1. Command line and environment — Python 2.7.18 documentation

This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade and read the Python documentation for the current stable release.

# 1. Command line and environment

The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various settings.

CPython implementation detail: Other implementations’ command line schemes may differ. See Alternate Implementations for further resources.

## 1.1. Command line

When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options:

    python [-bBdEiOQsRStuUvVWxX3?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]

The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script:

    python myscript.py

### 1.1.1. Interface options

The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell, but provides some additional methods of invocation:

- When called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF (an end-of-file character, you can produce that with `Ctrl-D` on UNIX or `Ctrl-Z, Enter` on Windows) is read.

- When called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file.

- When called with a directory name argument, it reads and executes an appropriately named script from that directory.

- When called with `-c command`, it executes the Python statement(s) given as command. Here command may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!

- When called with `-m module-name`, the given module is located on the Python module path and executed as a script.

In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.

An interface option terminates the list of options consumed by the interpreter, all consecutive arguments will end up in `sys.argv` – note that the first element, subscript zero (`sys.argv[0]`), is a string reflecting the program’s source.

`-c``<command>`

  Execute the Python code in command. command can be one or more statements separated by newlines, with significant leading whitespace as in normal module code.

  If this option is given, the first element of `sys.argv` will be `"-c"` and the current directory will be added to the start of `sys.path` (allowing modules in that directory to be imported as top level modules).

`-m``<module-name>`

  Search `sys.path` for the named module and execute its contents as the `__main__` module.

  Since the argument is a module name, you must not give a file extension (`.py`). The `module-name` should be a valid Python module name, but the implementation may not always enforce this (e.g. it may allow you to use a name that includes a hyphen).

  Package names are also permitted. When a package name is supplied instead of a normal module, the interpreter will execute `<pkg>.__main__` as the main module. This behaviour is deliberately similar to the handling of directories and zipfiles that are passed to the interpreter as the script argument.

  Note

  This option cannot be used with built-in modules and extension modules written in C, since they do not have Python module files. However, it can still be used for precompiled modules, even if the original source file is not available.

  If this option is given, the first element of `sys.argv` will be the full path to the module file. As with the `-c` option, the current directory will be added to the start of `sys.path`.

  Many standard library modules contain code that is invoked on their execution as a script. An example is the `timeit` module:

      python -mtimeit -s 'setup here' 'benchmarked code here'
      python -mtimeit -h # for details

  See also

  `runpy.run_module()`

    Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code

  PEP 338 – Executing modules as scripts

  New in version 2.4.

  Changed in version 2.5: The named module can now be located inside a package.

  Changed in version 2.7: Supply the package name to run a `__main__` submodule. sys.argv[0] is now set to `"-m"` while searching for the module (it was previously incorrectly set to `"-c"`)

`-`

  Read commands from standard input (`sys.stdin`). If standard input is a terminal, `-i` is implied.

  If this option is given, the first element of `sys.argv` will be `"-"` and the current directory will be added to the start of `sys.path`.

  See also

  `runpy.run_path()`

    Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code

`<script>`

  Execute the Python code contained in script, which must be a filesystem path (absolute or relative) referring to either a Python file, a directory containing a `__main__.py` file, or a zipfile containing a `__main__.py` file.

  If this option is given, the first element of `sys.argv` will be the script name as given on the command line.

  If the script name refers directly to a Python file, the directory containing that file is added to the start of `sys.path`, and the file is executed as the `__main__` module.

  If the script name refers to a directory or zipfile, the script name is added to the start of `sys.path` and the `__main__.py` file in that location is executed as the `__main__` module.

  Changed in version 2.5: Directories and zipfiles containing a `__main__.py` file at the top level are now considered valid Python scripts.

If no interface option is given, `-i` is implied, `sys.argv[0]` is an empty string (`""`) and the current directory will be added to the start of `sys.path`.

See also

Invoking the Interpreter

### 1.1.2. Generic options

`-?```
`-h```
`--help```

  Print a short description of all command line options.

  Changed in version 2.5: The `--help` variant.

`-V```
`--version```

  Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be:

      Python 2.5.1

  Changed in version 2.5: The `--version` variant.

### 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options

`-b```

  Issue a warning when comparing `unicode` with `bytearray`. Issue an error when the option is given twice (`-bb`).

  Note that, unlike the corresponding Python 3.x flag, this will not emit warnings for comparisons between `str` and `unicode`. Instead, the `str` instance will be implicitly decoded to `unicode` and Unicode comparison used.

  New in version 2.6.

`-B```

  If given, Python won’t try to write `.pyc` or `.pyo` files on the import of source modules. See also `PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE`.

