---
title: "RQ: Documentation Overview"
layout: docs
---

A _job_ is a Python object, representing a function that is invoked
asynchronously in a worker (background) process.  Any Python function can be
invoked asynchronously, by simply pushing a reference to the function and its
arguments onto a queue.  This is called _enqueueing_.


## Enqueueing Jobs

To put jobs on queues, first declare a function:

```python
import requests

def count_words_at_url(url):
    resp = requests.get(url)
    return len(resp.text.split())
```

Noticed anything?  There's nothing special about this function!  Any Python
function call can be put on an RQ queue.

To put this potentially expensive word count for a given URL in the background,
simply do this:

```python
from rq import Queue
from redis import Redis
from somewhere import count_words_at_url
import time

# Tell RQ what Redis connection to use
redis_conn = Redis()
q = Queue(connection=redis_conn)  # no args implies the default queue

# Delay execution of count_words_at_url('http://nvie.com')
job = q.enqueue(count_words_at_url, 'http://nvie.com')
print(job.result)   # => None  # Changed to job.return_value() in RQ >= 1.12.0

# Now, wait a while, until the worker is finished
time.sleep(2)
print(job.result)   # => 889  # Changed to job.return_value() in RQ >= 1.12.0
```

If you want to put the work on a specific queue, simply specify its name:

```python
q = Queue('low', connection=redis_conn)
q.enqueue(count_words_at_url, 'http://nvie.com')
```

Notice the `Queue('low')` in the example above?  You can use any queue name, so
you can quite flexibly distribute work to your own desire.  A common naming
pattern is to name your queues after priorities (e.g.  `high`, `medium`,
`low`).

In addition, you can add a few options to modify the behaviour of the queued
job. By default, these are popped out of the kwargs that will be passed to the
job function.

* `job_timeout` specifies the maximum runtime of the job before it's interrupted
    and marked as `failed`. Its default unit is second and it can be an integer or a string representing an integer(e.g.  `2`, `'2'`). Furthermore, it can be a string with specify unit including hour, minute, second(e.g. `'1h'`, `'3m'`, `'5s'`).
* `result_ttl` specifies how long (in seconds) successful jobs and their
results are kept. Expired jobs will be automatically deleted. Defaults to 500 seconds.
* `ttl` specifies the maximum queued time (in seconds) of the job before it's discarded.
  This argument defaults to `None` (infinite TTL).
* `failure_ttl` specifies how long failed jobs are kept (defaults to 1 year)
* `depends_on` specifies another job (or list of jobs) that must complete before this
  job will be queued.
* `job_id` allows you to manually specify this job's `job_id`
* `at_front` will place the job at the *front* of the queue, instead of the
  back
* `description` to add additional description to enqueued jobs.
* `on_success` allows you to run a function after a job completes successfully
* `on_failure` allows you to run a function after a job fails
* `on_stopped` allows you to run a function after a job is stopped
* `args` and `kwargs`: use these to explicitly pass arguments and keyword to the
  underlying job function. This is useful if your function happens to have
  conflicting argument names with RQ, for example `description` or `ttl`.

In the last case, if you want to pass `description` and `ttl` keyword arguments
to your job and not to RQ's enqueue function, this is what you do:

```python
q = Queue('low', connection=redis_conn)
q.enqueue(count_words_at_url,
          ttl=30,  # This ttl will be used by RQ
          args=('http://nvie.com',),
          kwargs={
              'description': 'Function description', # This is passed on to count_words_at_url
              'ttl': 15  # This is passed on to count_words_at_url function
          })
```

For cases where the web process doesn't have access to the source code running
in the worker (i.e. code base X invokes a delayed function from code base Y),
you can pass the function as a string reference, too.

```python
q = Queue('low', connection=redis_conn)
q.enqueue('my_package.my_module.my_func', 3, 4)
```

### Bulk Job Enqueueing
_New in version 1.9.0._  
You can also enqueue multiple jobs in bulk with `queue.enqueue_many()` and `Queue.prepare_data()`:

```python
jobs = q.enqueue_many(
  [
    Queue.prepare_data(count_words_at_url, ('http://nvie.com',), job_id='my_job_id'),
    Queue.prepare_data(count_words_at_url, ('http://nvie.com',), job_id='my_other_job_id'),
  ]
)
```

which will enqueue all the jobs in a single redis `pipeline` which you can optionally pass in yourself:

```python
with q.connection.pipeline() as pipe:
  jobs = q.enqueue_many(
    [
      Queue.prepare_data(count_words_at_url, ('http://nvie.com',), job_id='my_job_id'),
      Queue.prepare_data(count_words_at_url, ('http://nvie.com',), job_id='my_other_job_id'),
    ],
    pipeline=pipe
  )
  pipe.execute()
```

`Queue.prepare_data` accepts all arguments that `Queue.parse_args` does.

