAL_REQD);
            AFTER_ERR_THROW(return FALSE;)
        }
    }

    /*
     *   Given a value that has been retrieved from an object property,
     *   evaluate the value.  If the value contains code, we'll execute the
     *   code; if it contains a self-printing string, we'll display the
     *   string; otherwise, we'll just store the value in R0.
     *   
     *   If the value wasn't found, the caller sets the value type to 'empty'
     *   to indicate that there's no value.  
     */
    const uchar *eval_prop_val(VMG0_)
    {
        /* take appropriate action based on the datatype of the result */
        switch(val.typ)
        {
        case VM_CODEOFS:
            /* 
             *   It's a method - invoke the method.  This will set us up to
             *   start executing this new code, so there's nothing more we
             *   need to do here.  
             */
            
            /* push targetprop, targetobj, definingobj, self, and invokee */
            {
                vm_val_t *fp = G_stk->push(5);
                (fp++)->set_propid(target_prop);
                (fp++)->set_obj(self.val.obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(defining_obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(self.val.obj);
                (fp++)->set_fnptr(val.val.ofs);
            }
            
            /* call the function */
            return G_interpreter->do_call(
                vmg_ caller_ofs,
                (const uchar *)G_code_pool->get_ptr(val.val.ofs),
                argc, 0);

        default:
            /* for any other value, no arguments are allowed */
            if (argc != 0)
                err_throw(VMERR_WRONG_NUM_OF_ARGS);

            /* store the result in R0 */
            *G_interpreter->get_r0() = val;

            /* resume execution where we left off */
            return G_interpreter->get_entry_ptr() + caller_ofs;

        case VM_DSTRING:
            /* no arguments are allowed */
            if (argc != 0)
                err_throw(VMERR_WRONG_NUM_OF_ARGS);
            
            /* 
             *   it's a self-printing string - invoke the default string
             *   output function (this is effectively a do_call()) 
             */
            return G_interpreter->disp_dstring(
                vmg_ val.val.ofs, caller_ofs, self.val.obj);
            
        case VM_OBJX:
            /* 
             *   Execute-on-eval object.  If the value is an anonymous
             *   function or other invokable object, call it.  If it's a
             *   string, print it.  
             */
            if (vm_objp(vmg_ val.val.obj)->get_invoker(vmg_ 0))
            {
                /* convert to an ordinary anonymous function object */
                vm_val_t funcptr;
                funcptr.set_obj(val.val.obj);
                
                /* prepare the invocation frame */
                vm_val_t *fp = G_stk->push(5);
                (fp++)->set_propid(target_prop);
                (fp++)->set_obj(self.val.obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(defining_obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(self.val.obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(val.val.obj);

                /* invoke the function */
                return G_interpreter->call_func_ptr_fr(
                    vmg_ &funcptr, argc, 0, caller_ofs);
            }
            else if (CVmObjString::is_string_obj(vmg_ val.val.obj))
            {
                /* print the string */
                G_interpreter->push_obj(vmg_ val.val.obj);
                return G_interpreter->disp_string_val(
                    vmg_ caller_ofs, self.val.obj);
            }
            err_throw(VMERR_BAD_TYPE_CALL);
            
        case VM_BIFPTRX:
            /* Execute-on-eval built-in function.  Call the function. */
            G_interpreter->call_bif(
                vmg_ val.val.bifptr.set_idx, val.val.bifptr.func_idx, argc);
            
            /* resume execution where we left off */
            return G_interpreter->get_entry_ptr() + caller_ofs;
        }
    }
};

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Integer arithmetic with promotions to BigNumber on overflow
 */

#define VMRUN_PROMOTE_INTS_ON_OVERFLOW
#ifdef VMRUN_PROMOTE_INTS_ON_OVERFLOW

static void promote_int_add(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    bignum_t<10> sum((long)aval->val.intval);
    sum += (long)b;
    aval->set_obj(CVmObjBigNum::create(vmg_ FALSE, sum));
}

static inline void int_add(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    int32_t a = aval->val.intval, sum = a + b;
    if (a >= 0 ? b <= 0 || sum >= a : b >= 0 || sum <= a)
        aval->val.intval = sum;
    else
        promote_int_add(vmg_ aval, b);
}

static void promote_int_sub(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    bignum_t<10> diff((long)aval->val.intval);
    diff -= (long)b;
    aval->set_obj(CVmObjBigNum::create(vmg_ FALSE, diff));
}

static inline void int_sub(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    int32_t a = aval->val.intval, diff = a - b;
    if (a >= 0 ? b >= 0 || diff >= a : b < 0 || diff <= a)
        aval->val.intval = diff;
    else
        promote_int_sub(vmg_ aval, b);
}

static void promote_int_mul(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    bignum_t<20> prod((long)aval->val.intval);
    prod *= (long)b;
    aval->set_obj(CVmObjBigNum::create(vmg_ FALSE, prod));
}

static inline void int_mul(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    int64_t a = aval->val.intval, prod = a * b;
    if (prod <= (int64_t)INT32MAXVAL && prod >= (int64_t)INT32MINVAL)
        aval->val.intval = (int32_t)prod;
    else
        promote_int_mul(vmg_ aval, b);
}

static void promote_int_div(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    bignum_t<10> quo((long)aval->val.intval);
    quo /= (long)b;
    aval->set_obj(CVmObjBigNum::create(vmg_ FALSE, quo));
}

static inline void int_div(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval, int32_t b)
{
    /* check for division by zero */
    if (b == 0)
        err_throw(VMERR_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO);

    /* 
     *   NB - assuming 2's complement notation; the only integer division
     *   that can result in overflow is INT32MINVAL/-1 
     */
    int32_t a = aval->val.intval;
    if (a != INT32MINVAL || b != -1)
        aval->val.intval = a / b;
    else
        promote_int_div(vmg_ aval, b);
}

static void promote_int_neg(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval)
{
    bignum_t<10> neg((long)aval->val.intval);
    neg = -neg;
    aval->set_obj(CVmObjBigNum::create(vmg_ FALSE, neg));
}

static inline void int_neg(VMG_ vm_val_t *aval)
{
    /* 
     *   NB - assuming 2's complement representation; the only integer
     *   negation that can result in overflow is -INT32MINVAL 
     */
    if (aval->val.intval != INT32MINVAL)
        aval->val.intval = -aval->val.intval;
    else
        promote_int_neg(vmg_ aval);
}

#define INT_ADD(aval, b) int_add(vmg_ aval, b)
#define INT_SUB(aval, b) int_sub(vmg_ aval, b)
#define INT_MUL(aval, b) int_mul(vmg_ aval, b)
#define INT_DIV(aval, b) int_div(vmg_ aval, b)
#define INT_NEG(aval) int_neg(vmg_ aval)

#else

#define INT_ADD(aval, b) ((aval)->val.intval += (b))
#define INT_SUB(aval, b) ((aval)->val.intval -= (b))
#define INT_MUL(aval, b) ((aval)->val.intval *= (b))
#define INT_DIV(aval, b) \
    if (b == 0) err_throw(VMERR_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO); \
    else ((aval)->val.intval /= (b))
#define INT_NEG(aval) ((aval)->val.intval = -(aval)->val.intval)

#endif


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Calculations for conditionals 
 */
#if 1
/* 
 *   Faster versions.  All of the type checks in these are inline.  These
 *   yield equivalent results to the more abstracted versions, but since they
 *   check for an explicit set of types, these won't automatically adapt if
 *   new primitive types are added to the VM in the future.  These tests are
 *   done so frequently in typical bytecode execution that they're critical
 *   for performance, so the loss of abstractness from the micro-optimization
 *   is worthwhile for speed.
 */
# define false_for_cond(v) \
    ((v)->typ == VM_NIL || ((v)->typ == VM_INT && (v)->val.intval == 0))
# define true_for_cond(v) \
    ((v)->typ == VM_TRUE \
     || (v)->typ == VM_ENUM \
	 || ((v)->typ == VM_INT && (!(v)->val.intval) == 0))
# define is_valid_for_jst(v) \
    ((v)->typ == VM_NIL || (v)->typ == VM_INT)

#else
/* 
 *   Abstracted versions.  These yield the same results as the faster
 *   versions above.  These versions use abstract type tests that should in
 *   principle adapt automatically if new primitive numeric types are added
 *   in future VM versions.  But the virtual method calls add runtime
 *   overhead vs the faster inline versions.
 */
# define false_for_cond(v) \
    ((v)->typ == VM_NIL \
     || ((v)->is_numeric(vmg0_) && (v)->num_is_zero(vmg0_)))
# define true_for_cond(v) \
    ((v)->typ == VM_TRUE \
     || (v)->typ == VM_ENUM \
     || ((v)->is_numeric(vmg0_) && !(v)->num_is_zero(vmg0_)))
# define is_valid_for_jst(v) \
    ((v)->typ == VM_NIL || (v)->is_numeric(vmg0_))

#endif


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Execute byte code 
 */
void CVmRun::run(VMG_ const uchar *start_pc)
{
    /* 
     *   If you're concerned about a compiler warning on the following
     *   'register' declaration, refer to the footnote at the bottom of this
     *   file (search for [REGISTER_P_FOOTNOTE]).  Executive summary: you can
     *   safely ignore the warning, and I'm keeping the code as it is because
     *   it causes better optimization on some platforms, and is harmless
     *   when it doesn't help with optimization.  
     */
    REGISTER const uchar *p = start_pc;
    vmrun_prop_eval propev;
    vm_val_t *valp;
    vm_val_t *valp2;
    vm_val_t val;
    vm_val_t val2;
    vm_val_t val3;
    int done;
    vm_obj_id_t obj;
    vm_prop_id_t prop;
    uint argc;
    vm_obj_id_t unhandled_exc;
    const uchar *last_pc = start_pc;
    const uchar **old_pc_ptr;

    /* save the enclosing program counter pointer, and remember the new one */
    old_pc_ptr = pc_ptr_;
    pc_ptr_ = &last_pc;

    /* we're not done yet */
    done = FALSE;

    /* no unhandled exception yet */
    unhandled_exc = VM_INVALID_OBJ;

    /*
     *   Come back here whenever we catch a run-time exception and find a
     *   byte-code error handler to process it in the stack.  We'll
     *   re-enter our exception handler and resume byte-code execution at
     *   the handler.  
     */
resume_execution:

    /*
     *   Execute all code within an exception frame.  If any routine we
     *   call throws an exception, we'll catch the exception and process
     *   it as a run-time error.  
     */
    err_try
    {
        /* execute code until something makes us stop */
        for (;;)
        {
#ifdef VM_DEBUGGER
            /* 
             *   check for user-requested break, and step into the debugger
             *   if we find it 
             */
            static int brkchk = 0;
            if (++brkchk > 10000)
            {
                /* reset the break counter */
                brkchk = 0;
                
                /* check for break, and step into debugger if found */
                if (os_break())
                {
                    if (G_debugger->is_in_debugger())
                        err_throw(VMERR_DBG_INTERRUPT);
                    else
                        G_debugger->set_break_stop();
                }                            
            }

            /* if we're single-stepping, break into the debugger */
            if (G_debugger->is_single_step())
                G_debugger->step(vmg_ &p, entry_ptr_native_, FALSE, 0);
            
            /* check for a halt request from the debugger */
            if (halt_vm_)
                err_throw(VMERR_DBG_HALT);

        exec_instruction:

#endif /* VM_DEBUGGER */

            /* 
             *   Remember the location of this instruction in a non-register
             *   variable, in case there's an exception.  (We know that
             *   last_pc is guaranteed to be a non-register variable because
             *   we take its address and store it in our pc_ptr_ member.)
             *   
             *   We need to know the location of the last instruction when
             *   an exception occurs so that we can find the exception
             *   handler.  We want to encourage the compiler to enregister
             *   'p', since we access it so frequently in this routine; but
             *   if it's in a register, there's a risk we'd get the
             *   setjmp-time value in our exception handler.  To handle both
             *   needs, simply copy the value to our non-register variable
             *   last_pc; this will still let the vast majority of our
             *   access to 'p' use fast register operations if the compiler
             *   allows this, while ensuring we have a safe copy around in
             *   case of exceptions.  
             */
            last_pc = p;

            /* 
             *   Execute the current instruction.
             *   
             *   The order of the case table is in descending order of
             *   frequency of instruction usage for the first 30 or so
             *   instructions, according to empirical testing.  This is
             *   intended to keep the code for the most common instructions
             *   within a short jump of the 'switch', to increase the chances
             *   that an instruction jump will go to a location in cache.
             *   This seems to yield a slight speed improvement on Intel
             *   machines, and even if it doesn't help on a given machine, it
             *   shouldn't do any harm relative to a randomly ordered case
             *   table.  
             */
            switch(*p++)
            {
            case OPC_GETARGN0:
                push(get_param(vmg_ 0));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETPROPSELF:
                /* evaluate the property of 'self' */
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(
                    vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, get_self(vmg0_), prop);
                continue;

            case OPC_GETR0:
                /* push the contents of R0 */
                push(&r0_);
                continue;

            case OPC_DUPR0:
                /* push the contents of R0 twice */
                push(&r0_);
                push(&r0_);
                continue;

            case OPC_GETSETLCL1R0:
                /* set local from R0 and leave value on stack */
                push(&r0_);
                *get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p)) = r0_;
                continue;

            case OPC_GETSETLCL1:
                /* set local and leave value on stack */
                *get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p)) = *get(0);
                continue;

            case OPC_SETPROPSELF:
                /* get the value to set */
                pop(&val);

                /* set it */
                set_prop(vmg_ get_self(vmg0_), get_op_uint16(&p), &val);
                continue;

            case OPC_SETLCL1R0:
                /* store R0 in the specific local */
                *get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p)) = r0_;
                continue;

            case OPC_GETARGN1:
                push(get_param(vmg_ 1));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCLN0:
                push(get_local(vmg_ 0));
                continue;

            case OPC_SETLCL1:
                /* get a pointer to the local */
                valp = get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* pop the value into the local */
                pop(valp);
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHSELF:
                /* push 'self' */
                push(get_self_val(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_RETNIL:
                /* store nil in R0 */
                r0_.set_nil();

                /* return */
                if ((p = do_return(vmg0_)) == 0)
                    goto exit_loop;
                continue;

            case OPC_RETVAL:
                /* pop the return value into R0 */
                pop(&r0_);

                /* return */
                if ((p = do_return(vmg0_)) == 0)
                    goto exit_loop;
                continue;

            case OPC_GETPROPLCL1:
                /* get the local whose property we're evaluating */
                propev.self = *get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* evaluate the property of the local variable */
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop);
                continue;

            case OPC_JNIL:
                /* jump if top of stack is nil */
                valp = get(0);
                p += (valp->typ == VM_NIL ? osrp2s(p) : 2);

                /* discard the top value, regardless of what happened */
                discard();
                continue;

            case OPC_RET:
                /* return, leaving R0 unchanged */
                if ((p = do_return(vmg0_)) == 0)
                    goto exit_loop;
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHENUM:
                /* push a UINT4 operand value */
                push()->set_enum(get_op_uint32(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_JMP:
                /* unconditionally jump to the given offset */
                p += osrp2s(p);
                continue;

            case OPC_JNE:
                /* jump if the two values at top of stack are not equal */
                p += (!pop2_equal(vmg0_) ? osrp2s(p) : 2);
                continue;

            case OPC_JR0F:
                /* 
                 *   if R0 is true, or it's a non-zero numeric value, or any
                 *   non-numeric and non-boolean value, stay put; otherwise,
                 *   jump 
                 */
                if (false_for_cond(&r0_))
                {
                    /* it's zero or nil - jump */
                    p += osrp2s(p);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* it's non-zero and non-nil - do not jump */
                    p += 2;
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_GETARGN2:
                push(get_param(vmg_ 2));
                continue;

            case OPC_JGT:
                /* jump if greater */
                p += (pop2_compare_gt(vmg0_) ? osrp2s(p) : 2);
                continue;

            case OPC_CALLPROPSELF:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_callpropself:
                /* evaluate the property of 'self' */
                propev.self.set_obj(get_self(vmg0_));
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_INDEX:
                /* index TOS-1 by TOS, storing the result at TOS-1 */
                valp = get(1);
                if (apply_index(vmg_ valp, valp, get(0)))
                {
                    /* discard the index value */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_idx, 1,
                                    VMERR_CANNOT_INDEX_TYPE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_DUP:
                /* re-push the item at top of stack */
                push(get(0));
                continue;

            case OPC_IDXLCL1INT8:
                /* get the local */
                valp = get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* get the index value */
                val2.set_int(get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* 
                 *   look up the indexed value of the local, storing the
                 *   result in a newly-pushed stack element 
                 */
                if (!apply_index(vmg_ push(), valp, &val2))
                {
                    /* 
                     *   try an operator overload - push the index value as
                     *   the argument 
                     */
                    push(&val2);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    valp, G_predef->operator_idx, 1,
                                    VMERR_CANNOT_INDEX_TYPE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCLN2:
                push(get_local(vmg_ 2));
                continue;

            case OPC_CALLPROP:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_callprop:
                /* pop the object whose property we're fetching */
                pop(&propev.self);

                /* evaluate the property given by the immediate data */
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCLN1:
                push(get_local(vmg_ 1));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETARGN3:
                push(get_param(vmg_ 3));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCLN3:
                push(get_local(vmg_ 3));
                continue;

            case OPC_JNOTNIL:
                /* jump if top of stack is not nil */
                valp = get(0);
                p += (valp->typ != VM_NIL ? osrp2s(p) : 2);

                /* discard the top value, regardless of what happened */
                discard();
                continue;

            case OPC_ITERNEXT:
                /* get the iterator object from the local */
                valp = get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p));

                /* get the next value from the iterator */
                if (valp->typ == VM_OBJ
                    && vm_objp(vmg_ valp->val.obj)->iter_next(
                        vmg_ valp->val.obj, &val))
                {
                    /* another value is available - push it and proceed */
                    push(&val);
                    p += 2;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* no more values available - exit the loop */
                    p += osrp2s(p);
                }
                break;

            case OPC_PUSH_0:
                /* push the constant value 0 */
                push()->set_int(0);
                continue;

            case OPC_GETPROP:
                /* get the object whose property we're fetching */
                pop(&propev.self);

                /* evaluate the property */
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop);
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCLN4:
                push(get_local(vmg_ 4));
                continue;

            case OPC_JE:
                /* jump if the two values at top of stack are equal */
                p += (pop2_equal(vmg0_) ? osrp2s(p) : 2);
                continue;

                /* 
                 *   End of case table sorting by instruction execution
                 *   frequency.  The order of the remainder is more or less
                 *   arbitrary; we get diminishing returns from the frequency
                 *   ordering past a certain point, because CPU caches are
                 *   only so large.  
                 */

            case OPC_PUSHNIL:
                /* push nil */
                push()->set_nil();
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHTRUE:
                /* push true */
                push()->set_true();
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSH_1:
                /* push the constant value 1 */
                push()->set_int(1);
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHINT8:
                /* push an SBYTE operand value */
                push()->set_int(get_op_int8(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHINT:
                /* push a UINT4 operand value */
                push()->set_int(get_op_int32(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_INC:
                /* 
                 *   Increment the value at top of stack.  We must perform
                 *   the same type conversions as the ADD instruction does.
                 *   As an optimization, check to see if we have an integer
                 *   on top of the stack, and if so simply increment its
                 *   value without popping and repushing.  
                 */
                if ((valp = get(0))->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* it's an integer - increment it, and we're done */
                    ++(valp->val.intval);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* for other types, use the general handler */
                    p = compute_sum_inc(vmg_ p);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_ADD:
                /* if they're both integers, add them the quick way */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the sum */
                    INT_ADD(valp2, valp->val.intval);

