Python/C API Reference Manual — Python 2.7.18 documentation

This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade and read the Python documentation for the current stable release.

# Python/C API Reference Manual

This manual documents the API used by C and C++ programmers who want to write extension modules or embed Python. It is a companion to Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter, which describes the general principles of extension writing but does not document the API functions in detail.

- Introduction
  - Include Files
  - Objects, Types and Reference Counts
  - Exceptions
  - Embedding Python
  - Debugging Builds
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- Exception Handling
  - Unicode Exception Objects
  - Recursion Control
  - Standard Exceptions
  - Standard Warning Categories
  - String Exceptions
- Utilities
  - Operating System Utilities
  - System Functions
  - Process Control
  - Importing Modules
  - Data marshalling support
  - Parsing arguments and building values
  - String conversion and formatting
  - Reflection
  - Codec registry and support functions
- Abstract Objects Layer
  - Object Protocol
  - Number Protocol
  - Sequence Protocol
  - Mapping Protocol
  - Iterator Protocol
  - Old Buffer Protocol
- Concrete Objects Layer
  - Fundamental Objects
  - Numeric Objects
  - Sequence Objects
  - Mapping Objects
  - Other Objects
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
  - Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
  - Process-wide parameters
  - Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
  - Sub-interpreter support
  - Asynchronous Notifications
  - Profiling and Tracing
  - Advanced Debugger Support
- Memory Management
  - Overview
  - Memory Interface
  - Object allocators
  - The pymalloc allocator
  - Examples
- Object Implementation Support
  - Allocating Objects on the Heap
  - Common Object Structures
  - Type Objects
  - Number Object Structures
  - Mapping Object Structures
  - Sequence Object Structures
  - Buffer Object Structures
  - Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection