\input texinfo    @c -*- texinfo -*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename magit.info
@settitle Magit User Manual
@documentencoding UTF-8
@documentlanguage en
@c %**end of header

@copying
@quotation
Copyright (C) 2015-2025 Jonas Bernoulli <emacs.magit@@jonas.bernoulli.dev>

You can redistribute this document and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version.

This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@.  See the GNU
General Public License for more details.

@end quotation
@end copying

@dircategory Emacs
@direntry
* Magit: (magit).       Using Git from Emacs with Magit.
@end direntry

@finalout
@titlepage
@title Magit User Manual
@subtitle for version 4.3.1
@author Jonas Bernoulli
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage

@contents

@ifnottex
@node Top
@top Magit User Manual

Magit is an interface to the version control system Git, implemented
as an Emacs package.  Magit aspires to be a complete Git porcelain.
While we cannot (yet) claim that Magit wraps and improves upon each
and every Git command, it is complete enough to allow even experienced
Git users to perform almost all of their daily version control tasks
directly from within Emacs.  While many fine Git clients exist, only
Magit and Git itself deserve to be called porcelains.

@noindent
This manual is for Magit version 4.3.1.

@insertcopying
@end ifnottex

@menu
* Introduction::
* Installation::
* Getting Started::
* Interface Concepts::
* Inspecting::
* Manipulating::
* Transferring::
* Miscellaneous::
* Customizing::
* Plumbing::
* FAQ::
* Debugging Tools::
* Keystroke Index::
* Function and Command Index::
* Variable Index::

@detailmenu
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Installation

* Installing from Melpa::
* Installing from the Git Repository::
* Post-Installation Tasks::

Interface Concepts

* Modes and Buffers::
* Sections::
* Transient Commands::
* Transient Arguments and Buffer Variables::
* Completion, Confirmation and the Selection: Completion Confirmation and the Selection. 
* Mouse Support::
* Running Git::

Inspecting

* Status Buffer::
* Repository List::
* Logging::
* Diffing::
* Ediffing::
* References Buffer::
* Bisecting::
* Visiting Files and Blobs::
* Blaming::

Manipulating

* Creating Repository::
* Cloning Repository::
* Staging and Unstaging::
* Applying::
* Committing::
* Branching::
* Merging::
* Resolving Conflicts::
* Rebasing::
* Cherry Picking::
* Resetting::
* Stashing::

Transferring

* Remotes::
* Fetching::
* Pulling::
* Pushing::
* Plain Patches::
* Maildir Patches::

Miscellaneous

* Tagging::
* Notes::
* Submodules::
* Subtree::
* Worktree::
* Sparse checkouts::
* Bundle::
* Common Commands::
* Wip Modes::
* Commands for Buffers Visiting Files::
* Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs::

Customizing

* Per-Repository Configuration::
* Essential Settings::

Plumbing

* Calling Git::
* Section Plumbing::
* Refreshing Buffers::
* Conventions::

FAQ

* FAQ - How to @dots{}?::
* FAQ - Issues and Errors::

@end detailmenu
@end menu

@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

Magit is an interface to the version control system Git, implemented
as an Emacs package.  Magit aspires to be a complete Git porcelain.
While we cannot (yet) claim that Magit wraps and improves upon each
and every Git command, it is complete enough to allow even experienced
Git users to perform almost all of their daily version control tasks
directly from within Emacs.  While many fine Git clients exist, only
Magit and Git itself deserve to be called porcelains.

Staging and otherwise applying changes is one of the most important
features in a Git porcelain and here Magit outshines anything else,
including Git itself.  Git's own staging interface (@code{git add --patch})
is so cumbersome that many users only use it in exceptional cases.
In Magit staging a hunk or even just part of a hunk is as trivial as
staging all changes made to a file.

The most visible part of Magit's interface is the status buffer, which
displays information about the current repository.  Its content is
created by running several Git commands and making their output
actionable.  Among other things, it displays information about the
current branch, lists unpulled and unpushed changes and contains
sections displaying the staged and unstaged changes.  That might sound
noisy, but, since sections are collapsible, it's not.

To stage or unstage a change one places the cursor on the change and
then types @code{s} or @code{u}.  The change can be a file or a hunk, or when the
region is active (i.e., when there is a selection) several files or
hunks, or even just part of a hunk.  The change or changes that these
commands - and many others - would act on are highlighted.

Magit also implements several other "apply variants" in addition to
staging and unstaging.  One can discard or reverse a change, or
apply it to the working tree.  Git's own porcelain only supports this
for staging and unstaging and you would have to do something like @code{git
diff ... | ??? | git apply ...} to discard, revert, or apply a single
hunk on the command line.  In fact that's exactly what Magit does
internally (which is what lead to the term "apply variants").

Magit isn't just for Git experts, but it does assume some prior
experience with Git as well as Emacs.  That being said, many users
have reported that using Magit was what finally taught them what Git
is capable of and how to use it to its fullest.  Other users
wished they had switched to Emacs sooner so that they would have
gotten their hands on Magit earlier.

While one has to know the basic features of Emacs to be able to make
full use of Magit, acquiring just enough Emacs skills doesn't take
long and is worth it, even for users who prefer other editors.  Vim
users are advised to give @uref{https://github.com/emacs-evil/evil, Evil}, the "Extensible VI Layer for Emacs",
and @uref{https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs, Spacemacs}, an "Emacs starter-kit focused on Evil" a try.

Magit provides a consistent and efficient Git porcelain.  After a
short learning period, you will be able to perform most of your daily
version control tasks faster than you would on the command line.  You
will likely also start using features that seemed too daunting in the
past.

Magit fully embraces Git.  It exposes many advanced features using a
simple but flexible interface instead of only wrapping the trivial
ones like many GUI clients do.  Of course Magit supports logging,
cloning, pushing, and other commands that usually don't fail in
spectacular ways; but it also supports tasks that often cannot be
completed in a single step.  Magit fully supports tasks such as
merging, rebasing, cherry-picking, reverting, and blaming by not only
providing a command to initiate these tasks but also by displaying
context sensitive information along the way and providing commands
that are useful for resolving conflicts and resuming the sequence
after doing so.

Magit wraps and in many cases improves upon at least the following Git
porcelain commands: @code{add}, @code{am}, @code{bisect}, @code{blame}, @code{branch}, @code{checkout}, @code{cherry},
@code{cherry-pick}, @code{clean}, @code{clone}, @code{commit}, @code{config}, @code{describe}, @code{diff}, @code{fetch},
@code{format-patch}, @code{init}, @code{log}, @code{merge}, @code{merge-tree}, @code{mv}, @code{notes}, @code{pull}, @code{rebase},
@code{reflog}, @code{remote}, @code{request-pull}, @code{reset}, @code{revert}, @code{rm}, @code{show}, @code{stash},
@code{submodule}, @code{subtree}, @code{tag}, and @code{worktree.}  Many more Magit porcelain
commands are implemented on top of Git plumbing commands.

@node Installation
@chapter Installation

Magit can be installed using Emacs' package manager or manually from
its development repository.

@menu
* Installing from Melpa::
* Installing from the Git Repository::
* Post-Installation Tasks::
@end menu

@node Installing from Melpa
@section Installing from Melpa

Magit is available from Melpa and Melpa-Stable.  If you haven't used
Emacs' package manager before, then it is high time you familiarize
yourself with it by reading the documentation in the Emacs manual, see
@ref{Packages,,,emacs,}.  Then add one of the archives to
@code{package-archives}:

@itemize
@item
To use Melpa:
@end itemize

@lisp
(require 'package)
(add-to-list 'package-archives
             '("melpa" . "https://melpa.org/packages/") t)
@end lisp

@itemize
@item
To use Melpa-Stable:
@end itemize

@lisp
(require 'package)
(add-to-list 'package-archives
             '("melpa-stable" . "https://stable.melpa.org/packages/") t)
@end lisp

Once you have added your preferred archive, you need to update the
local package list using:

@example
M-x package-refresh-contents RET
@end example

Once you have done that, you can install Magit and its dependencies
using:

@example
M-x package-install RET magit RET
@end example

Now see @ref{Post-Installation Tasks}.

@node Installing from the Git Repository
@section Installing from the Git Repository

Magit depends on the @code{compat}, @code{llama}, @code{seq} (the built-in version is
enough when using Emacs >= 29.1), @code{transient} and @code{with-editor} libraries
which are available from Melpa and Melpa-Stable.  Install them using
@code{M-x package-install RET <package> RET}.  Of course you may also install
them manually from their repository.

Then clone the Magit repository:

@example
$ git clone https://github.com/magit/magit.git ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit
$ cd ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit
@end example

Then compile the libraries and generate the info manuals:

@example
$ make
@end example

If you haven't installed @code{compat}, @code{llama}, @code{seq} (for Emacs < 29.1),
@code{transient} and @code{with-editor} from Melpa, or at
@code{/path/to/magit/../<package>}, then you have to tell @code{make} where to
find them.  To do so create the file @code{/path/to/magit/config.mk}
with the following content before running @code{make}:

@example
LOAD_PATH  = -L ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit/lisp
LOAD_PATH += -L ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/compat
LOAD_PATH += -L ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/llama
LOAD_PATH += -L ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/seq
LOAD_PATH += -L ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/transient/lisp
LOAD_PATH += -L ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/with-editor/lisp
@end example

Finally add this to your init file:

@lisp
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit/lisp")
(require 'magit)

(with-eval-after-load 'info
  (info-initialize)
  (add-to-list 'Info-directory-list "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit/docs/"))
@end lisp

Of course if you installed the dependencies manually as well, then
you have to tell Emacs about them too, by prefixing the above with:

@lisp
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/compat")
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/llama")
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/seq")
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/transient/lisp")
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/with-editor")
@end lisp

Note that you have to add the @code{lisp} subdirectory to the @code{load-path}, not
the top-level of the repository, and that elements of @code{load-path} should
not end with a slash, while those of @code{Info-directory-list} should.

Instead of requiring the feature @code{magit}, you could load just the
autoload definitions, by loading the file @code{magit-autoloads.el}.

@lisp
(load "/path/to/magit/lisp/magit-autoloads")
@end lisp

Instead of running Magit directly from the repository by adding that
to the @code{load-path}, you might want to instead install it in some other
directory using @code{sudo make install} and setting @code{load-path} accordingly.

To update Magit use:

@example
$ git pull
$ make
@end example

At times it might be necessary to run @code{make clean all} instead.

To view all available targets use @code{make help}.

Now see @ref{Post-Installation Tasks}.

@node Post-Installation Tasks
@section Post-Installation Tasks

After installing Magit you should verify that you are indeed using the
Magit, Git, and Emacs releases you think you are using.  It's best to
restart Emacs before doing so, to make sure you are not using an
outdated value for @code{load-path}.

@example
M-x magit-version RET
@end example

should display something like

@example
Magit 2.8.0, Git 2.10.2, Emacs 25.1.1, gnu/linux
@end example

Then you might also want to read about options that many users likely
want to customize.  See @ref{Essential Settings}.

To be able to follow cross references to Git manpages found in this
manual, you might also have to manually install the @code{gitman} info manual,
or advice @code{Info-follow-nearest-node} to instead open the actual manpage.
See @ref{How to install the gitman info manual?}.

If you are completely new to Magit then see @ref{Getting Started}.

If you run into problems, then please see the @ref{FAQ}.  Also see the
@ref{Debugging Tools}.

And last but not least please consider making a donation, to ensure
that I can keep working on Magit.  See @uref{https://magit.vc/donate}.
for various donation options.

@node Getting Started
@chapter Getting Started

This short tutorial describes the most essential features that many
Magitians use on a daily basis.  It only scratches the surface but
should be enough to get you started.

IMPORTANT: It is safest if you clone some repository just for this
tutorial.  Alternatively you can use an existing local repository, but
if you do that, then you should commit all uncommitted changes before
proceeding.

Type @code{C-x g} to display information about the current Git repository in
a dedicated buffer, called the status buffer.

Most Magit commands are commonly invoked from the status buffer.  It
can be considered the primary interface for interacting with Git using
Magit.  Many other Magit buffers may exist at a given time, but they
are often created from this buffer.

Depending on what state your repository is in, this buffer may contain
sections titled "Staged changes", "Unstaged changes", "Unmerged into
origin/master", "Unpushed to origin/master", and many others.

Since we are starting from a safe state, which you can easily return
to (by doing a @code{git reset --hard PRE-MAGIT-STATE}), there currently are
no staged or unstaged changes.  Edit some files and save the changes.
Then go back to the status buffer, while at the same time refreshing
it, by typing @code{C-x g}.  (When the status buffer, or any Magit buffer for
that matter, is the current buffer, then you can also use just @code{g} to
refresh it).

Move between sections using @code{p} and @code{n}.  Note that the bodies of some
sections are hidden.  Type @code{TAB} to expand or collapse the section at
point.  You can also use @code{C-tab} to cycle the visibility of the current
section and its children.  Move to a file section inside the section
named "Unstaged changes" and type @code{s} to stage the changes you have made
to that file.  That file now appears under "Staged changes".

Magit can stage and unstage individual hunks, not just complete files.
Move to the file you have just staged, expand it using @code{TAB}, move to
one of the hunks using @code{n}, and unstage just that by typing @code{u}.  Note how
the staging (@code{s}) and unstaging (@code{u}) commands operate on the change at
point.  Many other commands behave the same way.

You can also un-/stage just part of a hunk.  Inside the body of a hunk
section (move there using @code{C-n}), set the mark using @code{C-SPC} and move down
until some added and/or removed lines fall inside the region but not
all of them.  Again type @code{s} to stage.

It is also possible to un-/stage multiple files at once.  Move to a
file section, type @code{C-SPC}, move to the next file using @code{n}, and then @code{s} to
stage both files.  Note that both the mark and point have to be on the
headings of sibling sections for this to work.  If the region looks
like it does in other buffers, then it doesn't select Magit sections
that can be acted on as a unit.

And then of course you want to commit your changes.  Type @code{c}.  This
shows the available commit commands and arguments in a buffer at the
bottom of the frame.  Each command and argument is prefixed with the
key that invokes/sets it.  Do not worry about this for now.  We want
to create a "normal" commit, which is done by typing @code{c} again.

Now two new buffers appear.  One is for writing the commit message,
the other shows a diff with the changes that you are about to
commit.  Write a message and then type @code{C-c C-c} to actually create
the commit.

You probably don't want to push the commit you just created because
you just committed some random changes, but if that is not the case
you could push it by typing @code{P} to show all the available push commands
and arguments and then @code{p} to push to a branch with the same name as the
local branch onto the remote configured as the push-remote.  (If the
push-remote is not configured yet, then you would first be prompted
for the remote to push to.)

So far we have mentioned the commit and push menu commands.
These are probably among the menus you will be using the most, but
many others exist.  To show a menu that lists all other menus (as well
as the various apply commands and some other essential commands), type
@code{h}.  Try a few.  (Such menus are also called "transient prefix
commands" or just "transients".)

The key bindings in that menu correspond to the bindings in Magit
buffers, including but not limited to the status buffer.  So you could
type @code{h d} to bring up the diff menu, but once you remember that "d"
stands for "diff", you would usually do so by just typing @code{d}.

This "prefix of prefixes" is useful even once you have memorized all
the bindings, as it can provide easy access to Magit commands from
non-Magit buffers.  So, by default, it is globally bound to @code{C-x M-g}.

A similar menu featuring (for the most part) commands that act on just
the file being visited in the current buffer, is globally bound to @code{C-c
M-g}.  That binding can also be used in buffers, which do not visit a
file, but then only a subset of the commands is available.

The global key bindings mentioned in the previous two paragraphs are
quite inconvenient.  We recommend using @code{C-c g} and @code{C-c f} instead, but
cannot use those key sequences by default because they are strictly
reserved for bindings added by the user.  See @ref{Global Bindings}, if you
want to explicitly opt-in to the recommended key bindings.

Magit also provides context menus and other mouse commands, see @ref{Mouse Support}.

It is not necessary that you do so now, but if you stick with Magit,
then it is highly recommended that you read the next section too.

@node Interface Concepts
@chapter Interface Concepts

@menu
* Modes and Buffers::
* Sections::
* Transient Commands::
* Transient Arguments and Buffer Variables::
* Completion, Confirmation and the Selection: Completion Confirmation and the Selection. 
* Mouse Support::
* Running Git::
@end menu

@node Modes and Buffers
@section Modes and Buffers

Magit provides several major-modes.  For each of these modes there
usually exists only one buffer per repository.  Separate modes and
thus buffers exist for commits, diffs, logs, and some other things.

Besides these special purpose buffers, there also exists an overview
buffer, called the @strong{status buffer}.  It's usually from this buffer that
the user invokes Git commands, or creates or visits other buffers.

In this manual we often speak about "Magit buffers".  By that we mean
buffers whose major-modes derive from @code{magit-mode}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-x magit-toggle-buffer-lock}
@findex magit-toggle-buffer-lock
This command locks the current buffer to its value or if the buffer
is already locked, then it unlocks it.

Locking a buffer to its value prevents it from being reused to
display another value.  The name of a locked buffer contains its
value, which allows telling it apart from other locked buffers and
the unlocked buffer.

Not all Magit buffers can be locked to their values; for example, it
wouldn't make sense to lock a status buffer.

There can only be a single unlocked buffer using a certain
major-mode per repository.  So when a buffer is being unlocked and
another unlocked buffer already exists for that mode and repository,
then the former buffer is instead deleted and the latter is
displayed in its place.
@end table

@anchor{Switching Buffers}
@subsection Switching Buffers

@defun magit-display-buffer buffer &optional display-function
This function is a wrapper around @code{display-buffer} and is used to
display any Magit buffer.  It displays BUFFER in some window and,
unlike @code{display-buffer}, also selects that window, provided
@code{magit-display-buffer-noselect} is @code{nil}.  It also runs the hooks
mentioned below.

If optional DISPLAY-FUNCTION is non-nil, then that is used to
display the buffer.  Usually that is @code{nil} and the function specified
by @code{magit-display-buffer-function} is used.
@end defun

@defvar magit-display-buffer-noselect
When this is non-nil, then @code{magit-display-buffer} only displays the
buffer but forgoes also selecting the window.  This variable should
not be set globally, it is only intended to be let-bound, by code
that automatically updates "the other window".  This is used for
example when the revision buffer is updated when you move inside the
log buffer.
@end defvar

@defopt magit-display-buffer-function
The function specified here is called by @code{magit-display-buffer} with
one argument, a buffer, to actually display that buffer.  This
function should call @code{display-buffer} with that buffer as first and a
list of display actions as second argument.

Magit provides several functions, listed below, that are suitable
values for this option.  If you want to use different rules, then a
good way of doing that is to start with a copy of one of these
functions and then adjust it to your needs.

Instead of using a wrapper around @code{display-buffer}, that function
itself can be used here, in which case the display actions have to
be specified by adding them to @code{display-buffer-alist} instead.

To learn about display actions, see @ref{Choosing Window,,,elisp,}.
@end defopt

@defun magit-display-buffer-traditional buffer
This function is the current default value of the option
@code{magit-display-buffer-function}.  Before that option and this function
were added, the behavior was hard-coded in many places all over the
code base but now all the rules are contained in this one function
(except for the "noselect" special case mentioned above).
@end defun

@defun magit-display-buffer-same-window-except-diff-v1
This function displays most buffers in the currently selected
window.  If a buffer's mode derives from @code{magit-diff-mode} or
@code{magit-process-mode}, it is displayed in another window.
@end defun

@defun magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-v1
This function fills the entire frame when displaying a status
buffer.  Otherwise, it behaves like
@code{magit-display-buffer-traditional}.
@end defun

@defun magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-topleft-v1
This function fills the entire frame when displaying a status
buffer.  It behaves like @code{magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-v1}
except that it displays buffers that derive from @code{magit-diff-mode}
or @code{magit-process-mode} to the top or left of the current buffer
rather than to the bottom or right.  As a result, Magit buffers tend
to pop up on the same side as they would if
@code{magit-display-buffer-traditional} were in use.
@end defun

@defun magit-display-buffer-fullcolumn-most-v1
This function displays most buffers so that they fill the entire
height of the frame.  However, the buffer is displayed in another
window if (1) the buffer's mode derives from @code{magit-process-mode},
or (2) the buffer's mode derives from @code{magit-diff-mode}, provided
that the mode of the current buffer derives from @code{magit-log-mode} or
@code{magit-cherry-mode}.
@end defun

@defopt magit-pre-display-buffer-hook
This hook is run by @code{magit-display-buffer} before displaying the
buffer.
@end defopt

@defun magit-save-window-configuration
This function saves the current window configuration.  Later when
the buffer is buried, it may be restored by
@code{magit-restore-window-configuration}.
@end defun

@defopt magit-post-display-buffer-hook
This hook is run by @code{magit-display-buffer} after displaying the
buffer.
@end defopt

@defun magit-maybe-set-dedicated
This function remembers if a new window had to be created to display
the buffer, or whether an existing window was reused.  This
information is later used by @code{magit-mode-quit-window}, to determine
whether the window should be deleted when its last Magit buffer is
buried.
@end defun

@anchor{Naming Buffers}
@subsection Naming Buffers

@defopt magit-generate-buffer-name-function
The function used to generate the names of Magit buffers.

Such a function should take the options @code{magit-uniquify-buffer-names}
as well as @code{magit-buffer-name-format} into account.  If it doesn't,
then should be clearly stated in the doc-string.  And if it supports
%-sequences beyond those mentioned in the doc-string of the option
@code{magit-buffer-name-format}, then its own doc-string should describe
the additions.
@end defopt

@defun magit-generate-buffer-name-default-function mode
This function returns a buffer name suitable for a buffer whose
major-mode is MODE and which shows information about the repository
in which @code{default-directory} is located.

This function uses @code{magit-buffer-name-format} and supporting all of
the %-sequences mentioned the documentation of that option.  It also
respects the option @code{magit-uniquify-buffer-names}.
@end defun

@defopt magit-buffer-name-format
The format string used to name Magit buffers.

At least the following %-sequences are supported:

@itemize
@item
@code{%m}

The name of the major-mode, but with the @code{-mode} suffix removed.

@item
@code{%M}

Like @code{%m} but abbreviate @code{magit-status-mode} as @code{magit}.

@item
@code{%v}

The value the buffer is locked to, in parentheses, or an empty
string if the buffer is not locked to a value.

@item
@code{%V}

Like @code{%v}, but the string is prefixed with a space, unless it is an
empty string.

@item
@code{%t}

The top-level directory of the working tree of the repository, or
if @code{magit-uniquify-buffer-names} is non-nil an abbreviation of that.

@item
@code{%x}

If @code{magit-uniquify-buffer-names} is nil "*", otherwise the empty
string.  Due to limitations of the @code{uniquify} package, buffer names
must end with the path.
@end itemize

The value should always contain @code{%m} or @code{%M}, @code{%v} or @code{%V}, and @code{%t}.  If
@code{magit-uniquify-buffer-names} is non-nil, then the value must end with
@code{%t} or @code{%t%x}.  See issue #2841.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-uniquify-buffer-names
This option controls whether the names of Magit buffers are
uniquified.  If the names are not being uniquified, then they
contain the full path of the top-level of the working tree of the
corresponding repository.  If they are being uniquified, then they
end with the basename of the top-level, or if that would conflict
with the name used for other buffers, then the names of all these
buffers are adjusted until they no longer conflict.

This is done using the @code{uniquify} package; customize its options to
control how buffer names are uniquified.
@end defopt

@anchor{Quitting Windows}
@subsection Quitting Windows

@table @asis
@item @kbd{q} (@code{magit-mode-bury-buffer})
@kindex q
@findex magit-mode-bury-buffer
This command buries or kills the current Magit buffer.  The function
specified by option @code{magit-bury-buffer-function} is used to bury the
buffer when called without a prefix argument or to kill it when
called with a single prefix argument.

When called with two or more prefix arguments then it always kills
all Magit buffers, associated with the current project, including
the current buffer.
@end table

@defopt magit-bury-buffer-function
The function used to actually bury or kill the current buffer.

@code{magit-mode-bury-buffer} calls this function with one argument.  If
the argument is non-nil, then the function has to kill the current
buffer.  Otherwise it has to bury it alive.  The default value
currently is @code{magit-mode-quit-window}.
@end defopt

@defun magit-restore-window-configuration kill-buffer
Bury or kill the current buffer using @code{quit-window}, which is called
with KILL-BUFFER as first and the selected window as second
argument.

Then restore the window configuration that existed right before the
current buffer was displayed in the selected frame.  Unfortunately
that also means that point gets adjusted in all the buffers, which
are being displayed in the selected frame.
@end defun

@defun magit-mode-quit-window kill-buffer
Bury or kill the current buffer using @code{quit-window}, which is called
with KILL-BUFFER as first and the selected window as second
argument.

Then, if the window was originally created to display a Magit buffer
and the buried buffer was the last remaining Magit buffer that was
ever displayed in the window, then that is deleted.
@end defun

@anchor{Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers}
@subsection Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers

After running a command which may change the state of the current
repository, the current Magit buffer and the corresponding status
buffer are refreshed. The status buffer can be automatically refreshed
whenever a buffer is saved to a file inside the respective repository
by adding a hook, like so:

@lisp
(with-eval-after-load 'magit-mode
  (add-hook 'after-save-hook 'magit-after-save-refresh-status t))
@end lisp

Automatically refreshing Magit buffers ensures that the displayed
information is up-to-date most of the time but can lead to a
noticeable delay in big repositories.  Other Magit buffers are not
refreshed to keep the delay to a minimum and also because doing so can
sometimes be undesirable.

Buffers can also be refreshed explicitly, which is useful in buffers
that weren't current during the last refresh and after changes were
made to the repository outside of Magit.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{g} (@code{magit-refresh})
@kindex g
@findex magit-refresh
This command refreshes the current buffer if its major mode derives
from @code{magit-mode} as well as the corresponding status buffer.

If the option @code{magit-revert-buffers} calls for it, then it also
reverts all unmodified buffers that visit files being tracked in the
current repository.

@item @kbd{G} (@code{magit-refresh-all})
@kindex G
@findex magit-refresh-all
This command refreshes all Magit buffers belonging to the current
repository and also reverts all unmodified buffers that visit files
being tracked in the current repository.

The file-visiting buffers are always reverted, even if
@code{magit-revert-buffers} is nil.
@end table

@defopt magit-refresh-buffer-hook
This hook is run in each Magit buffer that was refreshed during the
current refresh - normally the current buffer and the status buffer.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-refresh-status-buffer
When this option is non-nil, then the status buffer is automatically
refreshed after running git for side-effects, in addition to the
current Magit buffer, which is always refreshed automatically.

Only set this to nil after exhausting all other options to improve
performance.
@end defopt

@defun magit-after-save-refresh-status
This function is intended to be added to @code{after-save-hook}.  After
doing that the corresponding status buffer is refreshed whenever a
buffer is saved to a file inside a repository.

Note that refreshing a Magit buffer is done by re-creating its
contents from scratch, which can be slow in large repositories.  If
you are not satisfied with Magit's performance, then you should
obviously not add this function to that hook.
@end defun

@anchor{Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers}
@subsection Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers

File-visiting buffers are by default saved at certain points in time.
This doesn't guarantee that Magit buffers are always up-to-date, but,
provided one only edits files by editing them in Emacs and uses only
Magit to interact with Git, one can be fairly confident.  When in
doubt or after outside changes, type @code{g} (@code{magit-refresh}) to save and
refresh explicitly.

@defopt magit-save-repository-buffers
This option controls whether file-visiting buffers are saved before
certain events.