### Grouping jobs
_New in version 2.0._  
Multiple jobs can be added to a Group to allow them to be tracked by a single ID:

```python
from rq import Queue
from rq.group import Group

group = Group.create(connection=redis_conn)
jobs = group.enqueue_many(
  queue="my_queue",
  [
    Queue.prepare_data(count_words_at_url, ('http://nvie.com',), job_id='my_job_id'),
    Queue.prepare_data(count_words_at_url, ('http://nvie.com',), job_id='my_other_job_id'),
  ]
)
```

You can then access jobs by calling the group's `get_jobs()` method:

```python
print(group.get_jobs())  # [Job('my_job_id'), Job('my_other_job_id')]
```

Existing groups can be fetched from Redis:

```python
from rq.group import Group
group = Group.fetch(id='my_group', connection=redis_conn)
```

If all of a group's jobs expire or are deleted, the group is removed from Redis.

## Job dependencies

RQ allows you to chain the execution of multiple jobs.
To execute a job that depends on another job, use the `depends_on` argument:

```python
q = Queue('low', connection=my_redis_conn)
report_job = q.enqueue(generate_report)
q.enqueue(send_report, depends_on=report_job)
```

Specifying multiple dependencies are also supported:

```python
queue = Queue('low', connection=redis)
foo_job = queue.enqueue(foo)
bar_job = queue.enqueue(bar)
baz_job = queue.enqueue(baz, depends_on=[foo_job, bar_job])
```

The ability to handle job dependencies allows you to split a big job into
several smaller ones. By default, a job that is dependent on another is enqueued only when
its dependency finishes *successfully*.

_New in 1.11.0._

If you want a job's dependencies to execute regardless if the job completes or fails, RQ provides
the `Dependency` class that will allow you to dictate how to handle job failures.

The `Dependency(jobs=...)` parameter accepts:
- a string representing a single job id
- a Job object
- an iteratable of job id strings and/or Job objects
- `enqueue_at_front` boolean parameter to put dependents at the front when they are enqueued

Example:

```python
from redis import Redis
from rq.job import Dependency
from rq import Queue

queue = Queue(connection=Redis())
job_1 = queue.enqueue(div_by_zero)
dependency = Dependency(
    jobs=[job_1],
    allow_failure=True,    # allow_failure defaults to False
    enqueue_at_front=True  # enqueue_at_front defaults to False  
)
job_2 = queue.enqueue(say_hello, depends_on=dependency)

"""
  job_2 will execute even though its dependency (job_1) fails,
  and it will be enqueued at the front of the queue.
"""
```


## Job Callbacks
_New in version 1.9.0._

If you want to execute a function whenever a job completes, fails, or is stopped, RQ provides
`on_success`, `on_failure`, and `on_stopped` callbacks.

```python
queue.enqueue(say_hello, on_success=report_success, on_failure=report_failure, on_stopped=report_stopped)
```

### Callback Class and Callback Timeouts

_New in version 1.14.0_

RQ lets you configure the method and timeout for each callback - success, failure, and stopped.   
To configure callback timeouts, use RQ's
`Callback` object that accepts `func` and `timeout` arguments. For example:

```python
from rq import Callback
queue.enqueue(say_hello, 
              on_success=Callback(report_success),  # default callback timeout (60 seconds) 
              on_failure=Callback(report_failure, timeout=10), # 10 seconds timeout
              on_stopped=Callback(report_stopped, timeout="2m")) # 2 minute timeout  
```

You can also pass the function as a string reference: `Callback('my_package.my_module.my_func')`

### Success Callback

Success callbacks must be a function that accepts `job`, `connection` and `result` arguments.
Your function should also accept `*args` and `**kwargs` so your application doesn't break
when additional parameters are added.

```python
def report_success(job, connection, result, *args, **kwargs):
    pass
```

Success callbacks are executed after job execution is complete, before dependents are enqueued.
If an exception happens when your callback is executed, job status will be set to `FAILED`
and dependents won't be enqueued.