  New in version 2.6.

`-d```

  Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on compilation options). See also `PYTHONDEBUG`.

`-E```

  Ignore all `PYTHON*` environment variables, e.g. `PYTHONPATH` and `PYTHONHOME`, that might be set.

  New in version 2.2.

`-i```

  When a script is passed as first argument or the `-c` option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even when `sys.stdin` does not appear to be a terminal. The `PYTHONSTARTUP` file is not read.

  This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script raises an exception. See also `PYTHONINSPECT`.

`-O```

  Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for compiled (bytecode) files from `.pyc` to `.pyo`. See also `PYTHONOPTIMIZE`.

`-OO```

  Discard docstrings in addition to the `-O` optimizations.

`-Q``<arg>`

  Division control. The argument must be one of the following:

  `old`

    division of int/int and long/long return an int or long (default)

  `new`

    new division semantics, i.e. division of int/int and long/long returns a float

  `warn`

    old division semantics with a warning for int/int and long/long

  `warnall`

    old division semantics with a warning for all uses of the division operator

  See also

  `Tools/scripts/fixdiv.py`

    for a use of `warnall`

  PEP 238 – Changing the division operator

`-R```

  Turn on hash randomization, so that the `__hash__()` values of str, bytes and datetime objects are “salted” with an unpredictable random value. Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.

  This is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.

  Changing hash values affects the order in which keys are retrieved from a dict. Although Python has never made guarantees about this ordering (and it typically varies between 32-bit and 64-bit builds), enough real-world code implicitly relies on this non-guaranteed behavior that the randomization is disabled by default.

  See also `PYTHONHASHSEED`.

  New in version 2.6.8.

`-s```

  Don’t add the `user site-packages directory` to `sys.path`.

  New in version 2.6.

  See also

  PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

`-S```

  Disable the import of the module `site` and the site-dependent manipulations of `sys.path` that it entails.

`-t```

  Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for indentation in a way that makes it depend on the worth of a tab expressed in spaces. Issue an error when the option is given twice (`-tt`).

`-u```

  Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. On systems where it matters, also put stdin, stdout and stderr in binary mode.

  Note that there is internal buffering in `file.readlines()` and File Objects (`for line in sys.stdin`) which is not influenced by this option. To work around this, you will want to use `file.readline()` inside a `while 1:` loop.

  See also `PYTHONUNBUFFERED`.

`-v```

  Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place (filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice (`-vv`), print a message for each file that is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit. See also `PYTHONVERBOSE`.

`-W` `arg`

  Warning control. Python’s warning machinery by default prints warning messages to `sys.stderr`. A typical warning message has the following form:

      file:line: category: message

  By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.

  Multiple `-W` options may be given; when a warning matches more than one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid `-W` options are ignored (though, a warning message is printed about invalid options when the first warning is issued).

  Starting from Python 2.7, `DeprecationWarning` and its descendants are ignored by default. The `-Wd` option can be used to re-enable them.

  Warnings can also be controlled from within a Python program using the `warnings` module.

  The simplest form of argument is one of the following action strings (or a unique abbreviation) by themselves:

  `ignore`

    Ignore all warnings.

  `default`

    Explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once per source line).

  `all`

    Print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source line, such as inside a loop).

  `module`

    Print each warning only the first time it occurs in each module.

  `once`

    Print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program.

  `error`

    Raise an exception instead of printing a warning message.

  The full form of argument is:

      action:message:category:module:line

  Here, action is as explained above but only applies to messages that match the remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted. The message field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is case-insensitive. The category field matches the warning category. This must be a class name; the match tests whether the actual warning category of the message is a subclass of the specified warning category. The full class name must be given. The module field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is case-sensitive. The line field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and is thus equivalent to an omitted line number.

  See also

  `warnings` – the warnings module

  PEP 230 – Warning framework

  `PYTHONWARNINGS`

`-x```

  Skip the first line of the source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of `#!cmd`. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.

`-3```

  Warn about Python 3.x possible incompatibilities by emitting a `DeprecationWarning` for features that are removed or significantly changed in Python 3 and can’t be detected using static code analysis.

  New in version 2.6.

  See Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3 for more details.

### 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use

`-J```

  Reserved for use by Jython.

`-U```

  Turns all string literals into unicodes globally. Do not be tempted to use this option as it will probably break your world. It also produces `.pyc` files with a different magic number than normal. Instead, you can enable unicode literals on a per-module basis by using:

      from __future__ import unicode_literals

  at the top of the file. See `__future__` for details.

`-X```

  Reserved for alternative implementations of Python to use for their own purposes.