                    /* discard the second value */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* for other types, use the general handler */
                    p = compute_sum_add(vmg_ p);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_DEC:
                /* 
                 *   Decrement the value at top of stack.  We must perform
                 *   the same type conversions as the SUB instruction does.
                 *   As an optimization, check to see if we have an integer
                 *   on top of the stack, and if so simply decrement its
                 *   value without popping and repushing.  
                 */
                if ((valp = get(0))->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* it's an integer - decrement it, and we're done */
                    INT_SUB(valp, 1);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* for other types, use the general handler */
                    p = compute_diff_dec(vmg_ p);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SUB:
                /* if they're both integers, subtract them the quick way */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the difference */
                    INT_SUB(valp2, valp->val.intval);

                    /* discard the second value */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* for other types, use the general handler */
                    p = compute_diff_sub(vmg_ p);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHSTR:
                /* push UINT4 offset operand as a string */
                push()->set_sstring(get_op_uint32(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_DISC:
                /* discard the item at the top of the stack */
                discard();
                continue;

            case OPC_DISC1:
                /* discard n items */
                discard(get_op_uint8(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHLST:
                /* push UINT4 offset operand as a list */
                push()->set_list(get_op_uint32(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHOBJ:
                /* push UINT4 object ID operand */
                push()->set_obj(get_op_uint32(&p));
                continue;
                
            case OPC_PUSHPROPID:
                /* push UINT2 property ID operand */
                push()->set_propid(get_op_uint16(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHFNPTR:
                /* push a function pointer operand */
                push()->set_fnptr(get_op_uint32(&p));
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHPARLST:
                {
                    /* get the number of fixed parameters */
                    uint cnt = *p++;

                    /* allocate the list from the parameters */
                    obj = CVmObjList::create_from_params(
                        vmg_ cnt, get_cur_argc(vmg0_) - cnt);
                    
                    /* push the new list */
                    push()->set_obj(obj);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_MAKELSTPAR:
                makelstpar(vmg0_);
                continue;

            case OPC_NEG:
                /* if it's an integer value, do the calculation inline */
                if ((valp = get(0))->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* negate number in place */
                    INT_NEG(valp);
                }
                else if (valp->typ == VM_OBJ
                         && vm_objp(vmg_ valp->val.obj)->neg_val(
                             vmg_ &val2, valp->val.obj))
                {
                    /* the object defined it natively - store the result */
                    *valp = val2;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try the overloaded operator */
                    pop(&val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_neg, 0,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_NEG);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BNOT:
                /* check the type */
                if ((valp = get(0))->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* bitwise NOT the integer on top of stack */
                    valp->val.intval = ~valp->val.intval;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try the overloaded operator */
                    pop(&val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_bit_not, 0,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_BIT_NOT);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_MUL:
                /* if they're both integers, this is easy */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the product */
                    INT_MUL(valp2, valp->val.intval);

                    /* discard the second value */
                    discard();
                }
                else if (compute_product(vmg_ valp2, valp))
                {
                    /* success - discard the second value */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_mul, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_MUL);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_DIV:
                /* if they're both integers, do the division inline */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the result of the division */
                    INT_DIV(valp2, valp->val.intval);

                    /* discard the second value */
                    discard();
                }
                else if (compute_quotient(vmg_ valp2, valp))
                {
                    /* success - discard the second operand */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_div, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_DIV);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_MOD:
                /* remainder number at (TOS-1) by number at top of stack */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* if they're both integers, do a quick local operation */
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* check for division by zero */
                    if (valp->val.intval == 0)
                        err_throw(VMERR_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO);

                    /* 
                     *   compute the remainder (TOS-1) % (TOS), leaving the
                     *   result at (TOS-1), and discard the second operand 
                     */
                    valp2->val.intval = os_remainder_long(
                        valp2->val.intval, valp->val.intval);

                    /* discard the second value */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_mod, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_MOD);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BAND:
                /* bitwise AND two integers on top of stack */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* if we have two integers, do it the quick way */
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the result and discard the second operand */
                    valp2->val.intval &= valp->val.intval;

                    /* discard the second value */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_bit_and, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_BIT_AND);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BOR:
                /* bitwise OR two integers on top of stack */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* check the types */
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the result */
                    valp2->val.intval |= valp->val.intval;

                    /* discard the second operand */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_bit_or, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_BIT_OR);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SHL:
                /* 
                 *   bit-shift left integer at (TOS-1) by integer at top
                 *   of stack 
                 */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* check the types */
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the result */
                    valp2->val.intval <<= valp->val.intval;

                    /* discard the second operand */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_shl, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_SHL);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_ASHR:
                /* 
                 *   arithmetic shift right integer at (TOS-1) by integer at
                 *   top of stack 
                 */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* check types */
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the result */
                    valp2->val.intval =
                        t3_ashr(valp2->val.intval, valp->val.intval);

                    /* discard the second operand */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_ashr, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_ASHR);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_LSHR:
                /* 
                 *   logical shift right integer at (TOS-1) by integer at
                 *   top of stack 
                 */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* check types */
                if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                {
                    /* compute the result */
                    valp2->val.intval =
                        t3_lshr(valp2->val.intval, valp->val.intval);

                    /* discard the second operand */
                    discard();
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    pop_left_op(vmg_ &val);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_lshr, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_LSHR);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_XOR:
                /* XOR two values at top of stack */
                popval_2(vmg_ &val, &val2);
                if (!xor_and_push(vmg_ &val, &val2))
                {
                    /* try for an operator overload */
                    push(&val2);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_xor, 1,
                                    VMERR_BAD_TYPE_XOR);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_NOT:
                /* 
                 *   invert the logic value; if the value is a number,
                 *   treat 0 as nil and non-zero as true 
                 */
                valp = get(0);
                switch(valp->typ)
                {
                case VM_NIL:
                    /* !nil -> true */
                    valp->set_true();
                    continue;

                case VM_OBJ:
                    /* !obj -> true if obj is nil, nil otherwise */
                    valp->set_logical(valp->val.obj == VM_INVALID_OBJ);
                    continue;

                case VM_TRUE:
                case VM_PROP:
                case VM_SSTRING:
                case VM_LIST:
                case VM_CODEOFS:
                case VM_FUNCPTR:
                case VM_ENUM:
                    /* these are all considered true, so !them -> nil */
                    valp->set_nil();
                    continue;

                case VM_INT:
                    /* !int -> true if int is 0, nil otherwise */
                    valp->set_logical(valp->val.intval == 0);
                    continue;

                default:
                    err_throw(VMERR_NO_LOG_CONV);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BOOLIZE:
                /* set to a boolean value */
                valp = get(0);
                switch(valp->typ)
                {
                case VM_NIL:
                case VM_TRUE:
                    /* it's already a logical value - leave it alone */
                    continue;

                case VM_INT:
                    /* integer: 0 -> nil, non-zero -> true */
                    valp->set_logical(valp->val.intval);
                    continue;

                case VM_ENUM:
                    /* an enum is always non-nil */
                    valp->set_true();
                    continue;

                default:
                    err_throw(VMERR_NO_LOG_CONV);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_EQ:
                /* compare two values at top of stack for equality */
                push_bool(vmg_ pop2_equal(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_NE:
                /* compare two values at top of stack for inequality */
                push_bool(vmg_ !pop2_equal(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_LT:
                /* compare values at top of stack - true if (TOS-1) < TOS */
                push_bool(vmg_ pop2_compare_lt(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_LE:
                /* compare values at top of stack - true if (TOS-1) <= TOS */
                push_bool(vmg_ pop2_compare_le(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_GT:
                /* compare values at top of stack - true if (TOS-1) > TOS */
                push_bool(vmg_ pop2_compare_gt(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_GE:
                /* compare values at top of stack - true if (TOS-1) >= TOS */
                push_bool(vmg_ pop2_compare_ge(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_VARARGC:
                {
                    /* get the modified opcode */
                    uchar opc = *p++;

                    /* 
                     *   skip the immediate data argument count - this is
                     *   superseded by our dynamic argument counter 
                     */
                    ++p;

                    /* pop the argument counter */
                    pop_int(vmg_ &val);
                    argc = val.val.intval;

                    /* execute the appropriate next opcode */
                    switch(opc)
                    {
                    case OPC_CALL:
                        goto do_opc_call;

                    case OPC_PTRCALL:
                        goto do_opc_ptrcall;

                    case OPC_CALLPROP:
                        goto do_opc_callprop;

                    case OPC_PTRCALLPROP:
                        goto do_opc_ptrcallprop;

                    case OPC_CALLPROPSELF:
                        goto do_opc_callpropself;

                    case OPC_PTRCALLPROPSELF:
                        goto do_opc_ptrcallpropself;

                    case OPC_OBJCALLPROP:
                        goto do_opc_objcallprop;

                    case OPC_CALLPROPLCL1:
                        goto do_opc_callproplcl1;

                    case OPC_CALLPROPR0:
                        goto do_opc_callpropr0;

                    case OPC_INHERIT:
                        goto do_opc_inherit;

                    case OPC_PTRINHERIT:
                        goto do_opc_ptrinherit;

                    case OPC_EXPINHERIT:
                        goto do_opc_expinherit;

                    case OPC_PTREXPINHERIT:
                        goto do_opc_ptrexpinherit;

                    case OPC_DELEGATE:
                        goto do_opc_delegate;

                    case OPC_PTRDELEGATE:
                        goto do_opc_ptrdelegate;

                    case OPC_BUILTIN_A:
                        goto do_opc_builtin_a;

                    case OPC_BUILTIN_B:
                        goto do_opc_builtin_b;

                    case OPC_BUILTIN_C:
                        goto do_opc_builtin_c;

                    case OPC_BUILTIN_D:
                        goto do_opc_builtin_d;

                    case OPC_BUILTIN1:
                        goto do_opc_builtin1;

                    case OPC_BUILTIN2:
                        goto do_opc_builtin2;

                    case OPC_NEW1:
                        goto do_opc_new1;

                    case OPC_TRNEW1:
                        goto do_opc_trnew1;

                    case OPC_NEW2:
                        goto do_opc_new2;

                    case OPC_TRNEW2:
                        goto do_opc_trnew2;

                    default:
                        err_throw(VMERR_INVALID_OPCODE_MOD);
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_NAMEDARGPTR:
                /* 
                 *   Pointer to named argument table.  Discard the named
                 *   arguments (the count is given by a one-byte operand),
                 *   then skip the table pointer (a two-byte operand).  
                 */
                discard(get_op_uint8(&p));
                p += 2;
                continue;

            case OPC_NAMEDARGTAB:
                /* 
                 *   Named argument table.  As with NAMEDARGPTR, we must
                 *   discard the named arguments.  Then we simply skip the
                 *   table - the table is for the benefit of callees. 
                 */
                {
                    pool_ofs_t ofs = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    discard(get_op_uint16(&p));
                    p += ofs - 2;
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_CALL:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_call:
                {
                    /* get the code offset to invoke */
                    pool_ofs_t ofs = get_op_int32(&p);

                    /* call it */
                    p = do_call_func_nr(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, ofs, argc);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_PTRCALL:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_ptrcall:
                /* retrieve the target of the call */
                popval(vmg_ &val);

                /* 
                 *   if it's a prop ID, and there's a valid "self" object,
                 *   treat it as a PTRCALLPROPSELF 
                 */
                if (val.typ == VM_PROP
                    && get_self_check(vmg0_) != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
                    goto do_opc_ptrcallpropself_val;
                
                /* call the function */
                p = call_func_ptr(vmg_ &val, argc, 0, p - entry_ptr_native_);
                continue;

            case OPC_RETTRUE:
                /* store true in R0 */
                r0_.set_true();

                /* return */
                if ((p = do_return(vmg0_)) == 0)
                    goto exit_loop;
                continue;

            case OPC_GETPROPR0:
                /* evaluate the property of R0 */
                propev.self = r0_;
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop);
                continue;

            case OPC_CALLPROPLCL1:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_callproplcl1:
                /* get the local whose property we're calling */
                propev.self = *get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* call the property of the local */
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_CALLPROPR0:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_callpropr0:
                /* call the property of R0 */
                propev.self = r0_;
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_PTRCALLPROP:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_ptrcallprop:
                /* 
                 *   pop the property to be evaluated, and the object whose
                 *   property we're evaluating 
                 */
                pop_prop(vmg_ &val);
                pop(&propev.self);

                /* evaluate the property */
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_,
                                    val.val.prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_PTRCALLPROPSELF:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_ptrcallpropself:
                /* get the property to be evaluated */
                pop_prop(vmg_ &val);

            do_opc_ptrcallpropself_val:
                /* evaluate the property of 'self' */
                propev.self.set_obj(get_self(vmg0_));
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_,
                                    val.val.prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_OBJGETPROP:
                /* get the object */
                propev.self.set_obj((vm_obj_id_t)get_op_uint32(&p));

                /* evaluate the property */
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop);
                continue;

            case OPC_OBJCALLPROP:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_objcallprop:
                /* get the object */
                propev.self.set_obj((vm_obj_id_t)get_op_uint32(&p));

                /* evaluate the property */
                prop = get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCL1:
                /* push the local */
                pushval(vmg_ get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p)));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCLN5:
                pushval(vmg_ get_local(vmg_ 5));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETLCL2:
                /* push the local */
                pushval(vmg_ get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p)));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETARG1:
                /* push the argument */
                pushval(vmg_ get_param(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p)));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETARG2:
                /* push the argument */
                pushval(vmg_ get_param(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p)));
                continue;

            case OPC_SETSELF:
                /* retrieve the 'self' object */
                pop(&val);
                
                /* if it's nil, set the 'obj' field to null */
                if (val.typ == VM_NIL)
                    val.val.obj = VM_INVALID_OBJ;

                /* set 'self' */
                set_self(vmg_ &val);
                continue;

            case OPC_STORECTX:
                /* create the context object */
                create_loadctx_obj(vmg_ push(),
                                   get_self(vmg0_),
                                   get_defining_obj(vmg0_),
                                   get_orig_target_obj(vmg0_),
                                   get_target_prop(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_LOADCTX:
                {
                    /* 
                     *   convert the context object (at top of stack) to a
                     *   list pointer 
                     */
                    const char *lstp = get(0)->get_as_list(vmg0_);

                    /* throw an error if it's not what we're expecting */
                    if (lstp == 0 || vmb_get_len(lstp) < 4)
                        err_throw(VMERR_LIST_VAL_REQD);

                    /* retrieve and store the context elements */
                    set_method_ctx(
                        vmg_ vmb_get_dh_obj(lstp + VMB_LEN),
                        vmb_get_dh_prop(lstp + VMB_LEN
                                        + VMB_DATAHOLDER),
                        vmb_get_dh_obj(lstp + VMB_LEN
                                       + 2*VMB_DATAHOLDER),
                        vmb_get_dh_obj(lstp + VMB_LEN
                                       + 3*VMB_DATAHOLDER));

                    /* discard the context object at top of stack */
                    discard();
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHCTXELE:
                /* check our context element type */
                switch(*p++)
                {
                case PUSHCTXELE_TARGPROP:
                    /* push the target property ID */
                    push(get_from_frame(frame_ptr_, VMRUN_FPOFS_PROP));
                    continue;

                case PUSHCTXELE_TARGOBJ:
                    /* push the original target object ID */
                    push(get_from_frame(frame_ptr_, VMRUN_FPOFS_ORIGTARG));
                    continue;

                case PUSHCTXELE_DEFOBJ:
                    /* push the defining object */
                    push(get_from_frame(frame_ptr_, VMRUN_FPOFS_DEFOBJ));
                    continue;

                case PUSHCTXELE_INVOKEE:
                    /* push the invokee object */
                    push(get_from_frame(frame_ptr_, VMRUN_FPOFS_INVOKEE));
                    continue;

                default:
                    /* the opcode is not valid in this VM version */
                    err_throw(VMERR_INVALID_OPCODE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_GETARGC:
                /* push the argument counter */
                push_int(vmg_ get_cur_argc(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_DUP2:
                /* 
                 *   duplicate the top two elements: first push the
                 *   second-from-top, then push the old top (which will now
                 *   be the second-from-top, thanks to our first push) 
                 */
                pushval(vmg_ get(1));
                pushval(vmg_ get(1));
                continue;

            case OPC_SWITCH:
                {
                    /* get the control value */
                    valp = get(0);

                    /* get the case count */
                    uint cnt = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* iterate through the case table */
                    for ( ; cnt != 0 ; p += 7, --cnt)
                    {
                        /* get this value */
                        vmb_get_dh((const char *)p, &val2);
                        
                        /* check if the values match */
                        if (valp->equals(vmg_ &val2))
                        {
                            /* it matches - jump to this offset */
                            p += VMB_DATAHOLDER;
                            p += osrp2s(p);
                            
                            /* no need to look any further */
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    /* discard the control value */
                    discard();

                    /* if we didn't find it, jump to the default case */
                    if (cnt == 0)
                        p += osrp2s(p);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_JT:
                /* get the value */
                valp = get(0);

                /* 
                 *   if it's true, or a non-zero numeric value, or any
                 *   non-numeric and non-boolean value, jump 
                 */
                if (false_for_cond(valp))
                {
                    /* it's zero or nil - do not jump */
                    p += 2;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* it's non-zero and non-nil - jump */
                    p += osrp2s(p);
                }

                /* discard the value */
                discard();
                continue;

            case OPC_JR0T:
                /* 
                 *   if R0 is true, or it's a non-zero numeric value, or any
                 *   non-numeric and non-boolean value, jump 
                 */
                if (false_for_cond(&r0_))
                {
                    /* it's zero or nil - do not jump */
                    p += 2;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* it's non-zero and non-nil - jump */
                    p += osrp2s(p);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_JF:
                /* get the value */
                valp = get(0);

                /* 
                 *   if it's true, or a non-zero numeric value, or any
                 *   non-numeric and non-boolean value, do not jump;
                 *   otherwise, jump 
                 */
                if (false_for_cond(valp))
                {
                    /* it's zero or nil - jump */
                    p += osrp2s(p);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* it's non-zero and non-nil - do not jump */
                    p += 2;
                }

                /* discard the value */
                discard();
                continue;

            case OPC_JGE:
                /* jump if greater or equal */
                p += (pop2_compare_ge(vmg0_) ? osrp2s(p) : 2);
                continue;

            case OPC_JLT:
                /* jump if less */
                p += (pop2_compare_lt(vmg0_) ? osrp2s(p) : 2);
                continue;

            case OPC_JLE:
                /* jump if less or equal */
                p += (pop2_compare_le(vmg0_) ? osrp2s(p) : 2);
                continue;

            case OPC_JST:
                /* get (do not remove) the element at top of stack */
                valp = get(0);

                /* 
                 *   if it's true, an enum value, or a non-zero number, jump,
                 *   saving the value; otherwise, require that it be a
                 *   logical value, pop it, and proceed 
                 */
                if (true_for_cond(valp))
                {
                    /* it's true - save it and jump */
                    p += osrp2s(p);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* 
                     *   it's not true - discard the value, but require
                     *   that it be a valid logical value 
                     */
                    if (!is_valid_for_jst(valp))
                        err_throw(VMERR_LOG_VAL_REQD);
                    discard();