Callbacks are limited to 60 seconds of execution time. If you want to execute a long running job,
consider using RQ's job dependency feature instead.


### Failure Callbacks

Failure callbacks are functions that accept `job`, `connection`, `type`, `value` and `traceback`
arguments. `type`, `value` and `traceback` values returned by [sys.exc_info()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html#sys.exc_info), which is the exception raised when executing your job.

```python
def report_failure(job, connection, type, value, traceback):
    pass
```

Failure callbacks are limited to 60 seconds of execution time.


### Stopped Callbacks

Stopped callbacks are functions that accept `job` and `connection` arguments.

```python
def report_stopped(job, connection):
  pass
```

Stopped callbacks are functions that are executed when a worker receives a command to stop
a job that is currently executing. See [Stopping a Job](https://python-rq.org/docs/workers/#stopping-a-job).


### CLI Enqueueing

_New in version 1.10.0._

If you prefer enqueueing jobs via the command line interface or do not use python
you can use this.


#### Usage:
```bash
rq enqueue [OPTIONS] FUNCTION [ARGUMENTS]
```

#### Options:
* `-q, --queue [value]`      The name of the queue.
* `--timeout [value]`        Specifies the maximum runtime of the job before it is
                               interrupted and marked as failed.
* `--result-ttl [value]`     Specifies how long successful jobs and their results
                               are kept.
* `--ttl [value]`            Specifies the maximum queued time of the job before
                               it is discarded.
* `--failure-ttl [value]`    Specifies how long failed jobs are kept.
* `--description [value]`    Additional description of the job
* `--depends-on [value]`     Specifies another job id that must complete before this
                               job will be queued.
* `--job-id [value]`         The id of this job
* `--at-front`               Will place the job at the front of the queue, instead
                               of the end
* `--retry-max [value]`      Maximum number of retries
* `--retry-interval [value]` Interval between retries in seconds
* `--schedule-in [value]`    Delay until the function is enqueued (e.g. 10s, 5m, 2d).
* `--schedule-at [value]`    Schedule job to be enqueued at a certain time formatted
                               in ISO 8601 without timezone (e.g. 2021-05-27T21:45:00).
* `--quiet`                  Only logs errors.

#### Function:
There are two options:
* Execute a function: dot-separated string of package, module and function (Just like
    passing a string to `queue.enqueue()`).
* Execute a python file: dot-separated pathname of the file. Because it is technically
    an import `__name__ == '__main__'` will not work.

#### Arguments:

|            | plain text      | json             | [literal-eval](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html#ast.literal_eval) |
| ---------- | --------------- | ---------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| keyword    | `[key]=[value]` | `[key]:=[value]` | `[key]%=[value]`                                                            |
| no keyword | `[value]`       | `:[value]`       | `%[value]`                                                                  |

Where `[key]` is the keyword and `[value]` is the value which is parsed with the corresponding
parsing method.

If the first character of `[value]` is `@` the subsequent path will be read.

##### Examples:

* `rq enqueue path.to.func abc` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, 'abc')`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func abc=def` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, abc='def')`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func ':{"json": "abc"}'` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, {'json': 'abc'})`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func 'key:={"json": "abc"}'` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, key={'json': 'abc'})`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func '%1, 2'` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, (1, 2))`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func '%None'` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, None)`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func '%True'` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, True)`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func 'key%=(1, 2)'` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, key=(1, 2))`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func 'key%={"foo": True}'` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, key={"foo": True})`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func @path/to/file` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, open('path/to/file', 'r').read())`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func key=@path/to/file` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, key=open('path/to/file', 'r').read())`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func :@path/to/file.json` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, json.loads(open('path/to/file.json', 'r').read()))`
* `rq enqueue path.to.func key:=@path/to/file.json` -> `queue.enqueue(path.to.func, key=json.loads(open('path/to/file.json', 'r').read()))`

**Warning:** Do not use plain text without keyword if you do not know what the value is.
If the value starts with `@`, `:` or `%` or includes `=` it would be recognised as something else.