If this is non-nil then all modified file-visiting buffers belonging
to the current repository may be saved before running commands,
before creating new Magit buffers, and before explicitly refreshing
such buffers.  If this is @code{dontask} then this is done without user
intervention.  If it is @code{t} then the user has to confirm each save.
@end defopt

@anchor{Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers}
@subsection Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers

By default Magit automatically reverts buffers that are visiting files
that are being tracked in a Git repository, after they have changed on
disk.  When using Magit one often changes files on disk by running
Git, i.e., "outside Emacs", making this a rather important feature.

For example, if you discard a change in the status buffer, then that
is done by running @code{git apply --reverse ...}, and Emacs considers the
file to have "changed on disk".  If Magit did not automatically revert
the buffer, then you would have to type @code{M-x revert-buffer RET RET} in
the visiting buffer before you could continue making changes.

@defopt magit-auto-revert-mode
When this mode is enabled, then buffers that visit tracked files
are automatically reverted after the visited files change on disk.
@end defopt

@defopt global-auto-revert-mode
When this mode is enabled, then any file-visiting buffer is
automatically reverted after the visited file changes on disk.

If you like buffers that visit tracked files to be automatically
reverted, then you might also like any buffer to be reverted, not
just those visiting tracked files.  If that is the case, then enable
this mode @emph{instead of} @code{magit-auto-revert-mode}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-auto-revert-immediately
This option controls whether Magit reverts buffers immediately.

If this is non-nil and either @code{global-auto-revert-mode} or
@code{magit-auto-revert-mode} is enabled, then Magit immediately reverts
buffers by explicitly calling @code{auto-revert-buffers} after running Git
for side-effects.

If @code{auto-revert-use-notify} is non-nil (and file notifications are
actually supported), then @code{magit-auto-revert-immediately} does not
have to be non-nil, because the reverts happen immediately anyway.

If @code{magit-auto-revert-immediately} and @code{auto-revert-use-notify} are both
@code{nil}, then reverts happen after @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds of user
inactivity.  That is not desirable.
@end defopt

@defopt auto-revert-use-notify
This option controls whether file notification functions should be
used.  Note that this variable unfortunately defaults to @code{t} even on
systems on which file notifications cannot be used.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-auto-revert-tracked-only
This option controls whether @code{magit-auto-revert-mode} only reverts
tracked files or all files that are located inside Git repositories,
including untracked files and files located inside Git's control
directory.
@end defopt

@defopt auto-revert-mode
The global mode @code{magit-auto-revert-mode} works by turning on this
local mode in the appropriate buffers (but @code{global-auto-revert-mode}
is implemented differently).  You can also turn it on or off
manually, which might be necessary if Magit does not notice that a
previously untracked file now is being tracked or vice-versa.
@end defopt

@defopt auto-revert-stop-on-user-input
This option controls whether the arrival of user input suspends the
automatic reverts for @code{auto-revert-interval} seconds.
@end defopt

@defopt auto-revert-interval
This option controls how many seconds Emacs waits for before
resuming suspended reverts.
@end defopt

@defopt auto-revert-buffer-list-filter
This option specifies an additional filter used by
@code{auto-revert-buffers} to determine whether a buffer should be reverted
or not.

This option is provided by Magit, which also advises
@code{auto-revert-buffers} to respect it.  Magit users who do not turn on
the local mode @code{auto-revert-mode} themselves, are best served by
setting the value to @code{magit-auto-revert-repository-buffer-p}.

However the default is nil, so as not to disturb users who do use the
local mode directly.  If you experience delays when running Magit
commands, then you should consider using one of the predicates
provided by Magit - especially if you also use Tramp.

Users who do turn on @code{auto-revert-mode} in buffers in which Magit
doesn't do that for them, should likely not use any filter.  Users
who turn on @code{global-auto-revert-mode}, do not have to worry about this
option, because it is disregarded if the global mode is enabled.
@end defopt

@defopt auto-revert-verbose
This option controls whether Emacs reports when a buffer has been
reverted.
@end defopt

The options with the @code{auto-revert-} prefix are located in the Custom
group named @code{auto-revert}.  The other, Magit-specific, options are
located in the @code{magit} group.

@anchor{Risk of Reverting Automatically}
@subsubheading Risk of Reverting Automatically

For the vast majority of users, automatically reverting file-visiting
buffers after they have changed on disk is harmless.

If a buffer is modified (i.e., it contains changes that haven't been
saved yet), then Emacs will refuse to automatically revert it.  If
you save a previously modified buffer, then that results in what is
seen by Git as an uncommitted change.  Git will then refuse to carry
out any commands that would cause these changes to be lost.  In other
words, if there is anything that could be lost, then either Git or
Emacs will refuse to discard the changes.

However, if you use file-visiting buffers as a sort of ad hoc
"staging area", then the automatic reverts could potentially cause
data loss.  So far I have heard from only one user who uses such a
workflow.

An example: You visit some file in a buffer, edit it, and save the
changes.  Then, outside of Emacs (or at least not using Magit or by
saving the buffer) you change the file on disk again.  At this point
the buffer is the only place where the intermediate version still
exists.  You have saved the changes to disk, but that has since been
overwritten.  Meanwhile Emacs considers the buffer to be unmodified
(because you have not made any changes to it since you last saved it
to the visited file) and therefore would not object to it being
automatically reverted.  At this point an Auto-Revert mode would kick
in.  It would check whether the buffer is modified and since that is
not the case it would revert it.  The intermediate version would be
lost.  (Actually you could still get it back using the @code{undo} command.)

If your workflow depends on Emacs preserving the intermediate version
in the buffer, then you have to disable all Auto-Revert modes.  But
please consider that such a workflow would be dangerous even without
using an Auto-Revert mode, and should therefore be avoided.  If Emacs
crashes or if you quit Emacs by mistake, then you would also lose the
buffer content.  There would be no autosave file still containing the
intermediate version (because that was deleted when you saved the
buffer) and you would not be asked whether you want to save the buffer
(because it isn't modified).

@node Sections
@section Sections

Magit buffers are organized into nested sections, which can be
collapsed and expanded, similar to how sections are handled in Org
mode.  Each section also has a type, and some sections also have a
value.  For each section type there can also be a local keymap, shared
by all sections of that type.

Taking advantage of the section value and type, many commands operate on
the current section, or when the region is active and selects sections
of the same type, all of the selected sections.  Commands that only
make sense for a particular section type (as opposed to just behaving
differently depending on the type) are usually bound in section type
keymaps.

@anchor{Section Movement}
@subsection Section Movement

To move within a section use the usual keys (@code{C-p}, @code{C-n}, @code{C-b}, @code{C-f} etc),
whose global bindings are not shadowed.  To move to another section use
the following commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{p} (@code{magit-section-backward})
@kindex p
@findex magit-section-backward
When not at the beginning of a section, then move to the beginning
of the current section.  At the beginning of a section, instead move
to the beginning of the previous visible section.

@item @kbd{n} (@code{magit-section-forward})
@kindex n
@findex magit-section-forward
Move to the beginning of the next visible section.

@item @kbd{M-p} (@code{magit-section-backward-siblings})
@kindex M-p
@findex magit-section-backward-siblings
Move to the beginning of the previous sibling section.  If there is
no previous sibling section, then move to the parent section
instead.

@item @kbd{M-n} (@code{magit-section-forward-siblings})
@kindex M-n
@findex magit-section-forward-siblings
Move to the beginning of the next sibling section.  If there is no
next sibling section, then move to the parent section instead.

@item @kbd{^} (@code{magit-section-up})
@kindex ^
@findex magit-section-up
Move to the beginning of the parent of the current section.
@end table

The above commands all call the hook @code{magit-section-movement-hook}.
Any of the functions listed below can be used as members of this hook.

You might want to remove some of the functions that Magit adds using
@code{add-hook}.  In doing so you have to make sure you do not attempt to
remove function that haven't even been added yet, for example:

@lisp
(with-eval-after-load 'magit-diff
  (remove-hook 'magit-section-movement-hook
               'magit-hunk-set-window-start))
@end lisp

@defvar magit-section-movement-hook
This hook is run by all of the above movement commands, after
arriving at the destination.
@end defvar

@defun magit-hunk-set-window-start
This hook function ensures that the beginning of the current section
is visible, provided it is a @code{hunk} section.  Otherwise, it does
nothing.

Loading @code{magit-diff} adds this function to the hook.
@end defun

@defun magit-section-set-window-start
This hook function ensures that the beginning of the current section
is visible, regardless of the section's type.  If you add this to
@code{magit-section-movement-hook}, then you must remove the hunk-only
variant in turn.
@end defun

@defun magit-log-maybe-show-more-commits
This hook function only has an effect in log buffers, and @code{point} is
on the "show more" section.  If that is the case, then it doubles
the number of commits that are being shown.

Loading @code{magit-log} adds this function to the hook.
@end defun

@defun magit-log-maybe-update-revision-buffer
When moving inside a log buffer, then this function updates the
revision buffer, provided it is already being displayed in another
window of the same frame.

Loading @code{magit-log} adds this function to the hook.
@end defun

@defun magit-log-maybe-update-blob-buffer
When moving inside a log buffer and another window of the same frame
displays a blob buffer, then this function instead displays the blob
buffer for the commit at point in that window.
@end defun

@defun magit-status-maybe-update-revision-buffer
When moving inside a status buffer, then this function updates the
revision buffer, provided it is already being displayed in another
window of the same frame.
@end defun

@defun magit-status-maybe-update-stash-buffer
When moving inside a status buffer, then this function updates the
stash buffer, provided it is already being displayed in another
window of the same frame.
@end defun

@defun magit-status-maybe-update-blob-buffer
When moving inside a status buffer and another window of the same
frame displays a blob buffer, then this function instead displays
the blob buffer for the commit at point in that window.
@end defun

@defun magit-stashes-maybe-update-stash-buffer
When moving inside a buffer listing stashes, then this function
updates the stash buffer, provided it is already being displayed
in another window of the same frame.
@end defun

@defopt magit-update-other-window-delay
Delay before automatically updating the other window.

When moving around in certain buffers, then certain other buffers,
which are being displayed in another window, may optionally be
updated to display information about the section at point.

When holding down a key to move by more than just one section, then
that would update that buffer for each section on the way.  To
prevent that, updating the revision buffer is delayed, and this
option controls for how long.  For optimal experience you might have
to adjust this delay and/or the keyboard repeat rate and delay of
your graphical environment or operating system.
@end defopt

@anchor{Section Visibility}
@subsection Section Visibility

Magit provides many commands for changing the visibility of sections,
but all you need to get started are the next two.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{@key{TAB}} (@code{magit-section-toggle})
@kindex TAB
@findex magit-section-toggle
Toggle the visibility of the body of the current section.

@item @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{magit-section-cycle})
@itemx @kbd{C-<tab>} (@code{magit-section-cycle})
@kindex C-c TAB
@kindex C-<tab>
@findex magit-section-cycle
Cycle the visibility of current section and its children.

If this command is invoked using @code{C-<tab>} and that is globally bound
to @code{tab-next}, then this command pivots to behave like that command,
and you must instead use @code{C-c TAB} to cycle section visibility.

If you would like to keep using @code{C-<tab>} to cycle section visibility
but also want to use @code{tab-bar-mode}, then you have to prevent that mode
from using this key and instead bind another key to @code{tab-next}.  Because
@code{tab-bar-mode} does not use a mode map but instead manipulates the
global map, this involves advising @code{tab-bar--define-keys}.

@item @kbd{M-<tab>} (@code{magit-section-cycle-diffs})
@kindex M-<tab>
@findex magit-section-cycle-diffs
Cycle the visibility of diff-related sections in the current buffer.

@item @kbd{S-<tab>} (@code{magit-section-cycle-global})
@kindex S-<tab>
@findex magit-section-cycle-global
Cycle the visibility of all sections in the current buffer.

@item @kbd{1} (@code{magit-section-show-level-1})
@itemx @kbd{2} (@code{magit-section-show-level-2})
@itemx @kbd{3} (@code{magit-section-show-level-3})
@itemx @kbd{4} (@code{magit-section-show-level-4})
@kindex 1
@kindex 2
@kindex 3
@kindex 4
@findex magit-section-show-level-1
@findex magit-section-show-level-2
@findex magit-section-show-level-3
@findex magit-section-show-level-4
Show sections surrounding the current section up to level N@.

@item @kbd{M-1} (@code{magit-section-show-level-1-all})
@itemx @kbd{M-2} (@code{magit-section-show-level-2-all})
@itemx @kbd{M-3} (@code{magit-section-show-level-3-all})
@itemx @kbd{M-4} (@code{magit-section-show-level-4-all})
@kindex M-1
@kindex M-2
@kindex M-3
@kindex M-4
@findex magit-section-show-level-1-all
@findex magit-section-show-level-2-all
@findex magit-section-show-level-3-all
@findex magit-section-show-level-4-all
Show all sections up to level N@.
@end table

Some functions, which are used to implement the above commands, are
also exposed as commands themselves.  By default no keys are bound to
these commands, as they are generally perceived to be much less
useful.  But your mileage may vary.

@deffn Command magit-section-show
Show the body of the current section.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-section-hide
Hide the body of the current section.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-section-show-headings
Recursively show headings of children of the current section.  Only
show the headings.  Previously shown text-only bodies are hidden.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-section-show-children
Recursively show the bodies of children of the current section.
With a prefix argument show children down to the level of the
current section, and hide deeper children.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-section-hide-children
Recursively hide the bodies of children of the current section.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-section-toggle-children
Toggle visibility of bodies of children of the current section.
@end deffn

When a buffer is first created then some sections are shown expanded
while others are not.  This is hard coded.  When a buffer is refreshed
then the previous visibility is preserved.  The initial visibility of
certain sections can also be overwritten using the hook
@code{magit-section-set-visibility-hook}.

@defopt magit-section-initial-visibility-alist
This options can be used to override the initial visibility of
sections.  In the future it will also be used to define the
defaults, but currently a section's default is still hardcoded.

The value is an alist.  Each element maps a section type or lineage
to the initial visibility state for such sections.  The state has to
be one of @code{show} or @code{hide}, or a function that returns one of these
symbols.  A function is called with the section as the only argument.

Use the command @code{magit-describe-section-briefly} to determine a
section's lineage or type.  The vector in the output is the section
lineage and the type is the first element of that vector.  Wildcards
can be used, see @code{magit-section-match}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-section-cache-visibility
This option controls for which sections the previous visibility
state should be restored if a section disappears and later appears
again.  The value is a boolean or a list of section types.  If t,
then the visibility of all sections is cached.  Otherwise this is
only done for sections whose type matches one of the listed types.

This requires that the function @code{magit-section-cached-visibility} is
a member of @code{magit-section-set-visibility-hook}.
@end defopt

@defvar magit-section-set-visibility-hook
This hook is run when first creating a buffer and also when
refreshing an existing buffer, and is used to determine the
visibility of the section currently being inserted.

Each function is called with one argument, the section being
inserted.  It should return @code{hide} or @code{show}, or to leave the visibility
undefined @code{nil}.  If no function decides on the visibility and the
buffer is being refreshed, then the visibility is preserved; or if
the buffer is being created, then the hard coded default is used.

Usually this should only be used to set the initial visibility but
not during refreshes.  If @code{magit-insert-section--oldroot} is non-nil,
then the buffer is being refreshed and these functions should
immediately return @code{nil}.
@end defvar

@defopt magit-section-visibility-indicator
This option controls whether and how to indicate that a section can
be expanded/collapsed.

If nil, then no visibility indicators are shown.  Otherwise the
value has to have one of these two forms:

@itemize
@item
@code{(EXPANDABLE-BITMAP . COLLAPSIBLE-BITMAP)}

Both values have to be variables whose values are fringe
bitmaps.  In this case every section that can be expanded
or collapsed gets an indicator in the left fringe.

To provide extra padding around the indicator, set
@code{left-fringe-width} in @code{magit-mode-hook}, e.g.:

@lisp
(add-hook 'magit-mode-hook (lambda ()
                             (setq left-fringe-width 20)))
@end lisp

@item
@code{(STRING . BOOLEAN)}

In this case STRING (usually an ellipsis) is shown at the end
of the heading of every collapsed section.  Expanded sections
get no indicator.  The cdr controls whether the appearance of
these ellipsis take section highlighting into account.  Doing
so might potentially have an impact on performance, while not
doing so is kinda ugly.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@anchor{Section Hooks}
@subsection Section Hooks

Which sections are inserted into certain buffers is controlled with
hooks.  This includes the status and the refs buffers.  For other
buffers, e.g., log and diff buffers, this is not possible.  The
command @code{magit-describe-section} can be used to see which hook (if any)
was responsible for inserting the section at point.

For buffers whose sections can be customized by the user, a hook
variable called @code{magit-TYPE-sections-hook} exists.  This hook should be
changed using @code{magit-add-section-hook}.  Avoid using @code{add-hooks} or the
Custom interface.

The various available section hook variables are described later in
this manual along with the appropriate "section inserter functions".

@defun magit-add-section-hook hook function &optional at append local
Add the function FUNCTION to the value of section hook HOOK@.

Add FUNCTION at the beginning of the hook list unless optional
APPEND is non-nil, in which case FUNCTION is added at the end.  If
FUNCTION already is a member then move it to the new location.

If optional AT is non-nil and a member of the hook list, then add
FUNCTION next to that instead.  Add before or after AT, or replace
AT with FUNCTION depending on APPEND@.  If APPEND is the symbol
@code{replace}, then replace AT with FUNCTION@.  For any other non-nil value
place FUNCTION right after AT@.  If nil, then place FUNCTION right
before AT@.  If FUNCTION already is a member of the list but AT is
not, then leave FUNCTION where ever it already is.

If optional LOCAL is non-nil, then modify the hook's buffer-local
value rather than its global value.  This makes the hook local by
copying the default value.  That copy is then modified.

HOOK should be a symbol.  If HOOK is void, it is first set to nil.
HOOK's value must not be a single hook function.  FUNCTION should
be a function that takes no arguments and inserts one or multiple
sections at point, moving point forward.  FUNCTION may choose not
to insert its section(s), when doing so would not make sense.  It
should not be abused for other side-effects.
@end defun

To remove a function from a section hook, use @code{remove-hook}.

@anchor{Section Types and Values}
@subsection Section Types and Values

Each section has a type, for example @code{hunk}, @code{file}, and @code{commit}.
Instances of certain section types also have a value.  The value of a
section of type @code{file}, for example, is a file name.

Users usually do not have to worry about a section's type and value,
but knowing them can be handy at times.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{H} (@code{magit-describe-section})
@kindex H
@findex magit-describe-section
This command shows information about the section at point in a
separate buffer.
@end table

@deffn Command magit-describe-section-briefly
This command shows information about the section at point in the
echo area, as @code{#<magit-section VALUE [TYPE PARENT-TYPE...]
  BEGINNING-END>}.
@end deffn

Many commands behave differently depending on the type of the section
at point and/or somehow consume the value of that section.  But that
is only one of the reasons why the same key may do something different,
depending on what section is current.

Additionally for each section type a keymap @strong{might} be defined, named
@code{magit-TYPE-section-map}.  That keymap is used as text property keymap
of all text belonging to any section of the respective type.  If such
a map does not exist for a certain type, then you can define it
yourself, and it will automatically be used.

@anchor{Section Options}
@subsection Section Options

This section describes options that have an effect on more than just a
certain type of sections.  As you can see there are not many of those.

@defopt magit-section-show-child-count
Whether to append the number of children to section headings.  This
only affects sections that could benefit from this information.
@end defopt

@node Transient Commands
@section Transient Commands

Many Magit commands are implemented as @strong{transient} commands.  First the
user invokes a @strong{prefix} command, which causes its @strong{infix} arguments and
@strong{suffix} commands to be displayed in the echo area.  The user then
optionally sets some infix arguments and finally invokes one of the
suffix commands.

This is implemented in the library @code{transient}.  Earlier Magit releases
used the package @code{magit-popup} and even earlier versions library
@code{magit-key-mode}.

Transient is documented in @ref{Top,,,transient,}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-x M-g} (@code{magit-dispatch})
@itemx @kbd{C-c g} (@code{magit-dispatch})
@kindex C-x M-g
@kindex C-c g
@findex magit-dispatch
This transient prefix command binds most of Magit's other prefix
commands as suffix commands and displays them in a temporary buffer
until one of them is invoked.  Invoking such a sub-prefix causes the
suffixes of that command to be bound and displayed instead of those
of @code{magit-dispatch}.

This command is also, or especially, useful outside Magit buffers,
so Magit by default binds it to @code{C-c M-g} in the global keymap.
@code{C-c g} would be a better binding, but we cannot use that by default,
because that key sequence is reserved for the user.  See @ref{Global Bindings} to learn more default and recommended key bindings.
@end table

@node Transient Arguments and Buffer Variables
@section Transient Arguments and Buffer Variables

The infix arguments of many of Magit's transient prefix commands cease
to have an effect once the @code{git} command that is called with those
arguments has returned.  Commands that create a commit are a good
example for this.  If the user changes the arguments, then that only
affects the next invocation of a suffix command.  If the same
transient prefix command is later invoked again, then the arguments
are initially reset to the default value.  This default value can be
set for the current Emacs session or saved permanently, see
@ref{Saving Values,,,transient,}.  It is also possible to cycle through
previously used sets of arguments using @code{C-M-p} and @code{C-M-n}, see
@ref{Using History,,,transient,}.

However the infix arguments of many other transient commands continue
to have an effect even after the @code{git} command that was called with
those arguments has returned.  The most important commands like this
are those that display a diff or log in a dedicated buffer.  Their
arguments obviously continue to have an effect for as long as the
respective diff or log is being displayed.  Furthermore the used
arguments are stored in buffer-local variables for future reference.

For commands in the second group it isn't always desirable to reset
their arguments to the global value when the transient prefix command
is invoked again.

As mentioned above, it is possible to cycle through previously used
sets of arguments while a transient popup is visible.  That means that
we could always reset the infix arguments to the default because the
set of arguments that is active in the existing buffer is only a few
@code{C-M-p} away.  Magit can be configured to behave like that, but because I
expect that most users would not find that very convenient, it is not
the default.

Also note that it is possible to change the diff and log arguments
used in the current buffer (including the status buffer, which
contains both diff and log sections) using the respective "refresh"
transient prefix commands on @code{D} and @code{L}.  (@code{d} and @code{l} on the other hand are
intended to change @strong{what} diff or log is being displayed.  It is
possible to also change @strong{how} the diff or log is being displayed at the
same time, but if you only want to do the latter, then you should use
the refresh variants.)  Because these secondary diff and log transient
prefixes are about @strong{changing} the arguments used in the current buffer,
they @strong{always} start out with the set of arguments that are currently in
effect in that buffer.

Some commands are usually invoked directly even though they can also
be invoked as the suffix of a transient prefix command.  Most
prominently @code{magit-show-commit} is usually invoked by typing @code{RET} while
point is on a commit in a log, but it can also be invoked from the
@code{magit-diff} transient prefix.

When such a command is invoked directly, then it is important to reuse
the arguments as specified by the respective buffer-local values,
instead of using the default arguments.  Imagine you press @code{RET} in a
log to display the commit at point in a different buffer and then use
@code{D} to change how the diff is displayed in that buffer.  And then you
press @code{RET} on another commit to show that instead and the diff
arguments are reset to the default.  Not cool; so Magit does not do
that by default.

@defopt magit-prefix-use-buffer-arguments
This option controls whether the infix arguments initially shown in
certain transient prefix commands are based on the arguments that
are currently in effect in the buffer that their suffixes update.

The @code{magit-diff} and @code{magit-log} transient prefix commands are affected
by this option.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-direct-use-buffer-arguments
This option controls whether certain commands, when invoked directly
(i.e., not as the suffix of a transient prefix command), use the
arguments that are currently active in the buffer that they are
about to update.  The alternative is to use the default value for
these arguments, which might change the arguments that are used in
the buffer.
@end defopt

@noindent
Valid values for both of the above options are:

@itemize
@item
@code{always}: Always use the set of arguments that is currently active
in the respective buffer, provided that buffer exists of course.
@item
@code{selected} or @code{t}: Use the set of arguments from the respective
buffer, but only if it is displayed in a window of the current
frame.  This is the default for both variables.
@item
@code{current}: Use the set of arguments from the respective buffer, but
only if it is the current buffer.
@item
@code{never}: Never use the set of arguments from the respective buffer.
@end itemize

@noindent
I am afraid it gets more complicated still:

@itemize
@item
The global diff and log arguments are set for each supported mode
individually.  The diff arguments for example have different values
in @code{magit-diff-mode}, @code{magit-revision-mode}, @code{magit-merge-preview-mode}
and @code{magit-status-mode} buffers.  Setting or saving the value for one
mode does not change the value for other modes.  The history however
is shared.

@item
When @code{magit-show-commit} is invoked directly from a log buffer, then
the file filter is picked up from that buffer, not from the revision
buffer or the mode's global diff arguments.

@item
Even though they are suffixes of the diff prefix @code{magit-show-commit}
and @code{magit-stash-show} do not use the diff buffer used by the diff
commands, instead they use the dedicated revision and stash buffers.

At the time you invoke the diff prefix it is unknown to Magit which
of the suffix commands you are going to invoke.  While not certain,
more often than not users invoke one of the commands that use the
diff buffer, so the initial infix arguments are those used in that
buffer.  However if you invoke one of these commands directly, then
Magit knows that it should use the arguments from the revision resp.
stash buffer.

@item
The log prefix also features reflog commands, but these commands do
not use the log arguments.

@item
If @code{magit-show-refs} is invoked from a @code{magit-refs-mode} buffer, then it
acts as a refresh prefix and therefore unconditionally uses the
buffer's arguments as initial arguments. If it is invoked elsewhere
with a prefix argument, then it acts as regular prefix and therefore
respects @code{magit-prefix-use-buffer-arguments}.  If it is invoked
elsewhere without a prefix argument, then it acts as a direct
command and therefore respects @code{magit-direct-use-buffer-arguments}.
@end itemize

@node Completion Confirmation and the Selection
@section Completion, Confirmation and the Selection

@anchor{Action Confirmation}
@subsection Action Confirmation

By default many actions that could potentially lead to data loss have
to be confirmed.  This includes many very common actions, so this can
quickly become annoying.  Many of these actions can be undone and if
you have thought about how to undo certain mistakes, then it should
be safe to disable confirmation for the respective actions.

The option @code{magit-no-confirm} can be used to tell Magit to perform
certain actions without the user having to confirm them.  Note that
while this option can only be used to disable confirmation for a
specific set of actions, the next section explains another way of
telling Magit to ask fewer questions.

@defopt magit-no-confirm
The value of this option is a list of symbols, representing actions
that do not have to be confirmed by the user before being carried
out.

By default many potentially dangerous commands ask the user for
confirmation.  Each of the below symbols stands for an action which,
when invoked unintentionally or without being fully aware of the
consequences, could lead to tears.  In many cases there are several
commands that perform variations of a certain action, so we don't
use the command names but more generic symbols.

@itemize
@item
Applying changes:

@itemize
@item
@code{discard} Discarding one or more changes (i.e., hunks or the
complete diff for a file) loses that change, obviously.

@item
@code{reverse} Reverting one or more changes can usually be undone by
reverting the reversion.

@item
@code{stage-all-changes}, @code{unstage-all-changes} When there are both
staged and unstaged changes, then un-/staging everything would
destroy that distinction.  Of course that also applies when
un-/staging a single change, but then less is lost and one does
that so often that having to confirm every time would be
unacceptable.
@end itemize

@item
Files:

@itemize
@item
@code{delete} When a file that isn't yet tracked by Git is deleted,
then it is completely lost, not just the last changes.  Very
dangerous.

@item
@code{trash} Instead of deleting a file it can also be move to the
system trash.  Obviously much less dangerous than deleting it.

Also see option @code{magit-delete-by-moving-to-trash}.

@item
@code{resurrect} A deleted file can easily be resurrected by "deleting"
the deletion, which is done using the same command that was used
to delete the same file in the first place.

@item
@code{untrack} Untracking a file can be undone by tracking it again.