                    /* skip to the next instruction */
                    p += 2;
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_JSF:
                /* get (do not remove) the element at top of stack */
                valp = get(0);

                /* 
                 *   if it's nil or zero, jump, saving the value;
                 *   otherwise, discard the value and proceed 
                 */
                if (false_for_cond(valp))
                {
                    /* it's nil or zero - save it and jump */
                    p += osrp2s(p);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* it's something non-false - discard it */
                    discard();

                    /* skip to the next instruction */
                    p += 2;
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_LJSR:
                /* 
                 *   compute and push the offset of the next instruction
                 *   (at +2 because of the branch offset operand) from our
                 *   method header - this will be the return address,
                 *   which in this offset format will survive any code
                 *   swapping that might occur in subsequent execution 
                 */
                push_int(vmg_ pc_to_method_ofs(p + 2));

                /* jump to the target address */
                p += osrp2s(p);
                continue;

            case OPC_LRET:
                /* get the indicated local variable */
                valp = get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p));
                
                /* the value must be an integer */
                if (valp->typ != VM_INT)
                    err_throw(VMERR_INT_VAL_REQD);
                
                /* 
                 *   jump to the code address obtained from adding the
                 *   integer value in the given local variable to the
                 *   current method header pointer 
                 */
                p = entry_ptr_native_ + valp->val.intval;
                continue;

            case OPC_SWAP:
                /* swap the top two elements on the stack */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* make a working copy of TOS */
                val = *valp;

                /* copy TOS-1 over TOS */
                *valp = *valp2;

                /* copy the working copy of TOS over TOS-1 */
                *valp2 = val;
                continue;

            case OPC_SWAP2:
                /* swap the top two elements with the next two */
                valp = get(0);
                valp2 = get(1);

                /* make a working copy of elements 2 & 3 */
                val = *get(2);
                val2 = *get(3);

                /* copy 0,1 over 2,3 */
                *get(2) = *valp;
                *get(3) = *valp2;

                /* copy the saved 2,3 over 0,1 */
                *valp = val;
                *valp2 = val2;
                continue;

            case OPC_SWAPN:
                /* swap elements at two given stack indices */
                valp = get(get_op_uint8(&p));
                valp2 = get(get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* make a working copy of val1 */
                val = *valp;

                /* write val2 over val1 */
                *valp = *valp2;

                /* write the copy of val1 over val2 */
                *valp2 = val;
                continue;

            case OPC_GETSPN:
                /* push stack element at index */
                push(get(get_op_uint8(&p)));
                continue;

            case OPC_SAY:
                {
                    /* get the string offset */
                    pool_ofs_t ofs = get_op_int32(&p);

                    /* display it */
                    p = disp_dstring(vmg_ ofs, p - entry_ptr_native_,
                                     get_self_check(vmg0_));
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SAYVAL:
                /* invoke the default string display function */
                p = disp_string_val(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_,
                                    get_self_check(vmg0_));
                continue;

            case OPC_INHERIT:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_inherit:
                /* inherit the property */
                prop = (vm_prop_id_t)get_op_uint16(&p);
                p = inh_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_PTRINHERIT:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_ptrinherit:
                /* pop the property to be inherited */
                pop_prop(vmg_ &val);

                /* inherit it */
                p = inh_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, val.val.prop, argc);
                continue;

            case OPC_EXPINHERIT:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_expinherit:
                /* get the property to inherit */
                prop = (vm_prop_id_t)get_op_uint16(&p);

                /* get the superclass to inherit it from */
                val.set_obj((vm_obj_id_t)get_op_uint32(&p));

                /* 
                 *   inherit it -- process this essentially the same way
                 *   as a normal CALLPROP, since we're going to evaluate
                 *   the given property of the given object, but retain
                 *   the current 'self' object 
                 */
                val2.set_obj(get_self(vmg0_));
                p = get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_,
                             &val, prop, &val2, argc, 0);
                continue;

            case OPC_PTREXPINHERIT:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_ptrexpinherit:
                /* pop the property to inherit */
                pop_prop(vmg_ &val);

                /* get the superclass to inherit it from */
                val3.set_obj((vm_obj_id_t)get_op_uint32(&p));

                /* inherit it */
                val2.set_obj(get_self(vmg0_));
                p = get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_,
                             &val3, val.val.prop, &val2, argc, 0);
                continue;

            case OPC_DELEGATE:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_delegate:
                /* get the property to inherit */
                prop = (vm_prop_id_t)get_op_uint16(&p);

                /* get the object to delegate to */
                pop(&val);

                /* delegate it */
                val2.set_obj(get_self(vmg0_));

                p = get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_,
                             &val, prop, &val2, argc, 0);
                continue;

            case OPC_PTRDELEGATE:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_ptrdelegate:
                /* pop the property to delegate to */
                pop_prop(vmg_ &val);

                /* pop the object to delegate to */
                pop(&val2);

                /* delegate it */
                val3.set_obj(get_self(vmg0_));
                p = get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_,
                             &val2, val.val.prop, &val3, argc, 0);
                continue;

            case OPC_BUILTIN_A:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_builtin_a:
                {
                    /* get the function index */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    
                    /* call the function in set #0 */
                    call_bif(vmg_ 0, idx, argc);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BUILTIN_B:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_builtin_b:
                {
                    /* get the function index */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint8(&p);

                    /* call the function in set #1 */
                    call_bif(vmg_ 1, idx, argc);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BUILTIN_C:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_builtin_c:
                {
                    /* get the function index */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint8(&p);

                    /* call the function in set #2 */
                    call_bif(vmg_ 2, idx, argc);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BUILTIN_D:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_builtin_d:
                {
                    /* get the function index */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    
                    /* call the function in set #3 */
                    call_bif(vmg_ 3, idx, argc);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BUILTIN1:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_builtin1:
                {
                    /* get the function index and function set ID */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    uint set_idx = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    
                    /* call the function */
                    call_bif(vmg_ set_idx, idx, argc);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BUILTIN2:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

            do_opc_builtin2:
                {
                    /* get the function index and function set ID */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    uint set_idx = get_op_uint8(&p);

                    /* call the function in set #0 */
                    call_bif(vmg_ set_idx, idx, argc);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_IDXINT8:
                /* 
                 *   make a copy of the value to index, so we can overwrite
                 *   the stack slot with the result 
                 */
                val = *(valp = get(0));

                /* set up the index value */
                val2.set_int(get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* apply the index, storing the result at TOS */
                if (!apply_index(vmg_ valp, &val, &val2))
                {
                    /* 
                     *   try an operator overload - push the index value as
                     *   the argument 
                     */
                    pop(&val);
                    push(&val2);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_idx, 1,
                                    VMERR_CANNOT_INDEX_TYPE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_NEW1:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

                /* fall through to do_opc_new1 */
            do_opc_new1:
                {
                    /* get the metaclass ID and create the object */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    p = new_and_store_r0(vmg_ p, idx, argc, FALSE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_TRNEW1:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint8(&p);

                /* fall through to do_opc_trnew1 */

            do_opc_trnew1:
                {
                    /* get the metaclass ID and create the object */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    p = new_and_store_r0(vmg_ p, idx, argc, TRUE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_NEW2:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint16(&p);

                /* fall through to do_opc_new2 */
            do_opc_new2:
                {
                    /* get the metaclass ID */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* create the new object */
                    p = new_and_store_r0(vmg_ p, idx, argc, FALSE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_TRNEW2:
                /* get the argument count */
                argc = get_op_uint16(&p);

                /* fall through to do_opc_trnew2 */
            do_opc_trnew2:
                {
                    /* get the metaclass ID */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* create the new object */
                    p = new_and_store_r0(vmg_ p, idx, argc, TRUE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_NOP:
                /* NO OP - no effect */
                continue;

            case OPC_INCLCL:
                /* get the local */
                {
                    int itmp = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    valp = get_local(vmg_ itmp);
                
                    /* do the increment inline if it's an integer */
                    if (valp->typ == VM_INT)
                    {
                        /* it's a number - just increment the value */
                        INT_ADD(valp, 1);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* it's a non-numeric value - do the full addition */
                        val2.set_int(1);
                        if (!compute_sum(vmg_ valp, &val2))
                        {
                            /* 
                             *   Check for an operator overload.  We need to
                             *   do this with a recursive call to update the
                             *   local on return. 
                             */
                            push(&val2);
                            p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, itmp,
                                            valp, G_predef->operator_add, 1,
                                            VMERR_BAD_TYPE_ADD);
                        }
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_DECLCL:
                {
                    /* get the local */
                    int itmp = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    valp = get_local(vmg_ itmp);
                    
                    /* handle integers inline */
                    if (valp->typ == VM_INT)
                    {
                        /* it's a number - just decrement the value */
                        INT_SUB(valp, 1);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* non-int - we must do the full subtraction work */
                        val2.set_int(1);
                        if (!compute_diff(vmg_ valp, &val2))
                        {
                            /* 
                             *   Check for an operator overload.  We need to
                             *   do this with a recursive call to update the
                             *   local on return.  
                             */
                            push(&val2);
                            p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, itmp,
                                            valp, G_predef->operator_sub, 1,
                                            VMERR_BAD_TYPE_SUB);
                        }
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_ADDILCL1:
                {
                    /* get the local */
                    int itmp = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    valp = get_local(vmg_ itmp);
                    
                    /* handle it inline if it's an integer */
                    if (valp->typ == VM_INT)
                    {
                        /* it's a number - just add the value */
                        INT_ADD(valp, get_op_int8(&p));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* get the number to add */
                        val2.set_int(get_op_int8(&p));

                        /* compute the sum */
                        p = compute_sum_lcl_imm(vmg_ valp, &val2, itmp, p);
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_ADDILCL4:
                {
                    /* get the local */
                    int itmp = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    valp = get_local(vmg_ itmp);
                    
                    /* if it's an integer, handle it in-line */
                    if (valp->typ == VM_INT)
                    {
                        /* it's a number - just add the value */
                        INT_ADD(valp, get_op_int32(&p));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* get the number to add */
                        val2.set_int(get_op_int32(&p));

                        /* compute the sum */
                        p = compute_sum_lcl_imm(vmg_ valp, &val2, itmp, p);
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_ADDTOLCL:
                {
                    /* get the local */
                    int itmp = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    valp = get_local(vmg_ itmp);
                    
                    /* get the value to add */
                    valp2 = get(0);
                    
                    /* if they're both integers, handle in-line */
                    if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                    {
                        /* add the value to the local */
                        INT_ADD(valp, valp2->val.intval);
                        
                        /* done with the addend */
                        discard();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* compute the sum, leaving the result in the local */
                        if (compute_sum(vmg_ valp, valp2))
                        {
                            /* done - discard the addend */
                            discard();
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            /* 
                             *   check for an overload - do it recursively,
                             *   since we need to update the local on return 
                             */
                            push(valp2);
                            p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, itmp,
                                            valp, G_predef->operator_add, 1,
                                            VMERR_BAD_TYPE_ADD);
                        }
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SUBFROMLCL:
                {
                    /* get the local */
                    int itmp = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    valp = get_local(vmg_ itmp);
                    
                    /* get the value to add */
                    valp2 = get(0);
                    
                    /* if they're both integers, handle in-line */
                    if (valp->typ == VM_INT && valp2->typ == VM_INT)
                    {
                        /* subtract the value from the local */
                        INT_SUB(valp, valp2->val.intval);
                        
                        /* discard the subtrahend */
                        discard();
                    }
                    else if (compute_diff(vmg_ valp, valp2))
                    {
                        /* done - discard the subtrahend */
                        discard();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* 
                         *   no native implementation - check for an
                         *   overload; do this recursively since we need to
                         *   update the local on return
                         */
                        push(valp2);
                        p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, itmp,
                                        valp, G_predef->operator_sub, 1,
                                        VMERR_BAD_TYPE_SUB);
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_ZEROLCL1:
                /* get the local and set it to zero */
                get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p))->set_int(0);
                continue;

            case OPC_ZEROLCL2:
                /* get the local and set it to zero */
                get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p))->set_int(0);
                continue;

            case OPC_NILLCL1:
                /* get the local and set it to zero */
                get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p))->set_nil();
                continue;

            case OPC_NILLCL2:
                /* get the local and set it to zero */
                get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p))->set_nil();
                continue;

            case OPC_ONELCL1:
                /* get the local and set it to zero */
                get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p))->set_int(1);
                continue;

            case OPC_ONELCL2:
                /* get the local and set it to zero */
                get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p))->set_int(1);
                continue;

            case OPC_SETLCL2:
                /* get a pointer to the local */
                valp = get_local(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p));

                /* pop the value into the local */
                popval(vmg_ valp);
                continue;

            case OPC_SETARG1:
                /* get a pointer to the parameter */
                valp = get_param(vmg_ get_op_uint8(&p));

                /* pop the value into the parameter */
                popval(vmg_ valp);
                continue;

            case OPC_SETARG2:
                /* get a pointer to the parameter */
                valp = get_param(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p));

                /* pop the value into the parameter */
                popval(vmg_ valp);
                continue;

            case OPC_SETIND:
                /* pop the index */
                popval(vmg_ &val2);

                /* pop the value to be indexed */
                popval(vmg_ &val);

                /* pop the value to assign */
                popval(vmg_ &val3);

                /* assign into the index */
                if (set_index(vmg_ &val, &val2, &val3))
                {
                    /* push the new container value */
                    pushval(vmg_ &val);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try operator overloading */
                    push(&val3);
                    push(&val2);
                    p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, -1,
                                    &val, G_predef->operator_setidx, 2,
                                    VMERR_CANNOT_INDEX_TYPE);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SETINDLCL1I8:
                {
                    /* get the local */
                    int itmp = get_op_uint8(&p);
                    valp = get_local(vmg_ itmp);
                    
                    /* get the index value */
                    val2.set_int(get_op_uint8(&p));
                    
                    /* pop the value to assign */
                    popval(vmg_ &val3);
                    
                    /* 
                     *   set the index value - this will update the local
                     *   variable directly if the container value changes 
                     */
                    if (!set_index(vmg_ valp, &val2, &val3))
                    {
                        /* try operator overloading */
                        push(&val3);
                        push(&val2);
                        p = op_overload(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, itmp,
                                        valp, G_predef->operator_setidx, 2,
                                        VMERR_CANNOT_INDEX_TYPE);
                    }
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SETPROP:
                /* get the object whose property we're setting */
                pop_obj(vmg_ &val);

                /* pop the value we're setting */
                popval(vmg_ &val2);

                /* set the value */
                set_prop(vmg_ val.val.obj, get_op_uint16(&p), &val2);
                continue;

            case OPC_PTRSETPROP:
                /* get the property and object to set */
                pop_prop(vmg_ &val);
                pop_obj(vmg_ &val2);

                /* get the value to set */
                popval(vmg_ &val3);

                /* set it */
                set_prop(vmg_ val2.val.obj, val.val.prop, &val3);
                continue;

            case OPC_OBJSETPROP:
                /* get the object */
                obj = (vm_obj_id_t)get_op_uint32(&p);

                /* get the new value */
                popval(vmg_ &val);

                /* set the property */
                set_prop(vmg_ obj, get_op_uint16(&p), &val);
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHSTRI:
                /* push inline string */
                {
                    /* get the length prefix */
                    uint cnt = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* create the new string from the inline data */
                    obj = CVmObjString::create(
                        vmg_ FALSE, (const char *)p, cnt);

                    /* skip past the string's bytes */
                    p += cnt;

                    /* push the new string */
                    push()->set_obj(obj);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_PUSHBIFPTR:
                {
                    /* push pointer to built-in function */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    push()->set_bifptr(get_op_uint16(&p), (ushort)idx);
                    validate_bifptr(vmg0_);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_THROW:
                /* pop the exception object */
                pop_obj(vmg_ &val);

                /* 
                 *   Throw it.  Note that we pass the start of the current
                 *   instruction as the program counter, since we want to
                 *   find the exception handler (if any) for the current
                 *   instruction, not for the next instruction. 
                 */
                if ((p = do_throw(vmg_ p - 1, val.val.obj)) == 0)
                {
                    /* remember the unhandled exception for re-throwing */
                    unhandled_exc = val.val.obj;

                    /* terminate execution */
                    goto exit_loop;
                }
                continue;

#ifdef VM_DEBUGGER

            case OPC_GETPROPDATA:
                /* get the object whose property we're fetching */
                pop(&propev.self);

                /* 
                 *   if the object is not an object, it's one of the native
                 *   types, in which case we'll definitely run native code to
                 *   evaluate the property, in which case it's not valid for
                 *   speculative evaluation 
                 */
                if (propev.self.typ != VM_OBJ)
                    err_throw(VMERR_BAD_SPEC_EVAL);

                /* get the property */
                prop = (vm_prop_id_t)get_op_uint16(&p);

                /* check validity for speculative evaluation */
                check_prop_spec_eval(vmg_ propev.self.val.obj, prop);

                /* evaluate the property given by the immediate data */
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, prop);
                continue;

            case OPC_PTRGETPROPDATA:
                /* get the property and object to evaluate */
                pop_prop(vmg_ &val);
                pop(&propev.self);

                /* 
                 *   if the object is not an object, it's one of the native
                 *   types, in which case we'll definitely run native code to
                 *   evaluate the property, in which case it's not valid for
                 *   speculative evaluation 
                 */
                if (propev.self.typ != VM_OBJ)
                    err_throw(VMERR_BAD_SPEC_EVAL);

                /* check validity for speculative evaluation */
                check_prop_spec_eval(vmg_ propev.self.val.obj, val.val.prop);

                /* evaluate it */
                p = propev.get_prop(vmg_ p - entry_ptr_native_, val.val.prop);
                continue;

            case OPC_GETDBARGC:
                /* push the argument count from the selected frame */
                push_int(vmg_ get_argc_at_level(vmg_ get_op_uint16(&p) + 1));
                continue;

            case OPC_GETDBLCL:
                {
                    /* get the local variable number and stack level */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    int level = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* push the value */
                    pushval(vmg_ get_local_at_level(vmg_ idx, level + 1));
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_GETDBARG:
                {
                    /* get the parameter variable number and stack level */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    int level = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* push the value */
                    pushval(vmg_ get_param_at_level(vmg_ idx, level + 1));
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SETDBLCL:
                {
                    /* get the local variable number and stack level */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    int level = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* get the local pointer */
                    vm_val_t *valp = get_local_at_level(vmg_ idx, level + 1);

                    /* pop the value into the local */
                    popval(vmg_ valp);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_SETDBARG:
                {
                    /* get the parameter variable number and stack level */
                    uint idx = get_op_uint16(&p);
                    int level = get_op_uint16(&p);

                    /* get the parameter pointer */
                    vm_val_t *valp = get_param_at_level(vmg_ idx, level + 1);

                    /* pop the value into the local */
                    popval(vmg_ valp);
                }
                continue;

            case OPC_BP:
                /* step back to the breakpoint location itself */
                --p;

                /* let the debugger take control */
                G_debugger->step(vmg_ &p, entry_ptr_native_, TRUE, 0);

                /* if we're halting, get out of here */
                if (halt_vm_)
                    err_throw(VMERR_DBG_HALT);

                /* 
                 *   go back and execute the current instruction - bypass
                 *   single-step tracing into the debugger in this case,
                 *   since the debugger expects when it returns that one
                 *   instruction will always be traced before the debugger is
                 *   re-entered 
                 */
                goto exec_instruction;