## Working with Queues

Besides enqueuing jobs, Queues have a few useful methods:

```python
from rq import Queue
from redis import Redis

redis_conn = Redis()
q = Queue(connection=redis_conn)

# Getting the number of jobs in the queue
# Note: Only queued jobs are counted, not including deferred ones
print(len(q))

# Retrieving jobs
queued_job_ids = q.job_ids # Gets a list of job IDs from the queue
queued_jobs = q.jobs # Gets a list of enqueued job instances
job = q.fetch_job('my_id') # Returns job having ID "my_id"

# Emptying a queue, this will delete all jobs in this queue
q.empty()

# Deleting a queue
q.delete(delete_jobs=True) # Passing in `True` will remove all jobs in the queue
# queue is now unusable. It can be recreated by enqueueing jobs to it.
```


### On the Design

With RQ, you don't have to set up any queues upfront, and you don't have to
specify any channels, exchanges, routing rules or whatnot.  You can just put
jobs onto any queue you want.  As soon as you enqueue a job to a queue that
does not exist yet, it is created on the fly.

RQ does _not_ use an advanced broker to do the message routing for you.  You
may consider this an awesome advantage or a handicap, depending on the problem
you're solving.

Lastly, it does not speak a portable protocol, since it depends on [pickle][p]
to serialize the jobs, so it's a Python-only system.


## The delayed result

When jobs get enqueued, the `queue.enqueue()` method returns a `Job` instance.
This is nothing more than a proxy object that can be used to check the outcome
of the actual job.

For this purpose, it has a convenience `result` accessor property, that
will return `None` when the job is not yet finished, or a non-`None` value when
the job has finished (assuming the job _has_ a return value in the first place,
of course).


## The `@job` decorator
If you're familiar with Celery, you might be used to its `@task` decorator.
Starting from RQ >= 0.3, there exists a similar decorator:

```python
from rq.decorators import job

@job('low', connection=my_redis_conn, timeout=5)
def add(x, y):
    return x + y

job = add.delay(3, 4)
time.sleep(1)
print(job.return_value())
```


## Bypassing workers

For testing purposes, you can enqueue jobs without delegating the actual
execution to a worker (available since version 0.3.1). To do this, pass the
`is_async=False` argument into the Queue constructor:

```python
>>> q = Queue('low', is_async=False, connection=my_redis_conn)
>>> job = q.enqueue(fib, 8)
>>> job.result
21
```

The above code runs without an active worker and executes `fib(8)`
synchronously within the same process. You may know this behaviour from Celery
as `ALWAYS_EAGER`. Note, however, that you still need a working connection to
a redis instance for storing states related to job execution and completion.


## The worker

To learn about workers, see the [workers][w] documentation.

[w]: {{site.baseurl}}workers/


## Suspending and Resuming

Sometimes you may want to suspend RQ to prevent it from processing new jobs.
A classic example is during the initial phase of a deployment script or in advance
of putting your site into maintenance mode. This is particularly helpful when
you have jobs that are relatively long-running and might otherwise be forcibly
killed during the deploy.

The `suspend` command stops workers on _all_ queues (in a single Redis database)
from picking up new jobs. However currently running jobs will continue until
completion.

```bash
# Suspend indefinitely
rq suspend

# Suspend for a specific duration (in seconds) then automatically
# resume work again.
rq suspend --duration 300

# Resume work again.
rq resume
```


## Considerations for jobs

Technically, you can put any Python function call on a queue, but that does not
mean it's always wise to do so.  Some things to consider before putting a job
on a queue:

* Make sure that the function's `__module__` is importable by the worker.  In
  particular, this means that you cannot enqueue functions that are declared in
  the `__main__` module.
* Make sure that the worker and the work generator share _exactly_ the same
  source code.
* Make sure that the function call does not depend on its context.  In
  particular, global variables are evil (as always), but also _any_ state that
  the function depends on (for example a "current" user or "current" web
  request) is not there when the worker will process it.  If you want work done
  for the "current" user, you should resolve that user to a concrete instance
  and pass a reference to that user object to the job as an argument.


## Limitations

RQ workers will only run on systems that implement `fork()`.  Most notably,
this means it is not possible to run the workers on Windows without using the [Windows Subsystem for Linux](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/about) and running in a bash shell.


[m]: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mailer
[p]: http://docs.python.org/library/pickle.html