@item
@code{rename} Renaming a file can easily be undone.
@end itemize

@item
Sequences:

@itemize
@item
@code{reset-bisect} Aborting (known to Git as "resetting") a bisect
operation loses all information collected so far.

@item
@code{abort-cherry-pick} Aborting a cherry-pick throws away all
conflict resolutions which have already been carried out by the
user.

@item
@code{abort-revert} Aborting a revert throws away all conflict
resolutions which have already been carried out by the user.

@item
@code{abort-rebase} Aborting a rebase throws away all already modified
commits, but it's possible to restore those from the reflog.

@item
@code{abort-merge} Aborting a merge throws away all conflict
resolutions which have already been carried out by the user.

@item
@code{merge-dirty} Merging with a dirty worktree can make it hard to go
back to the state before the merge was initiated.
@end itemize

@item
References:

@itemize
@item
@code{delete-unmerged-branch} Once a branch has been deleted, it can
only be restored using low-level recovery tools provided by Git.
And even then the reflog is gone.  The user always has to
confirm the deletion of a branch by accepting the default choice
(or selecting another branch), but when a branch has not been
merged yet, also make sure the user is aware of that.

@item
@code{delete-pr-remote} When deleting a branch that was created from a
pull-request and if no other branches still exist on that
remote, then @code{magit-branch-delete} offers to delete the remote
as well.  This should be safe because it only happens if no
other refs exist in the remotes namespace, and you can recreate
the remote if necessary.

@item
@code{drop-stashes} Dropping a stash is dangerous because Git stores
stashes in the reflog.  Once a stash is removed, there is no
going back without using low-level recovery tools provided by
Git.  When a single stash is dropped, then the user always has
to confirm by accepting the default (or selecting another).
This action only concerns the deletion of multiple stashes at
once.
@end itemize

@item
Publishing:

@itemize
@item
@code{set-and-push} When pushing to the upstream or the push-remote
and that isn't actually configured yet, then the user can first
set the target.  If s/he confirms the default too quickly, then
s/he might end up pushing to the wrong branch and if the remote
repository is configured to disallow fixing such mistakes, then
that can be quite embarrassing and annoying.
@end itemize

@item
Edit published history:

Without adding these symbols here, you will be warned before
editing commits that have already been pushed to one of the
branches listed in @code{magit-published-branches}.

@itemize
@item
@code{amend-published} Affects most commands that amend to "HEAD".

@item
@code{rebase-published} Affects commands that perform interactive
rebases.  This includes commands from the commit transient that
modify a commit other than "HEAD", namely the various fixup and
squash variants.

@item
@code{edit-published} Affects the commands @code{magit-edit-line-commit} and
@code{magit-diff-edit-hunk-commit}.  These two commands make it quite
easy to accidentally edit a published commit, so you should
think twice before configuring them not to ask for confirmation.
@end itemize

To disable confirmation completely, add all three symbols here or
set @code{magit-published-branches} to @code{nil}.

@item
Various:

@itemize
@item
@code{stash-apply-3way} When a stash cannot be applied using @code{git stash
      apply}, then Magit uses @code{git apply} instead, possibly using the
@code{--3way} argument, which isn't always perfectly safe.  See also
@code{magit-stash-apply}.

@item
@code{kill-process} There seldom is a reason to kill a process.
@end itemize

@item
Global settings:

Instead of adding all of the above symbols to the value of this
option, you can also set it to the atom `t', which has the same
effect as adding all of the above symbols.  Doing that most
certainly is a bad idea, especially because other symbols might be
added in the future.  So even if you don't want to be asked for
confirmation for any of these actions, you are still better of
adding all of the respective symbols individually.

When @code{magit-wip-before-change-mode} is enabled, then the following
actions can be undone fairly easily: @code{discard}, @code{reverse},
@code{stage-all-changes}, and @code{unstage-all-changes}.  If and only if
this mode is enabled, then @code{safe-with-wip} has the same effect as
adding all of these symbols individually.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@anchor{Completion and Confirmation}
@subsection Completion and Confirmation

Many Magit commands ask the user to select from a list of possible
things to act on, while offering the most likely choice as the
default.  For many of these commands the default is the thing at
point, provided that it actually is a valid thing to act on.  For
many commands that act on a branch, the current branch serves as
the default if there is no branch at point.

These commands combine asking for confirmation and asking for a target
to act on into a single action.  The user can confirm the default
target using @code{RET} or abort using @code{C-g}.  This is similar to a @code{y-or-n-p}
prompt, but the keys to confirm or abort differ.

At the same time the user is also given the opportunity to select
another target, which is useful because for some commands and/or in
some situations you might want to select the action before selecting
the target by moving to it.

However you might find that for some commands you always want to use
the default target, if any, or even that you want the command to act
on the default without requiring any confirmation at all.  The option
@code{magit-dwim-selection} can be used to configure certain commands to that
effect.

Note that when the region is active then many commands act on the
things that are selected using a mechanism based on the region, in
many cases after asking for confirmation.  This region-based mechanism
is called the "selection" and is described in detail in the next
section.  When a selection exists that is valid for the invoked
command, then that command never offers to act on something else, and
whether it asks for confirmation is not controlled by this option.

Also note that Magit asks for confirmation of certain actions that are
not coupled with completion (or the selection).  Such dialogs are also
not affected by this option and are described in the previous section.

@defopt magit-dwim-selection
@end defopt
This option can be used to tell certain commands to use the thing
at point instead of asking the user to select a candidate to act
on, with or without confirmation.

The value has the form @code{((COMMAND nil|PROMPT DEFAULT)...)}.

@itemize
@item
COMMAND is the command that should not prompt for a choice.
To have an effect, the command has to use the function
@code{magit-completing-read} or a utility function which in turn uses
that function.

@item
If the command uses @code{magit-completing-read} multiple times, then
PROMPT can be used to only affect one of these uses.  PROMPT, if
non-nil, is a regular expression that is used to match against
the PROMPT argument passed to @code{magit-completing-read}.

@item
DEFAULT specifies how to use the default.  If it is @code{t}, then
the DEFAULT argument passed to @code{magit-completing-read} is used
without confirmation.  If it is @code{ask}, then the user is given
a chance to abort.  DEFAULT can also be @code{nil}, in which case the
entry has no effect.
@end itemize

@anchor{The Selection}
@subsection The Selection

If the region is active, then many Magit commands act on the things
that are selected using a mechanism based on the region instead of one
single thing.  When the region is not active, then these commands act
on the thing at point or read a single thing to act on.  This is
described in the previous section — this section only covers how
multiple things are selected, how that is visualized, and how certain
commands behave when that is the case.

Magit's mechanism for selecting multiple things, or rather sections
that represent these things, is based on the Emacs region, but the
area that Magit considers to be selected is typically larger than the
region and additional restrictions apply.

Magit makes a distinction between a region that qualifies as forming a
valid Magit selection and a region that does not.  If the region does
not qualify, then it is displayed as it is in other Emacs buffers.  If
the region does qualify as a Magit selection, then the selection is
always visualized, while the region itself is only visualized if it
begins and ends on the same line.

For a region to qualify as a Magit selection, it must begin in the
heading of one section and end in the heading of a sibling section.
Note that if the end of the region is at the very beginning of section
heading (i.e., at the very beginning of a line) then that section is
considered to be @strong{inside} the selection.

This is not consistent with how the region is normally treated in
Emacs — if the region ends at the beginning of a line, then that line
is outside the region.  Due to how Magit visualizes the selection, it
should be obvious that this difference exists.

Not every command acts on every valid selection.  Some commands do not
even consider the location of point, others may act on the section at
point but not support acting on the selection, and even commands that
do support the selection of course only do so if it selects things
that they can act on.

This is the main reason why the selection must include the section at
point.  Even if a selection exists, the invoked command may disregard
it, in which case it may act on the current section only.  It is much
safer to only act on the current section but not the other selected
sections than it is to act on the current section @strong{instead} of the
selected sections.  The latter would be much more surprising and if
the current section always is part of the selection, then that cannot
happen.

@defvar magit-keep-region-overlay
This variable controls whether the region is visualized as usual
even when a valid Magit selection or a hunk-internal region exists.
See the doc-string for more information.
@end defvar

@anchor{The hunk-internal region}
@subsection The hunk-internal region

Somewhat related to the Magit selection described in the previous
section is the hunk-internal region.

Like the selection, the hunk-internal region is based on the Emacs
region but causes that region to not be visualized as it would in
other Emacs buffers, and includes the line on which the region ends
even if it ends at the very beginning of that line.

Unlike the selection, which is based on a region that must begin in
the heading of one section and ends in the section of a sibling
section, the hunk-internal region must begin inside the @strong{body} of a
hunk section and end in the body of the @strong{same} section.

The hunk-internal region is honored by "apply" commands, which can,
among other targets, act on a hunk.  If the hunk-internal region is
active, then such commands act only on the marked part of the hunk
instead of on the complete hunk.

@anchor{Support for Completion Frameworks}
@subsection Support for Completion Frameworks

The built-in option @code{completing-read-function} specifies the low-level
function used by @code{completing-read} to ask a user to select from a list
of choices.  Its default value is @code{completing-read-default}.
Alternative completion frameworks typically activate themselves by
substituting their own implementation.

Mostly for historic reasons Magit provides a similar option named
@code{magit-completing-read-function}, which only controls the low-level
function used by @code{magit-completing-read}.  This option also makes it
possible to use a different completing mechanism for Magit than for
the rest of Emacs, but doing that is not recommend.

You most likely don't have to customize the magit-specific option to
use an alternative completion framework.  For example, if you enable
@code{ivy-mode}, then Magit will respect that, and if you enable @code{helm-mode},
then you are done too.

However if you want to use Ido, then @code{ido-mode} won't do the trick.  You
will also have to install the @code{ido-completing-read+} package and use
@code{magit-ido-completing-read} as @code{magit-completing-read-function}.

@defopt magit-completing-read-function
The value of this variable is the low-level function used to perform
completion by code that uses @code{magit-completing-read} (as opposed to
the built-in @code{completing-read}).

The default value, @code{magit-builtin-completing-read}, is suitable for
the standard completion mechanism, @code{ivy-mode}, and @code{helm-mode} at least.

The built-in @code{completing-read} and @code{completing-read-default} are @strong{not}
suitable to be used here.  @code{magit-builtin-completing-read} performs
some additional work, and any function used in its place has to do
the same.
@end defopt

@defun magit-builtin-completing-read prompt choices &optional predicate require-match initial-input hist def
This function performs completion using the built-in @code{completing-read}
and does some additional magit-specific work.
@end defun

@defun magit-ido-completing-read prompt choices &optional predicate require-match initial-input hist def
This function performs completion using @code{ido-completing-read+} from the
package by the same name (which you have to explicitly install) and
does some additional magit-specific work.

We have to use @code{ido-completing-read+} instead of the
@code{ido-completing-read} that comes with Ido itself, because the latter,
while intended as a drop-in replacement, cannot serve that purpose
because it violates too many of the implicit conventions.
@end defun

@defun magit-completing-read prompt choices &optional predicate require-match initial-input hist def fallback
This is the function that Magit commands use when they need the user
to select a single thing to act on.  The arguments have the same
meaning as for @code{completing-read}, except for FALLBACK, which is unique
to this function and is described below.

Instead of asking the user to choose from a list of possible
candidates, this function may just return the default specified by
DEF, with or without requiring user confirmation.  Whether that is
the case depends on PROMPT, @code{this-command} and @code{magit-dwim-selection}.
See the documentation of the latter for more information.

If it does read a value in the minibuffer, then this function acts
similar to @code{completing-read}, except for the following:

@itemize
@item
COLLECTION must be a list of choices.  A function is not
supported.

@item
If REQUIRE-MATCH is @code{nil} and the user exits without a choice, then
@code{nil} is returned instead of an empty string.

@item
If REQUIRE-MATCH is non-nil and the users exits without a choice,
an user-error is raised.

@item
FALLBACK specifies a secondary default that is only used if the
primary default DEF is @code{nil}.  The secondary default is not subject
to @code{magit-dwim-selection} — if DEF is @code{nil} but FALLBACK is not, then
this function always asks the user to choose a candidate, just as
if both defaults were @code{nil}.

@item
@code{format-prompt} is called on PROMPT and DEF (or FALLBACK if
DEF is @code{nil}).  This appends ": " to the prompt and may also
add the default to the prompt, using the format specified by
@code{minibuffer-default-prompt-format} and depending on
@code{magit-completing-read-default-prompt-predicate}.
@end itemize
@end defun

@anchor{Additional Completion Options}
@subsection Additional Completion Options

@defopt magit-list-refs-sortby
For many commands that read a ref or refs from the user, the value
of this option can be used to control the order of the refs.  Valid
values include any key accepted by the @code{--sort} flag of @code{git
  for-each-ref}.  By default, refs are sorted alphabetically by their
full name (e.g., "refs/heads/master").
@end defopt

@node Mouse Support
@section Mouse Support

Double clicking on a section heading toggles the visibility of its
body, if any.  Likewise clicking in the left fringe toggles the
visibility of the appropriate section.

A context menu is provided but has to be enabled explicitly.  In Emacs
28 and greater, enable the global mode @code{context-menu-mode}.  If you use an
older Emacs release, set @code{magit-section-show-context-menu-for-emacs<28}.

@node Running Git
@section Running Git

@anchor{Viewing Git Output}
@subsection Viewing Git Output

Magit runs Git either for side-effects (e.g., when pushing) or to get
some value (e.g., the name of the current branch).

When Git is run for side-effects, the process output is logged in a
per-repository log buffer, which can be consulted using the
@code{magit-process} command when things don't go as expected.

The output/errors for up to `magit-process-log-max' Git commands are
retained.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{$} (@code{magit-process})
@kindex $
@findex magit-process
This commands displays the process buffer for the current
repository.
@end table

Inside that buffer, the usual key bindings for navigating and showing
sections are available.  There is one additional command.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{k} (@code{magit-process-kill})
@kindex k
@findex magit-process-kill
This command kills the process represented by the section at point.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-toggle-git-debug}
@findex magit-toggle-git-debug
This command toggles whether additional git errors are reported.

Magit basically calls git for one of these two reasons: for
side-effects or to do something with its standard output.

When git is run for side-effects then its output, including error
messages, go into the process buffer which is shown when using @code{$}.

When git's output is consumed in some way, then it would be too
expensive to also insert it into this buffer, but with this command
that can be enabled temporarily.  In that case, if git returns with
a non-zero exit status, then at least its standard error is inserted
into this buffer.

Also note that just because git exits with a non-zero status and
prints an error message, that usually doesn't mean that it is an
error as far as Magit is concerned, which is another reason we
usually hide these error messages.  Whether some error message is
relevant in the context of some unexpected behavior has to be judged
on a case by case basis.
@end table

@anchor{Git Process Status}
@subsection Git Process Status

When a Git process is running for side-effects, Magit displays an
indicator in the mode line, using the @code{magit-mode-line-process} face.

If the Git process exits successfully, the process indicator is
removed from the mode line immediately.

In the case of a Git error, the process indicator is not removed, but
is instead highlighted with the @code{magit-mode-line-process-error} face,
and the error details from the process buffer are provided as a
tooltip for mouse users.  This error indicator persists in the mode
line until the next magit buffer refresh.

If you do not wish process errors to be indicated in the mode line,
customize the @code{magit-process-display-mode-line-error} user option.

Process errors are additionally indicated at the top of the status
buffer.

@anchor{Running Git Manually}
@subsection Running Git Manually

While Magit provides many Emacs commands to interact with Git, it does
not cover everything.  In those cases your existing Git knowledge will
come in handy.  Magit provides some commands for running arbitrary Git
commands by typing them into the minibuffer, instead of having to
switch to a shell.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{!} (@code{magit-run})
@kindex !
@findex magit-run
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{! !} (@code{magit-git-command-topdir})
@kindex ! !
@findex magit-git-command-topdir
This command reads a command from the user and executes it in the
top-level directory of the current working tree.

The string "git " is used as initial input when prompting the user
for the command.  It can be removed to run another command.

@item @kbd{:} (@code{magit-git-command})
@itemx @kbd{! p}
@kindex :
@kindex ! p
@findex magit-git-command
This command reads a command from the user and executes it in
@code{default-directory}.  With a prefix argument the command is executed
in the top-level directory of the current working tree instead.

The string "git " is used as initial input when prompting the user
for the command.  It can be removed to run another command.

@item @kbd{! s} (@code{magit-shell-command-topdir})
@kindex ! s
@findex magit-shell-command-topdir
This command reads a command from the user and executes it in the
top-level directory of the current working tree.

@item @kbd{! S} (@code{magit-shell-command})
@kindex ! S
@findex magit-shell-command
This command reads a command from the user and executes it in
@code{default-directory}.  With a prefix argument the command is executed
in the top-level directory of the current working tree instead.
@end table

@defopt magit-shell-command-verbose-prompt
Whether the prompt, used by the above commands when reading a
shell command, shows the directory in which it will be run.
@end defopt

These suffix commands start external gui tools.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{! k} (@code{magit-run-gitk})
@kindex ! k
@findex magit-run-gitk
This command runs @code{gitk} in the current repository.

@item @kbd{! a} (@code{magit-run-gitk-all})
@kindex ! a
@findex magit-run-gitk-all
This command runs @code{gitk --all} in the current repository.

@item @kbd{! b} (@code{magit-run-gitk-branches})
@kindex ! b
@findex magit-run-gitk-branches
This command runs @code{gitk --branches} in the current repository.

@item @kbd{! g} (@code{magit-run-git-gui})
@kindex ! g
@findex magit-run-git-gui
This command runs @code{git gui} in the current repository.

@item @kbd{! m} (@code{magit-git-mergetool})
@kindex ! m
@findex magit-git-mergetool
This command runs @samp{git mergetool --gui} in the current repository.

With a prefix argument this acts as a transient prefix command,
allowing the user to select the mergetool and change some settings.
@end table

@anchor{Git Executable}
@subsection Git Executable

When Magit calls Git, then it may do so using the absolute path to the
@code{git} executable, or using just its name.

When running @code{git} locally and the @code{system-type} is @code{windows-nt} (any
Windows version) or @code{darwin} (macOS) then @code{magit-git-executable} is set
to an absolute path when Magit is loaded.

On Windows it is necessary to use an absolute path because Git comes
with several wrapper scripts for the actual @code{git} binary, which are also
placed on @code{$PATH}, and using one of these wrappers instead of the binary
would degrade performance horribly.  For some macOS users using just
the name of the executable also performs horribly, so we avoid doing
that on that platform as well.  On other platforms, using just the
name seems to work just fine.

Using an absolute path when running @code{git} on a remote machine over
Tramp, would be problematic to use an absolute path that is suitable
on the local machine, so a separate option is used to control the name
or path that is used on remote machines.

@defopt magit-git-executable
The @code{git} executable used by Magit on the local host.  This should be
either the absolute path to the executable, or the string "git" to
let Emacs find the executable itself, using the standard mechanism
for doing such things.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-remote-git-executable
The @code{git} executable used by Magit on remote machines over Tramp.
Normally this should be just the string "git".  Consider customizing
@code{tramp-remote-path} instead of this option.
@end defopt

If Emacs is unable to find the correct executable, then you can
work around that by explicitly setting the value of one of these two
options.  Doing that should be considered a kludge; it is better to
make sure that the order in @code{exec-path} or @code{tramp-remote-path} is correct.

Note that @code{exec-path} is set based on the value of the @code{PATH} environment
variable that is in effect when Emacs is started.  If you set @code{PATH} in
your shell's init files, then that only has an effect on Emacs if you
start it from that shell (because the environment of a process is only
passed to its child processes, not to arbitrary other processes).  If
that is not how you start Emacs, then the @code{exec-path-from-shell} package
can help; though honestly I consider that a kludge too.

The command @code{magit-debug-git-executable} can be useful to find out where
Emacs is searching for @code{git}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-x magit-debug-git-executable}
@findex magit-debug-git-executable
This command displays a buffer with information about
@code{magit-git-executable} and  @code{magit-remote-git-executable}.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-version}
@findex magit-version
This command shows the currently used versions of Magit, Git, and
Emacs in the echo area.  Non-interactively this just returns the
Magit version.
@end table

@anchor{Global Git Arguments}
@subsection Global Git Arguments

@defopt magit-git-global-arguments
The arguments set here are used every time the git executable is run
as a subprocess.  They are placed right after the executable itself
and before the git command - as in @code{git HERE... COMMAND REST}.  For
valid arguments see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git">git(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git(1) manpage.
@end iftex

Be careful what you add here, especially if you are using Tramp to
connect to servers with ancient Git versions.  Never remove anything
that is part of the default value, unless you really know what you
are doing.  And think very hard before adding something; it will be
used every time Magit runs Git for any purpose.
@end defopt

@node Inspecting
@chapter Inspecting

The functionality provided by Magit can be roughly divided into three
groups: inspecting existing data, manipulating existing data or adding
new data, and transferring data.  Of course that is a rather crude
distinction that often falls short, but it's more useful than no
distinction at all.  This section is concerned with inspecting data,
the next two with manipulating and transferring it.  Then follows a
section about miscellaneous functionality, which cannot easily be fit
into this distinction.

Of course other distinctions make sense too, e.g., Git's distinction
between porcelain and plumbing commands, which for the most part is
equivalent to Emacs' distinction between interactive commands and
non-interactive functions.  All of the sections mentioned before are
mainly concerned with the porcelain -- Magit's plumbing layer is
described later.

@menu
* Status Buffer::
* Repository List::
* Logging::
* Diffing::
* Ediffing::
* References Buffer::
* Bisecting::
* Visiting Files and Blobs::
* Blaming::
@end menu

@node Status Buffer
@section Status Buffer

While other Magit buffers contain, e.g., one particular diff or one
particular log, the status buffer contains the diffs for staged and
unstaged changes, logs for unpushed and unpulled commits, lists of
stashes and untracked files, and information related to the current
branch.

During certain incomplete operations -- for example when a merge
resulted in a conflict -- additional information is displayed that
helps proceeding with or aborting the operation.

The command @code{magit-status} displays the status buffer belonging to the
current repository in another window.  This command is used so often
that it should be bound globally.  We recommend using @code{C-x g}:

@lisp
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x g") 'magit-status)
@end lisp

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-x g} (@code{magit-status})
@kindex C-x g
@findex magit-status
When invoked from within an existing Git repository, then this
command shows the status of that repository in a buffer.

If the current directory isn't located within a Git repository, then
this command prompts for an existing repository or an arbitrary
directory, depending on the option @code{magit-repository-directories}, and
the status for the selected repository is shown instead.

@itemize
@item
If that option specifies any existing repositories, then the user
is asked to select one of them.

@item
Otherwise the user is asked to select an arbitrary directory using
regular file-name completion.  If the selected directory is the
top-level directory of an existing working tree, then the status
buffer for that is shown.

@item
Otherwise the user is offered to initialize the selected directory
as a new repository.  After creating the repository its status
buffer is shown.
@end itemize

These fallback behaviors can also be forced using one or more
prefix arguments:

@itemize
@item
With two prefix arguments (or more precisely a numeric prefix
value of 16 or greater) an arbitrary directory is read, which is
then acted on as described above.  The same could be accomplished
using the command @code{magit-init}.

@item
With a single prefix argument an existing repository is read from
the user, or if no repository can be found based on the value of
@code{magit-repository-directories}, then the behavior is the same as with
two prefix arguments.
@end itemize
@end table

@defopt magit-repository-directories
List of directories that are Git repositories or contain Git
repositories.

Each element has the form @code{(DIRECTORY . DEPTH)}.  DIRECTORY has to be
a directory or a directory file-name, a string.  DEPTH, an integer,
specifies the maximum depth to look for Git repositories.  If it is
0, then only add DIRECTORY itself.

This option controls which repositories are being listed by
@code{magit-list-repositories}.  It also affects @code{magit-status} (which see)
in potentially surprising ways (see above).
@end defopt

@deffn Command magit-status-quick
This command is an alternative to @code{magit-status} that usually avoids
refreshing the status buffer.

If the status buffer of the current Git repository exists but isn't
being displayed in the selected frame, then it is displayed without
being refreshed.

If the status buffer is being displayed in the selected frame,
then this command refreshes it.

Prefix arguments have the same meaning as for @code{magit-status},
and additionally cause the buffer to be refresh.

To use this command add this to your init file:

@lisp
(global-set-key (kbd "C-x g") 'magit-status-quick).
@end lisp

If you do that and then for once want to redisplay the buffer and
also immediately refresh it, then type @code{C-x g} followed by @code{g}.

A possible alternative command is @code{magit-display-repository-buffer}.
It supports displaying any existing Magit buffer that belongs to the
current repository; not just the status buffer.
@end deffn

@deffn Command ido-enter-magit-status
From an Ido prompt used to open a file, instead drop into
@code{magit-status}.  This is similar to @code{ido-magic-delete-char}, which,
despite its name, usually causes a Dired buffer to be created.

To make this command available, use something like:

@lisp
(add-hook 'ido-setup-hook
          (lambda ()
            (define-key ido-completion-map
              (kbd \"C-x g\") 'ido-enter-magit-status)))
@end lisp

Starting with Emacs 25.1 the Ido keymaps are defined just once
instead of every time Ido is invoked, so now you can modify it
like pretty much every other keymap:

@lisp
(define-key ido-common-completion-map
  (kbd \"C-x g\") 'ido-enter-magit-status)
@end lisp
@end deffn

@anchor{Status Sections}
@subsection Status Sections

The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook
@code{magit-status-sections-hook}.  See @ref{Section Hooks} to learn about such
hooks and how to customize them.

@defopt magit-status-sections-hook
This hook is run to insert sections into a status buffer.

The functions described in this section, and the functions
@code{magit-insert-status-headers} and @code{magit-insert-untracked-files},
which are described in subsequent sections, are members of this
hook.

Some additional functions that can be added to this hook, but are by
default added to another hooks, are listed in @ref{References Buffer}.
@end defopt

@defun magit-insert-merge-log
Insert section for the on-going merge.  Display the heads that are
being merged.  If no merge is in progress, do nothing.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-rebase-sequence
Insert section for the on-going rebase sequence.
If no such sequence is in progress, do nothing.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-am-sequence
Insert section for the on-going patch applying sequence.
If no such sequence is in progress, do nothing.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-sequencer-sequence
Insert section for the on-going cherry-pick or revert sequence.
If no such sequence is in progress, do nothing.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-bisect-output
While bisecting, insert section with output from @code{git bisect}.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-bisect-rest
While bisecting, insert section visualizing the bisect state.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-bisect-log
While bisecting, insert section logging bisect progress.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-unstaged-changes
Insert section showing unstaged changes.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-staged-changes
Insert section showing staged changes.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-stashes &optional ref heading
Insert the @code{stashes} section showing reflog for "refs/stash".
If optional REF is non-nil show reflog for that instead.
If optional HEADING is non-nil use that as section heading
instead of "Stashes:".
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-unpulled-from-upstream
Insert section showing commits that haven't been pulled from the
upstream branch yet.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-unpulled-from-pushremote
Insert section showing commits that haven't been pulled from the
push-remote branch yet.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-unpushed-to-upstream
Insert section showing commits that haven't been pushed to the
upstream yet.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-unpushed-to-pushremote
Insert section showing commits that haven't been pushed to the
push-remote yet.
@end defun

@anchor{Status File List Sections}
@subsection Status File List Sections

These functions honor the buffer's file filter, which can be set using
@code{D - -}.

@defun magit-insert-untracked-files
This function may insert a list of untracked files.  Whether it
actually does so, depends on the option described next.
@end defun

@defopt magit-status-show-untracked-files
This option controls whether the above function inserts a list of
untracked files in the status buffer.