#else /* VM_DEBUGGER */

            case OPC_GETDBARGC:
            case OPC_GETDBLCL:
            case OPC_GETDBARG:
            case OPC_SETDBLCL:
            case OPC_SETDBARG:
            case OPC_GETPROPDATA:
            case OPC_PTRGETPROPDATA:
                err_throw(VMERR_NO_DEBUGGER);
                continue;

            case OPC_BP:
                /* if there's no debugger, it's an error */
                err_throw(VMERR_BREAKPOINT);
                continue;

#endif /* VM_DEBUGGER */

            case OPC_CALLEXT:
                //$$$
                err_throw(VMERR_CALLEXT_NOT_IMPL);
                continue;

#ifdef OS_FILL_OUT_CASE_TABLES
            /*
             *   Since we this switch is the innermost inner loop of the VM,
             *   we go to some extra lengths to optimize it where possible.
             *   See tads2/osifc.h for information on how to use
             *   OS_FILL_OUT_CASE_TABLES and OS_IMPOSSIBLE_DEFAULT_CASE.
             *   
             *   Our controlling expression is an unsigned character value,
             *   so we know the range of possible values will be limited to
             *   0-255.  Therefore, we simply need to provide a "case"
             *   alternative for every invalid opcode.  To further encourage
             *   the compiler to favor speed here, we specifically put
             *   different code in every one of these case alternatives, to
             *   force the compiler to generate a separate jump location for
             *   each one; some compilers will generate a two-level jump
             *   table if many cases point to shared code, to reduce the size
             *   of the table, but we don't want that here because this
             *   switch is critical to VM performance so we want it as fast
             *   as possible.  
             */
            case 0x00: val.val.intval = 0x00;
            case 0x11: val.val.intval = 0x11;
            case 0x12: val.val.intval = 0x12;
            case 0x13: val.val.intval = 0x13;
            case 0x14: val.val.intval = 0x14;
            case 0x15: val.val.intval = 0x15;
            case 0x16: val.val.intval = 0x16;
            case 0x17: val.val.intval = 0x17;
            case 0x18: val.val.intval = 0x18;
            case 0x19: val.val.intval = 0x19;
            case 0x1A: val.val.intval = 0x1A;
            case 0x1B: val.val.intval = 0x1B;
            case 0x1C: val.val.intval = 0x1C;
            case 0x1D: val.val.intval = 0x1D;
            case 0x1E: val.val.intval = 0x1E;
            case 0x1F: val.val.intval = 0x1F;
            case 0x31: val.val.intval = 0x31;
            case 0x32: val.val.intval = 0x32;
            case 0x33: val.val.intval = 0x33;
            case 0x34: val.val.intval = 0x34;
            case 0x35: val.val.intval = 0x35;
            case 0x36: val.val.intval = 0x36;
            case 0x37: val.val.intval = 0x37;
            case 0x38: val.val.intval = 0x38;
            case 0x39: val.val.intval = 0x39;
            case 0x3A: val.val.intval = 0x3A;
            case 0x3B: val.val.intval = 0x3B;
            case 0x3C: val.val.intval = 0x3C;
            case 0x3D: val.val.intval = 0x3D;
            case 0x3E: val.val.intval = 0x3E;
            case 0x3F: val.val.intval = 0x3F;
            case 0x46: val.val.intval = 0x46;
            case 0x47: val.val.intval = 0x47;
            case 0x48: val.val.intval = 0x48;
            case 0x49: val.val.intval = 0x49;
            case 0x4A: val.val.intval = 0x4A;
            case 0x4B: val.val.intval = 0x4B;
            case 0x4C: val.val.intval = 0x4C;
            case 0x4D: val.val.intval = 0x4D;
            case 0x4E: val.val.intval = 0x4E;
            case 0x4F: val.val.intval = 0x4F;
            case 0x53: val.val.intval = 0x53;
            case 0x55: val.val.intval = 0x55;
            case 0x5A: val.val.intval = 0x5A;
            case 0x5B: val.val.intval = 0x5B;
            case 0x5C: val.val.intval = 0x5C;
            case 0x5D: val.val.intval = 0x5D;
            case 0x5E: val.val.intval = 0x5E;
            case 0x5F: val.val.intval = 0x5F;
            case 0x6E: val.val.intval = 0x6E;
            case 0x6F: val.val.intval = 0x6F;
            case 0x70: val.val.intval = 0x70;
            case 0x71: val.val.intval = 0x71;
            case 0x79: val.val.intval = 0x7D;
//            case 0xA2: val.val.intval = 0xA2;
//            case 0xA3: val.val.intval = 0xA3;
//            case 0xA4: val.val.intval = 0xA4;
//            case 0xA5: val.val.intval = 0xA5;
            case 0xA7: val.val.intval = 0xA7;
            case 0xA8: val.val.intval = 0xA8;
            case 0xA9: val.val.intval = 0xA9;
            case 0xBD: val.val.intval = 0xBD;
            case 0xBE: val.val.intval = 0xBE;
            case 0xBF: val.val.intval = 0xBF;
            case 0xC4: val.val.intval = 0xC4;
            case 0xC5: val.val.intval = 0xC5;
            case 0xC6: val.val.intval = 0xC6;
            case 0xC7: val.val.intval = 0xC7;
            case 0xC8: val.val.intval = 0xC8;
            case 0xC9: val.val.intval = 0xC9;
            case 0xCA: val.val.intval = 0xCA;
            case 0xCB: val.val.intval = 0xCB;
            case 0xCC: val.val.intval = 0xCC;
            case 0xCD: val.val.intval = 0xCD;
            case 0xCE: val.val.intval = 0xCE;
            case 0xCF: val.val.intval = 0xCF;
            case 0xDC: val.val.intval = 0xDC;
            case 0xDD: val.val.intval = 0xDD;
            case 0xDE: val.val.intval = 0xDE;
            case 0xDF: val.val.intval = 0xDF;
            case 0xF0: val.val.intval = 0xF0;
            case 0xF3: val.val.intval = 0xF3;
            case 0xF4: val.val.intval = 0xF4;
            case 0xF5: val.val.intval = 0xF5;
            case 0xF6: val.val.intval = 0xF6;
            case 0xF7: val.val.intval = 0xF7;
            case 0xF8: val.val.intval = 0xF8;
            case 0xF9: val.val.intval = 0xF9;
            case 0xFA: val.val.intval = 0xFA;
            case 0xFB: val.val.intval = 0xFB;
            case 0xFC: val.val.intval = 0xFC;
            case 0xFD: val.val.intval = 0xFD;
            case 0xFE: val.val.intval = 0xFE;
            case 0xFF: val.val.intval = 0xFF;
                err_throw(VMERR_INVALID_OPCODE);

            OS_IMPOSSIBLE_DEFAULT_CASE

#else /* OS_FILL_OUT_CASE_TABLES */
            case 0:
                /* 
                 *   Explicitly call out this invalid instruction case so
                 *   that we can avoid extra work in computing the switch.
                 *   Some compilers will be smart enough to observe that we
                 *   populate the full range of possible values (0-255) for
                 *   the datatype of the switch control expression, and thus
                 *   will build jump tables that can be jumped through
                 *   without range-checking the value.  (No range checking
                 *   is necessary, because a uchar simply cannot hold any
                 *   values outside of the 0-255 range.)  This doesn't
                 *   guarantee that the compiler will be smart, but it does
                 *   help with some compilers and shouldn't hurt performance
                 *   with those that don't make any use of the situation.  
                 */
                err_throw(VMERR_INVALID_OPCODE);
                
            case 0xFF:
                /* 
                 *   explicitly call out this invalid instruction for the
                 *   same reasons we call out case 0 above 
                 */
                err_throw(VMERR_INVALID_OPCODE);

            default:
                /* unrecognized opcode */
                err_throw(VMERR_INVALID_OPCODE);
                continue;

#endif /* OS_FILL_OUT_CASE_TABLES */
            }
        }

        /*
         *   We jump to this label when it's time to terminate execution
         *   and return to the host environment which called us. 
         */
    exit_loop:
        /* note that we're ready to return */
        done = TRUE;
    }
    err_catch(err)
    {
        int i;
        volatile int released_reserve = FALSE;

        /* if the debugger has halted the VM, re-throw the error */
        VM_IF_DEBUGGER(if (halt_vm_) err_rethrow();)

        err_try
        {
            /* 
             *   Return to the start of the most recent instruction - we've
             *   already at least partially decoded the instruction, so we
             *   won't be pointing to its first byte.  Note that last_pc is
             *   a non-register variable (because we take its address to
             *   store in pc_ptr_), so it will correctly indicate the
             *   current instruction even though we've jumped here via
             *   longjmp.  
             */
            p = last_pc;
                
            /* 
             *   Create a new exception object to describe the error.  The
             *   arguments to the constructor are the error number and the
             *   error parameters.
             *   
             *   If the error code is "unhandled exception," it means that
             *   an exception occurred in a recursive interpreter
             *   invocation, and the exception wasn't handled within the
             *   code called recursively; in this case, we can simply
             *   re-throw the original error, and perhaps handle it in the
             *   context of the current code.  
             */
            if (err->get_error_code() == VMERR_UNHANDLED_EXC)
            {
                /* get the original exception object from the error stack */
                obj = (vm_obj_id_t)err->get_param_ulong(0);
            }
            else
            {
                /* step into the debugger, if it's present */
                VM_IF_DEBUGGER(
                {
                    const uchar *dbgp;
                    
                    /* 
                     *   If we're in the process of halting the VM, don't
                     *   bother stepping into the debugger.  We'll check the
                     *   same thing in a moment, after we get back from
                     *   stepping into the debugger, but this check isn't
                     *   redundant: we could already be halting even before
                     *   we enter the debugger here, because we could be
                     *   unwinding the native (C++) error stack on our way
                     *   out from such a halt. 
                     */
                    if (halt_vm_)
                    {
                        done = TRUE;
                        goto skip_throw;
                    }

                    /* make a copy of the PC for the debugger's use */
                    dbgp = p;
                    
                    /* step into the debugger */
                    G_debugger->step(vmg_ &dbgp, entry_ptr_native_, FALSE,
                                     err->get_error_code());
                    
                    /* 
                     *   If the VM was halted while in the debugger, throw
                     *   the DEBUG HALT error.  (We formerly just exited the
                     *   byte-code loop, but that has the effect of returning
                     *   to a native method or function caller, and allowing
                     *   the native caller to continue to run.  We don't want
                     *   that to happen because we can't process the normal
                     *   unwinding on the return - that would require VM ops,
                     *   and we've halted the VM.  So, to explicitly unwind
                     *   any native callers, we have to throw an exception.)
                     */
                    if (halt_vm_)
                        err_throw(VMERR_DBG_HALT);

                    /* 
                     *   if they moved the execution pointer, resume
                     *   execution at the new point, discarding the
                     *   exception 
                     */
                    if (dbgp != p)
                    {
                        /* resume execution at the new location */
                        p = dbgp;
                        
                        /* discard the exception and resume execution */
                        goto skip_throw;
                    }
                }
                );

                /* 
                 *   If this is a stack overflow exception, there's probably
                 *   not enough stack left to create the exception object.
                 *   Fortunately, we have an emergency stack reserve just for
                 *   such conditions, so release it now, hopefully giving us
                 *   enough room to work with to construct the exception.  
                 */
                if (err->get_error_code() == VMERR_STACK_OVERFLOW)
                    released_reserve = release_reserve();
            
                /* push the error parameters (in reverse order) */
                for (i = err->get_param_count() ; i > 0 ; )
                {
                    /* go to the next parameter */
                    --i;
                    
                    /* see what we have and push an appropriate value */
                    switch(err->get_param_type(i-1))
                    {
                    case ERR_TYPE_INT:
                        /* push the integer value */
                        push_int(vmg_ err->get_param_int(i));
                        break;

                    case ERR_TYPE_ULONG:
                        /* push the value */
                        push_int(vmg_ (int32_t)err->get_param_ulong(i));
                        break;

                    case ERR_TYPE_TEXTCHAR:
                        /* push a new string with the text */
                        push_obj(vmg_ CVmObjString::create(vmg_ FALSE,
                            err->get_param_text(i),
                            get_strlen(err->get_param_text(i))));
                        break;

                    case ERR_TYPE_CHAR:
                        /* push a new string with the text */
                        push_obj(vmg_ CVmObjString::create(vmg_ FALSE,
                            err->get_param_char(i),
                            strlen(err->get_param_char(i))));
                        break;

                    default:
                        /* unrecognized type - push nil for now */
                        push_nil(vmg0_);
                        break;
                    }
                }

                /* 
                 *   if there's a RuntimeError base class defined, create an
                 *   instance; otherwise, create a simple instance of the
                 *   basic object type to throw as a placeholder, since the
                 *   program hasn't made any provision to catch run-time
                 *   errors 
                 */
                if (G_predef->rterr != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
                {
                    /* push the error number */
                    push_int(vmg_ err->get_error_code());
                    
                    /* 
                     *   Create the new RuntimeException instance.  Run the
                     *   constructor in a recursive invocation of the
                     *   interpreter (by passing a null PC pointer).  
                     */
                    vm_objp(vmg_ G_predef->rterr)
                        ->create_instance(vmg_ G_predef->rterr, 0,
                                          err->get_param_count() + 1);

                    /* get the object from R0 */
                    if (r0_.typ != VM_OBJ)
                        err_throw(VMERR_EXCEPTION_OBJ_REQD);
                    obj = r0_.val.obj;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* 
                     *   There's no RuntimeError object defined by the image
                     *   file, so create a basic object to throw.  This
                     *   won't convey any information to the program except
                     *   that it's not one of the errors they're expecting;
                     *   this is fine, since they have made no provisions to
                     *   catch VM errors, as demonstrated by their lack of a
                     *   RuntimeError definition.  
                     */
                    obj = CVmObjTads::create(vmg_ FALSE, 0, 1);
                }

                /* 
                 *   if possible, set the exceptionMessage property in the
                 *   new exception object to the default error message for
                 *   the run-time error we're processing 
                 */
                if (G_predef->rterrmsg_prop != VM_INVALID_PROP)
                {
                    const char *msg;
                    char buf[256];
                    vm_obj_id_t str_obj;

                    /* format the message text */
                    msg = err_get_msg(vm_messages, vm_message_count,
                                      err->get_error_code(), FALSE);
                    err_format_msg(buf, sizeof(buf), msg, err);

                    /* 
                     *   momentarily push the new exception object, so we
                     *   don't lose track of it if we run garbage collection
                     *   here 
                     */
                    push_obj(vmg_ obj);

                    /* create a string object with the message text */
                    str_obj =
                        CVmObjString::create(vmg_ FALSE, buf, strlen(buf));

                    /* 
                     *   before we can build a stack trace, let the debugger
                     *   synchronize its current position information 
                     */
                    VM_IF_DEBUGGER(
                        G_debugger->sync_exec_pos(vmg_ p, entry_ptr_native_));
                    
                    /* set the property in the new object */
                    val.set_obj(str_obj);
                    vm_objp(vmg_ obj)
                        ->set_prop(vmg_ G_undo, obj,
                                   G_predef->rterrmsg_prop, &val);
                    
                    /* we don't need gc protection any more */
                    discard();
                }
            }
        
            /* 
             *   If we released the stack reserve, take it back.  We've
             *   finished creating the exception object, so we don't need the
             *   emergency stack space any more.  We want to put it back now
             *   that we're done with it so that it'll be there for us if we
             *   should run into another stack overflow in the future.  
             */
            if (released_reserve)
                recover_reserve();

            /* throw the exception */
            if ((p = do_throw(vmg_ p, obj)) == 0)
            {
                /* remember the unhandled exception for a moment */
                unhandled_exc = obj;
            }
            
            /* come here to skip throwing the exception */
            VM_IF_DEBUGGER(skip_throw: );
        }
        err_catch_disc
        {
            /* 
             *   we got another exception trying to handle the first
             *   exception - just throw the error again, but at least clean
             *   up statics on the way out 
             */
            pc_ptr_ = old_pc_ptr;

            /* if we released the stack reserve, take it back */
            if (released_reserve)
                recover_reserve();

            /* re-throw the error */
            err_rethrow();
        }
        err_end;
    }
    err_end;

    /* 
     *   If an unhandled exception occurred, re-throw it.  This will wrap our
     *   exception object in a C++ object and throw it through our C++
     *   err_try/err_catch exception mechanism, so that the exception is
     *   thrown out of the recursive native-code invoker.  
     */
    if (unhandled_exc != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
    {
        /* restore the enclosing PC pointer */
        pc_ptr_ = old_pc_ptr;
        
        /* re-throw the unhandled exception */
        err_throw_a(VMERR_UNHANDLED_EXC, 1,
                    ERR_TYPE_ULONG, (unsigned long)unhandled_exc);
    }

    /* if we're not done, go back and resume execution */
    if (!done)
        goto resume_execution;

    /* restore the enclosing PC pointer */
    pc_ptr_ = old_pc_ptr;
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Validate the built-in function pointer at top of stack 
 */
void CVmRun::validate_bifptr(VMG0_)
{
    /* get the top of stack */
    vm_val_t *bifp = G_stk->get(0);

    /* validate the entry in the bif table */
    if (!G_bif_table->validate_entry(
        bifp->val.bifptr.set_idx, bifp->val.bifptr.func_idx))
    {
        /* invalid entry - throw an error */
        char buf[20];
        sprintf(buf, "#%d", bifp->val.bifptr.set_idx);
        err_throw_a(VMERR_UNAVAIL_INTRINSIC, 2,
                    ERR_TYPE_INT, bifp->val.bifptr.func_idx,
                    ERR_TYPE_CHAR, buf);
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Create a method context object suitable for use with the STORECTX and
 *   LOADCTX instructions. 
 */
void CVmRun::create_loadctx_obj(VMG_ vm_val_t *result,
                                vm_obj_id_t self,
                                vm_obj_id_t defobj,
                                vm_obj_id_t targobj,
                                vm_prop_id_t targprop)
{
    char buf[VMB_LEN + 4*VMB_DATAHOLDER];
    
    /* initialize a list template for a four-element list */
    vmb_put_len(buf, 4);
    
    /* 
     *   put the list elements: 'self', targetprop, original target object,
     *   and defining object 
     */
    vmb_put_dh_obj(buf + VMB_LEN, self);
    vmb_put_dh_prop(buf + VMB_LEN + VMB_DATAHOLDER, targprop);
    vmb_put_dh_obj(buf + VMB_LEN + 2*VMB_DATAHOLDER, targobj);
    vmb_put_dh_obj(buf + VMB_LEN + 3*VMB_DATAHOLDER, defobj);
    
    /* create and return a new list copied from our prepared buffer */
    result->set_obj(CVmObjList::create(vmg_ FALSE, buf));
}

                
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Get a local variable, parameter, or context local from a stack frame.
 */
void CVmRun::get_local_from_frame(VMG_ vm_val_t *val, vm_val_t *fp,
                                  const CVmDbgFrameSymPtr *symp)
{
    get_local_from_frame(vmg_ val, fp, symp->get_var_num(), symp->is_param(),
                         symp->is_ctx_local(), symp->get_ctx_arr_idx());
}

void CVmRun::get_local_from_frame(VMG_ vm_val_t *val, vm_val_t *fp,
                                  int varnum, int is_param,
                                  int is_ctx_local, int ctx_arr_idx)
{
    /* check which kind of variable we have */
    if (is_param)
    {
        /* parameter - get it from the frame */
        *val = *get_param_from_frame(vmg_ fp, varnum);
    }
    else if (is_ctx_local)
    {
        /* context local - get the context local */
        vm_val_t *cl = get_local_from_frame(vmg_ fp, varnum);