## 1.2. Environment variables

These environment variables influence Python’s behavior, they are processed before the command-line switches other than -E. It is customary that command-line switches override environmental variables where there is a conflict.

`PYTHONHOME`

  Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries are searched in `prefix/lib/pythonversion` and `exec_prefix/lib/pythonversion`, where `prefix` and `exec_prefix` are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to `/usr/local`.

  When `PYTHONHOME` is set to a single directory, its value replaces both `prefix` and `exec_prefix`. To specify different values for these, set `PYTHONHOME` to `prefix:exec_prefix`.

`PYTHONPATH`

  Augment the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the shell’s `PATH`: one or more directory pathnames separated by `os.pathsep` (e.g. colons on Unix or semicolons on Windows). Non-existent directories are silently ignored.

  In addition to normal directories, individual `PYTHONPATH` entries may refer to zipfiles containing pure Python modules (in either source or compiled form). Extension modules cannot be imported from zipfiles.

  The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with `prefix/lib/pythonversion` (see `PYTHONHOME` above). It is always appended to `PYTHONPATH`.

  An additional directory will be inserted in the search path in front of `PYTHONPATH` as described above under Interface options. The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the variable `sys.path`.

`PYTHONSTARTUP`

  If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts `sys.ps1` and `sys.ps2` in this file.

`PYTHONY2K`

  Set this to a non-empty string to cause the `time` module to require dates specified as strings to include 4-digit years, otherwise 2-digit years are converted based on rules described in the `time` module documentation.

`PYTHONOPTIMIZE`

  If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the `-O` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying `-O` multiple times.

`PYTHONDEBUG`

  If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the `-d` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying `-d` multiple times.

`PYTHONINSPECT`

  If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the `-i` option.

  This variable can also be modified by Python code using `os.environ` to force inspect mode on program termination.

`PYTHONUNBUFFERED`

  If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the `-u` option.

`PYTHONVERBOSE`

  If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the `-v` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying `-v` multiple times.

`PYTHONCASEOK`

  If this is set, Python ignores case in `import` statements. This only works on Windows, OS X, OS/2, and RiscOS.

`PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE`

  If this is set, Python won’t try to write `.pyc` or `.pyo` files on the import of source modules. This is equivalent to specifying the `-B` option.

  New in version 2.6.

`PYTHONHASHSEED`

  If this variable is set to `random`, the effect is the same as specifying the `-R` option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects.

  If `PYTHONHASHSEED` is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization.

  Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values.

  The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying the value 0 will lead to the same hash values as when hash randomization is disabled.

  New in version 2.6.8.

`PYTHONIOENCODING`

  Overrides the encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax `encodingname:errorhandler`. The `:errorhandler` part is optional and has the same meaning as in `str.encode()`.

  New in version 2.6.

`PYTHONNOUSERSITE`

  If this is set, Python won’t add the `user site-packages directory` to `sys.path`.

  New in version 2.6.

  See also

  PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

`PYTHONUSERBASE`

  Defines the `user base directory`, which is used to compute the path of the `user site-packages directory` and Distutils installation paths for `python setup.py install --user`.

  New in version 2.6.

  See also

  PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

`PYTHONEXECUTABLE`

  If this environment variable is set, `sys.argv[0]` will be set to its value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on Mac OS X.

`PYTHONWARNINGS`

  This is equivalent to the `-W` option. If set to a comma separated string, it is equivalent to specifying `-W` multiple times.

`PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY`

  If this environment variable is set specifically to `0`, then it is equivalent to implicitly calling `ssl._https_verify_certificates()` with `enable=False` when `ssl` is first imported.

  Refer to the documentation of `ssl._https_verify_certificates()` for details.

  New in version 2.7.12.

### 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables

Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is, if Python was configured with the `--with-pydebug` build option.

`PYTHONTHREADDEBUG`

  If set, Python will print threading debug info.

  Changed in version 2.6: Previously, this variable was called `THREADDEBUG`.

`PYTHONDUMPREFS`

  If set, Python will dump objects and reference counts still alive after shutting down the interpreter.

`PYTHONMALLOCSTATS`

  If set, Python will print memory allocation statistics every time a new object arena is created, and on shutdown.

`PYTHONSHOWALLOCCOUNT`

  If set and Python was compiled with `COUNT_ALLOCS` defined, Python will dump allocations counts into stderr on shutdown.

  New in version 2.7.15.

`PYTHONSHOWREFCOUNT`

  If set, Python will print the total reference count when the program finishes or after each statement in the interactive interpreter.

  New in version 2.7.15.