@itemize
@item
If @code{nil}, do not list any untracked files.
@item
If @code{t}, list untracked files, but if a directory does not contain any
untracked files, then only list that directory, not the contained
untracked files.
@item
If @code{all}, then list each individual untracked files.  This is can be
very slow and is discouraged.
@end itemize

The corresponding values for the Git variable are "no", "normal"
and "all".

To disable listing untracked files in a specific repository only,
add the following to @code{.dir-locals.el}:

@lisp
((magit-status-mode
 (magit-status-show-untracked-files . "no")))
@end lisp

Alternatively (and mostly for historic reasons), it is possible to
use @code{git config} to set the repository-local value:

@example
git config set --local status.showUntrackedFiles no
@end example

This does @strong{not} override the (if any) local value of this Lisp variable,
but it does override its global value.

See the last section in the git-status(1) manpage, to speed up the part
of the work Git is responsible for.  Turning that list into sections is
also not free, so Magit only lists @code{magit-status-file-list-limit} files.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-status-file-list-limit
This option controls many files are listed at most in each section
that lists files in the status buffer.  For performance reasons, it
is recommended that you do not increase this limit.
@end defopt

While the above function is a member of @code{magit-status-section-hook} by
default, the following functions have to be explicitly added by the
user.  Because that negatively affects performance, it is recommended
that you don't do that.

@defun magit-insert-tracked-files
Insert a list of tracked files.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-ignored-files
Insert a list of ignored files.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-skip-worktree-files
Insert a list of skip-worktree files.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-assumed-unchanged-files
Insert a list of files that are assumed to be unchanged.
@end defun

@anchor{Status Log Sections}
@subsection Status Log Sections

@defun magit-insert-unpulled-or-recent-commits
Insert section showing unpulled or recent commits.
If an upstream is configured for the current branch and it is
ahead of the current branch, then show the missing commits.
Otherwise, show the last @code{magit-log-section-commit-count}
commits.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-recent-commits
Insert section showing the last @code{magit-log-section-commit-count}
commits.
@end defun

@defopt magit-log-section-commit-count
How many recent commits @code{magit-insert-recent-commits} and
@code{magit-insert-unpulled-or-recent-commits} (provided there are no
unpulled commits) show.
@end defopt

@defun magit-insert-unpulled-cherries
Insert section showing unpulled commits.
Like @code{magit-insert-unpulled-commits} but prefix each commit
that has not been applied yet (i.e., a commit with a patch-id
not shared with any local commit) with "+", and all others
with "-".
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-unpushed-cherries
Insert section showing unpushed commits.
Like @code{magit-insert-unpushed-commits} but prefix each commit
which has not been applied to upstream yet (i.e., a commit with
a patch-id not shared with any upstream commit) with "+" and
all others with "-".
@end defun

@anchor{Status Header Sections}
@subsection Status Header Sections

The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook
@code{magit-status-sections-hook} (see @ref{Status Sections}).

By default @code{magit-insert-status-headers} is the first member of that
hook variable.

@defun magit-insert-status-headers
Insert headers sections appropriate for @code{magit-status-mode} buffers.
The sections are inserted by running the functions on the hook
@code{magit-status-headers-hook}.
@end defun

@defopt magit-status-headers-hook
Hook run to insert headers sections into the status buffer.

This hook is run by @code{magit-insert-status-headers}, which in turn has
to be a member of @code{magit-status-sections-hook} to be used at all.
@end defopt

By default the following functions are members of the above hook:

@defun magit-insert-error-header
Insert a header line showing the message about the Git error that
just occurred.

This function is only aware of the last error that occur when Git
was run for side-effects.  If, for example, an error occurs while
generating a diff, then that error won't be inserted.  Refreshing
the status buffer causes this section to disappear again.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-diff-filter-header
Insert a header line showing the effective diff filters.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-head-branch-header
Insert a header line about the current branch or detached @code{HEAD}.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-upstream-branch-header
Insert a header line about the branch that is usually pulled into
the current branch.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-push-branch-header
Insert a header line about the branch that the current branch is
usually pushed to.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-tags-header
Insert a header line about the current and/or next tag, along with
the number of commits between the tag and @code{HEAD}.
@end defun

The following functions can also be added to the above hook:

@defun magit-insert-repo-header
Insert a header line showing the path to the repository top-level.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-remote-header
Insert a header line about the remote of the current branch.

If no remote is configured for the current branch, then fall back
showing the "origin" remote, or if that does not exist the first
remote in alphabetic order.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-user-header
Insert a header line about the current user.
@end defun

@anchor{Status Module Sections}
@subsection Status Module Sections

The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook
@code{magit-status-sections-hook} (see @ref{Status Sections}).

By default @code{magit-insert-modules} is @emph{not} a member of that hook
variable.

@defun magit-insert-modules
Insert submodule sections.

Hook @code{magit-module-sections-hook} controls which module sections are
inserted, and option @code{magit-module-sections-nested} controls whether
they are wrapped in an additional section.
@end defun

@defopt magit-module-sections-hook
Hook run by @code{magit-insert-modules}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-module-sections-nested
This option controls whether @code{magit-insert-modules} wraps inserted
sections in an additional section.

If this is non-nil, then only a single top-level section is inserted.
If it is nil, then all sections listed in @code{magit-module-sections-hook}
become top-level sections.
@end defopt

@defun magit-insert-modules-overview
Insert sections for all submodules.  For each section insert the
path, the branch, and the output of @code{git describe --tags},
or, failing that, the abbreviated HEAD commit hash.

Press @code{RET} on such a submodule section to show its own status buffer.
Press @code{RET} on the "Modules" section to display a list of submodules
in a separate buffer.  This shows additional information not
displayed in the super-repository's status buffer.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-modules-unpulled-from-upstream
Insert sections for modules that haven't been pulled from the
upstream yet.  These sections can be expanded to show the respective
commits.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-modules-unpulled-from-pushremote
Insert sections for modules that haven't been pulled from the
push-remote yet.  These sections can be expanded to show the
respective commits.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-modules-unpushed-to-upstream
Insert sections for modules that haven't been pushed to the upstream
yet.  These sections can be expanded to show the respective commits.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-modules-unpushed-to-pushremote
Insert sections for modules that haven't been pushed to the
push-remote yet.  These sections can be expanded to show the
respective commits.
@end defun

@anchor{Status Options}
@subsection Status Options

@defopt magit-status-margin
This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in
Magit-Status mode buffers and how it is formatted.

The value has the form @code{(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)}.

@itemize
@item
If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially.
@item
STYLE controls how to format the author or committer date.  It can
be one of @code{age} (to show the age of the commit), @code{age-abbreviated} (to
abbreviate the time unit to a character), or a string (suitable
for @code{format-time-string}) to show the actual date.  Option
@code{magit-log-margin-show-committer-date} controls which date is being
displayed.
@item
WIDTH controls the width of the margin.  This exists for forward
compatibility and currently the value should not be changed.
@item
AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown by
default.
@item
AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer.  When the name of the author
is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to do so.
@end itemize
@end defopt

Also see the proceeding section for more options concerning status
buffers.

@node Repository List
@section Repository List

@deffn Command magit-list-repositories
This command displays a list of repositories in a separate buffer.

The option @code{magit-repository-directories} controls which repositories are
displayed.
@end deffn

@defopt magit-repolist-columns
This option controls what columns are displayed by the command
@code{magit-list-repositories} and how they are displayed.

Each element has the form @code{(HEADER WIDTH FORMAT PROPS)}.

HEADER is the string displayed in the header.  WIDTH is the width
of the column.  FORMAT is a function that is called with one
argument, the repository identification (usually its basename),
and with @code{default-directory} bound to the toplevel of its working
tree.  It has to return a string to be inserted or nil.  PROPS is
an alist that supports the keys @code{:right-align}, @code{:pad-right} and
@code{:sort}.

The @code{:sort} function has a weird interface described in the
docstring of @code{tabulated-list--get-sort}.  Alternatively @code{<} and
@code{magit-repolist-version<} can be used as those functions are
automatically replaced with functions that satisfy the interface.
Set @code{:sort} to @code{nil} to inhibit sorting; if unspecified, then the
column is sortable using the default sorter.

You may wish to display a range of numeric columns using just one
character per column and without any padding between columns, in
which case you should use an appropriate HEADER, set WIDTH to 1,
and set @code{:pad-right} to 9. @code{+} is substituted for numbers higher than 9.
@end defopt

@noindent
The following functions can be added to the above option:

@defun magit-repolist-column-ident
This function inserts the identification of the repository.  Usually
this is just its basename.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-path
This function inserts the absolute path of the repository.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-version
This function inserts a description of the repository's @code{HEAD} revision.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-branch
This function inserts the name of the current branch.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-upstream
This function inserts the name of the upstream branch of the current
branch.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-branches
This function inserts the number of branches.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-stashes
This function inserts the number of stashes.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-flag
This function inserts a flag as specified by
@code{magit-repolist-column-flag-alist}.

By default this indicates whether there are uncommitted changes.

@itemize
@item
@code{N} if there is at least one untracked file.
@item
@code{U} if there is at least one unstaged file.
@item
@code{S} if there is at least one staged file.
@end itemize

Only the first one of these that applies is shown.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-flags
This functions insert all flags as specified by
@code{magit-repolist-column-flag-alist}.

This is an alternative to function @code{magit-repolist-column-flag},
which only lists the first one found.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-unpulled-from-upstream
This function inserts the number of upstream commits not in the
current branch.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-unpulled-from-pushremote
This function inserts the number of commits in the push branch but
not the current branch.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-unpushed-to-upstream
This function inserts the number of commits in the current branch
but not its upstream.
@end defun

@defun magit-repolist-column-unpushed-to-pushremote
This function inserts the number of commits in the current branch
but not its push branch.
@end defun

@noindent
The following commands are available in repolist buffers:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{@key{RET}} (@code{magit-repolist-status})
@kindex RET
@findex magit-repolist-status
This command shows the status for the repository at point.

@item @kbd{m} (@code{magit-repolist-mark})
@kindex m
@findex magit-repolist-mark
This command marks the repository at point.

@item @kbd{u} (@code{magit-repolist-unmark})
@kindex u
@findex magit-repolist-unmark
This command unmarks the repository at point.

@item @kbd{f} (@code{magit-repolist-fetch})
@kindex f
@findex magit-repolist-fetch
This command fetches all marked repositories.  If no repositories
are marked, then it offers to fetch all displayed repositories.

@item @kbd{5} (@code{magit-repolist-find-file-other-frame})
@kindex 5
@findex magit-repolist-find-file-other-frame
This command reads a relative file-name (without completion) and
opens the respective file in each marked repository in a new frame.
If no repositories are marked, then it offers to do this for all
displayed repositories.
@end table

@node Logging
@section Logging

The status buffer contains logs for the unpushed and unpulled commits,
but that obviously isn't enough.  The transient prefix command
@code{magit-log}, on @code{l}, features several suffix commands, which show a
specific log in a separate log buffer.

Like other transient prefix commands, @code{magit-log} also features several
infix arguments that can be changed before invoking one of the suffix
commands.  However, in the case of the log transient, these arguments
may be taken from those currently in use in the current repository's
log buffer, depending on the value of @code{magit-prefix-use-buffer-arguments}
(see @ref{Transient Arguments and Buffer Variables}).

For information about the various arguments, see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-log,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-log">git-log(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-log(1) manpage.
@end iftex
The switch @code{++order=VALUE} is converted to one of @code{--author-date-order},
@code{--date-order}, or @code{--topo-order} before being passed to @code{git log}.

The log transient also features several reflog commands.  See @ref{Reflog}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{l} (@code{magit-log})
@kindex l
@findex magit-log
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{l l} (@code{magit-log-current})
@kindex l l
@findex magit-log-current
Show log for the current branch.  When @code{HEAD} is detached or with a
prefix argument, show log for one or more revs read from the
minibuffer.

@item @kbd{l h} (@code{magit-log-head})
@kindex l h
@findex magit-log-head
Show log for @code{HEAD}.

@item @kbd{l u} (@code{magit-log-related})
@kindex l u
@findex magit-log-related
Show log for the current branch, its upstream and its push target.
When the upstream is a local branch, then also show its own
upstream.  When @code{HEAD} is detached, then show log for that, the
previously checked out branch and its upstream and push-target.

@item @kbd{l o} (@code{magit-log-other})
@kindex l o
@findex magit-log-other
Show log for one or more revs read from the minibuffer.  The user
can input any revision or revisions separated by a space, or even
ranges, but only branches, tags, and a representation of the
commit at point are available as completion candidates.

@item @kbd{l L} (@code{magit-log-branches})
@kindex l L
@findex magit-log-branches
Show log for all local branches and @code{HEAD}.

@item @kbd{l b} (@code{magit-log-all-branches})
@kindex l b
@findex magit-log-all-branches
Show log for all local and remote branches and @code{HEAD}.

@item @kbd{l a} (@code{magit-log-all})
@kindex l a
@findex magit-log-all
Show log for all references and @code{HEAD}.
@end table

Two additional commands that show the log for the file or blob that is
being visited in the current buffer exists, see @ref{Commands for Buffers Visiting Files}.  The command @code{magit-cherry} also shows a log, see
@ref{Cherries}.

@anchor{Refreshing Logs}
@subsection Refreshing Logs

The transient prefix command @code{magit-log-refresh}, on @code{L}, can be used to
change the log arguments used in the current buffer, without changing
which log is shown.  This works in dedicated log buffers, but also in
the status buffer.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{L} (@code{magit-log-refresh})
@kindex L
@findex magit-log-refresh
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{L g} (@code{magit-log-refresh})
@kindex L g
@findex magit-log-refresh
This suffix command sets the local log arguments for the current
buffer.

@item @kbd{L s} (@code{magit-log-set-default-arguments})
@kindex L s
@findex magit-log-set-default-arguments
This suffix command sets the default log arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer.  Other existing buffers
of the same type are not affected because their local values have
already been initialized.

@item @kbd{L w} (@code{magit-log-save-default-arguments})
@kindex L w
@findex magit-log-save-default-arguments
This suffix command sets the default log arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer, and saves the value for
future sessions.  Other existing buffers of the same type are not
affected because their local values have already been initialized.

@item @kbd{L L} (@code{magit-toggle-margin})
@kindex L L
@findex magit-toggle-margin
Show or hide the margin.
@end table

@anchor{Log Buffer}
@subsection Log Buffer

@table @asis
@item @kbd{L} (@code{magit-log-refresh})
@kindex L
@findex magit-log-refresh
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

See @ref{Refreshing Logs}.

@item @kbd{q} (@code{magit-log-bury-buffer})
@kindex q
@findex magit-log-bury-buffer
Bury the current buffer or the revision buffer in the same frame.
Like @code{magit-mode-bury-buffer} (which see) but with a negative prefix
argument instead bury the revision buffer, provided it is displayed
in the current frame.

@item @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{magit-go-backward})
@kindex C-c C-b
@findex magit-go-backward
Move backward in current buffer's history.

@item @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{magit-go-forward})
@kindex C-c C-f
@findex magit-go-forward
Move forward in current buffer's history.

@item @kbd{C-c C-n} (@code{magit-log-move-to-parent})
@kindex C-c C-n
@findex magit-log-move-to-parent
Move to a parent of the current commit.  By default, this is the
first parent, but a numeric prefix can be used to specify another
parent.

@item @kbd{j} (@code{magit-log-move-to-revision})
@kindex j
@findex magit-log-move-to-revision
Read a revision and move to it in current log buffer.

If the chosen reference or revision isn't being displayed in
the current log buffer, then inform the user about that and do
nothing else.

If invoked outside any log buffer, then display the log buffer
of the current repository first; creating it if necessary.

@item @kbd{@key{SPC}} (@code{magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up})
@kindex SPC
@findex magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up
Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point.

Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer,
or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame
and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead
scroll the buffer up.  If there is no commit or stash at point, then
prompt for a commit.

@item @kbd{@key{DEL}} (@code{magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down})
@kindex DEL
@findex magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down
Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point.

Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer,
or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame
and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead
scroll the buffer down.  If there is no commit or stash at point,
then prompt for a commit.

@item @kbd{=} (@code{magit-log-toggle-commit-limit})
@kindex =
@findex magit-log-toggle-commit-limit
Toggle the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to.
If the number of commits is currently limited, then remove that
limit.  Otherwise set it to 256.

@item @kbd{+} (@code{magit-log-double-commit-limit})
@kindex +
@findex magit-log-double-commit-limit
Double the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to.

@item @kbd{-} (@code{magit-log-half-commit-limit})
@kindex -
@findex magit-log-half-commit-limit
Half the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to.
@end table

@defopt magit-log-auto-more
Insert more log entries automatically when moving past the last
entry.  Only considered when moving past the last entry with
@code{magit-goto-*-section} commands.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-log-show-refname-after-summary
Whether to show the refnames after the commit summaries.  This is
useful if you use really long branch names.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-log-show-color-graph-limit
When showing more commits than specified by this option, then the
@code{--color} argument, if specified, is silently dropped.  This is
necessary because the @code{ansi-color} library, which is used to turn
control sequences into faces, is just too slow.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-log-show-signatures-limit
When showing more commits than specified by this option, then the
@code{--show-signature} argument, if specified, is silently dropped.  This
is necessary because checking the signature of a large number of
commits is just too slow.
@end defopt

Magit displays references in logs a bit differently from how Git does
it.

Local branches are blue and remote branches are green.  Of course that
depends on the used theme, as do the colors used for other types of
references.  The current branch has a box around it, as do remote
branches that are their respective remote's @code{HEAD} branch.

If a local branch and its push-target point at the same commit, then
their names are combined to preserve space and to make that
relationship visible.  For example:

@example
origin/feature
[green][blue-]

instead of

feature origin/feature
[blue-] [green-------]
@end example

Also note that while the transient features the @code{--show-signature}
argument, that won't actually be used when enabled, because Magit
defaults to use just one line per commit.  Instead the commit
colorized to indicate the validity of the signed commit object,
using the faces named @code{magit-signature-*} (which see).

For a description of @code{magit-log-margin} see @ref{Log Margin}.

@anchor{Log Margin}
@subsection Log Margin

In buffers which show one or more logs, it is possible to show
additional information about each commit in the margin.  The options
used to configure the margin are named @code{magit-INFIX-margin}, where INFIX
is the same as in the respective major-mode @code{magit-INFIX-mode}.  In
regular log buffers that would be @code{magit-log-margin}.

@defopt magit-log-margin
This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in
Magit-Log mode buffers and how it is formatted.

The value has the form @code{(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)}.

@itemize
@item
If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially.
@item
STYLE controls how to format the author or committer date.  It can
be one of @code{age} (to show the age of the commit), @code{age-abbreviated} (to
abbreviate the time unit to a character), or a string (suitable
for @code{format-time-string}) to show the actual date.  Option
@code{magit-log-margin-show-committer-date} controls which date is being
displayed.
@item
WIDTH controls the width of the margin.  This exists for forward
compatibility and currently the value should not be changed.
@item
AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown by
default.
@item
AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer.  When the name of the author
is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to do so.
@end itemize
@end defopt

You can change the STYLE and AUTHOR-WIDTH of all @code{magit-INFIX-margin}
options to the same values by customizing @code{magit-log-margin} @strong{before}
@code{magit} is loaded.  If you do that, then the respective values for the
other options will default to what you have set for that variable.
Likewise if you set INIT in @code{magit-log-margin} to @code{nil}, then that is used
in the default of all other options.  But setting it to @code{t}, i.e.
re-enforcing the default for that option, does not carry to other
options.

@defopt magit-log-margin-show-committer-date
This option specifies whether to show the committer date in the
margin.  This option only controls whether the committer date is
displayed instead of the author date.  Whether some date is
displayed in the margin and whether the margin is displayed at all
is controlled by other options.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{L} (@code{magit-margin-settings})
@kindex L
@findex magit-margin-settings
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands,
each of which changes the appearance of the margin in some way.
@end table

In some buffers that support the margin, @code{L} is instead bound to
@code{magit-log-refresh}, but that transient features the same commands, and
then some other unrelated commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{L L} (@code{magit-toggle-margin})
@kindex L L
@findex magit-toggle-margin
This command shows or hides the margin.

@item @kbd{L l} (@code{magit-cycle-margin-style})
@kindex L l
@findex magit-cycle-margin-style
This command cycles the style used for the margin.

@item @kbd{L d} (@code{magit-toggle-margin-details})
@kindex L d
@findex magit-toggle-margin-details
This command shows or hides details in the margin.
@end table

@anchor{Select from Log}
@subsection Select from Log

When the user has to select a recent commit that is reachable from
@code{HEAD}, using regular completion would be inconvenient (because most
humans cannot remember hashes or "HEAD~5", at least not without double
checking).  Instead a log buffer is used to select the commit, which
has the advantage that commits are presented in order and with the
commit message.

Such selection logs are used when selecting the beginning of a rebase
and when selecting the commit to be squashed into.

In addition to the key bindings available in all log buffers, the
following additional key bindings are available in selection log
buffers:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{magit-log-select-pick})
@kindex C-c C-c
@findex magit-log-select-pick
Select the commit at point and act on it.  Call
@code{magit-log-select-pick-function} with the selected commit as
argument.

@item @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{magit-log-select-quit})
@kindex C-c C-k
@findex magit-log-select-quit
Abort selecting a commit, don't act on any commit.
@end table

@defopt magit-log-select-margin
This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in
Magit-Log-Select mode buffers and how it is formatted.

The value has the form @code{(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)}.

@itemize
@item
If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially.
@item
STYLE controls how to format the author or committer date.  It can
be one of @code{age} (to show the age of the commit), @code{age-abbreviated} (to
abbreviate the time unit to a character), or a string (suitable
for @code{format-time-string}) to show the actual date.  Option
@code{magit-log-margin-show-committer-date} controls which date is being
displayed.
@item
WIDTH controls the width of the margin.  This exists for forward
compatibility and currently the value should not be changed.
@item
AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown by
default.
@item
AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer.  When the name of the author
is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to do so.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@anchor{Reflog}
@subsection Reflog

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-reflog,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-reflog">git-reflog(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-reflog(1) manpage.
@end iftex

These reflog commands are available from the log transient.  See
@ref{Logging}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{l r} (@code{magit-reflog-current})
@kindex l r
@findex magit-reflog-current
Display the reflog of the current branch.

@item @kbd{l O} (@code{magit-reflog-other})
@kindex l O
@findex magit-reflog-other
Display the reflog of a branch or another ref.

@item @kbd{l H} (@code{magit-reflog-head})
@kindex l H
@findex magit-reflog-head
Display the @code{HEAD} reflog.
@end table

@defopt magit-reflog-margin
This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in
Magit-Reflog mode buffers and how it is formatted.

The value has the form @code{(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)}.

@itemize
@item
If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially.
@item
STYLE controls how to format the author or committer date.  It can
be one of @code{age} (to show the age of the commit), @code{age-abbreviated} (to
abbreviate the time unit to a character), or a string (suitable
for @code{format-time-string}) to show the actual date.  Option
@code{magit-log-margin-show-committer-date} controls which date is being
displayed.
@item
WIDTH controls the width of the margin.  This exists for forward
compatibility and currently the value should not be changed.
@item
AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown by
default.
@item
AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer.  When the name of the author
is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to do so.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@anchor{Cherries}
@subsection Cherries

Cherries are commits that haven't been applied upstream (yet), and are
usually visualized using a log.  Each commit is prefixed with @code{-} if it
has an equivalent in the upstream and @code{+} if it does not, i.e., if it is
a cherry.

The command @code{magit-cherry} shows cherries for a single branch, but the
references buffer (see @ref{References Buffer}) can show cherries for
multiple "upstreams" at once.

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-reflog,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-reflog">git-reflog(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-reflog(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{Y} (@code{magit-cherry})
@kindex Y
@findex magit-cherry
Show commits that are in a certain branch but that have not been
merged in the upstream branch.
@end table

@defopt magit-cherry-margin
This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in
Magit-Cherry mode buffers and how it is formatted.

The value has the form @code{(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)}.

@itemize
@item
If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially.
@item
STYLE controls how to format the author or committer date.  It can
be one of @code{age} (to show the age of the commit), @code{age-abbreviated} (to
abbreviate the time unit to a character), or a string (suitable
for @code{format-time-string}) to show the actual date.  Option
@code{magit-log-margin-show-committer-date} controls which date is being
displayed.
@item
WIDTH controls the width of the margin.  This exists for forward
compatibility and currently the value should not be changed.
@item
AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown by
default.
@item
AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer.  When the name of the author
is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to do so.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@node Diffing
@section Diffing

The status buffer contains diffs for the staged and unstaged commits,
but that obviously isn't enough.  The transient prefix command
@code{magit-diff}, on @code{d}, features several suffix commands, which show a
specific diff in a separate diff buffer.

Like other transient prefix commands, @code{magit-diff} also features several
infix arguments that can be changed before invoking one of the suffix
commands.  However, in the case of the diff transient, these arguments may
be taken from those currently in use in the current repository's diff
buffer, depending on the value of @code{magit-prefix-use-buffer-arguments}
(see @ref{Transient Arguments and Buffer Variables}).

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-diff,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-diff">git-diff(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-diff(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{d} (@code{magit-diff})
@kindex d
@findex magit-diff
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{d d} (@code{magit-diff-dwim})
@kindex d d
@findex magit-diff-dwim
Show changes for the thing at point.

For example, if point is on a commit, show the changes introduced by
that commit.  Likewise if point is on the section titled "Unstaged
changes", then show those changes in a separate buffer.  Generally
speaking, compare the thing at point with the most logical, trivial
and (in @strong{any} situation) at least potentially useful other thing it
could be compared to.

When the region selects commits, then compare the two commits at
either end.  There are different ways two commits can be compared.
In the buffer showing the diff, you can control how the comparison,
is done, using "D r" and "D f".

This function does not always show the changes that you might want
to view in any given situation.  You can think of the changes being
shown as the smallest common denominator.  There is no AI involved.
If this command never does what you want, then ignore it, and instead
use the commands that allow you to explicitly specify what you need.

@item @kbd{d r} (@code{magit-diff-range})
@kindex d r
@findex magit-diff-range
Show differences between two commits.

RANGE should be a range (A..B or A@dots{}B) but can also be a single
commit.  If one side of the range is omitted, then it defaults to
@code{HEAD}.  If just a commit is given, then changes in the working tree
relative to that commit are shown.

If the region is active, use the revisions on the first and last
line of the region.  With a prefix argument, instead of diffing the
revisions, choose a revision to view changes along, starting at the
common ancestor of both revisions (i.e., use a "@dots{}"  range).

@item @kbd{d w} (@code{magit-diff-working-tree})
@kindex d w
@findex magit-diff-working-tree
Show changes between the current working tree and the @code{HEAD} commit.
With a prefix argument show changes between the working tree and a
commit read from the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{d s} (@code{magit-diff-staged})
@kindex d s
@findex magit-diff-staged
Show changes between the index and the @code{HEAD} commit.  With a prefix
argument show changes between the index and a commit read from the
minibuffer.

@item @kbd{d u} (@code{magit-diff-unstaged})
@kindex d u
@findex magit-diff-unstaged
Show changes between the working tree and the index.

@item @kbd{d p} (@code{magit-diff-paths})
@kindex d p
@findex magit-diff-paths
Show changes between any two files on disk.
@end table

All of the above suffix commands update the repository's diff buffer.
The diff transient also features two commands which show differences
in another buffer:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{d c} (@code{magit-show-commit})
@kindex d c
@findex magit-show-commit
Show the commit at point.  If there is no commit at point or with a
prefix argument, prompt for a commit.

@item @kbd{d t} (@code{magit-stash-show})
@kindex d t
@findex magit-stash-show
Show all diffs of a stash in a buffer.
@end table

Two additional commands that show the diff for the file or blob that
is being visited in the current buffer exists, see @ref{Commands for Buffers Visiting Files}.