        /* index it to get the local */
        vm_val_t idxval;
        idxval.set_int(ctx_arr_idx);
        apply_index(vmg_ val, cl, &idxval);
    }
    else
    {
        /* regular local - get it from the frame */
        *val = *get_local_from_frame(vmg_ fp, varnum);
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Set a local variable, parameter, or context local in a stack frame.
 */
void CVmRun::set_local_in_frame(VMG_ const vm_val_t *val, vm_val_t *fp,
                                const CVmDbgFrameSymPtr *symp)
{
    set_local_in_frame(vmg_ val, fp, symp->get_var_num(), symp->is_param(),
                       symp->is_ctx_local(), symp->get_ctx_arr_idx());
}

void CVmRun::set_local_in_frame(VMG_ const vm_val_t *val, vm_val_t *fp,
                                int varnum, int is_param,
                                int is_ctx_local, int ctx_arr_idx)
{
    /* check which kind of variable we have */
    if (is_param)
    {
        /* parameter - get it from the frame */
        *get_param_from_frame(vmg_ fp, varnum) = *val;
    }
    else if (is_ctx_local)
    {
        /* context local - get the context local */
        vm_val_t *cl = get_local_from_frame(vmg_ fp, varnum);

        /* index it to set the local */
        vm_val_t idxval;
        idxval.set_int(ctx_arr_idx);
        set_index(vmg_ cl, &idxval, val);
    }
    else
    {
        /* regular local - set it in the frame */
        *get_local_from_frame(vmg_ fp, varnum) = *val;
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Get a named argument table from a stack frame.  Returns a pointer to the
 *   table if we find one, null if not.  Fills in arg0 with the first named
 *   argument in the stack frame; the nth named argument is at (arg0+n).  
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::get_named_args_from_frame(
    VMG_ vm_val_t *fp, vm_val_t **arg0)
{
    /* get the return address */
    pool_ofs_t ofs = G_interpreter->get_return_ofs_from_frame(vmg_ fp);
    const uchar *ep =
        G_interpreter->get_enclosing_entry_ptr_from_frame(vmg_ fp);
    const vm_rcdesc *rc = G_interpreter->get_rcdesc_from_frame(vmg_ fp);

    /* check for a recursive native code caller */
    if (ofs == 0 && rc != 0 && rc->has_return_addr())
    {
        /* get the return address from the descriptor */
        ofs = rc->get_return_addr() - ep;
    }

    /* if there's no return address, there's no table */
    if (ep == 0 || ofs == 0)
        return 0;

    /* get the return instruction pointer */
    const uchar *ip = ep + ofs;
    
    /* if it's a NamedArgPtr instruction, follows the pointer */
    if (*ip == OPC_NAMEDARGPTR)
        ip += 2 + osrp2(ip+2);

    /* make sure we're at a NamedArgTab instruction */
    if (*ip == OPC_NAMEDARGTAB)
    {
        /* 
         *   We have a named argument table.  Fill in *arg0 with a pointer to
         *   the first named argument value in the stack frame.
         *   
         *   If there's a native caller at this level, get the arguments to
         *   the native caller instead of the arguments to the bytecode
         *   callee.  Native callers never send named arguments, so we can
         *   ignore the callee's arguments and look only at the native
         *   caller's arguments.  
         */
        int argc;
        if (rc != 0)
        {
            /* native caller - get the native code's arguments */
            argc = rc->argc;
            *arg0 = rc->argp - argc;
        }
        else
        {
            /* bytecode caller - get the current level's arguments */
            argc = G_interpreter->get_argc_from_frame(vmg_ fp);
            *arg0 = G_interpreter->get_param_from_frame(vmg_ fp, argc);
        }

        /* skip the NamedArgTab opcode and table length prefix */
        ip += 1 + 2;

        /* 
         *   Adjust arg0 for the number of arguments.  The compiler generates
         *   the names in the same order as the pushes, so the first name is
         *   the first value pushed. 
         */
        *arg0 -= (osrp2(ip) - 1);

        /* 
         *   return the table pointer - it starts after the NamedArgTab
         *   instruction and table byte length prefix 
         */
        return ip;
    }
    
    /* there's no named argument table in this return frame */
    return 0;
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Throw an exception of the given class, with the constructor arguments
 *   on the stack.  
 */
void CVmRun::throw_new_class(VMG_ vm_obj_id_t cls, uint argc,
                             const char *fallback_msg)
{
    /* if the class is defined, create an instance and throw it */
    if (cls != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
    {
        /* create the object */
        vm_objp(vmg_ cls)->create_instance(vmg_ cls, 0, argc);
        
        /* make sure we created an object */
        if (r0_.typ == VM_OBJ)
        {
            vm_obj_id_t exc_obj;
            
            /* get the object from R0 */
            exc_obj = r0_.val.obj;
            
            /* 
             *   throw an 'unhandled exception' with this object as the
             *   parameter; the execution loop will catch it and dispatch it
             *   properly 
             */
            err_throw_a(VMERR_UNHANDLED_EXC, 1,
                        ERR_TYPE_ULONG, (unsigned long)exc_obj);
        }
        else
            err_throw(VMERR_EXCEPTION_OBJ_REQD);
    }

    /* 
     *   the imported exception class isn't defined, or we failed to create
     *   it; throw a generic intrinsic class exception with the fallback
     *   message string 
     */
    err_throw_a(VMERR_INTCLS_GENERAL_ERROR, 1, ERR_TYPE_CHAR, fallback_msg);
}

/*
 *   Throw a new RuntimeError subclass. 
 */
void CVmRun::throw_new_rtesub(VMG_ vm_obj_id_t cls, uint argc, int errnum)
{
    /* if the subclass is defined, create an instance and throw it */
    if (cls != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
    {
        /* push the error number as the first argument */
        push_int(vmg_ errnum);

        /* throw the subclass error */
        throw_new_class(vmg_ cls, argc + 1, 0);
    }

    /* the subclass isn't defined, so throw a generic RuntimeError */
    err_throw(errnum);
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Throw an exception.  Returns true if an exception handler was found,
 *   which means that execution can proceed; returns false if no handler
 *   was found, in which case the execution loop must throw the exception
 *   to its caller.  
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::do_throw(VMG_ const uchar *pc, vm_obj_id_t exception_obj)
{
    /*
     *   Search the stack for a handler for this exception class.  Start
     *   at the current stack frame; if we find a handler here, use it;
     *   otherwise, unwind the stack to the enclosing frame and search for
     *   a handler there; repeat until we exhaust the stack.  
     */
    for (;;)
    {
        CVmExcTablePtr tab;
        const uchar *func_start;
        uint ofs;

        /* get a pointer to the start of the current function */
        func_start = entry_ptr_native_;

        /* set up a pointer to the current exception table */
        if (func_start != 0 && tab.set(func_start))
        {
            size_t cnt;
            size_t i;
            CVmExcEntryPtr entry;

            /* calculate our offset in the current function */
            ofs = pc - func_start;

            /* set up a pointer to the first table entry */
            tab.set_entry_ptr(vmg_ &entry, 0);
            
            /* loop through the entries */
            for (i = 0, cnt = tab.get_count() ; i < cnt ;
                 ++i, entry.inc(vmg0_))
            {
                /* 
                 *   Check to see if we're in the range for this entry.
                 *   If this entry covers the appropriate range, and the
                 *   exception we're handling is of the class handled by
                 *   this exception (or derives from that class), this
                 *   handler handles this exception. 
                 */
                if (ofs >= entry.get_start_ofs()
                    && ofs <= entry.get_end_ofs()
                    && (entry.get_exception() == VM_INVALID_OBJ
                        || exception_obj == entry.get_exception()
                        || (vm_objp(vmg_ exception_obj)
                            ->is_instance_of(vmg_ entry.get_exception()))))
                {
                    /* 
                     *   this is it - move the program counter to the
                     *   first byte of the handler's code 
                     */
                    pc = func_start + entry.get_handler_ofs();

                    /* push the exception so that the handler can get at it */
                    push_obj(vmg_ exception_obj);

                    /* return the new program counter at which to resume */
                    return pc;
                }
            }
        }

        /* 
         *   We didn't find a handler in the current function - unwind the
         *   stack one level, using an ordinary RETURN operation (we're not
         *   really returning, though, so we don't need to provide a return
         *   value).  First, though, check to make sure there is an enclosing
         *   frame at all - if there's not, we can simply return immediately.
         */
        if (frame_ptr_ == 0)
        {
            /* there's no enclosing frame, so there's nowhere to go */
            return 0;
        }

        /* try unwinding the stack a level */
        if ((pc = do_return(vmg0_)) == 0)
        {
            /* 
             *   The enclosing frame is a recursive invocation, so we cannot
             *   unwind any further at this point.  Return null to indicate
             *   that the exception was not handled and should be thrown out
             *   of the current recursive VM invocation.  
             */
            return 0;
        }
    }
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Call a built-in function 
 */
void CVmRun::call_bif(VMG_ uint set_index, uint func_index, uint argc)
{
    /* 
     *   Call the function -- presume the compiler has ensured that the
     *   function set index is valid for the load image, and that the
     *   function index is valid for the function set; all of this can be
     *   determined at compile time, since function sets are statically
     *   defined. 
     */
    G_bif_table->call_func(vmg_ set_index, func_index, argc);
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Call a function pointer 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::call_func_ptr(VMG_ const vm_val_t *funcptr, uint argc,
                                   const vm_rcdesc *recurse_ctx,
                                   uint caller_ofs)
{
    /* 
     *   Prepare the invocation frame.  Even though we're calling this as a
     *   function, if the value is an object, pass it as the 'self' value,
     *   for compatibility with the old anonymous function invocation
     *   protocol.  
     */
    vm_val_t *fp = G_stk->push(5);
    (fp++)->set_propid(VM_INVALID_PROP);
    (fp++)->set_nil();
    (fp++)->set_nil();
    if (funcptr->typ == VM_OBJ)
        (fp++)->set_obj(funcptr->val.obj);
    else
        (fp++)->set_nil_obj();
    *(fp++) = *funcptr;

    /* call the function */
    return call_func_ptr_fr(vmg_ funcptr, argc, recurse_ctx, caller_ofs);
}

/*
 *   Call a function pointer, with the invocation frame already set up
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::call_func_ptr_fr(VMG_ const vm_val_t *funcptr, uint argc,
                                      const vm_rcdesc *recurse_ctx,
                                      uint caller_ofs)
{
    vm_val_t invoker;
    CVmObject *io;
    
    /* check what we have */
    switch (funcptr->typ)
    {
    case VM_OBJ:
        /* it's an object - check to see if it's invokable */
        if ((io = vm_objp(vmg_ funcptr->val.obj))->get_invoker(vmg_ &invoker))
        {
            /* get the invocation address, according to the invoker type */
            const void *invoke_addr;
            switch (invoker.typ)
            {
            case VM_FUNCPTR:
                invoke_addr = G_code_pool->get_ptr(invoker.val.ofs);
                break;
                
            case VM_CODEPTR:
                invoke_addr = invoker.val.ptr;
                break;
                
            default:
                invoke_addr = 0;
                break;
            }
            
            /* if we got a valid address, invoke the code */
            if (invoke_addr != 0)
            {
                /* call the function and return the new program counter */
                return do_call(
                    vmg_ caller_ofs, (const uchar *)invoke_addr, argc,
                    recurse_ctx);
            }
        }
        
        /* it's not invokable - throw an error */
        err_throw(VMERR_FUNCPTR_VAL_REQD);
        AFTER_ERR_THROW(return 0;)
            
    case VM_FUNCPTR:
        /* call the function */
        return do_call(vmg_ caller_ofs,
                       (const uchar *)G_code_pool->get_ptr(funcptr->val.ofs),
                       argc, recurse_ctx);
        
    case VM_BIFPTR:
        /* 
         *   Built-in function.  First, discard the invocation frame the
         *   caller set up for a regular method/function call, as builtins
         *   don't use those.  Then, decode the SetIndex:FuncIndex value and
         *   call the function.  
         */
        discard(5);
        call_bif(vmg_ funcptr->val.bifptr.set_idx,
                 funcptr->val.bifptr.func_idx, argc);

        /* proceed from the caller's address */
        return entry_ptr_native_ + caller_ofs;
        
    default:
        /* invalid type */
        err_throw(VMERR_FUNCPTR_VAL_REQD);
        AFTER_ERR_THROW(return 0;)
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Call a function, non-recursively. 
 *   
 *   This is a separate form of do_call(), but simplified for cases where we
 *   know in advance that we won't need to check for recursion and when we
 *   know in advance that we're calling a function and thus have no 'self'
 *   or other method context objects.  These simplifications reduce the
 *   amount of work we have to do, so that ordinary function calls run a
 *   little faster than they would if we used the full do_call() routine.  
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::do_call_func_nr(VMG_ uint caller_ofs,
                                     pool_ofs_t target_ofs, uint argc)
{
    const uchar *target_ofs_ptr;
    CVmFuncPtr hdr_ptr;
    uint i;
    vm_val_t *fp;
    int lcl_cnt;

    /* store nil in R0 */
    r0_.set_nil();

    /* translate the target address */
    target_ofs_ptr = (const uchar *)G_code_pool->get_ptr(target_ofs);

    /* set up a pointer to the new function header */
    hdr_ptr.set(target_ofs_ptr);

    /* get the number of locals from the header */
    lcl_cnt = hdr_ptr.get_local_cnt();

    /* get the target's stack space needs and check for stack overflow */
    if (!check_space(hdr_ptr.get_stack_depth() + 11))
        err_throw(VMERR_STACK_OVERFLOW);

    /* allocate the stack frame */
    fp = push(11 + lcl_cnt);

    /* there's no target property, target object, defining object, or self */
    (fp++)->set_propid(VM_INVALID_PROP);
    (fp++)->set_nil();
    (fp++)->set_nil();
    (fp++)->set_nil_obj();

    /* push the invokee */
    (fp++)->set_fnptr(target_ofs);

    /* push the frame reference slot */
    (fp++)->set_nil();

    /* push the native code descriptor (none for a non-recursive call) */
    (fp++)->set_codeptr(0);

    /* push the caller's code offset */
    (fp++)->set_codeofs(caller_ofs);

    /* push the current entrypoint code offset */
    (fp++)->set_codeptr(entry_ptr_native_);

    /* push the actual parameter count */
    (fp++)->set_int((int32_t)argc);

    /* push the current frame pointer */
    (fp++)->set_stack(frame_ptr_);

    /* verify the argument count */
    if (!hdr_ptr.argc_ok(argc))
        err_throw(VMERR_WRONG_NUM_OF_ARGS);

    /* set up the new stack frame */
    frame_ptr_ = fp;

    /* load EP with the new code offset */
    entry_ptr_native_ = target_ofs_ptr;

    /* push nil for each local */
    for (i = lcl_cnt ; i != 0 ; --i)
        (fp++)->set_nil();

    /* create and activate the new function's profiler frame */
    VM_IF_PROFILER(if (profiling_)
        prof_enter(vmg_ target_ofs_ptr));

    /* return the new program counter */
    return target_ofs_ptr + get_funchdr_size();
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Recursive call descriptor 
 */

/* set up a descriptor for a system caller */
void vm_rcdesc::init_ret(VMG_ const char *name)
{
    this->name = name;
    bifptr.set_nil();
    self.set_nil();
    method_idx = 0;
    argc = 0;
    argp = 0;
    caller_addr = G_interpreter->get_last_pc();
}

/* set up a descriptor for a built-in function */
void vm_rcdesc::init(VMG_ const char *name,
                     const vm_bif_desc *funcset, int idx,
                     vm_val_t *argp, int argc)
{
    this->name = name;
    this->self.set_nil();
    this->method_idx = 0;
    this->bifptr = funcset[idx].bifptr;
    this->argp = argp;
    this->argc = argc;
    this->caller_addr = G_interpreter->get_last_pc();
}

/* initialize for an intrinsic class method */
void vm_rcdesc::init(VMG_ const char *name,
                     vm_obj_id_t self, unsigned short method_idx,
                     vm_val_t *argp, int argc)
{
    this->name = name;
    this->bifptr.set_nil();
    this->self.set_obj(self);
    this->method_idx = method_idx;
    this->argp = argp;
    this->argc = argc;
    this->caller_addr = G_interpreter->get_last_pc();
}

/* initialize for an intrinsic class method */
void vm_rcdesc::init(VMG_ const char *name,
                     const vm_val_t *self, unsigned short method_idx,
                     vm_val_t *argp, int argc)
{
    this->name = name;
    this->bifptr.set_nil();
    this->self = *self;
    this->method_idx = method_idx;
    this->argp = argp;
    this->argc = argc;
    this->caller_addr = G_interpreter->get_last_pc();
}

/*
 *   Calculate the return address in the calling frame 
 */
const uchar *vm_rcdesc::get_return_addr() const
{
    /* if there's no caller address, there's no return address */
    if (caller_addr == 0)
        return 0;

    /* 
     *   caller_addr is a pointer to the instruction that triggered the call
     *   to the native code that in turn made the recursive call represented
     *   by 'this'.  The return address is the next instruction, so we just
     *   need to calculate the size of the instruction at caller_addr and add
     *   it to the caller address.  Start with one byte for the opcode.
     */
    const uchar *p = caller_addr;

    /* check for VARARGC, which can prefix many call instructions */
    if (*p == OPC_VARARGC)
        ++p;

    /* advance past the actual call instruction */
    p += CVmOpcodes::get_op_size(p);

    /* return the final address */
    return p;
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Call a function or method
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::do_call(VMG_ uint caller_ofs,
                             const uchar *target_ptr, uint argc,
                             const vm_rcdesc *recurse_ctx)
{
    CVmFuncPtr hdr_ptr;
    uint i;
    vm_val_t *fp;
    int lcl_cnt;

    /* store nil in R0 */
    r0_.set_nil();

    /* set up a pointer to the new function header */
    hdr_ptr.set(target_ptr);

    /* get the number of locals from the header */
    lcl_cnt = hdr_ptr.get_local_cnt();

    /* 
     *   Get the space needs of the new function, and ensure we have enough
     *   stack space available.  Include the size of the frame that we store
     *   (the original target object, the target property, the defining
     *   object, the 'self' object, the caller's code offset, the caller's
     *   entrypoint offset, the actual parameter count, and the enclosing
     *   frame pointer) in our space needs.  
     */
    if (!check_space(hdr_ptr.get_stack_depth() + 11))
        err_throw(VMERR_STACK_OVERFLOW);

    /* 
     *   Allocate the stack frame.  Note that the caller has already pushed
     *   targetprop, targetobj, definingobj, and self. 
     */
    fp = push(6 + lcl_cnt);

    /* push the frame reference slot */
    (fp++)->set_nil();

    /* push the native code descriptor */
    (fp++)->set_codeptr(recurse_ctx);

    /* 
     *   Push the caller's code offset.  Note that if the caller's offset is
     *   zero, it indicates that the caller is not the byte-code interpreter
     *   and that this is a recursive invocation; we represent recursive
     *   frames using a zero caller offset, so we can just use the zero
     *   value as given in this case. 
     */
    (fp++)->set_codeofs(caller_ofs);

    /* push the current entrypoint code offset */
    (fp++)->set_codeptr(entry_ptr_native_);

    /* push the actual parameter count */
    (fp++)->set_int((int32_t)argc);

    /* push the current frame pointer */
    (fp++)->set_stack(frame_ptr_);

    /* 
     *   check the argument count - do this before establishing the new
     *   frame and entry pointers, so that if we report a stack traceback in
     *   the debugger, we'll report the error in the calling frame, which is
     *   where it really belongs 
     */
    if (!hdr_ptr.argc_ok(argc))
    {
        /* 
         *   if we're making a recursive call, throw an error indicating
         *   what kind of recursive call we're making 
         */
        if (recurse_ctx != 0)
        {
            /* throw the named generic argument mismatch error */
            err_throw_a(VMERR_WRONG_NUM_OF_ARGS_CALLING, 1,
                        ERR_TYPE_CHAR, recurse_ctx->name);
        }
        else
        {
            /* throw the generic argument mismatch error */
            err_throw(VMERR_WRONG_NUM_OF_ARGS);
        }
    }

    /* 
     *   set up the new frame so that the frame pointer points to the old
     *   frame pointer stored in the stack 
     */
    frame_ptr_ = fp;

    /* load EP with the new code offset */
    entry_ptr_native_ = target_ptr;

    /* push nil for each local */
    for (i = lcl_cnt ; i != 0 ; --i)
        (fp++)->set_nil();

    /* create and activate the new function's profiler frame */
    VM_IF_PROFILER(if (profiling_)
        prof_enter(vmg_ target_ptr));

    /* if desired, make a recursive call into the byte code interpreter */
    if (caller_ofs != 0)
    {
        /* 
         *   return the new program counter at the first byte of code in the
         *   new function, which immediately follows the header 
         */
        return target_ptr + get_funchdr_size();
    }
    else
    {
        /* recursively call the interpreter loop */
        run(vmg_ target_ptr + get_funchdr_size());

        /* 
         *   this was a recursive call, so there's no program counter to
         *   return - just return null 
         */
        return 0;
    }
}

/*
 *   Return from the current function.  Returns true if execution can
 *   proceed, false if this returns us out of the outermost function, in
 *   which case the execution loop must terminate and return control to
 *   the host environment.  
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::do_return(VMG0_)
{
    /* invalidate the frame reference object, if present */
    vm_val_t *fro = get_frameref_slot(vmg_ frame_ptr_);
    if (fro->typ == VM_OBJ
        && CVmObjFrameRef::is_frameref_obj(vmg_ fro->val.obj))
        ((CVmObjFrameRef *)vm_objp(vmg_ fro->val.obj))->inval_frame(vmg0_);

    /*
     *   The frame pointer always points to the location on the stack
     *   where we pushed the enclosing frame pointer.  Reset the stack
     *   pointer to the current frame pointer, then pop the enclosing
     *   frame pointer.  
     */
    set_sp(frame_ptr_);
    frame_ptr_ = (vm_val_t *)get(0)->val.ptr;

    /* get the enclosing argument count */
    int argc = get(1)->val.intval;

    /* restore the enclosing entry pointer */
    entry_ptr_native_ = (const uchar *)get(2)->val.ptr;

    /* restore the enclosing code offset */
    pool_ofs_t caller_ofs = get(3)->val.ofs;

    /* 
     *   Discard the actual parameters, plus the 'self', defining object,
     *   original target object, and target property values.  While we're at
     *   it, also discard the enclosing frame pointer, enclosing argument
     *   count, enclosing entry pointer, and enclosing code offset, which
     *   we've already restored.  
     */
    discard(argc + 11);

    /* leave the profiler stack level */
    VM_IF_PROFILER(if (profiling_)
        prof_leave());

    /* if we're debugging, notify the debugger of the return */
    VM_IF_DEBUGGER(G_debugger->step_return(vmg0_));

    /* 
     *   if this is a special return address code, execute the appropraite
     *   local subroutine 
     */
    if (vmrun_is_special_return(caller_ofs))
    {
        vm_val_t v;
        
        switch (caller_ofs)
        {
        case VMRUN_RET_RECURSIVE:
            /* 
             *   return from recursive VM invocation - just return 0 as the
             *   finishing offset to tell the caller to exit the bytecode
             *   execution loop 
             */
            return 0;

        case VMRUN_RET_OP:
            /* 
             *   returning from operator evaluation - push R0 as the operand
             *   result, and return to the address currently at TOS 
             */
            caller_ofs = get(0)->val.intval;
            *get(0) = r0_;
            break;

        case VMRUN_RET_OP_ASILCL:
            /*
             *   Returning from an operator evaluation, with assignment to a
             *   local.  The local variable number is at TOS; assign it, then
             *   return to the address next on the stack. 
             */
            pop(&v);
            *get_local(vmg_ v.val.intval) = r0_;
            pop(&v);
            caller_ofs = v.val.intval;
            break;

        default:
            /* 
             *   invalid address; we're going to dump into random code if we
             *   continue, so nip it in the bud and throw an invalid op now 
             */
            err_throw(VMERR_INVALID_OPCODE);
        }
    }

    /*
     *   Empirically, about half the time, the caller will push the return
     *   value onto the stack.  It's a little faster to test for that case
     *   here and handle it specially.  
     */
    if (*(entry_ptr_native_ + caller_ofs) == OPC_GETR0)
    {
        push(&r0_);
        caller_ofs += 1;
    }

    /* 
     *   return the new program counter - calculate the PC offset by adding
     *   the offset within the method to the entry pointer 
     */
    return entry_ptr_native_ + caller_ofs;
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Execution context save/restore - these are for the debugger's use, so
 *   that it can save the machine registers while executing a debugger
 *   expression. 
 */

#ifdef VM_DEBUGGER

/*
 *   save the execution context 
 */
void CVmRun::save_context(VMG_ vmrun_save_ctx *ctx)
{
    /* save our registers */
    ctx->entry_ptr_native_ = entry_ptr_native_;
    ctx->frame_ptr_ = frame_ptr_;
    ctx->pc_ptr_ = pc_ptr_;

    /* save the stack depth */
    ctx->old_stack_depth_ = get_depth();
}

/*
 *   restore the execution context 
 */
void CVmRun::restore_context(VMG_ vmrun_save_ctx *ctx)
{
    /* restore our registers */
    entry_ptr_native_ = ctx->entry_ptr_native_;
    frame_ptr_ = ctx->frame_ptr_;
    pc_ptr_ = ctx->pc_ptr_;

    /* if there's anything extra left on the stack, discard it */
    if (get_depth() > ctx->old_stack_depth_)
        discard(get_depth() - ctx->old_stack_depth_);
}

#endif /* VM_DEBUGGER */

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Append a stack trace to a string.  This is only meaningful in a
 *   debugger-equipped version. 
 */
#if VM_DEBUGGER

/*
 *   callback context for stack trace appender 
 */
struct append_stack_ctx
{
    /* the string so far */
    vm_obj_id_t str_obj;

    /* globals */
    vm_globals *vmg;

    /* frame pointer where we pushed our string for gc protection */
    vm_val_t *gc_fp;
};

/*
 *   stack trace callback 
 */
static void append_stack_cb(void *ctx0, const char *str, int strl)
{
    append_stack_ctx *ctx = (append_stack_ctx *)ctx0;
    size_t new_len;
    size_t old_len;
    const char *old_str;
    char *new_str;

    /* set up access to globals */
    VMGLOB_PTR(ctx->vmg);

    /* get the original string text */
    old_str = vm_objp(vmg_ ctx->str_obj)->get_as_string(vmg0_);
    old_len = vmb_get_len(old_str);
    old_str += VMB_LEN;

    /* 
     *   allocate a new string, big enough for the old string plus the new
     *   text, plus a newline 
     */
    new_len = old_len + strl + 1;
    ctx->str_obj = CVmObjString::create(vmg_ FALSE, new_len);

    /* get the new string buffer */
    new_str = ((CVmObjString *)vm_objp(vmg_ ctx->str_obj))->cons_get_buf();

    /* build the new string */
    memcpy(new_str, old_str, old_len);
    new_str[old_len] = '\n';
    memcpy(new_str + old_len + 1, str, strl);

    /* 
     *   replace our gc-protective stack reference to the old string with
     *   the new string - we're done with the old string now, so it's okay
     *   if it gets collected, but we obviously want to keep the new one
     *   around 
     */
    G_interpreter->get_from_frame(ctx->gc_fp, 0)->set_obj(ctx->str_obj);
}

/*
 *   append a stack trace to the given string 
 */
vm_obj_id_t CVmRun::append_stack_trace(VMG_ vm_obj_id_t str_obj)
{
    append_stack_ctx ctx;

    /* push the string for protection from gc */
    push_obj(vmg_ str_obj);
    
    /* call the debugger to set up the stack traceback */
    ctx.str_obj = str_obj;
    ctx.vmg = VMGLOB_ADDR;
    ctx.gc_fp = get_sp();
    G_debugger->build_stack_listing(vmg_ &append_stack_cb, &ctx, TRUE);

    /* discard the gc protection */
    discard();

    /* return the result string */
    return ctx.str_obj;
}

#endif /* VM_DEBUGGER */

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Set a property of an object 
 */
void CVmRun::set_prop(VMG_ vm_obj_id_t obj, vm_prop_id_t prop,
                      const vm_val_t *new_val)
{
    /* set the property */
    vm_objp(vmg_ obj)->set_prop(vmg_ G_undo, obj, prop, new_val);
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Evaluate an operator overload.  'obj' is the operand of a unary op, or
 *   the left operand of a binary op; 'prop' is the operator overload
 *   property ID; 'argc' is the number of additional operands (0 for a unary
 *   op, 1 for a binary op); 'err' is the VMERR_xxx error number for applying
 *   the operator to a value that doesn't implement it.
 *   
 *   If the object doesn't provide the property, we'll throw the error, since
 *   we're attempting to apply an operator to a value that doesn't implement
 *   it.  This is in contrast to ordinary property evaluations, which just
 *   return nil for an unimplemented property.
 *   
 *   The 'prop' usually comes from G_predef, since it's an imported name from
 *   the image file.  If this is undefined (VM_INVALID_PROP), we certainly
 *   can't have an overload for the operator, so we'll simply throw the
 *   error.
 *   
 *   The 'obj' value doesn't have to be an object, since the program could
 *   attempt to apply the operator to any type.  If the value is of a type
 *   that doesn't support property evaluations, we'll throw the same error.
 *   
 *   If 'asi_lcl' is 0 or greater, it's the local variable number to assign
 *   the value to on return from the operator overload.  If this is negative,
 *   the return value is to be pushed onto the stack on return.  
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::op_overload(VMG_ uint caller_ofs, int asi_lcl,
                                 const vm_val_t *obj, vm_prop_id_t prop,
                                 uint argc, int err)
{
    vm_val_t val;
    vm_obj_id_t srcobj;
    vm_val_t new_self;

    /* 
     *   if the program defines any overloads for the operator, it must
     *   define the export property; so if the export property isn't defined,
     *   we can't have any overloading for the operator 
     */
    if (prop == VM_INVALID_PROP)
        err_throw(err);

    /* 
     *   if the value isn't an object, list, or string, there's no property,
     *   so throw the specified error 
     */
    switch (obj->typ)
    {
    case VM_OBJ:
    case VM_SSTRING:
    case VM_LIST:
        /* these can have property values - look it up */
        if (get_prop_no_eval(vmg_ &obj, prop, &argc, &srcobj, &val,
                             &obj, &new_self))
        {
            /* presume this is not actually a procedure call */
            int is_call = FALSE;
            
            /* 
             *   Got it.  Set up the appropriate special local subroutine for
             *   processing the return value.
             *   
             *   - For a recursive call, the caller will provide the special
             *   handling on return, so there's nothing special to do.
             *   
             *   - If there's no local to assign, we simply push the value
             *   onto the stack on return, then do a local return to the
             *   actual caller.  Push our return offset as the local return
             *   address.
             *   
             *   - If there's a local, we assign the value to the local on
             *   return.  Push the return offset as the local return address,
             *   and push the local number after that.  
             */
            if (val.typ == VM_CODEOFS
                || val.typ == VM_DSTRING
                || val.typ == VM_OBJX)
            {
                /* 
                 *   These will all result in subroutine calls.  Set up the
                 *   return frame patch accordingly. 
                 */
                is_call = TRUE;
                if (caller_ofs == 0)
                {
                    /* 
                     *   this is a recursive call - no return processing
                     *   patch is required 
                     */
                }
                else if (asi_lcl < 0)
                {
                    /* open one stack slot above the arguments */
                    insert(argc, 1);
                    
                    /* on return, push the value onto the stack */
                    get(argc)->set_int(caller_ofs);
                    caller_ofs = VMRUN_RET_OP;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* open two stack slots above the arguments */
                    insert(argc, 2);
                    
                    /* on return, store the value in locl #asi_lcl */
                    get(argc + 1)->set_int(caller_ofs);
                    get(argc)->set_int(asi_lcl);
                    caller_ofs = VMRUN_RET_OP_ASILCL;
                }
            }
                
            /* evaluate the property */
            const uchar *ret = eval_prop_val(
                vmg_ TRUE, caller_ofs, &val, obj->val.obj, prop,
                obj, srcobj, argc, 0);

            /* if this is a direct evaluation, do the return patch now */
            if (!is_call)
            {
                if (caller_ofs == 0)
                {
                    /* recursive call - the caller will take care of it */
                }
                else if (asi_lcl < 0)
                {
                    /* normal operator eval - push the result onto the stack */
                    push(get_r0());
                }
                else
                {
                    /* local assignment on return */
                    *get_local(vmg_ asi_lcl) = *get_r0();
                }
            }

            /* return the result */
            return ret;
        }

        /* the property isn't defined - throw the caller's error */
        err_throw(err);
        AFTER_ERR_THROW(return 0;)

    default:
        /* other types don't have properties - throw the caller's error */
        err_throw(err);
        AFTER_ERR_THROW(return 0;)
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Evaluate a property of an object 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::get_prop(VMG_ uint caller_ofs,
                              const vm_val_t *target_obj,
                              vm_prop_id_t target_prop,
                              const vm_val_t *self, uint argc,
                              const vm_rcdesc *rc)
{
    vm_val_t val;
    vm_obj_id_t srcobj;
    int found;
    vm_val_t new_self;

    /* find the property without evaluating it */
    found = get_prop_no_eval(vmg_ &target_obj, target_prop,
                             &argc, &srcobj, &val, &self, &new_self);

    /* if we didn't find it, try propNotDefined */
    if (!found && G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop != VM_INVALID_PROP)
    {
        /* look up propNotDefined */
        found = get_prop_no_eval(vmg_ &target_obj,
                                 G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop,
                                 &argc, &srcobj, &val, &self, &new_self);

        /* if we found a method, set up to call it */
        if (found && (val.typ == VM_CODEOFS
                      || val.typ == VM_OBJX
                      || val.typ == VM_BIFPTRX))
        {
            /* 
             *   add the target property as the additional first argument to
             *   propNotDefined (we push backwards, so this will conveniently
             *   become the new first argument) 
             */
            push_prop(vmg_ target_prop);
            
            /* count the additional argument */
            ++argc;

            /* the property we're actually calling now is propNotDefined */
            target_prop = G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop;
        }
    }
    
    /* evaluate whatever we found or didn't find */
    return eval_prop_val(vmg_ found, caller_ofs, &val, self->val.obj,
                         target_prop, target_obj, srcobj, argc, rc);
}

/*
 *   Simplified property evaluator 
 */
void CVmRun::get_prop(VMG_ vm_val_t *result,
                      const vm_val_t *obj, vm_prop_id_t prop, uint argc,
                      const vm_rcdesc *rc)
{
    /* use nil as the default in case we don't find a value */
    result->set_nil();

    /* if the property is invalid, we definitely can't evaluate it */
    if (prop == VM_INVALID_PROP)
        return;

    /* evaluate the property into R0 */
    get_prop(vmg_ 0, obj, prop, obj, argc, rc);

    /* copy the result to the caller's parameter */
    *result = r0_;
}

/*
 *   Look up a property without evaluating it. 
 */
inline int CVmRun::get_prop_no_eval(VMG_ const vm_val_t **target_obj,
                                    vm_prop_id_t target_prop,
                                    uint *argc, vm_obj_id_t *srcobj,
                                    vm_val_t *val,
                                    const vm_val_t **self,
                                    vm_val_t *new_self)
{
    int found;
    const char *target_ptr;
    
    /* 
     *   we can evaluate properties of regular objects, as well as string
     *   and list constants - see what we have 
     */
    switch((*target_obj)->typ)
    {
    case VM_LIST:
        /* 'self' must be the same as the target for a constant list */
        if ((*self)->typ != (*target_obj)->typ
            || (*self)->val.ofs != (*target_obj)->val.ofs)
            err_throw(VMERR_OBJ_VAL_REQD);

        /* translate the list offset to a physical pointer */
        target_ptr = G_const_pool->get_ptr((*target_obj)->val.ofs);

        /* evaluate the constant list property */
        found = CVmObjList::const_get_prop(vmg_ val, *target_obj,
                                           target_ptr, target_prop,
                                           srcobj, argc);

        /* 
         *   If the result is a method to run, we need an actual object for
         *   'self'.  In this case, create a dynamic list object with the
         *   same contents as the constant list value.  
         */
        if (found
            && (val->typ == VM_CODEOFS
                || val->typ == VM_OBJX
                || val->typ == VM_BIFPTRX))
        {
            /* create the list */
            new_self->set_obj(CVmObjListConst::create(vmg_ target_ptr));

            /* use it as the new 'self' and the new effective target */
            *self = new_self;
            *target_obj = new_self;
        }

        /* go evaluate the result as normal */
        break;

    case VM_SSTRING:
        /* 'self' must be the same as the target for a constant string */
        if ((*self)->typ != (*target_obj)->typ
            || (*self)->val.ofs != (*target_obj)->val.ofs)
            err_throw(VMERR_OBJ_VAL_REQD);

        /* translate the string offset to a physical pointer */
        target_ptr = G_const_pool->get_ptr((*target_obj)->val.ofs);

        /* evaluate the constant string property */
        found = CVmObjString::const_get_prop(vmg_ val, *target_obj,
                                             target_ptr, target_prop,
                                             srcobj, argc);

        /* 
         *   If the result is a method to run, we need an actual object for
         *   'self'.  In this case, create a dynamic string object with the
         *   same contents as the constant string value.  
         */
        if (found
            && (val->typ == VM_CODEOFS
                || val->typ == VM_OBJX
                || val->typ == VM_BIFPTRX))
        {
            /* create the string */
            new_self->set_obj(CVmObjStringConst::create(vmg_ target_ptr));

            /* it's the new 'self' and the new effective target object */
            *self = new_self;
            *target_obj = new_self;
        }

        /* go evaluate the result as normal */
        break;

    case VM_OBJ:
        /* get the property value from the target object */
        found = vm_objp(vmg_ (*target_obj)->val.obj)
                ->get_prop(vmg_ target_prop, val, (*target_obj)->val.obj,
                           srcobj, argc);

        /* 'self' must be an object as well */
        if ((*self)->typ != VM_OBJ)
            err_throw(VMERR_OBJ_VAL_REQD);
        break;

    case VM_NIL:
        /* nil pointer dereferenced */
        err_throw(VMERR_NIL_DEREF);

    default:
        /* we can't evaluate properties of anything else */
        err_throw(VMERR_OBJ_VAL_REQD);
    }