@anchor{Refreshing Diffs}
@subsection Refreshing Diffs

The transient prefix command @code{magit-diff-refresh}, on @code{D}, can be used to
change the diff arguments used in the current buffer, without changing
which diff is shown.  This works in dedicated diff buffers, but also
in the status buffer.

(There is one exception; diff arguments cannot be changed in buffers
created by @code{magit-merge-preview} because the underlying Git command does
not support these arguments.)

@table @asis
@item @kbd{D} (@code{magit-diff-refresh})
@kindex D
@findex magit-diff-refresh
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{D g} (@code{magit-diff-refresh})
@kindex D g
@findex magit-diff-refresh
This suffix command sets the local diff arguments for the current
buffer.

@item @kbd{D s} (@code{magit-diff-set-default-arguments})
@kindex D s
@findex magit-diff-set-default-arguments
This suffix command sets the default diff arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer.  Other existing buffers
of the same type are not affected because their local values have
already been initialized.

@item @kbd{D w} (@code{magit-diff-save-default-arguments})
@kindex D w
@findex magit-diff-save-default-arguments
This suffix command sets the default diff arguments for buffers of
the same type as that of the current buffer, and saves the value for
future sessions.  Other existing buffers of the same type are not
affected because their local values have already been initialized.

@item @kbd{D t} (@code{magit-diff-toggle-refine-hunk})
@kindex D t
@findex magit-diff-toggle-refine-hunk
This command toggles hunk refinement on or off.

@item @kbd{D r} (@code{magit-diff-switch-range-type})
@kindex D r
@findex magit-diff-switch-range-type
This command converts the diff range type from "revA..revB" to
"revB@dots{}revA", or vice versa.

@item @kbd{D f} (@code{magit-diff-flip-revs})
@kindex D f
@findex magit-diff-flip-revs
This command swaps revisions in the diff range from "revA..revB"
to "revB..revA", or vice versa.

@item @kbd{D F} (@code{magit-diff-toggle-file-filter})
@kindex D F
@findex magit-diff-toggle-file-filter
This command toggles the file restriction of the diffs in the
current buffer, allowing you to quickly switch between viewing all
the changes in the commit and the restricted subset.  As a special
case, when this command is called from a log buffer, it toggles the
file restriction in the repository's revision buffer, which is
useful when you display a revision from a log buffer that is
restricted to a file or files.
@end table

In addition to the above transient, which allows changing any of the
supported arguments, there also exist some commands that change only
a particular argument.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{-} (@code{magit-diff-less-context})
@kindex -
@findex magit-diff-less-context
This command decreases the context for diff hunks by COUNT lines.

@item @kbd{+} (@code{magit-diff-more-context})
@kindex +
@findex magit-diff-more-context
This command increases the context for diff hunks by COUNT lines.

@item @kbd{0} (@code{magit-diff-default-context})
@kindex 0
@findex magit-diff-default-context
This command resets the context for diff hunks to the default height.
@end table

The following commands quickly change what diff is being displayed
without having to using one of the diff transient.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{magit-diff-while-committing})
@kindex C-c C-d
@findex magit-diff-while-committing
While committing, this command shows the changes that are about to
be committed.  While amending, invoking the command again toggles
between showing just the new changes or all the changes that will be
committed.

This binding is available in the diff buffer as well as the commit
message buffer.

@item @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{magit-go-backward})
@kindex C-c C-b
@findex magit-go-backward
This command moves backward in current buffer's history.

@item @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{magit-go-forward})
@kindex C-c C-f
@findex magit-go-forward
This command moves forward in current buffer's history.
@end table

@anchor{Commands Available in Diffs}
@subsection Commands Available in Diffs

Some commands are only available if point is inside a diff.

@code{magit-diff-visit-file} and related commands visit the appropriate
version of the file that the diff at point is about.  Likewise
@code{magit-diff-visit-worktree-file} and related commands visit the worktree
version of the file that the diff at point is about.  See @ref{Visiting Files and Blobs from a Diff} for more information and the key bindings.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-t} (@code{magit-diff-trace-definition})
@kindex C-c C-t
@findex magit-diff-trace-definition
This command shows a log for the definition at point.
@end table

@defopt magit-log-trace-definition-function
The function specified by this option is used by
@code{magit-log-trace-definition} to determine the function at point.  For
major-modes that have special needs, you could set the local value
using the mode's hook.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{magit-diff-edit-hunk-commit})
@kindex C-c C-e
@findex magit-diff-edit-hunk-commit
From a hunk, this command edits the respective commit and visits
the file.

First it visits the file being modified by the hunk at the correct
location using @code{magit-diff-visit-file}.  This actually visits a blob.
When point is on a diff header, not within an individual hunk, then
this visits the blob the first hunk is about.

Then it invokes @code{magit-edit-line-commit}, which uses an interactive
rebase to make the commit editable, or if that is not possible
because the commit is not reachable from @code{HEAD} by checking out that
commit directly.  This also causes the actual worktree file to be
visited.

Neither the blob nor the file buffer are killed when finishing
the rebase.  If that is undesirable, then it might be better to
use @code{magit-rebase-edit-commit} instead of this command.

@item @kbd{j} (@code{magit-jump-to-diffstat-or-diff})
@kindex j
@findex magit-jump-to-diffstat-or-diff
This command jumps to the diffstat or diff.  When point is on a file
inside the diffstat section, then jump to the respective diff
section.  Otherwise, jump to the diffstat section or a child
thereof.
@end table

The next two commands are not specific to Magit-Diff mode (or and
Magit buffer for that matter), but it might be worth pointing out
that they are available here too.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{@key{SPC}} (@code{scroll-up})
@kindex SPC
@findex scroll-up
This command scrolls text upward.

@item @kbd{@key{DEL}} (@code{scroll-down})
@kindex DEL
@findex scroll-down
This command scrolls text downward.
@end table

@anchor{Diff Options}
@subsection Diff Options

@defopt magit-diff-refine-hunk
Whether to show word-granularity differences within diff hunks.

@itemize
@item
@code{nil} Never show fine differences.
@item
@code{t} Show fine differences for the current diff hunk only.
@item
@code{all} Show fine differences for all displayed diff hunks.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-refine-ignore-whitespace
Whether to ignore whitespace changes in word-granularity
differences.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-adjust-tab-width
Whether to adjust the width of tabs in diffs.

Determining the correct width can be expensive if it requires
opening large and/or many files, so the widths are cached in the
variable @code{magit-diff--tab-width-cache}.  Set that to nil to invalidate
the cache.

@itemize
@item
@code{nil} Never adjust tab width.  Use `tab-width's value from the Magit
buffer itself instead.

@item
@code{t} If the corresponding file-visiting buffer exits, then use
@code{tab-width}'s value from that buffer.  Doing this is cheap, so this
value is used even if a corresponding cache entry exists.

@item
@code{always} If there is no such buffer, then temporarily visit the file
to determine the value.

@item
NUMBER Like @code{always}, but don't visit files larger than NUMBER
bytes.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-paint-whitespace
Specify where to highlight whitespace errors.

See @code{magit-diff-highlight-trailing},
@code{magit-diff-highlight-indentation}.  The symbol @code{t} means in all
diffs, @code{status} means only in the status buffer, and nil means
nowhere.

@itemize
@item
@code{nil} Never highlight whitespace errors.
@item
@code{t} Highlight whitespace errors everywhere.
@item
@code{uncommitted} Only highlight whitespace errors in diffs showing
uncommitted changes.  For backward compatibility @code{status} is treated
as a synonym.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-paint-whitespace-lines
Specify in what kind of lines to highlight whitespace errors.

@itemize
@item
@code{t} Highlight only in added lines.
@item
@code{both} Highlight in added and removed lines.
@item
@code{all} Highlight in added, removed and context lines.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-highlight-trailing
Whether to highlight whitespace at the end of a line in diffs.  Used
only when @code{magit-diff-paint-whitespace} is non-nil.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-highlight-indentation
This option controls whether to highlight the indentation in case it
used the "wrong" indentation style.  Indentation is only highlighted
if @code{magit-diff-paint-whitespace} is also non-nil.

The value is an alist of the form @code{((REGEXP . INDENT)...)}.  The path
to the current repository is matched against each element in reverse
order.  Therefore if a REGEXP matches, then earlier elements are not
tried.

If the used INDENT is @code{tabs}, highlight indentation with tabs.  If
INDENT is an integer, highlight indentation with at least that many
spaces.  Otherwise, highlight neither.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-hide-trailing-cr-characters
Whether to hide ^M characters at the end of a line in diffs.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-functions
This option specifies the functions used to highlight the
hunk-internal region.

@code{magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-dim-outside} overlays the outside of
the hunk internal selection with a face that causes the added and
removed lines to have the same background color as context lines.
This function should not be removed from the value of this option.

@code{magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-overlays} and
@code{magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-underline} emphasize the
region by placing delimiting horizontal lines before and after it.
Both of these functions have glitches which cannot be fixed due to
limitations of Emacs' display engine.  For more information see
@uref{https://github.com/magit/magit/issues/2758} ff.

Instead of, or in addition to, using delimiting horizontal lines,
to emphasize the boundaries, you may wish to emphasize the text
itself, using @code{magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-face}.

In terminal frames it's not possible to draw lines as the overlay
and underline variants normally do, so there they fall back to
calling the face function instead.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-unmarked-lines-keep-foreground
This option controls whether added and removed lines outside the
hunk-internal region only lose their distinct background color or
also the foreground color.  Whether the outside of the region is
dimmed at all depends on @code{magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-functions}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-diff-extra-stat-arguments
This option specifies additional arguments to be used alongside
@code{--stat}.

The value is a list of zero or more arguments or a function that
takes no argument and returns such a list.  These arguments are
allowed here: @code{--stat-width}, @code{--stat-name-width},
@code{--stat-graph-width} and @code{--compact-summary}.  Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-diff,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-diff">git-diff(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-diff(1) manpage.
@end iftex
@end defopt

@defopt magit-format-file-function
This function is used to format lines representing a file.  It is
used for file headings in diffs, in diffstats and for lists of files
(such as the untracked files).  Depending on the caller, it receives
either three or five arguments; the signature has to be @code{(kind file
  face &optional status orig)}.  KIND is one of @code{diff}, @code{module}, @code{stat} and
@code{list}.
@end defopt

@anchor{Revision Buffer}
@subsection Revision Buffer

@defopt magit-revision-insert-related-refs
Whether to show related branches in revision buffers.

@itemize
@item
@code{nil} Don't show any related branches.
@item
@code{t} Show related local branches.
@item
@code{all} Show related local and remote branches.
@item
@code{mixed} Show all containing branches and local merged branches.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-revision-show-gravatars
Whether to show gravatar images in revision buffers.

If @code{nil}, then don't insert any gravatar images.  If @code{t}, then insert
both images.  If @code{author} or @code{committer}, then insert only the
respective image.

If you have customized the option @code{magit-revision-headers-format}
and want to insert the images then you might also have to specify
where to do so.  In that case the value has to be a cons-cell of
two regular expressions.  The car specifies where to insert the
author's image.  The top half of the image is inserted right
after the matched text, the bottom half on the next line in the
same column.  The cdr specifies where to insert the committer's
image, accordingly.  Either the car or the cdr may be nil."
@end defopt

@defopt magit-revision-use-hash-sections
Whether to turn hashes inside the commit message into sections.

If non-nil, then hashes inside the commit message are turned into
@code{commit} sections.  There is a trade off to be made between
performance and reliability:

@itemize
@item
@code{slow} calls git for every word to be absolutely sure.
@item
@code{quick} skips words less than seven characters long.
@item
@code{quicker} additionally skips words that don't contain a number.
@item
@code{quickest} uses all words that are at least seven characters long
and which contain at least one number as well as at least one
letter.
@end itemize

If nil, then no hashes are turned into sections, but you can still
visit the commit at point using "RET".
@end defopt

The diffs shown in the revision buffer may be automatically restricted
to a subset of the changed files.  If the revision buffer is displayed
from a log buffer, the revision buffer will share the same file
restriction as that log buffer (also see the command
@code{magit-diff-toggle-file-filter}).

@defopt magit-revision-filter-files-on-follow
Whether showing a commit from a log buffer honors the log's file
filter when the log arguments include @code{--follow}.

When this option is nil, displaying a commit from a log ignores the
log's file filter if the log arguments include @code{--follow}.  Doing so
avoids showing an empty diff in revision buffers for commits before
a rename event.  In such cases, the @code{--patch} argument of the log
transient can be used to show the file-restricted diffs inline.

Set this option to non-nil to keep the log's file restriction even
if @code{--follow} is present in the log arguments.
@end defopt

If the revision buffer is not displayed from a log buffer, the file
restriction is determined as usual (see @ref{Transient Arguments and Buffer Variables}).

@node Ediffing
@section Ediffing

This section describes how to enter Ediff from Magit buffers.  For
information on how to use Ediff itself, see @ref{Top,,,ediff,}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{e} (@code{magit-ediff-dwim})
@kindex e
@findex magit-ediff-dwim
Compare, stage, or resolve using Ediff.

This command tries to guess what file, and what commit or range the
user wants to compare, stage, or resolve using Ediff.  It might only
be able to guess either the file, or range/commit, in which case
the user is asked about the other.  It might not always guess right,
in which case the appropriate @code{magit-ediff-*} command has to be used
explicitly.  If it cannot read the user's mind at all, then it asks
the user for a command to run.

@item @kbd{E} (@code{magit-ediff})
@kindex E
@findex magit-ediff
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{E r} (@code{magit-ediff-compare})
@kindex E r
@findex magit-ediff-compare
Compare two revisions of a file using Ediff.

If the region is active, use the revisions on the first and last
line of the region.  With a prefix argument, instead of diffing the
revisions, choose a revision to view changes along, starting at the
common ancestor of both revisions (i.e., use a "@dots{}"  range).

@item @kbd{E m} (@code{magit-ediff-resolve-rest})
@kindex E m
@findex magit-ediff-resolve-rest
This command allows you to resolve outstanding conflicts in the file
at point using Ediff.  If there is no file at point or if it doesn't
have any unmerged changes, then this command prompts for a file.

Provided that the value of @code{merge.conflictstyle} is @code{diff3}, you can
view the file's merge-base revision using @code{/} in the Ediff control
buffer.

The A, B and Ancestor buffers are constructed from the conflict
markers in the worktree file.  Because you and/or Git may have
already resolved some conflicts, that means that these buffers
may not contain the actual versions from the respective blobs.

@item @kbd{E M} (@code{magit-ediff-resolve-all})
@kindex E M
@findex magit-ediff-resolve-all
This command allows you to resolve all conflicts in the file at
point using Ediff.  If there is no file at point or if it doesn't
have any unmerged changes, then this command prompts for a file.

Provided that the value of @code{merge.conflictstyle} is @code{diff3}, you can
view the file's merge-base revision using @code{/} in the Ediff control
buffer.

First the file in the worktree is moved aside, appending the suffix
@samp{.ORIG}, so that you could later go back to that version.  Then it is
reconstructed from the two sides of the conflict and the merge-base,
if available.

It would be nice if the worktree file were just used as-is, but
Ediff does not support that.  This means that all conflicts, that
Git has already resolved, are restored.  On the other hand Ediff
also tries to resolve conflicts, and in many cases Ediff and Git
should produce similar results.

However if you have already resolved some conflicts manually, then
those changes are discarded (though you can recover them from the
backup file).  In such cases @code{magit-ediff-resolve-rest} might be more
suitable.

The advantage that this command has over @code{magit-ediff-resolve-rest}
is that the A, B and Ancestor buffers correspond to blobs from the
respective commits, allowing you to inspect a side in context and
to use Magit commands in these buffers to do so.  Blame and log
commands are particularly useful here.

@item @kbd{E t} (@code{magit-git-mergetool})
@kindex E t
@findex magit-git-mergetool
This command does not actually use Ediff.  While it serves the same
purpose as @samp{magit-ediff-resolve-rest}, it uses @samp{git mergetool --gui} to
resolve conflicts.

With a prefix argument this acts as a transient prefix command,
allowing the user to select the mergetool and change some settings.

@item @kbd{E s} (@code{magit-ediff-stage})
@kindex E s
@findex magit-ediff-stage
Stage and unstage changes to a file using Ediff, defaulting to the
file at point.

@item @kbd{E u} (@code{magit-ediff-show-unstaged})
@kindex E u
@findex magit-ediff-show-unstaged
Show unstaged changes to a file using Ediff.

@item @kbd{E i} (@code{magit-ediff-show-staged})
@kindex E i
@findex magit-ediff-show-staged
Show staged changes to a file using Ediff.

@item @kbd{E w} (@code{magit-ediff-show-working-tree})
@kindex E w
@findex magit-ediff-show-working-tree
Show changes in a file between @code{HEAD} and working tree using Ediff.

@item @kbd{E c} (@code{magit-ediff-show-commit})
@kindex E c
@findex magit-ediff-show-commit
Show changes to a file introduced by a commit using Ediff.

@item @kbd{E z} (@code{magit-ediff-show-stash})
@kindex E z
@findex magit-ediff-show-stash
Show changes to a file introduced by a stash using Ediff.
@end table

@defopt magit-ediff-dwim-resolve-function
This option controls which function @code{magit-ediff-dwim} uses to resolve
conflicts.  One of @code{magit-ediff-resolve-rest}, @code{magit-ediff-resolve-all}
or @code{magit-git-mergetool}; which are all discussed above.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-ediff-dwim-show-on-hunks
This option controls what command @code{magit-ediff-dwim} calls when
point is on uncommitted hunks.  When nil, always run
@code{magit-ediff-stage}.  Otherwise, use @code{magit-ediff-show-staged} and
@code{magit-ediff-show-unstaged} to show staged and unstaged changes,
respectively.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-ediff-show-stash-with-index
This option controls whether @code{magit-ediff-show-stash} includes a
buffer containing the file's state in the index at the time the
stash was created.  This makes it possible to tell which changes in
the stash were staged.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-ediff-quit-hook
This hook is run after quitting an Ediff session that was created
using a Magit command.  The hook functions are run inside the Ediff
control buffer, and should not change the current buffer.

This is similar to @code{ediff-quit-hook} but takes the needs of Magit into
account.  The regular @code{ediff-quit-hook} is ignored by Ediff sessions
that were created using a Magit command.
@end defopt

@node References Buffer
@section References Buffer

@table @asis
@item @kbd{y} (@code{magit-show-refs})
@kindex y
@findex magit-show-refs
This command lists branches and tags in a dedicated buffer.

However if this command is invoked again from this buffer or if it
is invoked with a prefix argument, then it acts as a transient
prefix command, which binds the following suffix commands and some
infix arguments.
@end table

All of the following suffix commands list exactly the same branches
and tags.  The only difference the optional feature that can be
enabled by changing the value of @code{magit-refs-show-commit-count} (see
below).  These commands specify a different branch or commit against
which all the other references are compared.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{y y} (@code{magit-show-refs-head})
@kindex y y
@findex magit-show-refs-head
This command lists branches and tags in a dedicated buffer.  Each
reference is being compared with @code{HEAD}.

@item @kbd{y c} (@code{magit-show-refs-current})
@kindex y c
@findex magit-show-refs-current
This command lists branches and tags in a dedicated buffer.  Each
reference is being compared with the current branch or @code{HEAD} if it
is detached.

@item @kbd{y o} (@code{magit-show-refs-other})
@kindex y o
@findex magit-show-refs-other
This command lists branches and tags in a dedicated buffer.  Each
reference is being compared with a branch read from the user.

@item @kbd{y r} (@code{magit-refs-set-show-commit-count})
@kindex y r
@findex magit-refs-set-show-commit-count
This command changes for which refs the commit count is shown.
@end table

@defopt magit-refs-show-commit-count
Whether to show commit counts in Magit-Refs mode buffers.

@itemize
@item
@code{all} Show counts for branches and tags.
@item
@code{branch} Show counts for branches only.
@item
@code{nil} Never show counts.
@end itemize

The default is @code{nil} because anything else can be very expensive.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-refs-pad-commit-counts
Whether to pad all commit counts on all sides in Magit-Refs mode
buffers.

If this is nil, then some commit counts are displayed right next to
one of the branches that appear next to the count, without any space
in between.  This might look bad if the branch name faces look too
similar to @code{magit-dimmed}.

If this is non-nil, then spaces are placed on both sides of all
commit counts.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-refs-show-remote-prefix
Whether to show the remote prefix in lists of remote branches.

Showing the prefix is redundant because the name of the remote is
already shown in the heading preceding the list of its branches.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-refs-primary-column-width
Width of the primary column in `magit-refs-mode' buffers.  The
primary column is the column that contains the name of the branch
that the current row is about.

If this is an integer, then the column is that many columns wide.
Otherwise it has to be a cons-cell of two integers.  The first
specifies the minimal width, the second the maximal width.  In that
case the actual width is determined using the length of the names of
the shown local branches.  (Remote branches and tags are not taken
into account when calculating to optimal width.)
@end defopt

@defopt magit-refs-focus-column-width
Width of the focus column in `magit-refs-mode' buffers.

The focus column is the first column, which marks one branch
(usually the current branch) as the focused branch using @code{*} or @code{@@}.
For each other reference, this column optionally shows how many
commits it is ahead of the focused branch and @code{<}, or if it isn't
ahead then the commits it is behind and @code{>}, or if it isn't behind
either, then a @code{=}.

This column may also display only @code{*} or @code{@@} for the focused branch, in
which case this option is ignored.  Use @code{L v} to change the verbosity
of this column.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-refs-margin
This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in
Magit-Refs mode buffers and how it is formatted.

The value has the form @code{(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)}.

@itemize
@item
If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially.
@item
STYLE controls how to format the author or committer date.  It can
be one of @code{age} (to show the age of the commit), @code{age-abbreviated} (to
abbreviate the time unit to a character), or a string (suitable
for @code{format-time-string}) to show the actual date.  Option
@code{magit-log-margin-show-committer-date} controls which date is being
displayed.
@item
WIDTH controls the width of the margin.  This exists for forward
compatibility and currently the value should not be changed.
@item
AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown by
default.
@item
AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer.  When the name of the author
is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to do so.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-refs-margin-for-tags
This option specifies whether to show information about tags in the
margin.  This is disabled by default because it is slow if there are
many tags.
@end defopt

The following variables control how individual refs are displayed.  If
you change one of these variables (especially the "%c" part), then you
should also change the others to keep things aligned.  The following
%-sequences are supported:

@itemize
@item
@code{%a} Number of commits this ref has over the one we compare to.
@item
@code{%b} Number of commits the ref we compare to has over this one.
@item
@code{%c} Number of commits this ref has over the one we compare to.  For
the ref which all other refs are compared this is instead "@@", if
it is the current branch, or "#" otherwise.
@item
@code{%C} For the ref which all other refs are compared this is "@@", if it
is the current branch, or "#" otherwise.  For all other refs " ".
@item
@code{%h} Hash of this ref's tip.
@item
@code{%m} Commit summary of the tip of this ref.
@item
@code{%n} Name of this ref.
@item
@code{%u} Upstream of this local branch.
@item
@code{%U} Upstream of this local branch and additional local vs. upstream
information.
@end itemize

@defopt magit-refs-filter-alist
The purpose of this option is to forgo displaying certain refs
based on their name.  If you want to not display any refs of a
certain type, then you should remove the appropriate function
from @code{magit-refs-sections-hook} instead.

This alist controls which tags and branches are omitted from being
displayed in @code{magit-refs-mode} buffers.  If it is @code{nil}, then all refs
are displayed (subject to @code{magit-refs-sections-hook}).

All keys are tried in order until one matches.  Then its value is
used and subsequent elements are ignored.  If the value is non-nil,
then the reference is displayed, otherwise it is not.  If no element
matches, then the reference is displayed.

A key can either be a regular expression that the refname has to
match, or a function that takes the refname as only argument and
returns a boolean.  A remote branch such as "origin/master" is
displayed as just "master", however for this comparison the
former is used.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{@key{RET}} (@code{magit-visit-ref})
@kindex RET
@findex magit-visit-ref
This command visits the reference or revision at point in another
buffer.  If there is no revision at point or with a prefix argument
then it prompts for a revision.

This command behaves just like @code{magit-show-commit} as described above,
except if point is on a reference in a @code{magit-refs-mode} buffer, in
which case the behavior may be different, but only if you have
customized the option @code{magit-visit-ref-behavior}.
@end table

@defopt magit-visit-ref-behavior
This option controls how @code{magit-visit-ref} behaves in @code{magit-refs-mode}
buffers.

By default @code{magit-visit-ref} behaves like @code{magit-show-commit}, in all
buffers, including @code{magit-refs-mode} buffers.  When the type of the
section at point is @code{commit} then "RET" is bound to @code{magit-show-commit},
and when the type is either @code{branch} or @code{tag} then it is bound to
@code{magit-visit-ref}.

"RET" is one of Magit's most essential keys and at least by default
it should behave consistently across all of Magit, especially
because users quickly learn that it does something very harmless; it
shows more information about the thing at point in another buffer.

However "RET" used to behave differently in @code{magit-refs-mode} buffers,
doing surprising things, some of which cannot really be described as
"visit this thing".  If you've grown accustomed this behavior, you
can restore it by adding one or more of the below symbols to the
value of this option.  But keep in mind that by doing so you don't
only introduce inconsistencies, you also lose some functionality and
might have to resort to @code{M-x magit-show-commit} to get it back.

@code{magit-visit-ref} looks for these symbols in the order in which they
are described here.  If the presence of a symbol applies to the
current situation, then the symbols that follow do not affect the
outcome.

@itemize
@item
@code{focus-on-ref}

With a prefix argument update the buffer to show commit counts
and lists of cherry commits relative to the reference at point
instead of relative to the current buffer or @code{HEAD}.

Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "C-u y o RET".

@item
@code{create-branch}

If point is on a remote branch, then create a new local branch
with the same name, use the remote branch as its upstream, and
then check out the local branch.

Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "b c RET RET",
like you would do in other buffers.

@item
@code{checkout-any}

Check out the reference at point.  If that reference is a tag
or a remote branch, then this results in a detached @code{HEAD}.

Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "b b RET",
like you would do in other buffers.

@item
@code{checkout-branch}

Check out the local branch at point.

Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "b b RET",
like you would do in other buffers.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@anchor{References Sections}
@subsection References Sections

The contents of references buffers is controlled using the hook
@code{magit-refs-sections-hook}.  See @ref{Section Hooks} to learn about such hooks
and how to customize them.  All of the below functions are members of
the default value.  Note that it makes much less sense to customize
this hook than it does for the respective hook used for the status
buffer.

@defopt magit-refs-sections-hook
Hook run to insert sections into a references buffer.
@end defopt

@defun magit-insert-local-branches
Insert sections showing all local branches.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-remote-branches
Insert sections showing all remote-tracking branches.
@end defun

@defun magit-insert-tags
Insert sections showing all tags.
@end defun

@node Bisecting
@section Bisecting

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-bisect,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-bisect">git-bisect(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-bisect(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{B} (@code{magit-bisect})
@kindex B
@findex magit-bisect
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

When bisecting is not in progress, then the transient features the
following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{B B} (@code{magit-bisect-start})
@kindex B B
@findex magit-bisect-start
Start a bisect session.

Bisecting a bug means to find the commit that introduced it.
This command starts such a bisect session by asking for a known
good commit and a known bad commit.  If you're bisecting a change
that isn't a regression, you can select alternate terms that are
conceptually more fitting than "bad" and "good", but the infix
arguments to do so are disabled by default.

@item @kbd{B s} (@code{magit-bisect-run})
@kindex B s
@findex magit-bisect-run
Bisect automatically by running commands after each step.
@end table

When bisecting in progress, then the transient instead features the
following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{B b} (@code{magit-bisect-bad})
@kindex B b
@findex magit-bisect-bad
Mark the current commit as bad.  Use this after you have asserted
that the commit does contain the bug in question.