    /* return the 'found' indication */
    return found;
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Given a value that has been retrieved from an object property,
 *   evaluate the value.  If the value contains code, we'll execute the
 *   code; if it contains a self-printing string, we'll display the
 *   string; otherwise, we'll just store the value in R0.
 *   
 *   'found' indicates whether or not the property value is defined.
 *   False indicates that the property value is not defined by the object;
 *   true indicates that it is.  
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::eval_prop_val(VMG_ int found, uint caller_ofs,
                                   const vm_val_t *val,
                                   vm_obj_id_t self,
                                   vm_prop_id_t target_prop,
                                   const vm_val_t *orig_target_obj,
                                   vm_obj_id_t defining_obj,
                                   uint argc, const vm_rcdesc *rc)
{
    /* check whether or not the property is defined */
    if (found)
    {
        /* take appropriate action based on the datatype of the result */
        switch(val->typ)
        {
        case VM_CODEOFS:
            /* 
             *   It's a method - invoke the method.  This will set us up
             *   to start executing this new code, so there's nothing more
             *   we need to do here.  
             */

            /* push targetprop, targetobj, definingobj, self, and invokee */
            {
                vm_val_t *fp = push(5);
                (fp++)->set_propid(target_prop);
                (fp++)->set_obj(orig_target_obj->val.obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(defining_obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(self);
                (fp++)->set_fnptr(val->val.ofs);
            }

            /* call the function */
            return do_call(vmg_ caller_ofs,
                           (const uchar *)G_code_pool->get_ptr(val->val.ofs),
                           argc, rc);
            
        case VM_DSTRING:
            /* no arguments are allowed */
            if (argc != 0)
                err_throw(VMERR_WRONG_NUM_OF_ARGS);
            
            /* 
             *   it's a self-printing string - invoke the default string
             *   output function (this is effectively a do_call()) 
             */
            return disp_dstring(vmg_ val->val.ofs, caller_ofs, self);

        case VM_OBJX:
            /* 
             *   Execute-on-eval object.  If the value is an anonymous
             *   function or other invokable object, call it.  If it's a
             *   string, print it.  
             */
            if (vm_objp(vmg_ val->val.obj)->get_invoker(vmg_ 0))
            {
                /* push targetprop, targetobj, definingobj, self, invokee */
                vm_val_t *fp = push(5);
                (fp++)->set_propid(target_prop);
                (fp++)->set_obj(orig_target_obj->val.obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(defining_obj);
                (fp++)->set_obj(self);
                (fp++)->set_obj(val->val.obj);

                /* convert to an ordinary anonymous function object */
                vm_val_t funcptr;
                funcptr.set_obj(val->val.obj);

                /* invoke it */
                return call_func_ptr_fr(vmg_ &funcptr, argc, 0, caller_ofs);
            }
            else if (CVmObjString::is_string_obj(vmg_ val->val.obj))
            {
                /* print the string */
                push_obj(vmg_ val->val.obj);
                return disp_string_val(vmg_ caller_ofs, self);
            }
            err_throw(VMERR_BAD_TYPE_CALL);

        case VM_BIFPTRX:
            /* Execute-on-eval built-in function.  Call the function. */
            call_bif(vmg_ val->val.bifptr.set_idx,
                     val->val.bifptr.func_idx, argc);

            /* resume execution where we left off */
            return entry_ptr_native_ + caller_ofs;
            
        default:
            /* for any other value, no arguments are allowed */
            if (argc != 0)
                err_throw(VMERR_WRONG_NUM_OF_ARGS);
            
            /* store the result in R0 */
            r0_ = *val;

            /* resume execution where we left off */
            return entry_ptr_native_ + caller_ofs;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* 
         *   the property or method is not defined - discard arguments and
         *   set R0 to nil
         */
        discard(argc);
        r0_.set_nil();

        /* resume execution where we left off */
        return entry_ptr_native_ + caller_ofs;
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Inherit a property or method from the appropriate superclass of the
 *   object that defines currently executing code.  
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::inh_prop(VMG_ uint caller_ofs,
                              vm_prop_id_t prop, uint argc)
{
    vm_val_t orig_target_obj;
    vm_obj_id_t defining_obj;
    vm_val_t val;
    vm_obj_id_t srcobj;
    int found;
    vm_obj_id_t self;

    /* get the defining object from the stack frame */
    defining_obj = get_defining_obj(vmg0_);

    /* get the original target object from the stack frame */
    orig_target_obj.set_obj(get_orig_target_obj(vmg0_));

    /* get the 'self' object */
    self = get_self(vmg0_);

    /* get the inherited property value */
    found = vm_objp(vmg_ self)->inh_prop(vmg_ prop, &val, self,
                                         orig_target_obj.val.obj,
                                         defining_obj, &srcobj, &argc);

    /* if we didn't find it, try inheriting propNotDefined */
    if (!found && G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop != VM_INVALID_PROP)
    {
        /* 
         *   Look up propNotDefined using the same search conditions we used
         *   to find the original inherited property.  This lets us look up
         *   the "inherited" propNotDefined.  
         */
        found = vm_objp(vmg_ self)->inh_prop(vmg_
                                             G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop,
                                             &val, self,
                                             orig_target_obj.val.obj,
                                             defining_obj, &srcobj, &argc);

        /* 
         *   if we found it, and it's code, push the original property ID we
         *   were attempting to inherit - this becomes the new first
         *   parameter to the propNotDefined method 
         */
        if (found
            && (val.typ == VM_CODEOFS
                || val.typ == VM_OBJX
                || val.typ == VM_BIFPTRX))
        {
            /* add the original property pointer argument */
            push_prop(vmg_ prop);

            /* count the additional argument */
            ++argc;

            /* the target property changes to propNotDefined */
            prop = G_predef->prop_not_defined_prop;
        }
    }

    /* 
     *   evaluate and store the result - note that "self" remains the
     *   current "self" object, since we're inheriting within the context
     *   of the original method call 
     */
    return eval_prop_val(vmg_ found, caller_ofs, &val, self, prop,
                         &orig_target_obj, srcobj, argc, 0);
}


/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Display a dstring via the default string display mechanism 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::disp_dstring(VMG_ pool_ofs_t ofs, uint caller_ofs,
                                  vm_obj_id_t self)
{
    /* push the string */
    push()->set_sstring(ofs);

    /* invoke the default "say" function */
    return disp_string_val(vmg_ caller_ofs, self);
}

/*
 *   Display the value at top of stack via the default string display
 *   mechanism 
 */
const uchar *CVmRun::disp_string_val(VMG_ uint caller_ofs, vm_obj_id_t self)
{
    /* 
     *   if there's a valid 'self' object, and there's a default display
     *   method defined, and 'self' defines or inherits that method,
     *   invoke the method 
     */
    if (say_method_ != VM_INVALID_PROP && self != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
    {
        vm_obj_id_t src_obj;
        vm_val_t val;

        /* 
         *   look up the property - if we find it, and it's a regular
         *   method, invoke it 
         */
        if (vm_objp(vmg_ self)->get_prop(vmg_ say_method_, &val, self,
                                         &src_obj, 0)
            && (val.typ == VM_CODEOFS || val.typ == VM_OBJX
                || val.typ == VM_BIFPTRX))
        {
            /* set up a 'self' value - this is the target object */
            vm_val_t self_val;
            self_val.set_obj(self);

            /* there's a default display method - invoke it */
            return eval_prop_val(vmg_ TRUE, caller_ofs, &val, self,
                                 say_method_, &self_val, src_obj, 1, 0);
        }
    }
    
    /* if the "say" function isn't initialized, it's an error */
    if (say_func_ == 0 || say_func_->val.typ == VM_NIL)
        err_throw(VMERR_SAY_IS_NOT_DEFINED);

    /* call the "say" function with the argument at top of stack */
    return call_func_ptr(vmg_ &say_func_->val, 1, 0, caller_ofs);
}

/*
 *   Set the "say" function.
 */
void CVmRun::set_say_func(VMG_ const vm_val_t *val)
{
    /* 
     *   if we haven't yet allocated a global to hold the 'say' function,
     *   allocate one now 
     */
    if (say_func_ == 0)
        say_func_ = G_obj_table->create_global_var();

    /* remember the new function */
    say_func_->val = *val;
}

/*
 *   Get the current "say" function 
 */
void CVmRun::get_say_func(vm_val_t *val) const
{
    /* 
     *   if we ever allocated a global to hold the 'say' function, return its
     *   value; otherwise, there's no 'say' function, so the result is nil 
     */
    if (say_func_ != 0)
        *val = say_func_->val;
    else
        val->set_nil();
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Push a string value 
 */
void CVmRun::push_string(VMG_ const char *str, size_t len)
{
    if (str != 0)
        push()->set_obj(CVmObjString::create(vmg_ FALSE, str, len));
    else
        push()->set_nil();
}

/*
 *   Push a printf-formatted string 
 */
void CVmRun::push_stringf(VMG_ const char *fmt, ...)
{
    /* package the arguments as a va_list and invoke our va_list version */
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    push_stringvf(vmg_ fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
}

/*
 *   Push a vprintf-formatted string 
 */
void CVmRun::push_stringvf(VMG_ const char *fmt, va_list args)
{
    /* allocate and format the string */
    char *str = t3vsprintf_alloc(fmt, args);

    /* push it */
    push_string(vmg_ str);

    /* free the allocated string buffer */
    t3free(str);
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Check a property for speculative evaluation 
 */
void CVmRun::check_prop_spec_eval(VMG_ vm_obj_id_t obj, vm_prop_id_t prop)
{
    vm_val_t val;
    vm_obj_id_t srcobj;

    /* get the property value */
    if (vm_objp(vmg_ obj)->get_prop(vmg_ prop, &val, obj, &srcobj, 0))
    {
        /* check the type of the value */
        switch(val.typ)
        {
        case VM_CODEOFS:
        case VM_OBJX:
        case VM_BIFPTRX:
        case VM_DSTRING:
        case VM_NATIVE_CODE:
            /* 
             *   evaulating these types could result in side effects, so
             *   this property cannot be evaulated during a speculative
             *   evaluation 
             */
            err_throw(VMERR_BAD_SPEC_EVAL);
            break;

        default:
            /* evaluating other types causes no side effects, so proceed */
            break;
        }
    }
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Set up a function header pointer for the current function 
 */
void CVmRun::set_current_func_ptr(VMG_ CVmFuncPtr *func_ptr)
{
    /* set up the pointer based on the current Entry Pointer register */
    func_ptr->set(entry_ptr_native_);
}

/*
 *   Set up a function header pointer for the return address of the given
 *   stack frame 
 */
void CVmRun::set_return_funcptr_from_frame(VMG_ CVmFuncPtr *func_ptr,
                                           vm_val_t *frame_ptr)
{
    /* set up the function pointer for the entry pointer */
    func_ptr->set(get_enclosing_entry_ptr_from_frame(vmg_ frame_ptr));
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Get the frame pointer at a given stack level 
 */
vm_val_t *CVmRun::get_fp_at_level(VMG_ int level) VM_REG_CONST
{
    vm_val_t *fp;
    const vm_rcdesc *rc;
    
    /* walk up the stack to the desired level */
    for (fp = frame_ptr_, rc = 0 ; fp != 0 && level != 0 ; --level)
    {
        /* if this is a recursive level, count it */
        if (rc != 0 && rc->has_return_addr())
        {
            /* move to the bytecode caller at this level */
            rc = 0;
            
            /* count the level */
            if (--level == 0)
                break;
        }

        /* move to the enclosing level */
        rc = get_rcdesc_from_frame(vmg_ fp);
        fp = get_enclosing_frame_ptr(vmg_ fp);
    }

    /* 
     *   if we ran out of frames before we reached the desired level, or we
     *   stopped at a native caller, the requested frame doesn't exist 
     */
    if (fp == 0 || (rc != 0 && rc->has_return_addr()))
        err_throw(VMERR_BAD_FRAME);

    /* return the frame */
    return fp;
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Get the message from an exception object 
 */
void CVmRun::get_exc_message(VMG_ const CVmException *exc,
                             char *buf, size_t buflen, int add_unh_prefix)
{
    CVmException tmpexc;
    const char *tmpmsg;
    const char *msg;

    /* set up our temporary exception object with no parameters by default */
    tmpexc.param_count_ = 0;
    
    /* check for unhandled program exceptions */
    if (exc->get_error_code() == VMERR_UNHANDLED_EXC)
    {
        size_t msg_len;
        
        /* 
         *   This is not a VM error, but is simply an exception that the
         *   program itself threw but did not handle.  We might be able to
         *   find an informational message in the exception object itself.
         */

        /* get the exception's message, if available */
        msg = get_exc_message(vmg_ exc, &msg_len);
        if (msg != 0)
        {
            /* 
             *   we got a message from the exception object - use it 
             */

            /* set up our parameters for the formatting */
            tmpexc.param_count_ = 1;
            tmpexc.set_param_str(0, msg, msg_len);

            /*
             *   If they want an "unhandled exception" prefix, get the
             *   message for the prefix; otherwise, just use the message
             *   from the exception without further adornment. 
             */
            if (add_unh_prefix)
            {
                /* they want a prefix - get the prefix message */
                tmpmsg = err_get_msg(vm_messages, vm_message_count,
                                     VMERR_UNHANDLED_EXC_PARAM, FALSE);
            }
            else
            {
                /* no prefix desired - just use the message as we got it */
                tmpmsg = "%s";
            }

            /* format the message */
            err_format_msg(buf, buflen, tmpmsg, &tmpexc);
        }
        else
        {
            /* no message - use a generic exception message */
            tmpmsg = err_get_msg(vm_messages, vm_message_count,
                                 VMERR_UNHANDLED_EXC, FALSE);
            err_format_msg(buf, buflen, tmpmsg, &tmpexc);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* 
         *   It's a VM exception, so we can determine the error's meaning
         *   from the error code.  Look up the message for the error code
         *   in our error message list.  
         */
        msg = err_get_msg(vm_messages, vm_message_count,
                          exc->get_error_code(), FALSE);
        
        /* if that failed, just show the error number */
        if (msg == 0)
        {
            /* no message - just show the error code */
            tmpmsg = err_get_msg(vm_messages, vm_message_count,
                                 VMERR_VM_EXC_CODE, FALSE);

            /* set up our parameters for formatting */
            tmpexc.param_count_ = 1;
            tmpexc.set_param_int(0, exc->get_error_code());

            /* format the message */
            err_format_msg(buf, buflen, tmpmsg, &tmpexc);
        }
        else
        {
            char tmpbuf[256];

            /* format the message from the exception parameters */
            err_format_msg(tmpbuf, sizeof(tmpbuf), msg, exc);
            
            /* get the prefix message */
            tmpmsg = err_get_msg(vm_messages, vm_message_count,
                                 VMERR_VM_EXC_PARAM, FALSE);

            /* set up our parameters for the formatting */
            tmpexc.param_count_ = 1;
            tmpexc.set_param_str(0, tmpbuf);

            /* format the message */
            err_format_msg(buf, buflen, tmpmsg, &tmpexc);
        }
    }
}

/*
 *   Get the message from an "unhandled exception" error object
 */
const char *CVmRun::get_exc_message(VMG_ const CVmException *exc,
                                    size_t *msg_len)
{
    vm_obj_id_t exc_obj;

    /* 
     *   if the error isn't "unhandled exception," there's not a stored
     *   exception object; likewise, if there's no object parameter in the
     *   exception, there's nothing to use to obtain the message 
     */
    if (exc->get_error_code() != VMERR_UNHANDLED_EXC
        || exc->get_param_count() < 1)
        return 0;
    
    /* get the exception object */
    exc_obj = (vm_obj_id_t)exc->get_param_ulong(0);

    /* get the message from the object */
    return get_exc_message(vmg_ exc_obj, msg_len);
}

/*
 *   Get the message from an exception object 
 */
const char *CVmRun::get_exc_message(VMG_ vm_obj_id_t exc_obj, size_t *msg_len)
{
    vm_val_t val;
    vm_obj_id_t src_obj;
    const char *str;
    uint argc;
    
    /* if there's no object, there's no message */
    if (exc_obj == VM_INVALID_OBJ)
        return 0;
    
    /* 
     *   get the exceptionMessage property value from the object; if
     *   there's not a valid exceptionMessage property defined, or the
     *   object doesn't have a value for the property, there's no message 
     */
    argc = 0;
    if (G_predef->rterrmsg_prop == VM_INVALID_PROP
        || (!vm_objp(vmg_ exc_obj)->get_prop(vmg_ G_predef->rterrmsg_prop,
                                             &val, exc_obj, &src_obj,
                                             &argc)))
        return 0;

    /* 
     *   We got the property.  If it's a string or an object containing a
     *   string, retrieve the string.
     */
    switch(val.typ)
    {
    case VM_SSTRING:
        /* get the constant string */
        str = G_const_pool->get_ptr(val.val.ofs);
        break;

    case VM_OBJ:
        /* get the string value of the object, if possible */
        str = vm_objp(vmg_ val.val.obj)->get_as_string(vmg0_);
        break;

    default:
        /* it's not a string - we can't use it */
        str = 0;
        break;
    }

    /* check to see if we got a string */
    if (str != 0)
    {
        /* 
         *   The string is in the standard VM internal format, which means
         *   it has a 2-byte length prefix followed by the bytes of the
         *   string (with no null termination).  Read the length prefix,
         *   then skip past it so the caller doesn't have to.  
         */
        *msg_len = osrp2(str);
        str += VMB_LEN;
    }

    /* return the string pointer */
    return str;
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Get the boundaries of the current statement, based on debugging
 *   information.  Returns true if valid debugging information was found for
 *   the given code location, false if not.  
 */
int CVmRun::get_stm_bounds(VMG_ const CVmFuncPtr *func_ptr,
                           ulong method_ofs,
                           CVmDbgLinePtr *caller_line_ptr,
                           const uchar **stm_start, const uchar **stm_end)
{
    CVmDbgTablePtr dbg_ptr;
    int lo;
    int hi;
    int cur;

    /* presume we won't find anything */
    *stm_start = *stm_end = 0;

    /* 
     *   if the current method has no line records, we can't find the
     *   boundaries 
     */
    if (!func_ptr->set_dbg_ptr(&dbg_ptr)
        || dbg_ptr.get_line_count(vmg0_) == 0)
    {
        /* indicate that we didn't find debug information */
        return FALSE;
    }

    /*
     *   We must perform a binary search of the line records for the line
     *   that contains this program counter offset.  
     */
    lo = 0;
    hi = dbg_ptr.get_line_count(vmg0_) - 1;
    while (lo <= hi)
    {
        ulong start_ofs;
        ulong end_ofs;
        CVmDbgLinePtr line_ptr;

        /* split the difference and get the current entry */
        cur = lo + (hi - lo)/2;
        dbg_ptr.set_line_ptr(vmg_ &line_ptr, cur);

        /* get the current statement's start relative to the method header */
        start_ofs = line_ptr.get_start_ofs();

        /* 
         *   Get the next statement's start offset, which gives us the end
         *   of this statement.  If this is the last statement in the table,
         *   it runs to the end of the function; use the debug records table
         *   offset as the upper bound in this case.  
         */
        if (cur == (int)dbg_ptr.get_line_count(vmg0_) - 1)
        {
            /* 
             *   it's the last record - use the debug table offset as an
             *   upper bound, since we know the function can't have any
             *   executable code past this point 
             */
            end_ofs = func_ptr->get_debug_ofs();
        }
        else
        {
            CVmDbgLinePtr next_line_ptr;

            /* another record follows this one - use it */
            next_line_ptr.copy_from(&line_ptr);
            next_line_ptr.inc(vmg0_);
            end_ofs = next_line_ptr.get_start_ofs();
        }