@item @kbd{B g} (@code{magit-bisect-good})
@kindex B g
@findex magit-bisect-good
Mark the current commit as good.  Use this after you have asserted
that the commit does not contain the bug in question.

@item @kbd{B m} (@code{magit-bisect-mark})
@kindex B m
@findex magit-bisect-mark
Mark the current commit with one of the bisect terms.  This command
provides an alternative to @code{magit-bisect-bad} and
@code{magit-bisect-good} and is useful when using terms other than "bad"
and "good".  This suffix is disabled by default.

@item @kbd{B k} (@code{magit-bisect-skip})
@kindex B k
@findex magit-bisect-skip
Skip the current commit.  Use this if for some reason the current
commit is not a good one to test.  This command lets Git choose a
different one.

@item @kbd{B r} (@code{magit-bisect-reset})
@kindex B r
@findex magit-bisect-reset
After bisecting, cleanup bisection state and return to original
@code{HEAD}.
@end table

By default the status buffer shows information about the ongoing
bisect session.

@defopt magit-bisect-show-graph
This option controls whether a graph is displayed for the log of
commits that still have to be bisected.
@end defopt

@node Visiting Files and Blobs
@section Visiting Files and Blobs

Magit provides several commands that visit a file or blob (the version
of a file that is stored in a certain commit).  Actually it provides
several @strong{groups} of such commands and the several @strong{variants} within each
group.

Also see @ref{Commands for Buffers Visiting Files}.

@anchor{General-Purpose Visit Commands}
@subsection General-Purpose Visit Commands

These commands can be used anywhere to open any blob.  Currently no
keys are bound to these commands by default, but that is likely to
change.

@deffn Command magit-find-file
This command reads a filename and revision from the user and visits
the respective blob in a buffer.  The buffer is displayed in the
selected window.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-find-file-other-window
This command reads a filename and revision from the user and visits
the respective blob in a buffer.  The buffer is displayed in another
window.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-find-file-other-frame
This command reads a filename and revision from the user and visits
the respective blob in a buffer.  The buffer is displayed in another
frame.
@end deffn

@anchor{Visiting Files and Blobs from a Diff}
@subsection Visiting Files and Blobs from a Diff

These commands can only be used when point is inside a diff.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{@key{RET}} (@code{magit-diff-visit-file})
@kindex RET
@findex magit-diff-visit-file
This command visits the appropriate version of the file that the
diff at point is about.

This commands visits the worktree version of the appropriate file.
The location of point inside the diff determines which file is being
visited.  The visited version depends on what changes the diff is
about.

@enumerate
@item
If the diff shows uncommitted changes (i.e., staged or unstaged
changes), then visit the file in the working tree (i.e., the
same "real" file that @code{find-file} would visit.  In all other
cases visit a "blob" (i.e., the version of a file as stored
in some commit).

@item
If point is on a removed line, then visit the blob for the
first parent of the commit that removed that line, i.e., the
last commit where that line still exists.

@item
If point is on an added or context line, then visit the blob
that adds that line, or if the diff shows from more than a
single commit, then visit the blob from the last of these
commits.
@end enumerate

In the file-visiting buffer this command goes to the line that
corresponds to the line that point is on in the diff.

The buffer is displayed in the selected window.  With a prefix
argument the buffer is displayed in another window instead.
@end table

@defopt magit-diff-visit-previous-blob
This option controls whether @code{magit-diff-visit-file} may visit the
previous blob.  When this is @code{t} (the default) and point is on a
removed line in a diff for a committed change, then
@code{magit-diff-visit-file} visits the blob from the last revision which
still had that line.

Currently this is only supported for committed changes, for staged
and unstaged changes @code{magit-diff-visit-file} always visits the file in
the working tree.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-<return>} (@code{magit-diff-visit-file-worktree})
@kindex C-<return>
@findex magit-diff-visit-file-worktree
This command visits the worktree version of the appropriate file.
The location of point inside the diff determines which file is being
visited.  Unlike @code{magit-diff-visit-file} it always visits the "real"
file in the working tree, i.e the "current version" of the file.

In the file-visiting buffer this command goes to the line that
corresponds to the line that point is on in the diff.  Lines that
were added or removed in the working tree, the index and other
commits in between are automatically accounted for.

The buffer is displayed in the selected window.  With a prefix
argument the buffer is displayed in another window instead.
@end table

Variants of the above two commands exist that instead visit the file
in another window or in another frame.  If you prefer such behavior,
then you may want to change the above key bindings, but note that the
above commands also use another window when invoked with a prefix
argument.

@deffn Command magit-diff-visit-file-other-window
@end deffn
@deffn Command magit-diff-visit-file-other-frame
@end deffn
@deffn Command magit-diff-visit-worktree-file-other-window
@end deffn
@deffn Command magit-diff-visit-worktree-file-other-frame
@end deffn

@node Blaming
@section Blaming

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-blame,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-blame">git-blame(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-blame(1) manpage.
@end iftex

To start blaming, invoke the @code{magit-file-dispatch} transient prefix
command.  When using the default key bindings, that can be done
by pressing @code{C-c M-g}.  When using the recommended bindings, this
command is instead bound to @code{C-c f}.  Also see @ref{Global Bindings}.

The blaming suffix commands can be invoked directly from the file
dispatch transient.  However if you want to set an infix argument,
then you have to enter the blaming sub-prefix first.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c f B} (@code{magit-blame})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f b} (@code{magit-blame-addition})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f B b}
@itemx @kbd{C-c f r} (@code{magit-blame-removal})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f B r}
@itemx @kbd{C-c f f} (@code{magit-blame-reverse})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f B f}
@itemx @kbd{C-c f e} (@code{magit-blame-echo})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f B e}
@itemx @kbd{C-c f q} (@code{magit-blame-quit})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f B q}
@kindex C-c f B
@kindex C-c f b
@kindex C-c f B b
@kindex C-c f r
@kindex C-c f B r
@kindex C-c f f
@kindex C-c f B f
@kindex C-c f e
@kindex C-c f B e
@kindex C-c f q
@kindex C-c f B q
@findex magit-blame
@findex magit-blame-addition
@findex magit-blame-removal
@findex magit-blame-reverse
@findex magit-blame-echo
@findex magit-blame-quit
Each of these commands is documented individually right below,
alongside their default key bindings.  The bindings shown above
are the recommended bindings, which you can enable by following
the instructions in @ref{Global Bindings}.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g B} (@code{magit-blame})
@kindex C-c M-g B
@findex magit-blame
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

Note that not all of the following suffixes are available at all
times.  For example if @code{magit-blame-mode} is not enabled, then the
command whose purpose is to turn off that mode would not be of any
use and therefore isn't available.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c M-g b} (@code{magit-blame-addition})
@itemx @kbd{C-c M-g B b}
@kindex C-c M-g b
@kindex C-c M-g B b
@findex magit-blame-addition
This command augments each line or chunk of lines in the current
file-visiting or blob-visiting buffer with information about what
commits last touched these lines.

If the buffer visits a revision of that file, then history up to
that revision is considered.  Otherwise, the file's full history is
considered, including uncommitted changes.

If Magit-Blame mode is already turned on in the current buffer then
blaming is done recursively, by visiting REVISION:FILE (using
@code{magit-find-file}), where REVISION is a parent of the revision that
added the current line or chunk of lines.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g r} (@code{magit-blame-removal})
@itemx @kbd{C-c M-g B r}
@kindex C-c M-g r
@kindex C-c M-g B r
@findex magit-blame-removal
This command augments each line or chunk of lines in the current
blob-visiting buffer with information about the revision that
removes it.  It cannot be used in file-visiting buffers.

Like @code{magit-blame-addition}, this command can be used recursively.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g f} (@code{magit-blame-reverse})
@itemx @kbd{C-c M-g B f}
@kindex C-c M-g f
@kindex C-c M-g B f
@findex magit-blame-reverse
This command augments each line or chunk of lines in the current
file-visiting or blob-visiting buffer with information about the
last revision in which a line still existed.

Like @code{magit-blame-addition}, this command can be used recursively.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g e} (@code{magit-blame-echo})
@itemx @kbd{C-c M-g B e}
@kindex C-c M-g e
@kindex C-c M-g B e
@findex magit-blame-echo
This command is like @code{magit-blame-addition} except that it doesn't
turn on @code{read-only-mode} and that it initially uses the visualization
style specified by option @code{magit-blame-echo-style}.
@end table

The following key bindings are available when Magit-Blame mode is
enabled and Read-Only mode is not enabled.  These commands are also
available in other buffers; here only the behavior is described that
is relevant in file-visiting buffers that are being blamed.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c M-g q} (@code{magit-blame-quit})
@itemx @kbd{C-c M-g B q}
@kindex C-c M-g q
@kindex C-c M-g B q
@findex magit-blame-quit
This command turns off Magit-Blame mode.  If the buffer was created
during a recursive blame, then it also kills the buffer.

@item @kbd{@key{RET}} (@code{magit-show-commit})
@kindex RET
@findex magit-show-commit
This command shows the commit that last touched the line at point.

@item @kbd{@key{SPC}} (@code{magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up})
@kindex SPC
@findex magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up
This command updates the commit buffer.

This either shows the commit that last touched the line at point in
the appropriate buffer, or if that buffer is already being displayed
in the current frame and if that buffer contains information about
that commit, then the buffer is scrolled up instead.

@item @kbd{@key{DEL}} (@code{magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down})
@kindex DEL
@findex magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down
This command updates the commit buffer.

This either shows the commit that last touched the line at point in
the appropriate buffer, or if that buffer is already being displayed
in the current frame and if that buffer contains information about
that commit, then the buffer is scrolled down instead.
@end table

The following key bindings are available when both Magit-Blame mode
and Read-Only mode are enabled.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{b} (@code{magit-blame})
@kindex b
@findex magit-blame
See above.

@item @kbd{n} (@code{magit-blame-next-chunk})
@kindex n
@findex magit-blame-next-chunk
This command moves to the next chunk.

@item @kbd{N} (@code{magit-blame-next-chunk-same-commit})
@kindex N
@findex magit-blame-next-chunk-same-commit
This command moves to the next chunk from the same commit.

@item @kbd{p} (@code{magit-blame-previous-chunk})
@kindex p
@findex magit-blame-previous-chunk
This command moves to the previous chunk.

@item @kbd{P} (@code{magit-blame-previous-chunk-same-commit})
@kindex P
@findex magit-blame-previous-chunk-same-commit
This command moves to the previous chunk from the same commit.

@item @kbd{q} (@code{magit-blame-quit})
@kindex q
@findex magit-blame-quit
This command turns off Magit-Blame mode.  If the buffer was created
during a recursive blame, then it also kills the buffer.

@item @kbd{M-w} (@code{magit-blame-copy-hash})
@kindex M-w
@findex magit-blame-copy-hash
This command saves the hash of the current chunk's commit to the
kill ring.

When the region is active, the command saves the region's content
instead of the hash, like @code{kill-ring-save} would.

@item @kbd{c} (@code{magit-blame-cycle-style})
@kindex c
@findex magit-blame-cycle-style
This command changes how blame information is visualized in the
current buffer by cycling through the styles specified using the
option @code{magit-blame-styles}.
@end table

Blaming is also controlled using the following options.

@defopt magit-blame-styles
This option defines a list of styles used to visualize blame
information.  For now see its doc-string to learn more.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-blame-echo-style
This option specifies the blame visualization style used by the
command @code{magit-blame-echo}.  This must be a symbol that is used as the
identifier for one of the styles defined in @code{magit-blame-styles}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-blame-time-format
This option specifies the format string used to display times when
showing blame information.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-blame-read-only
This option controls whether blaming a buffer also makes temporarily
read-only.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-blame-disable-modes
This option lists incompatible minor-modes that should be disabled
temporarily when a buffer contains blame information.  They are
enabled again when the buffer no longer shows blame information.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-blame-goto-chunk-hook
This hook is run when moving between chunks.
@end defopt

@node Manipulating
@chapter Manipulating

@menu
* Creating Repository::
* Cloning Repository::
* Staging and Unstaging::
* Applying::
* Committing::
* Branching::
* Merging::
* Resolving Conflicts::
* Rebasing::
* Cherry Picking::
* Resetting::
* Stashing::
@end menu

@node Creating Repository
@section Creating Repository

@table @asis
@item @kbd{I} (@code{magit-init})
@kindex I
@findex magit-init
This command initializes a repository and then shows the status
buffer for the new repository.

If the directory is below an existing repository, then the user has
to confirm that a new one should be created inside.  If the
directory is the root of the existing repository, then the user has
to confirm that it should be reinitialized.
@end table

@node Cloning Repository
@section Cloning Repository

To clone a remote or local repository use @code{C}, which is bound to the
command @code{magit-clone}.  This command either act as a transient prefix
command, which binds several infix arguments and suffix commands, or
it can invoke @code{git clone} directly, depending on whether a prefix
argument is used and on the value of @code{magit-clone-always-transient}.

@defopt magit-clone-always-transient
This option controls whether the command @code{magit-clone} always acts as
a transient prefix command, regardless of whether a prefix argument
is used or not.  If @code{t}, then that command always acts as a transient
prefix.  If @code{nil}, then a prefix argument has to be used for it to act
as a transient.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C} (@code{magit-clone})
@kindex C
@findex magit-clone
This command either acts as a transient prefix command as described
above or does the same thing as @code{transient-clone-regular} as described
below.

If it acts as a transient prefix, then it binds the following suffix
commands and several infix arguments.

@item @kbd{C C} (@code{magit-clone-regular})
@kindex C C
@findex magit-clone-regular
This command creates a regular clone of an existing repository.
The repository and the target directory are read from the user.

@item @kbd{C s} (@code{magit-clone-shallow})
@kindex C s
@findex magit-clone-shallow
This command creates a shallow clone of an existing repository.
The repository and the target directory are read from the user.
By default the depth of the cloned history is a single commit,
but with a prefix argument the depth is read from the user.

@item @kbd{C >} (@code{magit-clone-sparse})
@kindex C >
@findex magit-clone-sparse
This command creates a clone of an existing repository and
initializes a sparse checkout, avoiding a checkout of the full
working tree.  To add more directories, use the
@code{magit-sparse-checkout} transient (see @ref{Sparse checkouts}).

@item @kbd{C b} (@code{magit-clone-bare})
@kindex C b
@findex magit-clone-bare
This command creates a bare clone of an existing repository.
The repository and the target directory are read from the user.

@item @kbd{C m} (@code{magit-clone-mirror})
@kindex C m
@findex magit-clone-mirror
This command creates a mirror of an existing repository.
The repository and the target directory are read from the user.
@end table

The following suffixes are disabled by default. See
@ref{Enabling and Disabling Suffixes,,,transient,} for how to enable them.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C d} (@code{magit-clone-shallow-since})
@kindex C d
@findex magit-clone-shallow-since
This command creates a shallow clone of an existing repository.
Only commits that were committed after a date are cloned, which
is read from the user.  The repository and the target directory
are also read from the user.

@item @kbd{C e} (@code{magit-clone-shallow-exclude})
@kindex C e
@findex magit-clone-shallow-exclude
This command creates a shallow clone of an existing repository.
This reads a branch or tag from the user.  Commits that are
reachable from that are not cloned.  The repository and the target
directory are also read from the user.
@end table

@defopt magit-clone-set-remote-head
This option controls whether cloning causes the reference
@code{refs/remotes/<remote>/HEAD} to be created in the clone.  The default
is to delete the reference after running @code{git clone}, which insists on
creating it.  This is because the reference has not been found to be
particularly useful as it is not automatically updated when the @code{HEAD}
of the remote changes.  Setting this option to @code{t} preserves Git's
default behavior of creating the reference.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-clone-set-remote.pushDefault
This option controls whether the value of the Git variable
@code{remote.pushDefault} is set after cloning.

@itemize
@item
If @code{t}, then it is always set without asking.
@item
If @code{ask}, then the users are asked every time they clone a
repository.
@item
If @code{nil}, then it is never set.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-clone-default-directory
This option control the default directory name used when reading the
destination for a cloning operation.

@itemize
@item
If @code{nil} (the default), then the value of @code{default-directory} is used.
@item
If a directory, then that is used.
@item
If a function, then that is called with the remote url as the only
argument and the returned value is used.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@defopt magit-clone-name-alist
This option maps regular expressions, which match repository names,
to repository urls, making it possible for users to enter short
names instead of urls when cloning repositories.

Each element has the form @code{(REGEXP HOSTNAME USER)}.  When the user
enters a name when a cloning command asks for a name or url, then
that is looked up in this list.  The first element whose REGEXP
matches is used.

The format specified by option @code{magit-clone-url-format} is used to
turn the name into an url, using HOSTNAME and the repository name.
If the provided name contains a slash, then that is used.  Otherwise
if the name omits the owner of the repository, then the default user
specified in the matched entry is used.

If USER contains a dot, then it is treated as a Git variable and the
value of that is used as the username.  Otherwise it is used as the
username itself.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-clone-url-format
The format specified by this option is used when turning repository
names into urls.  @code{%h} is the hostname and @code{%n} is the repository
name, including the name of the owner.  The value can be a string
(representing a single static format) or an alist with elements
@code{(HOSTNAME . FORMAT)} mapping hostnames to formats.  When an alist
is used, the @code{t} key represents the default format.

Example of a single format string:

@lisp
(setq magit-clone-url-format
      "git@@%h:%n.git")
@end lisp

Example of by-hostname format strings:

@lisp
(setq magit-clone-url-format
      '(("git.example.com" . "git@@%h:~%n")
        (nil . "git@@%h:%n.git")))
@end lisp
@end defopt

@defopt magit-post-clone-hook
Hook run after the Git process has successfully finished cloning the
repository.  When the hook is called, @code{default-directory} is
let-bound to the directory where the repository has been cloned.
@end defopt

@node Staging and Unstaging
@section Staging and Unstaging

Like Git, Magit can of course stage and unstage complete files.
Unlike Git, it also allows users to gracefully un-/stage
individual hunks and even just part of a hunk.  To stage individual
hunks and parts of hunks using Git directly, one has to use the very
modal and rather clumsy interface of a @code{git add --interactive} session.

With Magit, on the other hand, one can un-/stage individual hunks by
just moving point into the respective section inside a diff displayed
in the status buffer or a separate diff buffer and typing @code{s} or @code{u}.  To
operate on just parts of a hunk, mark the changes that should be
un-/staged using the region and then press the same key that would be
used to un-/stage.  To stage multiple files or hunks at once use a
region that starts inside the heading of such a section and ends
inside the heading of a sibling section of the same type.

Besides staging and unstaging, Magit also provides several other
"apply variants" that can also operate on a file, multiple files at
once, a hunk, multiple hunks at once, and on parts of a hunk.  These
apply variants are described in the next section.

You can also use Ediff to stage and unstage.  See @ref{Ediffing}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{s} (@code{magit-stage})
@kindex s
@findex magit-stage
Add the change at point to the staging area.

With a prefix argument and an untracked file (or files) at point,
stage the file but not its content.  This makes it possible to stage
only a subset of the new file's changes.

@item @kbd{S} (@code{magit-stage-modified})
@kindex S
@findex magit-stage-modified
Stage all changes to files modified in the worktree.  Stage all new
content of tracked files and remove tracked files that no longer
exist in the working tree from the index also.  With a prefix
argument also stage previously untracked (but not ignored) files.

@item @kbd{u} (@code{magit-unstage})
@kindex u
@findex magit-unstage
Remove the change at point from the staging area.

Only staged changes can be unstaged.  But by default this command
performs an action that is somewhat similar to unstaging, when it is
called on a committed change: it reverses the change in the index
but not in the working tree.

@item @kbd{U} (@code{magit-unstage-all})
@kindex U
@findex magit-unstage-all
Remove all changes from the staging area.
@end table

@defopt magit-unstage-committed
This option controls whether @code{magit-unstage} "unstages" committed
changes by reversing them in the index but not the working tree.
The alternative is to raise an error.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-x magit-reverse-in-index}
@findex magit-reverse-in-index
This command reverses the committed change at point in the index but
not the working tree.  By default no key is bound directly to this
command, but it is indirectly called when @code{u} (@code{magit-unstage}) is
pressed on a committed change.

This allows extracting a change from @code{HEAD}, while leaving it in the
working tree, so that it can later be committed using a separate
commit.  A typical workflow would be:

@enumerate
@item
Optionally make sure that there are no uncommitted changes.
@item
Visit the @code{HEAD} commit and navigate to the change that should
not have been included in that commit.
@item
Type @code{u} (@code{magit-unstage}) to reverse it in the index.
This assumes that @code{magit-unstage-committed} is non-nil.
@item
Type @code{c e} to extend @code{HEAD} with the staged changes,
including those that were already staged before.
@item
Optionally stage the remaining changes using @code{s} or @code{S} and then
type @code{c c} to create a new commit.
@end enumerate

@item @kbd{M-x magit-reset-index}
@findex magit-reset-index
Reset the index to some commit.  The commit is read from the user
and defaults to the commit at point.  If there is no commit at
point, then it defaults to @code{HEAD}.
@end table

@anchor{Staging from File-Visiting Buffers}
@subsection Staging from File-Visiting Buffers

Fine-grained un-/staging has to be done from the status or a diff
buffer, but it's also possible to un-/stage all changes made to the
file visited in the current buffer right from inside that buffer.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-x magit-stage-file}
@findex magit-stage-file
When invoked inside a file-visiting buffer, then stage all changes
to that file.  In a Magit buffer, stage the file at point if any.
Otherwise prompt for a file to be staged.  With a prefix argument
always prompt the user for a file, even in a file-visiting buffer or
when there is a file section at point.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-unstage-file}
@findex magit-unstage-file
When invoked inside a file-visiting buffer, then unstage all changes
to that file.  In a Magit buffer, unstage the file at point if any.
Otherwise prompt for a file to be unstaged.  With a prefix argument
always prompt the user for a file, even in a file-visiting buffer or
when there is a file section at point.
@end table

@node Applying
@section Applying

Magit provides several "apply variants": stage, unstage, discard,
reverse, and "regular apply".  At least when operating on a hunk they
are all implemented using @code{git apply}, which is why they are called
"apply variants".

@itemize
@item
Stage.  Apply a change from the working tree to the index.  The change
also remains in the working tree.

@item
Unstage.  Remove a change from the index.  The change remains in the
working tree.

@item
Discard.  On a staged change, remove it from the working tree and the
index.  On an unstaged change, remove it from the working tree only.

@item
Reverse.  Reverse a change in the working tree.  Both committed and
staged changes can be reversed.  Unstaged changes cannot be
reversed.  Discard them instead.

@item
Apply.  Apply a change to the working tree.  Both committed and staged
changes can be applied.  Unstaged changes cannot be applied - as
they already have been applied.
@end itemize

The previous section described the staging and unstaging commands.
What follows are the commands which implement the remaining apply
variants.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{a} (@code{magit-apply})
@kindex a
@findex magit-apply
Apply the change at point to the working tree.

With a prefix argument fallback to a 3-way merge.  Doing so causes
the change to be applied to the index as well.

@item @kbd{k} (@code{magit-discard})
@kindex k
@findex magit-discard
Remove the change at point from the working tree.

On a hunk or file with unresolved conflicts prompt which side to
keep (while discarding the other).  If point is within the text
of a side, then keep that side without prompting.

@item @kbd{v} (@code{magit-reverse})
@kindex v
@findex magit-reverse
Reverse the change at point in the working tree.

With a prefix argument fallback to a 3-way merge.  Doing so causes
the change to be applied to the index as well.
@end table

With a prefix argument all apply variants attempt a 3-way merge when
appropriate (i.e., when @code{git apply} is used internally).

@node Committing
@section Committing

When the user initiates a commit, Magit calls @code{git commit} without the
@code{--message} argument, so Git has to get the message from the user.  To
do so, it creates a file such as @code{.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG} and then opens
that file in the editor specified by @code{$EDITOR} (or @code{$GIT_EDITOR}).

Magit arranges for that editor to be the Emacsclient.  Once the user
finishes the editing session, the Emacsclient exits and Git creates
the commit, using the file's content as the commit message.

@anchor{Initiating a Commit}
@subsection Initiating a Commit

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-commit,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit">git-commit(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-commit(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{c} (@code{magit-commit})
@kindex c
@findex magit-commit
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

@anchor{Creating a new commit}
@subsubheading Creating a new commit

@table @asis
@item @kbd{c c} (@code{magit-commit-create})
@kindex c c
@findex magit-commit-create
Create a new commit.
@end table

@anchor{Editing the last commit}
@subsubheading Editing the last commit

These commands modify the last (a.k.a., "HEAD") commit.  The commit is
modified (a.k.a., replaced) immediately.  Similar commands exist for
modifying other (non-HEAD) commits.  Those commands are described in
the following two sections.  For each command in this section, we
mention the respective non-HEAD commands, to make the relation
explicit.

The command descriptions below mention the specific arguments they use
when calling @code{git commit}.  The arguments specified in the menu are
appended to those arguments.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{c e} (@code{magit-commit-extend})
@kindex c e
@findex magit-commit-extend
This command amends the staged changes to the last commit, without
editing its commit message.

This command calls @code{git commit --amend --no-edit}.

With a prefix argument the committer date is not updated; without an
argument it is updated.

The option @code{magit-commit-extend-override-date} can be used to inverse
the meaning of the prefix argument.  Non-interactively, the optional
OVERRIDE-DATE argument controls this behavior, and the option is of
no relevance.

@item @kbd{c a} (@code{magit-commit-amend})
@kindex c a
@findex magit-commit-amend
This command amends the staged changes to the last commit, and pops
up a buffer to let the user edit its commit message.

This command calls @code{git commit --amend --edit}.

@item @kbd{c w} (@code{magit-commit-reword})
@kindex c w
@findex magit-commit-reword
This command pops up a buffer to let the user edit the message of
the latest commit.  The commit tree remains unchanged and staged
changes remain staged.

This command calls @code{git commit --amend --only --edit}.

With a prefix argument the committer date is not updated; without an
argument it is updated.

The option @code{magit-commit-reword-override-date} can be used to inverse
the meaning of the prefix argument.  Non-interactively, the optional
OVERRIDE-DATE argument controls this behavior, and the option is of
no relevance.
@end table

@anchor{Editing any reachable commit}
@subsubheading Editing any reachable commit

These commands create a new commit, which targets an existing commit,
from the staged changes and/or using a new commit message.  Any commit
that is reachable from HEAD, including HEAD itself, can be the target.

The new commit is intended to be eventually squashed into the targeted
commit, but this is @strong{not} done immediately.  The squashing is done at a
later time, when you explicitly call @code{magit-rebase-autosquash}, or use
@code{--autosquash} with another rebase command.

Some of these commands require that you immediately write a new commit
message, or that you immediately edit an existing message.

The new commits are called "squash" and "fixup" commits.  The
difference is that when a "squash" commit is squashed into its
targeted commit, the user gets a chance to modify the message to be
used for the final commit; while for "fixup" commits the existing
message of the targeted commit is used as-is and the message of the
"fixup" commit is discarded.

If point is on a reachable commit, then all of these commands target
that commit, without requiring confirmation.  If point is on some
reachable commit, but you want to target another commit, use a prefix
argument, to select a commit in a log buffer dedicated to that task.
The meaning of the prefix argument can be inverted by customizing
@code{magit-commit-squash-confirm}.

The command descriptions below mention the specific arguments they use
when calling @code{git commit}.  The arguments specified in the menu are
appended to those arguments.

The next two commands also exist in "instant" variants, which are
described in the next section.  Those variants behave the same as the
variants described here, except that they immediately initiate an
@code{--autosquash} rebase.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{c f} (@code{magit-commit-fixup})
@kindex c f
@findex magit-commit-fixup
This command creates a new fixup commit from the staged changes,
targeting the reachable commit at point, if any.  Otherwise the
user is prompted for a commit.

Use this variant if you want to correct some minor defect in the
targeted commit, which does not require changes to the existing
message of the targeted commit.

This command calls @code{git commit --fixup=COMMIT --no-edit}.

@item @kbd{c s} (@code{magit-commit-squash})
@kindex c s
@findex magit-commit-squash
This command creates a new squash commit from the staged changes,
targeting the reachable commit at point, if any.  Otherwise the
user is prompted for a commit.

Use this variant if you want a chance to make changes to the final
commit message, but not until the two commits are being squashed
into the final combined commit.

This command calls @code{git commit --squash=COMMIT --no-edit}.

@item @kbd{c A} (@code{magit-commit-alter})
@kindex c A
@findex magit-commit-alter
This command creates a new fixup commit from the staged changes,
targeting the reachable commit at point, if any.  Otherwise the
user is prompted for a commit.

Use this variant if you want to write the final commit message now,
but (as for all variants in this section) do not want to immediately
squash the fixup and targeted commits into a final combined commit.

This command calls @code{git commit --fixup=amend:COMMIT --edit}.

@item @kbd{c n} (@code{magit-commit-augment})
@kindex c n
@findex magit-commit-augment
This command creates a new squash commit from the staged changes,
targeting the reachable commit at point, if any.  Otherwise the
user is prompted for a commit.

Use this variant if you want to describe the new changes now, but
want to delay writing the final message, which describes the changes
in the combined commit, until you actually combine the squash and
target commits into the final commit.  You can think of the new
message, which you write here, as a "note", to be integrated once
once you write the final commit message.

This command calls @code{git commit --squash=COMMIT --edit}.

@item @kbd{c W} (@code{magit-commit-revise})
@kindex c W
@findex magit-commit-revise
This command pops up a buffer containing the commit message of the
reachable commit at point, if any.  Otherwise the user is prompted
for a commit to target.

Use this variant if you want to correct the message of the targeted
commit, but want to delay performing the @code{--autosquash} rebase, which
actually changes that commit.

This command calls @code{git commit --fixup=reword:COMMIT --edit}.
@end table

@anchor{Editing any reachable commit and rebasing immediately}
@subsubheading Editing any reachable commit and rebasing immediately

These commands create a new commit, which targets an existing commit,
from the staged changes.  Any commit that is reachable from HEAD,
including HEAD itself, can be the target.

The new commit is immediately squashed into its target commit, using
an @code{--autosquash} rebase.

The command descriptions below mention the specific arguments they use
when calling @code{git commit}.  The arguments specified in the menu are
appended to those arguments when calling @code{git commit}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{c F} (@code{magit-commit-instant-fixup})
@kindex c F
@findex magit-commit-instant-fixup
This command creates a fixup commit, targeting the reachable commit
at point, if any.  Otherwise the user is prompted for a commit. Then
it instantly performs a rebase, to squash the new commit into the
targeted commit.

The original commit message of the targeted commit is left untouched.

This command calls @code{git commit --fixup=COMMIT --no-edit}
and then @code{git rebase --autosquash MERGE-BASE}.

@item @kbd{c S} (@code{magit-commit-instant-squash})
@kindex c S
@findex magit-commit-instant-squash
This command creates a squash commit, targeting the reachable commit
at point, if any.  Otherwise the user is prompted for a commit. Then
it instantly performs a rebase, to squash the new commit into the
targeted commit.

During the rebase phase the user is asked to author the final commit
message, based on the original message of the targeted commit.

This command calls @code{git commit --squash=COMMIT --no-edit}
and then @code{git rebase --autosquash MERGE-BASE}.
@end table

@anchor{Options used by commit commands}
@subsubheading Options used by commit commands

@itemize
@item
@anchor{Used by all or most commit commands}Used by all or most commit commands


@defopt magit-commit-show-diff
Whether the relevant diff is automatically shown when committing.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-commit-ask-to-stage
Whether to ask to stage all unstaged changes when committing and
nothing is staged.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-post-commit-hook
Hook run after creating a commit without the user editing a message.

This hook is run by @code{magit-refresh} if @code{this-command} is a member
of @code{magit-post-commit-hook-commands}.  This only includes commands
named @code{magit-commit-*} that do @strong{not} require that the user edits
the commit message in a buffer.

Also see @code{git-commit-post-finish-hook}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-commit-diff-inhibit-same-window
Whether to inhibit use of same window when showing diff while
committing.

When writing a commit, then a diff of the changes to be committed
is automatically shown.  The idea is that the diff is shown in a
different window of the same frame and for most users that just
works.  In other words most users can completely ignore this
option because its value doesn't make a difference for them.

However for users who configured Emacs to never create a new
window even when the package explicitly tries to do so, then
displaying two new buffers necessarily means that the first is
immediately replaced by the second.  In our case the message
buffer is immediately replaced by the diff buffer, which is of
course highly undesirable.

A workaround is to suppress this user configuration in this
particular case.  Users have to explicitly opt-in by toggling
this option.  We cannot enable the workaround unconditionally
because that again causes issues for other users: if the frame
is too tiny or the relevant settings too aggressive, then the
diff buffer would end up being displayed in a new frame.

Also see @uref{https://github.com/magit/magit/issues/4132}.
@end defopt

@item
@anchor{Used by all squash and fixup commands}Used by all squash and fixup commands


@defopt magit-commit-squash-confirm
Whether the commit targeted by squash and fixup has to be confirmed.
When non-nil then the commit at point (if any) is used as default
choice.  Otherwise it has to be confirmed.  This option only affects
@code{magit-commit-squash} and @code{magit-commit-fixup}.  The "instant" variants
always require confirmation because making an error while using
those is harder to recover from.
@end defopt

@item
@anchor{Used by specific commit commands}Used by specific commit commands


@defopt magit-commit-extend-override-date
Whether using @code{magit-commit-extend} changes the committer date.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-commit-reword-override-date
Whether using @code{magit-commit-reword} changes the committer date.
@end defopt
@end itemize

@anchor{Editing Commit Messages}
@subsection Editing Commit Messages

After initiating a commit as described in the previous section, two new
buffers appear.  One shows the changes that are about to be committed,
while the other is used to write the message.

Commit messages are edited in an edit session - in the background @code{git}
is waiting for the editor, in our case @code{emacsclient}, to save the commit
message in a file (in most cases @code{.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG}) and then return.
If the editor returns with a non-zero exit status then @code{git} does not
create the commit.  So the most important commands are those for
finishing and aborting the commit.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{with-editor-finish})
@kindex C-c C-c
@findex with-editor-finish
Finish the current editing session by returning with exit code 0.
Git then creates the commit using the message it finds in the file.

@item @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{with-editor-cancel})
@kindex C-c C-k
@findex with-editor-cancel
Cancel the current editing session by returning with exit code 1.
Git then cancels the commit, but leaves the file untouched.
@end table

In addition to being used by @code{git commit}, messages may also be stored
in a ring that persists until Emacs is closed.  By default the message
is stored at the beginning and the end of an edit session (regardless
of whether the session is finished successfully or was canceled).  It
is sometimes useful to bring back messages from that ring.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c M-s} (@code{git-commit-save-message})
@kindex C-c M-s
@findex git-commit-save-message
Save the current buffer content to the commit message ring.

@item @kbd{M-p} (@code{git-commit-prev-message})
@kindex M-p
@findex git-commit-prev-message
Cycle backward through the commit message ring, after saving the
current message to the ring.  With a numeric prefix ARG, go back
ARG comments.

@item @kbd{M-n} (@code{git-commit-next-message})
@kindex M-n
@findex git-commit-next-message
Cycle forward through the commit message ring, after saving the
current message to the ring.  With a numeric prefix ARG, go back
ARG comments.
@end table

By default the diff for the changes that are about to be committed are
automatically shown when invoking the commit.  To prevent that, remove
@code{magit-commit-diff} from @code{server-switch-hook}.

When amending to an existing commit it may be useful to show either
the changes that are about to be added to that commit or to show those
changes alongside those that have already been committed.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{magit-diff-while-committing})
@kindex C-c C-d
@findex magit-diff-while-committing
While committing, show the changes that are about to be committed.
While amending, invoking the command again toggles between showing
just the new changes or all the changes that will be committed.
@end table

@anchor{Using the Revision Stack}
@subsubheading Using the Revision Stack

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{magit-pop-revision-stack})
@kindex C-c C-w
@findex magit-pop-revision-stack
This command inserts a representation of a revision into the current
buffer.  It can be used inside buffers used to write commit messages
but also in other buffers such as buffers used to edit emails or
ChangeLog files.

By default this command pops the revision which was last added to
the @code{magit-revision-stack} and inserts it into the current buffer
according to @code{magit-pop-revision-stack-format}.  Revisions can be put
on the stack using @code{magit-copy-section-value} and
@code{magit-copy-buffer-revision}.

If the stack is empty or with a prefix argument it instead reads a
revision in the minibuffer.  By using the minibuffer history this
allows selecting an item which was popped earlier or to insert an
arbitrary reference or revision without first pushing it onto the
stack.

When reading the revision from the minibuffer, then it might not
be possible to guess the correct repository.  When this command
is called inside a repository (e.g., while composing a commit
message), then that repository is used.  Otherwise (e.g., while
composing an email) then the repository recorded for the top
element of the stack is used (even though we insert another
revision).  If not called inside a repository and with an empty
stack, or with two prefix arguments, then read the repository in
the minibuffer too.
@end table

@defopt magit-pop-revision-stack-format
This option controls how the command @code{magit-pop-revision-stack}
inserts a revision into the current buffer.

The entries on the stack have the format @code{(HASH TOPLEVEL)} and this
option has the format @code{(POINT-FORMAT EOB-FORMAT INDEX-REGEXP)}, all
of which may be nil or a string (though either one of EOB-FORMAT
or POINT-FORMAT should be a string, and if INDEX-REGEXP is
non-nil, then the two formats should be too).

First INDEX-REGEXP is used to find the previously inserted entry,
by searching backward from point.  The first submatch must match
the index number.  That number is incremented by one, and becomes
the index number of the entry to be inserted.  If you don't want
to number the inserted revisions, then use nil for INDEX-REGEXP@.

If INDEX-REGEXP is non-nil then both POINT-FORMAT and EOB-FORMAT
should contain \"%N\", which is replaced with the number that was
determined in the previous step.

Both formats, if non-nil and after removing %N, are then expanded
using @code{git show --format=FORMAT ...} inside TOPLEVEL@.

The expansion of POINT-FORMAT is inserted at point, and the
expansion of EOB-FORMAT is inserted at the end of the buffer (if the
buffer ends with a comment, then it is inserted right before that).
@end defopt

@anchor{Commit Pseudo Headers}
@subsubheading Commit Pseudo Headers

Some projects use pseudo headers in commit messages.  Magit colorizes
such headers and provides some commands to insert such headers.

@defopt git-commit-known-pseudo-headers
A list of Git pseudo headers to be highlighted.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-i} (@code{git-commit-insert-pseudo-header})
@kindex C-c C-i
@findex git-commit-insert-pseudo-header
Insert a commit message pseudo header.

@item @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{git-commit-ack})
@kindex C-c C-a
@findex git-commit-ack
Insert a header acknowledging that you have looked at the commit.

@item @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{git-commit-review})
@kindex C-c C-r
@findex git-commit-review
Insert a header acknowledging that you have reviewed the commit.

@item @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{git-commit-signoff})
@kindex C-c C-s
@findex git-commit-signoff
Insert a header to sign off the commit.

@item @kbd{C-c C-t} (@code{git-commit-test})
@kindex C-c C-t
@findex git-commit-test
Insert a header acknowledging that you have tested the commit.

@item @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{git-commit-cc})
@kindex C-c C-o
@findex git-commit-cc
Insert a header mentioning someone who might be interested.

@item @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{git-commit-reported})
@kindex C-c C-p
@findex git-commit-reported
Insert a header mentioning the person who reported the issue being
fixed by the commit.

@item @kbd{C-c M-i} (@code{git-commit-suggested})
@kindex C-c M-i
@findex git-commit-suggested
Insert a header mentioning the person who suggested the change.
@end table

@anchor{Commit Mode and Hooks}
@subsubheading Commit Mode and Hooks

@code{git-commit-mode} is a minor mode that is only used to establish certain
key bindings.  This makes it possible to use an arbitrary major mode
in buffers used to edit commit messages.  It is even possible to use
different major modes in different repositories, which is useful when
different projects impose different commit message conventions.

@defopt git-commit-major-mode
The value of this option is the major mode used to edit Git commit
messages.
@end defopt

Because @code{git-commit-mode} is a minor mode, we don't use its mode hook
to setup the buffer, except for the key bindings.  All other setup
happens in the function @code{git-commit-setup}, which among other things runs
the hook @code{git-commit-setup-hook}.

@defopt git-commit-setup-hook
Hook run at the end of @code{git-commit-setup}.
@end defopt

@noindent
The following functions are suitable for this hook:

@defun git-commit-save-message
Save the current buffer content to the commit message ring.
@end defun

@defun git-commit-setup-changelog-support
After this function is called, ChangeLog entries are treated as
paragraphs.
@end defun

@defun git-commit-turn-on-auto-fill
Turn on @code{auto-fill-mode}.
@end defun

@defun git-commit-turn-on-flyspell
Turn on Flyspell mode.  Also prevent comments from being checked and
finally check current non-comment text.
@end defun

@defun git-commit-propertize-diff
Propertize the diff shown inside the commit message buffer.  Git
inserts such diffs into the commit message template when the
@code{--verbose} argument is used.  @code{magit-commit} by default does not offer
that argument because the diff that is shown in a separate buffer is
more useful.  But some users disagree, which is why this function
exists.
@end defun

@defun bug-reference-mode
Hyperlink bug references in the buffer.
@end defun

@defun with-editor-usage-message
Show usage information in the echo area.
@end defun

@defopt git-commit-post-finish-hook
Hook run after the user finished writing a commit message.

This hook is only run after pressing @code{C-c C-c} in a buffer used to
edit a commit message.  If a commit is created without the user
typing a message into a buffer, then this hook is not run.

This hook is not run until the new commit has been created.  If
doing so takes Git longer than one second, then this hook isn't run
at all.  For certain commands such as @code{magit-rebase-continue} this
hook is never run because doing so would lead to a race condition.

This hook is only run if @code{magit} is available.

Also see @code{magit-post-commit-hook}.
@end defopt

@anchor{Commit Message Conventions}
@subsubheading Commit Message Conventions

Git-Commit highlights certain violations of commonly accepted commit
message conventions.  Certain violations even cause Git-Commit to ask
you to confirm that you really want to do that.  This nagging can of
course be turned off, but the result of doing that usually is that
instead of some code it's now the human who is reviewing your commits
who has to waste some time telling you to fix your commits.

@defopt git-commit-summary-max-length
The intended maximal length of the summary line of commit messages.
Characters beyond this column are colorized to indicate that this
preference has been violated.
@end defopt

@defopt git-commit-finish-query-functions
List of functions called to query before performing commit.

The commit message buffer is current while the functions are called.
If any of them returns nil, then the commit is not performed and the
buffer is not killed.  The user should then fix the issue and try
again.

The functions are called with one argument.  If it is non-nil then
that indicates that the user used a prefix argument to force
finishing the session despite issues.  Functions should usually
honor this wish and return non-nil.

By default the only member is @code{git-commit-check-style-conventions}.
@end defopt

@defun git-commit-check-style-conventions
This function checks for violations of certain basic style
conventions.  For each violation it asks users if they want to
proceed anyway.
@end defun

@defopt git-commit-style-convention-checks
This option controls what conventions the function by the same name
tries to enforce.  The value is a list of self-explanatory symbols
identifying certain conventions; @code{non-empty-second-line} and
@code{overlong-summary-line}.
@end defopt

@node Branching
@section Branching

@anchor{The Two Remotes}
@subsection The Two Remotes

The upstream branch of some local branch is the branch into which the
commits on that local branch should eventually be merged, usually
something like @code{origin/master}.  For the @code{master} branch itself the
upstream branch and the branch it is being pushed to, are usually the
same remote branch.  But for a feature branch the upstream branch and
the branch it is being pushed to should differ.

The commits on feature branches too should @emph{eventually} end up in a
remote branch such as @code{origin/master} or @code{origin/maint}.  Such a branch
should therefore be used as the upstream.  But feature branches
shouldn't be pushed directly to such branches.  Instead a feature
branch @code{my-feature} is usually pushed to @code{my-fork/my-feature} or if you
are a contributor @code{origin/my-feature}.  After the new feature has been
reviewed, the maintainer merges the feature into @code{master}.  And finally
@code{master} (not @code{my-feature} itself) is pushed to @code{origin/master}.

But new features seldom are perfect on the first try, and so feature
branches usually have to be reviewed, improved, and re-pushed several
times.  Pushing should therefore be easy to do, and for that reason
many Git users have concluded that it is best to use the remote branch
to which the local feature branch is being pushed as its upstream.

But luckily Git has long ago gained support for a push-remote which
can be configured separately from the upstream branch, using the
variables @code{branch.<name>.pushRemote} and @code{remote.pushDefault}.  So we no
longer have to choose which of the two remotes should be used as "the
remote".

Each of the fetching, pulling, and pushing transient commands features
three suffix commands that act on the current branch and some other
branch.  Of these, @code{p} is bound to a command which acts on the
push-remote, @code{u} is bound to a command which acts on the upstream, and @code{e}
is bound to a command which acts on any other branch.  The status
buffer shows unpushed and unpulled commits for both the push-remote
and the upstream.

It's fairly simple to configure these two remotes.  The values of all
the variables that are related to fetching, pulling, and pushing (as
well as some other branch-related variables) can be inspected and
changed using the command @code{magit-branch-configure}, which is available
from many transient prefix commands that deal with branches.  It is
also possible to set the push-remote or upstream while pushing (see
@ref{Pushing}).

@anchor{Branch Commands}
@subsection Branch Commands

The transient prefix command @code{magit-branch} is used to create and
checkout branches, and to make changes to existing branches.  It is
not used to fetch, pull, merge, rebase, or push branches, i.e., this
command deals with branches themselves, not with the commits reachable
from them.  Those features are available from separate transient
command.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{b} (@code{magit-branch})
@kindex b
@findex magit-branch
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

By default it also binds and displays the values of some
branch-related Git variables and allows changing their values.
@end table

@defopt magit-branch-direct-configure
This option controls whether the transient command @code{magit-branch} can
be used to directly change the values of Git variables.  This defaults
to @code{t} (to avoid changing key bindings).  When set to @code{nil}, then no
variables are displayed by that transient command, and its suffix
command @code{magit-branch-configure} has to be used instead to view and
change branch related variables.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{b C} (@code{magit-branch-configure})
@itemx @kbd{f C}
@itemx @kbd{F C}
@itemx @kbd{P C}
@kindex b C
@kindex f C
@kindex F C
@kindex P C
@findex magit-branch-configure
This transient prefix command binds commands that set the value of
branch-related variables and displays them in a temporary buffer
until the transient is exited.

With a prefix argument, this command always prompts for a branch.

Without a prefix argument this depends on whether it was invoked as
a suffix of @code{magit-branch} and on the @code{magit-branch-direct-configure}
option.  If @code{magit-branch} already displays the variables for the
current branch, then it isn't useful to invoke another transient
that displays them for the same branch.  In that case this command
prompts for a branch.
@end table

The variables are described in @ref{Branch Git Variables}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{b b} (@code{magit-checkout})
@kindex b b
@findex magit-checkout
Checkout a revision read in the minibuffer and defaulting to the
branch or arbitrary revision at point.  If the revision is a local
branch then that becomes the current branch.  If it is something
else then @code{HEAD} becomes detached.  Checkout fails if the working tree
or the staging area contain changes.

@item @kbd{b n} (@code{magit-branch-create})
@kindex b n
@findex magit-branch-create
Create a new branch.  The user is asked for a branch or arbitrary
revision to use as the starting point of the new branch.  When a
branch name is provided, then that becomes the upstream branch of
the new branch.  The name of the new branch is also read in the
minibuffer.

Also see option @code{magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream}.

@item @kbd{b c} (@code{magit-branch-and-checkout})
@kindex b c
@findex magit-branch-and-checkout
This command creates a new branch like @code{magit-branch-create}, but then
also checks it out.

Also see option @code{magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream}.

@item @kbd{b l} (@code{magit-branch-checkout})
@kindex b l
@findex magit-branch-checkout
This command checks out an existing or new local branch.  It reads a
branch name from the user offering all local branches and a subset
of remote branches as candidates.  Remote branches for which a local
branch by the same name exists are omitted from the list of
candidates.  The user can also enter a completely new branch name.

@itemize
@item
If the user selects an existing local branch, then that is checked
out.

@item
If the user selects a remote branch, then it creates and checks
out a new local branch with the same name, and configures the
selected remote branch as the push target.

@item
If the user enters a new branch name, then it creates and checks
that out, after also reading the starting-point from the user.
@end itemize

In the latter two cases the upstream is also set.  Whether it is set
to the chosen starting point or something else depends on the value
of @code{magit-branch-adjust-remote-upstream-alist}.

@item @kbd{b s} (@code{magit-branch-spinoff})
@kindex b s
@findex magit-branch-spinoff
This command creates and checks out a new branch starting at and
tracking the current branch.  That branch in turn is reset to the
last commit it shares with its upstream.  If the current branch has
no upstream or no unpushed commits, then the new branch is created
anyway and the previously current branch is not touched.

This is useful to create a feature branch after work has already
begun on the old branch (likely but not necessarily "master").

If the current branch is a member of the value of option
@code{magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream} (which see), then the current
branch will be used as the starting point as usual, but the upstream
of the starting-point may be used as the upstream of the new branch,
instead of the starting-point itself.

If optional FROM is non-nil, then the source branch is reset
to @code{FROM~}, instead of to the last commit it shares with its
upstream.  Interactively, FROM is only ever non-nil, if the
region selects some commits, and among those commits, FROM is
the commit that is the fewest commits ahead of the source
branch.

The commit at the other end of the selection actually does not
matter, all commits between FROM and @code{HEAD} are moved to the new
branch.  If FROM is not reachable from @code{HEAD} or is reachable from the
source branch's upstream, then an error is raised.

@item @kbd{b S} (@code{magit-branch-spinout})
@kindex b S
@findex magit-branch-spinout
This command behaves like @code{magit-branch-spinoff}, except that it does
not change the current branch.  If there are any uncommitted changes,
then it behaves exactly like @code{magit-branch-spinoff}.

@item @kbd{b x} (@code{magit-branch-reset})
@kindex b x
@findex magit-branch-reset
This command resets a branch, defaulting to the branch at point, to
the tip of another branch or any other commit.

When the branch being reset is the current branch, then a hard reset
is performed.  If there are any uncommitted changes, then the user
has to confirm the reset because those changes would be lost.

This is useful when you have started work on a feature branch but
realize it's all crap and want to start over.

When resetting to another branch and a prefix argument is used, then
the target branch is set as the upstream of the branch that is being
reset.

@item @kbd{b k} (@code{magit-branch-delete})
@kindex b k
@findex magit-branch-delete
Delete one or multiple branches.  If the region marks multiple
branches, then offer to delete those.  Otherwise, prompt for a single
branch to be deleted, defaulting to the branch at point.

Require confirmation when deleting branches is dangerous in some
way.  Option @code{magit-no-confirm} can be customized to not require
confirmation in certain cases.  See its docstring to learn why
confirmation is required by default in certain cases or if a
prompt is confusing.

@item @kbd{b m} (@code{magit-branch-rename})
@kindex b m
@findex magit-branch-rename
Rename a branch.  The branch and the new name are read in the
minibuffer.  With prefix argument the branch is renamed even if that
name conflicts with an existing branch.
@end table

@defopt magit-branch-read-upstream-first
When creating a branch, whether to read the upstream branch before
the name of the branch that is to be created.  The default is @code{t},
and I recommend you leave it at that.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream
This option specifies whether remote upstreams are favored over
local upstreams when creating new branches.

When a new branch is created, then the branch, commit, or stash at
point is suggested as the starting point of the new branch, or if
there is no such revision at point the current branch.  In either
case the user may choose another starting point.

If the chosen starting point is a branch, then it may also be set
as the upstream of the new branch, depending on the value of the
Git variable `branch.autoSetupMerge'.  By default this is done
for remote branches, but not for local branches.

You might prefer to always use some remote branch as upstream.
If the chosen starting point is (1) a local branch, (2) whose
name matches a member of the value of this option, (3) the
upstream of that local branch is a remote branch with the same
name, and (4) that remote branch can be fast-forwarded to the
local branch, then the chosen branch is used as starting point,
but its own upstream is used as the upstream of the new branch.

Members of this option's value are treated as branch names that
have to match exactly unless they contain a character that makes
them invalid as a branch name.  Recommended characters to use
to trigger interpretation as a regexp are "*" and "^".  Some
other characters which you might expect to be invalid, actually
are not, e.g., ".+$" are all perfectly valid.  More precisely,
if @code{git check-ref-format --branch STRING} exits with a non-zero
status, then treat STRING as a regexp.

Assuming the chosen branch matches these conditions you would end
up with with e.g.:

@example
feature --upstream--> origin/master
@end example

instead of

@example
feature --upstream--> master --upstream--> origin/master
@end example

Which you prefer is a matter of personal preference.  If you do
prefer the former, then you should add branches such as @code{master},
@code{next}, and @code{maint} to the value of this options.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-branch-adjust-remote-upstream-alist
The value of this option is an alist of branches to be used as
the upstream when branching a remote branch.

When creating a local branch from an ephemeral branch located on a
remote, e.g., a feature or hotfix branch, then that remote branch
should usually not be used as the upstream branch, since the
push-remote already allows accessing it and having both the upstream
and the push-remote reference the same related branch would be
wasteful.  Instead a branch like "maint" or "master" should be used
as the upstream.

This option allows specifying the branch that should be used as the
upstream when branching certain remote branches.  The value is an
alist of the form @code{((UPSTREAM . RULE)...)}.  The first matching
element is used, the following elements are ignored.

UPSTREAM is the branch to be used as the upstream for branches
specified by RULE@.  It can be a local or a remote branch.

RULE can either be a regular expression, matching branches whose
upstream should be the one specified by UPSTREAM@.  Or it can be a
list of the only branches that should @strong{not} use UPSTREAM; all other
branches will.  Matching is done after stripping the remote part of
the name of the branch that is being branched from.

If you use a finite set of non-ephemeral branches across all your
repositories, then you might use something like:

@lisp
(("origin/master" . ("master" "next" "maint")))
@end lisp

Or if the names of all your ephemeral branches contain a slash,
at least in some repositories, then a good value could be:

@lisp
(("origin/master" . "/"))
@end lisp

Of course you can also fine-tune:

@lisp
(("origin/maint" . "\\`hotfix/")
 ("origin/master" . "\\`feature/"))
@end lisp

UPSTREAM can be a local branch:

@lisp
(("master" . ("master" "next" "maint")))
@end lisp
@end defopt

Because the main branch is no longer almost always named "master"
you should also account for other common names:

@lisp
(("main"  . ("main" "master" "next" "maint"))
 ("master" . ("main" "master" "next" "maint")))
@end lisp

@deffn Command magit-branch-orphan
This command creates and checks out a new orphan branch with
contents from a given revision.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-branch-or-checkout
This command is a hybrid between @code{magit-checkout} and
@code{magit-branch-and-checkout} and is intended as a replacement for the
former in @code{magit-branch}.

It first asks the user for an existing branch or revision.  If the
user input actually can be resolved as a branch or revision, then it
checks that out, just like @code{magit-checkout} would.

Otherwise it creates and checks out a new branch using the input as
its name.  Before doing so it reads the starting-point for the new
branch.  This is similar to what @code{magit-branch-and-checkout} does.