        /* see where we are relative to this line record */
        if (method_ofs >= end_ofs)
        {
            /* we need to go higher */
            lo = (cur == lo ? cur + 1 : cur);
        }
        else if (method_ofs < start_ofs)
        {
            /* we need to go lower */
            hi = (cur == hi ? hi - 1 : cur);
        }
        else
        {
            /* found it - set the bounds to this record's limits */
            *stm_start = func_ptr->get() + start_ofs;
            *stm_end = func_ptr->get() + end_ofs;

            /* fill in the caller's line pointer if desired */
            if (caller_line_ptr != 0)
                caller_line_ptr->copy_from(&line_ptr);

            /* indicate that we found the line boundaries successfully */
            return TRUE;
        }
    }

    /* return failure */
    return FALSE;
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Profiler functions
 */
#ifdef VM_PROFILER

/*
 *   Profiler master hash table entry 
 */
class CVmHashEntryProfiler: public CVmHashEntryCI
{
public:
    CVmHashEntryProfiler(const char *str, size_t len,
                         const vm_profiler_rec *rec)
        : CVmHashEntryCI(str, len, TRUE)
    {
        /* copy the profiler record's identifying portion */
        rec_.func = rec->func;
        rec_.obj = rec->obj;
        rec_.prop = rec->prop;

        /* initialize the timers and counters to zero */
        rec_.sum_direct.hi = rec_.sum_direct.lo = 0;
        rec_.sum_chi.hi = rec_.sum_chi.lo = 0;
        rec_.call_cnt = 0;
    }

    /* our profiler record */
    vm_profiler_rec rec_;
};

/*
 *   Begin profiling 
 */
void CVmRun::start_profiling()
{
    /* clear any old profiler data from the master hash table */
    prof_master_table_->delete_all_entries();

    /* reset the profiler stack */
    prof_stack_idx_ = 0;

    /* turn on profiling */
    profiling_ = TRUE;
}

/*
 *   End profiling 
 */
void CVmRun::end_profiling()
{
    /* turn off profiling */
    profiling_ = FALSE;

    /* leave all active profiler stack levels */
    while (prof_stack_idx_ != 0)
        prof_leave();
}

/* context for our profiling callback */
struct vmrun_prof_enum
{
    /* globals object */
    vm_globals *globals;
    
    /* interpreter object */
    CVmRun *terp;

    /* debugger object */
    CVmDebug *dbg;

    /* client callback and its context */
    void (*cb)(void *, const char *, unsigned long, unsigned long,
               unsigned long);
    void *cb_ctx;
};

/*
 *   Get the profiling data 
 */
void CVmRun::get_profiling_data(VMG_
                                void (*cb)(void *,
                                           const char *,
                                           unsigned long,
                                           unsigned long,
                                           unsigned long),
                                void *cb_ctx)
{
    vmrun_prof_enum our_ctx;

    /* if there's no debugger, we can't get symbols, so we can't proceed */
    if (G_debugger == 0)
        return;

    /* set up our callback context */
    our_ctx.globals = VMGLOB_ADDR;
    our_ctx.terp = this;
    our_ctx.dbg = G_debugger;
    our_ctx.cb = cb;
    our_ctx.cb_ctx = cb_ctx;

    /* enumerate the master table entries through our callback */
    prof_master_table_->enum_entries(&prof_enum_cb, &our_ctx);
}

/*
 *   Callback for enumerating the profiling data 
 */
void CVmRun::prof_enum_cb(void *ctx0, CVmHashEntry *entry0)
{
    vmrun_prof_enum *ctx = (vmrun_prof_enum *)ctx0;
    VMGLOB_PTR(ctx->globals);
    CVmHashEntryProfiler *entry = (CVmHashEntryProfiler *)entry0;
    char namebuf[128];
    const char *p;

    /* generate the name of the function or method */
    if (entry->rec_.obj != VM_INVALID_OBJ)
    {
        char *dst;
        
        /* look up the object name */
        p = ctx->dbg->objid_to_sym(entry->rec_.obj);

        /* get the original name, if this is a synthetic 'modify' object */
        p = ctx->dbg->get_modifying_sym(p);

        /* 
         *   if we got an object name, use it; otherwise, synthesize a name
         *   using the object number 
         */
        if (p != 0)
            strcpy(namebuf, p);
        else
            sprintf(namebuf, "obj#%lx", (long)entry->rec_.obj);

        /* add a period */
        dst = namebuf + strlen(namebuf);
        *dst++ = '.';

        /* look up the property name */
        p = ctx->dbg->propid_to_sym(entry->rec_.prop);
        if (p != 0)
            strcpy(dst, p);
        else
            sprintf(dst, "prop#%x", (int)entry->rec_.prop);
    }
    else if (entry->rec_.func != 0)
    {
        /* look up the function at the code offset */
        char buf[256];
        p = ctx->dbg->funchdr_to_sym(vmg_ entry->rec_.func, buf);
        if (p != 0)
            strcpy(namebuf, p);
        else
            sprintf(namebuf, "func#%lx", (long)entry->rec_.func);
    }
    else
    {
        /* it must be system code */
        strcpy(namebuf, "<System>");
    }

    /* invoke the callback with the data */
    (*ctx->cb)(ctx->cb_ctx, namebuf,
               os_prof_time_to_ms(&entry->rec_.sum_direct),
               os_prof_time_to_ms(&entry->rec_.sum_chi),
               entry->rec_.call_cnt);
}


/*
 *   Profile entry into a new function or method
 */
void CVmRun::prof_enter(VMG_ const uchar *fptr)
{
    vm_prof_time cur;

    /* pull the target property and defining object from the frame */
    vm_obj_id_t obj = get_defining_obj(vmg0_);
    vm_prop_id_t prop = get_target_prop(vmg0_);

    /* get the current time */
    os_prof_curtime(&cur);

    /* if we have a valid previous entry, suspend it */
    if (prof_stack_idx_ > 0 && prof_stack_idx_ - 1 < prof_stack_max_)
    {
        vm_profiler_rec *p;
        vm_prof_time delta;

        /* get a pointer to the outgoing entry */
        p = &prof_stack_[prof_stack_idx_ - 1];

        /* 
         *   add the time since the last start to the cumulative time spent
         *   in this function 
         */
        prof_calc_elapsed(&delta, &cur, &prof_start_);
        prof_add_elapsed(&p->sum_direct, &delta);
    }

    /* if we have room on the profiler stack, add a new level */
    if (prof_stack_idx_ < prof_stack_max_)
    {
        vm_profiler_rec *p;

        /* get a pointer to the new entry */
        p = &prof_stack_[prof_stack_idx_];

        /* remember the identifying data for the method or function */
        p->func = fptr;
        p->obj = obj;
        p->prop = prop;

        /* we have no cumulative time yet */
        p->sum_direct.hi = p->sum_direct.lo = 0;
        p->sum_chi.hi = p->sum_chi.lo = 0;
    }

    /* count the level */
    ++prof_stack_idx_;

    /* remember the start time in the new current function */
    os_prof_curtime(&prof_start_);
}

/*
 *   Profile returning from a function or method
 */
void CVmRun::prof_leave()
{
    vm_prof_time delta;
    vm_prof_time cur;
    vm_prof_time chi;

    /* get the current time */
    os_prof_curtime(&cur);

    /* move to the last level */
    --prof_stack_idx_;

    /* presume we won't know the child time */
    chi.hi = chi.lo = 0;

    /* if we're on a valid level, finish the call */
    if (prof_stack_idx_ < prof_stack_max_)
    {
        vm_profiler_rec *p;
        CVmHashEntryProfiler *entry;

        /* get a pointer to the outgoing entry */
        p = &prof_stack_[prof_stack_idx_];

        /* 
         *   add the time since the last start to the cumulative time spent
         *   in this function 
         */
        prof_calc_elapsed(&delta, &cur, &prof_start_);
        prof_add_elapsed(&p->sum_direct, &delta);

        /*
         *   Find or create the master record for the terminating function or
         *   method, and add the cumulative times from this call to the
         *   master record's cumulative times.  Also count the invocation in
         *   the master record.  
         */
        entry = prof_find_master_rec(p);
        prof_add_elapsed(&entry->rec_.sum_direct, &p->sum_direct);
        prof_add_elapsed(&entry->rec_.sum_chi, &p->sum_chi);
        ++(entry->rec_.call_cnt);

        /*
         *   Calculate the cumulative time in the outgoing function - this is
         *   the total time directly in the function plus the cumulative time
         *   in all of its children.  We must add this to the caller's
         *   cumulative child time, since this function and all of its
         *   children are children of the caller and thus must count in the
         *   caller's total child time.  
         */
        chi = p->sum_direct;
        prof_add_elapsed(&chi, &p->sum_chi);
    }

    /* if we're leaving to a valid level, re-activate it */
    if (prof_stack_idx_ > 0 && prof_stack_idx_ < prof_stack_max_)
    {
        vm_profiler_rec *p;

        /* get a pointer to the resuming entry */
        p = &prof_stack_[prof_stack_idx_ - 1];

        /* 
         *   add the time spent in the child and its children to our
         *   cumulative child time 
         */
        prof_add_elapsed(&p->sum_chi, &chi);
    }

    /* 
     *   remember the new start time for the function we're resuming - we
     *   must reset this to the current time, since we measure deltas from
     *   the last call or return on each call or return 
     */
    os_prof_curtime(&prof_start_);
}

/*
 *   Calculate an elapsed 64-bit time value 
 */
void CVmRun::prof_calc_elapsed(vm_prof_time *diff, const vm_prof_time *a,
                               const vm_prof_time *b)
{
    /* calculate the differences of the low and high parts */
    diff->lo = a->lo - b->lo;
    diff->hi = a->hi - b->hi;

    /* 
     *   if the low part ended up higher than it started, then we
     *   underflowed, and hence must borrow from the high part 
     */
    if (diff->lo > a->lo)
        --(diff->hi);
}

/*
 *   Add one elapsed time value to another
 */
void CVmRun::prof_add_elapsed(vm_prof_time *sum, const vm_prof_time *val)
{
    unsigned long orig_lo;

    /* remember the original low part */
    orig_lo = sum->lo;
    
    /* add the low parts and high parts */
    sum->lo += val->lo;
    sum->hi += val->hi;

    /* 
     *   if the low part of the sum is less than where it started, then it
     *   overflowed, and we must hence carry to the high part 
     */
    if (sum->lo < orig_lo)
        ++(sum->hi);
}

/*
 *   Find or create a hash table entry for a profiler record 
 */
CVmHashEntryProfiler *CVmRun::prof_find_master_rec(const vm_profiler_rec *p)
{
    const size_t id_siz = sizeof(p->func) + sizeof(p->obj) + sizeof(p->prop);
    char id[id_siz];
    CVmHashEntryProfiler *entry;
    
    /* 
     *   Build the ID string, which we'll use as our hash key.  We never have
     *   to serialize this, so it doesn't matter that it's dependent on byte
     *   order and word size. 
     */
    memcpy(id, &p->func, sizeof(p->func));
    memcpy(id + sizeof(p->func), &p->obj, sizeof(p->obj));
    memcpy(id + sizeof(p->func) + sizeof(p->obj), &p->prop, sizeof(p->prop));

    /* try to find an existing entry */
    entry = (CVmHashEntryProfiler *)prof_master_table_->find(id, id_siz);

    /* if we didn't find an entry, create one */
    if (entry == 0)
    {
        /* create a new entry */
        entry = new CVmHashEntryProfiler(id, id_siz, p);

        /* add it to the table */
        prof_master_table_->add(entry);
    }

    /* return the entry */
    return entry;
}

#endif /* VM_PROFILER */

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/*
 *   Footnote - for the referring code, search the code above for
 *   [REGISTER_P_FOOTNOTE].
 *   
 *   This footnote pertains to a 'register' declaration that causes gcc (and
 *   probably some other compilers) to generate a warning message.  The
 *   'register' declaration is useful on some compilers and will be retained.
 *   Here's a note I sent to Nikos Chantziaras (who asked about the warning)
 *   explaining why I'm choosing to leave the 'register' declaration in, and
 *   why I think this 'register' declaration is actually correct and useful
 *   despite the warning it generates on some compilers.
 *   
 *   The basic issue is that the code takes the address of the variable in
 *   question in expressions passed as parameters to certain function calls.
 *   These function calls all happen to be in-linable functions, and it
 *   happens that in each function, the address operator is always canceled
 *   out by a '*' dereference operator - in other words, we have '*&p', which
 *   the compiler can turn into just plain 'p' when the calls are in-lined,
 *   eliminating the need to actually take the address of 'p'.
 *   
 *   Nikos:
 *.  >I'm no expert, but I think GCC barks at this because it isn't possible
 *.  >at all to store the variable in a register if the code wants its
 *.  >address, therefore the 'register' in the declaration does nothing.
 *   
 *   That's correct, but a compiler is always free to ignore 'register'
 *   declarations *anyway*, even if enregistration is possible.  Therefore a
 *   warning that it's not possible to obey 'register' is unnecessary,
 *   because it's explicit in the language definition that 'register' is not
 *   binding.  It simply is not possible for an ignored 'register' attribute
 *   to cause unexpected behavior.  Warnings really should only be generated
 *   for situations where it is likely that the programmer expects different
 *   behavior than the compiler will deliver; in the case of an ignored
 *   'register' attribute, the programmer is *required* to expect that the
 *   attribute might be ignored, so a warning to this effect is superfluous.
 *   
 *   Now, I understand why they generate the warning - it's because the
 *   compiler believes that the program code itself makes enregistration
 *   impossible, not because the compiler has chosen for optimization
 *   purposes to ignore the 'register' request.  However, as we'll see
 *   shortly, the program code doesn't truly make enregistration impossible;
 *   it is merely impossible in some interpretations of the code.  Therefore
 *   we really are back to the compiler choosing to ignore the 'register'
 *   request due to its own optimization decisions; the 'register' request is
 *   made impossible far downstream of the actual decisions that the compiler
 *   makes (which have to do with in-line vs out-of-line calls), but it
 *   really is compiler decisions that make it impossible, not the inherent
 *   structure of the code.
 *   
 *.  >Furthermore, I'm not sure I understand the relationship
 *.  >between 'register' and inlining; why should "*(&p)" do something
 *.  >else "in calls to inlines" than its obvious meaning?
 *   
 *   When a function is in-lined, the compiler is not required to generate
 *   the same code it would generate for the most general case of the same
 *   function call, as long as the meaning is the same.
 *   
 *   For example, suppose we have some code that contains a call to a
 *   function like so:
 *   
 *   a = myFunc(a + 7, 3);
 *   
 *   In the general out-of-line case, the compiler must generate some
 *   machine-code instructions like this:
 *   
 *.  push #3
 *.  mov [a], d0
 *.  add #7, d0
 *.  push d0
 *.  call #myFunc
 *.  mov d0, [a]
 *   
 *   The compiler doesn't have access to the inner workings of myFunc, so it
 *   must generate the appropriate code for the generic interface to an
 *   external function.
 *   
 *   Now, suppose the function is defined like so:
 *   
 *   int myFunc(int a, int b) { return a - 6; }
 *   
 *   and further suppose that the compiler decides to in-line this function.
 *   In-lining means the compiler will generate the code that implements the
 *   function directly in the caller; there will be no call to an external
 *   linkage point.  This means the compiler can implement the linkage to the
 *   function with a custom one-off interface for this particular invocation
 *   - every in-line invocation can be customized to the exact context where
 *   it appears.  So, for example, if we call myFunc right now and registers
 *   d1 and d2 happens to be available, we can put the parameters in d1 and
 *   d2, and the generated function will refer to those registers for the
 *   parameters rather than having to look in the stack.  Later on, if we
 *   generate a separate call to the same function, but registers d3 and d7
 *   are the ones available, we can use those instead.  Each generated copy
 *   of the function can fit its exact context.
 *   
 *   Furthermore, looking at this function and at the arguments passed, we
 *   can see that the formal parameter 'b' has no effect on the function's
 *   results, and the actual parameter '3' passed for 'b' has no side
 *   effects.  Therefore, the compiler is free to completely ignore this
 *   parameter - there's no need to generate any code for it at all, since we
 *   have sufficient knowledge to see that it has no effect on the meaning of
 *   the code.
 *   
 *   Further still, we can globally optimize the entire function.  So, we can
 *   see that myFunc(a+7, 3) is going to turn into the expression (a+7-6).
 *   We can fold constants to arrive at (a+1) as the result of the function.
 *   We can therefore generate the entire code for the function's invocation
 *   like so:
 *   
 *   inc [a]
 *   
 *   Okay, now let's look at the &p case.  In the specific examples in
 *   vmrun.cpp, we have a bunch of function invocations like this:
 *   
 *   register const char *p;
 *.  int x = myfunc(&p);
 *   
 *   In the most general case, we have to generate code like this:
 *   
 *.  lea [p], d0        ; load effective address
 *.  push d0
 *.  call #myfunc
 *.  mov d0, [x]
 *   
 *   So, in the most general case of a call with external linkage, we need
 *   'p' to have a main memory address so that we can push it on the stack as
 *   the parameter to this call.  Registers don't have main memory addresses,
 *   so 'p' can't go in a register.
 *   
 *   However, we know what myfunc() looks like:
 *   
 *.  char myfunc(const char **p)
 *.  {
 *.      char c = **p;
 *.      *p += 1;
 *.      return c;
 *.  }
 *   
 *   If the compiler chooses to in-line this function, it can globally
 *   optimize its linkage and implementation as we saw earlier.  So, the
 *   compiler can rewrite the code like so:
 *   
 *   register const char *p;
 *.  int x = **(&p);
 *.  *(&p) += 1;
 *   
 *   which can be further rewritten to:
 *   
 *.  register const char *p;
 *.  int x = *p;
 *.  p += 1;
 *   
 *   Now we can generate the machine code for the final optimized form:
 *   
 *.  mov [p], a0         ; get the *value* of p into index register 0
 *.  mov.byte [a0+0], d0 ; get the value index register 0 points to
 *.  mov.byte d0, [x]    ; store it in x
 *.  inc [p]             ; inc the value of p
 *   
 *   Nowhere do we need a main memory address for p.  This means the compiler
 *   can keep p in a register, say d5:
 *   
 *.  mov d5, a0
 *.  mov.byte [a0+0], d0
 *.  mov.byte d0, [x]
 *.  inc d5
 *   
 *   And this is indeed exactly what the code that comes out of vc++ looks
 *   like (changed from my abstract machine to 32-bit x86, of course).  
 *   
 *   So: if the compiler chooses to in-line the functions that are called
 *   with '&p' as a parameter, and the compiler performs the available
 *   optimizations on those calls once they're in-lined, then a memory
 *   address for 'p' is never needed.  Thus there is a valid interpretation
 *   of the code where 'register p' can be obeyed.  If the compiler doesn't
 *   choose to in-line the functions or make those optimizations, then the
 *   compiler will be unable to satisfy the 'register p' request and will be
 *   forced to put 'p' in addressable main memory.  But it really is entirely
 *   up to the compiler whether to obey the 'register p' request; the
 *   program's structure does not make the request impossible to satisfy.
 *   Therefore there is no reason for the compiler to warn about this, any
 *   more than there would be if the compiler chose not to obey the 'register
 *   p' simply because it thought it could make more optimal use of the
 *   available registers.  That gcc warns is understandable, in that a
 *   superficial reading of the code would not reveal the optimization
 *   opportunity; but the warning is nonetheless unnecessary, and the
 *   'register' does provide useful optimization hinting to at least vc++, so
 *   I think it's best to leave it in and ignore the warning.  
 */