To use this command instead of @code{magit-checkout} add this to your init
file:

@lisp
(transient-replace-suffix 'magit-branch 'magit-checkout
  '("b" "dwim" magit-branch-or-checkout))
@end lisp
@end deffn

@anchor{Branch Git Variables}
@subsection Branch Git Variables

These variables can be set from the transient prefix command
@code{magit-branch-configure}.  By default they can also be set from
@code{magit-branch}.  See @ref{Branch Commands}.

@defvar branch.NAME.merge
Together with @code{branch.NAME.remote} this variable defines the upstream
branch of the local branch named NAME@.  The value of this variable
is the full reference of the upstream @emph{branch}.
@end defvar

@defvar branch.NAME.remote
Together with @code{branch.NAME.merge} this variable defines the upstream
branch of the local branch named NAME@.  The value of this variable
is the name of the upstream @emph{remote}.
@end defvar

@defvar branch.NAME.rebase
This variable controls whether pulling into the branch named NAME is
done by rebasing or by merging the fetched branch.

@itemize
@item
When @code{true} then pulling is done by rebasing.
@item
When @code{false} then pulling is done by merging.
@item
When undefined then the value of @code{pull.rebase} is used.  The default
of that variable is @code{false}.
@end itemize
@end defvar

@defvar branch.NAME.pushRemote
This variable specifies the remote that the branch named NAME is
usually pushed to.  The value has to be the name of an existing
remote.

It is not possible to specify the name of @emph{branch} to push the local
branch to.  The name of the remote branch is always the same as the
name of the local branch.

If this variable is undefined but @code{remote.pushDefault} is defined,
then the value of the latter is used.  By default @code{remote.pushDefault}
is undefined.
@end defvar

@defvar branch.NAME.description
This variable can be used to describe the branch named NAME@.  That
description is used, e.g., when turning the branch into a series of
patches.
@end defvar

The following variables specify defaults which are used if the above
branch-specific variables are not set.

@defvar pull.rebase
This variable specifies whether pulling is done by rebasing or by
merging.  It can be overwritten using @code{branch.NAME.rebase}.

@itemize
@item
When @code{true} then pulling is done by rebasing.
@item
When @code{false} (the default) then pulling is done by merging.
@end itemize

Since it is never a good idea to merge the upstream branch into a
feature or hotfix branch and most branches are such branches, you
should consider setting this to @code{true}, and @code{branch.master.rebase} to
@code{false}.
@end defvar

@defvar remote.pushDefault
This variable specifies what remote the local branches are usually
pushed to.  This can be overwritten per branch using
@code{branch.NAME.pushRemote}.
@end defvar

The following variables are used during the creation of a branch and
control whether the various branch-specific variables are
automatically set at this time.

@defvar branch.autoSetupMerge
This variable specifies under what circumstances creating a branch
NAME should result in the variables @code{branch.NAME.merge} and
@code{branch.NAME.remote} being set according to the starting point used to
create the branch.  If the starting point isn't a branch, then these
variables are never set.

@itemize
@item
When @code{always} then the variables are set regardless of whether the
starting point is a local or a remote branch.
@item
When @code{true} (the default) then the variables are set when the starting
point is a remote branch, but not when it is a local branch.
@item
When @code{false} then the variables are never set.
@end itemize
@end defvar

@defvar branch.autoSetupRebase
This variable specifies whether creating a branch NAME should result
in the variable @code{branch.NAME.rebase} being set to @code{true}.

@itemize
@item
When @code{always} then the variable is set regardless of whether the
starting point is a local or a remote branch.
@item
When @code{local} then the variable are set when the starting point is a
local branch, but not when it is a remote branch.
@item
When @code{remote} then the variable are set when the starting point is a
remote branch, but not when it is a local branch.
@item
When @code{never} (the default) then the variable is never set.
@end itemize
@end defvar

Note that the respective commands always change the repository-local
values.  If you want to change the global value, which is used when
the local value is undefined, then you have to do so on the command
line, e.g.:

@example
git config --global remote.autoSetupMerge always
@end example

For more information about these variables you should also see
@ifinfo
@ref{git-config,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-config">git-config(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-config(1) manpage.
@end iftex
 Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-branch,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-branch">git-branch(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-branch(1) manpage.
@end iftex
, 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-checkout,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-checkout">git-checkout(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-checkout(1) manpage.
@end iftex
 and @ref{Pushing}.

@defopt magit-prefer-remote-upstream
This option controls whether commands that read a branch from the
user and then set it as the upstream branch, offer a local or a
remote branch as default completion candidate, when they have the
choice.

This affects all commands that use @code{magit-read-upstream-branch} or
@code{magit-read-starting-point}, which includes all commands that change
the upstream and many which create new branches.
@end defopt

@anchor{Auxiliary Branch Commands}
@subsection Auxiliary Branch Commands

These commands are not available from the transient @code{magit-branch} by
default.

@deffn Command magit-branch-shelve
This command shelves a branch.  This is done by deleting the branch,
and creating a new reference "refs/shelved/BRANCH-NAME" pointing at
the same commit as the branch pointed at.  If the deleted branch had
a reflog, then that is preserved as the reflog of the new reference.

This is useful if you want to move a branch out of sight, but are
not ready to completely discard it yet.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-branch-unshelve
This command unshelves a branch that was previously shelved using
@code{magit-branch-shelve}.  This is done by deleting the reference
"refs/shelved/BRANCH-NAME" and creating a branch "BRANCH-NAME"
pointing at the same commit as the deleted reference pointed at.
If the deleted reference had a reflog, then that is restored as
the reflog of the branch.
@end deffn

@node Merging
@section Merging

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-merge,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-merge">git-merge(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-merge(1) manpage.
@end iftex
  For information on how to resolve
merge conflicts see the next section.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{m} (@code{magit-merge})
@kindex m
@findex magit-merge
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

When no merge is in progress, then the transient features the
following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{m m} (@code{magit-merge-plain})
@kindex m m
@findex magit-merge-plain
This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into the
current branch.  The branch or revision to be merged is read in the
minibuffer and defaults to the branch at point.

Unless there are conflicts or a prefix argument is used, then the
resulting merge commit uses a generic commit message, and the user
does not get a chance to inspect or change it before the commit is
created.  With a prefix argument this does not actually create the
merge commit, which makes it possible to inspect how conflicts were
resolved and to adjust the commit message.

@item @kbd{m e} (@code{magit-merge-editmsg})
@kindex m e
@findex magit-merge-editmsg
This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into the
current branch and opens a commit message buffer, so that the user
can make adjustments.  The commit is not actually created until the
user finishes with @code{C-c C-c}.

@item @kbd{m n} (@code{magit-merge-nocommit})
@kindex m n
@findex magit-merge-nocommit
This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into the
current branch, but does not actually create the merge commit.  The
user can then further adjust the merge, even when automatic conflict
resolution succeeded and/or adjust the commit message.

@item @kbd{m a} (@code{magit-merge-absorb})
@kindex m a
@findex magit-merge-absorb
This command merges another local branch into the current branch and
then removes the former.

Before the source branch is merged, it is first force pushed to its
push-remote, provided the respective remote branch already exists.
This ensures that the respective pull-request (if any) won't get
stuck on some obsolete version of the commits that are being merged.
Finally, if @code{magit-branch-pull-request} was used to create the merged
branch, then the respective remote branch is also removed.

@item @kbd{m i} (@code{magit-merge-into})
@kindex m i
@findex magit-merge-into
This command merges the current branch into another local branch and
then removes the former.  The latter becomes the new current branch.

Before the source branch is merged, it is first force pushed to its
push-remote, provided the respective remote branch already exists.
This ensures that the respective pull-request (if any) won't get
stuck on some obsolete version of the commits that are being merged.
Finally, if @code{magit-branch-pull-request} was used to create the merged
branch, then the respective remote branch is also removed.

@item @kbd{m s} (@code{magit-merge-squash})
@kindex m s
@findex magit-merge-squash
This command squashes the changes introduced by another branch or an
arbitrary revision into the current branch.  This only applies the
changes made by the squashed commits.  No information is preserved
that would allow creating an actual merge commit.  Instead of this
command you should probably use a command from the apply transient.

@item @kbd{m p} (@code{magit-merge-preview})
@kindex m p
@findex magit-merge-preview
This command shows a preview of merging another branch or an
arbitrary revision into the current branch.

Note that commands, that normally change how a diff is displayed, do
not work in buffers created by this command, because the underlying
Git command does not support diff arguments.
@end table

When a merge is in progress, then the transient instead features the
following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{m m} (@code{magit-merge})
@kindex m m
@findex magit-merge
After the user resolved conflicts, this command proceeds with the
merge.  If some conflicts weren't resolved, then this command fails.

@item @kbd{m a} (@code{magit-merge-abort})
@kindex m a
@findex magit-merge-abort
This command aborts the current merge operation.
@end table

@node Resolving Conflicts
@section Resolving Conflicts

When merging branches (or otherwise combining or changing history)
conflicts can occur.  If you edited two completely different parts of
the same file in two branches and then merge one of these branches
into the other, then Git can resolve that on its own, but if you edit
the same area of a file, then a human is required to decide how the
two versions, or "sides of the conflict", are to be combined into one.

Here we can only provide a brief introduction to the subject and point
you toward some tools that can help.  If you are new to this, then
please also consult Git's own documentation as well as other
resources.

If a file has conflicts and Git cannot resolve them by itself, then it
puts both versions into the affected file along with special markers
whose purpose is to denote the boundaries of the unresolved part of
the file and between the different versions.  These boundary lines
begin with the strings consisting of seven times the same character,
one of @code{<}, @code{|}, @code{=} and @code{>}, and are followed by information about the source
of the respective versions, e.g.:

@example
<<<<<<< HEAD
Take the blue pill.
=======
Take the red pill.
>>>>>>> feature
@end example

In this case you have chosen to take the red pill on one branch and on
another you picked the blue pill.  Now that you are merging these two
diverging branches, Git cannot possibly know which pill you want to
take.

To resolve that conflict you have to create a version of the affected
area of the file by keeping only one of the sides, possibly by editing
it in order to bring in the changes from the other side, remove the
other versions as well as the markers, and then stage the result.  A
possible resolution might be:

@example
Take both pills.
@end example

Often it is useful to see not only the two sides of the conflict but
also the "original" version from before the same area of the file was
modified twice on different branches.  Instruct Git to insert that
version as well by running this command once:

@example
git config --global merge.conflictStyle diff3
@end example

The above conflict might then have looked like this:

@example
<<<<<<< HEAD
Take the blue pill.
||||||| merged common ancestors
Take either the blue or the red pill, but not both.
=======
Take the red pill.
>>>>>>> feature
@end example

If that were the case, then the above conflict resolution would not
have been correct, which demonstrates why seeing the original version
alongside the conflicting versions can be useful.

You can perform the conflict resolution completely by hand, but Emacs
also provides some packages that help in the process: Smerge, Ediff
(@ref{Top,,,ediff,}), and Emerge (@ref{Emerge,,,emacs,}).  Magit does not provide
its own tools for conflict resolution, but it does make using Smerge
and Ediff more convenient.  (Ediff supersedes Emerge, so you probably
don't want to use the latter anyway.)

In the Magit status buffer, files with unresolved conflicts are listed
in the "Unstaged changes" and/or "Staged changes" sections.  They are
prefixed with the word "unmerged", which in this context essentially
is a synonym for "unresolved".

Pressing @code{RET} while point is on such a file section shows a buffer
visiting that file, turns on @code{smerge-mode} in that buffer, and places
point inside the first area with conflicts.  You should then resolve
that conflict using regular edit commands and/or Smerge commands.

Unfortunately Smerge does not have a manual, but you can get a list of
commands and binding @code{C-c ^ C-h} and press @code{RET} while point is on a
command name to read its documentation.

Normally you would edit one version and then tell Smerge to keep only
that version.  Use @code{C-c ^ m} (@code{smerge-keep-mine}) to keep the @code{HEAD}
version or @code{C-c ^ o} (@code{smerge-keep-other}) to keep the version that
follows "|||||||".  Then use @code{C-c ^ n} to move to the next conflicting
area in the same file.  Once you are done resolving conflicts, return
to the Magit status buffer.  The file should now be shown as
"modified", no longer as "unmerged", because Smerge automatically
stages the file when you save the buffer after resolving the last
conflict.

Magit now wraps the mentioned Smerge commands, allowing you to use
these key bindings without having to go to the file-visiting buffer.
Additionally @code{k} (@code{magit-discard}) on a hunk with unresolved conflicts
asks which side to keep or, if point is on a side, then it keeps it
without prompting.  Similarly @code{k} on a unresolved file ask which side
to keep.

Alternatively you could use Ediff, which uses separate buffers for the
different versions of the file.  To resolve conflicts in a file using
Ediff press @code{e} while point is on such a file in the status buffer.

Ediff can be used for other purposes as well.  For more information on
how to enter Ediff from Magit, see @ref{Ediffing}.  Explaining how to use
Ediff is beyond the scope of this manual, instead see @ref{Top,,,ediff,}.

If you are unsure whether you should Smerge or Ediff, then use the
former.  It is much easier to understand and use, and except for
truly complex conflicts, the latter is usually overkill.

@node Rebasing
@section Rebasing

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-rebase,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-rebase">git-rebase(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-rebase(1) manpage.
@end iftex
  For information on how to resolve
conflicts that occur during rebases see the preceding section.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{r} (@code{magit-rebase})
@kindex r
@findex magit-rebase
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

When no rebase is in progress, then the transient features the
following suffix commands.

Using one of these commands @emph{starts} a rebase sequence.  Git might then
stop somewhere along the way, either because you told it to do so, or
because applying a commit failed due to a conflict.  When that
happens, then the status buffer shows information about the rebase
sequence which is in progress in a section similar to a log section.
See @ref{Information About In-Progress Rebase}.

For information about the upstream and the push-remote, see @ref{The Two Remotes}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{r p} (@code{magit-rebase-onto-pushremote})
@kindex r p
@findex magit-rebase-onto-pushremote
This command rebases the current branch onto its push-remote.

With a prefix argument or when the push-remote is either not
configured or unusable, then let the user first configure the
push-remote.

@item @kbd{r u} (@code{magit-rebase-onto-upstream})
@kindex r u
@findex magit-rebase-onto-upstream
This command rebases the current branch onto its upstream branch.

With a prefix argument or when the upstream is either not
configured or unusable, then let the user first configure
the upstream.

@item @kbd{r e} (@code{magit-rebase-branch})
@kindex r e
@findex magit-rebase-branch
This command rebases the current branch onto a branch read in the
minibuffer.  All commits that are reachable from head but not from
the selected branch TARGET are being rebased.

@item @kbd{r s} (@code{magit-rebase-subset})
@kindex r s
@findex magit-rebase-subset
This command starts a non-interactive rebase sequence to transfer
commits from START to @code{HEAD} onto NEWBASE@.  START has to be selected
from a list of recent commits.
@end table

By default Magit uses the @code{--autostash} argument, which causes
uncommitted changes to be stored in a stash before the rebase begins.
These changes are restored after the rebase completes and if possible
the stash is removed.  If the stash does not apply cleanly, then the
stash is not removed.  In case something goes wrong when resolving
the conflicts, this allows you to start over.

Even though one of the actions is dedicated to interactive rebases,
the transient also features the infix argument @code{--interactive}.  This
can be used to turn one of the other, non-interactive rebase variants
into an interactive rebase.

For example if you want to clean up a feature branch and at the same
time rebase it onto @code{master}, then you could use @code{r-iu}.  But we recommend
that you instead do that in two steps.  First use @code{ri} to cleanup the
feature branch, and then in a second step @code{ru} to rebase it onto @code{master}.
That way if things turn out to be more complicated than you thought
and/or you make a mistake and have to start over, then you only have
to redo half the work.

Explicitly enabling @code{--interactive} won't have an effect on the
following commands as they always use that argument anyway, even if it
is not enabled in the transient.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{r i} (@code{magit-rebase-interactive})
@kindex r i
@findex magit-rebase-interactive
This command starts an interactive rebase sequence.

@item @kbd{r f} (@code{magit-rebase-autosquash})
@kindex r f
@findex magit-rebase-autosquash
This command combines squash and fixup commits with their intended
targets.

@item @kbd{r m} (@code{magit-rebase-edit-commit})
@kindex r m
@findex magit-rebase-edit-commit
This command starts an interactive rebase sequence that lets the
user edit a single older commit.

@item @kbd{r w} (@code{magit-rebase-reword-commit})
@kindex r w
@findex magit-rebase-reword-commit
This command starts an interactive rebase sequence that lets the
user reword a single older commit.

@item @kbd{r k} (@code{magit-rebase-remove-commit})
@kindex r k
@findex magit-rebase-remove-commit
This command removes a single older commit using rebase.
@end table

When a rebase is in progress, then the transient instead features
the following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{r r} (@code{magit-rebase-continue})
@kindex r r
@findex magit-rebase-continue
This command restart the current rebasing operation.

In some cases this pops up a commit message buffer for you do edit.
With a prefix argument the old message is reused as-is.

@item @kbd{r s} (@code{magit-rebase-skip})
@kindex r s
@findex magit-rebase-skip
This command skips the current commit and restarts the current
rebase operation.

@item @kbd{r e} (@code{magit-rebase-edit})
@kindex r e
@findex magit-rebase-edit
This command lets the user edit the todo list of the current rebase
operation.

@item @kbd{r a} (@code{magit-rebase-abort})
@kindex r a
@findex magit-rebase-abort
This command aborts the current rebase operation, restoring the
original branch.
@end table

@anchor{Editing Rebase Sequences}
@subsection Editing Rebase Sequences

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{with-editor-finish})
@kindex C-c C-c
@findex with-editor-finish
Finish the current editing session by returning with exit code 0.
Git then uses the rebase instructions it finds in the file.

@item @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{with-editor-cancel})
@kindex C-c C-k
@findex with-editor-cancel
Cancel the current editing session by returning with exit code 1.
Git then forgoes starting the rebase sequence.

@item @kbd{@key{RET}} (@code{git-rebase-show-commit})
@kindex RET
@findex git-rebase-show-commit
Show the commit on the current line in another buffer and select
that buffer.

@item @kbd{@key{SPC}} (@code{git-rebase-show-or-scroll-up})
@kindex SPC
@findex git-rebase-show-or-scroll-up
Show the commit on the current line in another buffer without
selecting that buffer.  If the revision buffer is already visible in
another window of the current frame, then instead scroll that window
up.

@item @kbd{@key{DEL}} (@code{git-rebase-show-or-scroll-down})
@kindex DEL
@findex git-rebase-show-or-scroll-down
Show the commit on the current line in another buffer without
selecting that buffer.  If the revision buffer is already visible in
another window of the current frame, then instead scroll that window
down.

@item @kbd{p} (@code{git-rebase-backward-line})
@kindex p
@findex git-rebase-backward-line
Move to previous line.

@item @kbd{n} (@code{forward-line})
@kindex n
@findex forward-line
Move to next line.

@item @kbd{M-p} (@code{git-rebase-move-line-up})
@kindex M-p
@findex git-rebase-move-line-up
Move the current commit (or command) up.

@item @kbd{M-n} (@code{git-rebase-move-line-down})
@kindex M-n
@findex git-rebase-move-line-down
Move the current commit (or command) down.

@item @kbd{r} (@code{git-rebase-reword})
@kindex r
@findex git-rebase-reword
Edit message of commit on current line.

@item @kbd{e} (@code{git-rebase-edit})
@kindex e
@findex git-rebase-edit
Stop at the commit on the current line.

@item @kbd{s} (@code{git-rebase-squash})
@kindex s
@findex git-rebase-squash
Meld commit on current line into previous commit, and edit message.

@item @kbd{f} (@code{git-rebase-fixup})
@kindex f
@findex git-rebase-fixup
Meld commit on current line into previous commit, discarding the
current commit's message.

@item @kbd{k} (@code{git-rebase-kill-line})
@kindex k
@findex git-rebase-kill-line
Kill the current action line.

@item @kbd{c} (@code{git-rebase-pick})
@kindex c
@findex git-rebase-pick
Use commit on current line.

@item @kbd{x} (@code{git-rebase-exec})
@kindex x
@findex git-rebase-exec
Insert a shell command to be run after the proceeding commit.

If there already is such a command on the current line, then edit
that instead.  With a prefix argument insert a new command even when
there already is one on the current line.  With empty input remove
the command on the current line, if any.

@item @kbd{b} (@code{git-rebase-break})
@kindex b
@findex git-rebase-break
Insert a break action before the current line, instructing Git to
return control to the user.

@item @kbd{y} (@code{git-rebase-insert})
@kindex y
@findex git-rebase-insert
Read an arbitrary commit and insert it below current line.

@item @kbd{C-x u} (@code{git-rebase-undo})
@kindex C-x u
@findex git-rebase-undo
Undo some previous changes.  Like @code{undo} but works in read-only
buffers.
@end table

@defopt git-rebase-auto-advance
Whether to move to next line after changing a line.
@end defopt

@defopt git-rebase-show-instructions
Whether to show usage instructions inside the rebase buffer.
@end defopt

@defopt git-rebase-confirm-cancel
Whether confirmation is required to cancel.
@end defopt

When a rebase is performed with the @code{--rebase-merges} option, the
sequence will include a few other types of actions and the following
commands become relevant.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{l} (@code{git-rebase-label})
@kindex l
@findex git-rebase-label
This commands inserts a label action or edits the one at point.

@item @kbd{t} (@code{git-rebase-reset})
@kindex t
@findex git-rebase-reset
This command inserts a reset action or edits the one at point.  The
prompt will offer the labels that are currently present in the
buffer.

@item @kbd{MM} (@code{git-rebase-merge})
@kindex MM
@findex git-rebase-merge
The command inserts a merge action or edits the one at point.  The
prompt will offer the labels that are currently present in the
buffer.  Specifying a message to reuse via @code{-c} or @code{-C} is not
supported; an editor will always be invoked for the merge.

@item @kbd{Mt} (@code{git-rebase-merge-toggle-editmsg})
@kindex Mt
@findex git-rebase-merge-toggle-editmsg
This command toggles between the @code{-C} and @code{-c} options of the merge
action at point.  These options both specify a commit whose message
should be reused.  The lower-case variant instructs Git to invoke
the editor when creating the merge, allowing the user to edit the
message.
@end table

@anchor{Information About In-Progress Rebase}
@subsection Information About In-Progress Rebase

While a rebase sequence is in progress, the status buffer features a
section that lists the commits that have already been applied as well
as the commits that still have to be applied.

The commits are split in two halves.  When rebase stops at a commit,
either because the user has to deal with a conflict or because s/he
explicitly requested that rebase stops at that commit, then point is
placed on the commit that separates the two groups, i.e., on @code{HEAD}.
The commits above it have not been applied yet, while the @code{HEAD} and the
commits below it have already been applied.  In between these two
groups of applied and yet-to-be applied commits, there sometimes is a
commit which has been dropped.

Each commit is prefixed with a word and these words are additionally
shown in different colors to indicate the status of the commits.

The following colors are used:

@itemize
@item
Commits that use the same foreground color as the @code{default} face have
not been applied yet.

@item
Yellow commits have some special relationship to the commit rebase
stopped at.  This is used for the words "join", "goal", "same" and
"work" (see below).

@item
Gray commits have already been applied.

@item
The blue commit is the @code{HEAD} commit.

@item
The green commit is the commit the rebase sequence stopped at.  If
this is the same commit as @code{HEAD} (e.g., because you haven't done
anything yet after rebase stopped at the commit, then this commit is
shown in blue, not green).  There can only be a green @strong{and} a blue
commit at the same time, if you create one or more new commits after
rebase stops at a commit.

@item
Red commits have been dropped.  They are shown for reference only,
e.g., to make it easier to diff.
@end itemize

Of course these colors are subject to the color-theme in use.

The following words are used:

@itemize
@item
Commits prefixed with @code{pick}, @code{reword}, @code{edit}, @code{squash}, and @code{fixup} have not
been applied yet.  These words have the same meaning here as they do
in the buffer used to edit the rebase sequence.  See @ref{Editing Rebase Sequences}.  When the @code{--rebase-merges} option was specified,
@code{reset}, @code{label}, and @code{merge} lines may also be present.

@item
Commits prefixed with @code{done} and @code{onto} have already been applied.
It is possible for such a commit to be the @code{HEAD}, in which case it
is blue.  Otherwise it is grey.

@itemize
@item
The commit prefixed with @code{onto} is the commit on top of which all
the other commits are being re-applied.  This commit itself did
not have to be re-applied, it is the commit rebase did rewind to
before starting to re-apply other commits.

@item
Commits prefixed with @code{done} have already been re-applied.  This
includes commits that have been re-applied but also new commits
that you have created during the rebase.
@end itemize

@item
All other commits, those not prefixed with any of the above words,
are in some way related to the commit at which rebase stopped.

To determine whether a commit is related to the stopped-at commit
their hashes, trees and patch-ids @footnote{The patch-id is a hash of the @emph{changes} introduced by a
commit.  It differs from the hash of the commit itself, which is a
hash of the result of applying that change (i.e., the resulting trees
and blobs) as well as author and committer information, the commit
message, and the hashes of the parents of the commit.  The patch-id
hash on the other hand is created only from the added and removed
lines, even line numbers and whitespace changes are ignored when
calculating this hash.  The patch-ids of two commits can be used to
answer the question "Do these commits make the same change?".} are being compared.
The commit message is not used for this purpose.

Generally speaking commits that are related to the stopped-at commit
can have any of the used colors, though not all color/word
combinations are possible.

Words used for stopped-at commits are:

@itemize
@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{void}, then that indicates that
Magit knows for sure that all the changes in that commit have been
applied using several new commits.  This commit is no longer
reachable from @code{HEAD}, and it also isn't one of the commits that
will be applied when resuming the session.

@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{join}, then that indicates that the
rebase sequence stopped at that commit due to a conflict - you now
have to join (merge) the changes with what has already been
applied.  In a sense this is the commit rebase stopped at, but
while its effect is already in the index and in the worktree (with
conflict markers), the commit itself has not actually been applied
yet (it isn't the @code{HEAD}).  So it is shown in yellow, like the other
commits that still have to be applied.

@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{stop} or a @emph{blue} or @emph{green} @code{same}, then
that indicates that rebase stopped at this commit, that it is
still applied or has been applied again, and that at least its
patch-id is unchanged.

@itemize
@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{stop}, then that indicates that
rebase stopped at that commit because you requested that
earlier, and its patch-id is unchanged.  It might even still be
the exact same commit.

@item
When a commit is prefixed with a @emph{blue} or @emph{green} @code{same}, then that
indicates that while its tree or hash changed, its patch-id did
not.  If it is blue, then it is the @code{HEAD} commit (as always for
blue).  When it is green, then it no longer is @code{HEAD} because
other commit have been created since (but before continuing the
rebase).
@end itemize

@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{goal}, a @emph{yellow} @code{same,} or @code{work}, then
that indicates that rebase applied that commit but that you then
reset @code{HEAD} to an earlier commit (likely to split it up into
multiple commits), and that there are some uncommitted changes
remaining which likely (but not necessarily) originate from that
commit.

@itemize
@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{goal}, then that indicates that it
is still possible to create a new commit with the exact same
tree (the "goal") without manually editing any files, by
committing the index, or by staging all changes and then
committing that.  This is the case when the original tree still
exists in the index or worktree in untainted form.

@item
When a commit is prefixed with a yellow @code{same}, then that
indicates that it is no longer possible to create a commit with
the exact same tree, but that it is still possible to create a
commit with the same patch-id.  This would be the case if you
created a new commit with other changes, but the changes from
the original commit still exist in the index or working tree in
untainted form.

@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{work}, then that indicates that
you reset @code{HEAD} to an earlier commit, and that there are some
staged and/or unstaged changes (likely, but not necessarily)
originating from that commit.  However it is no longer possible
to create a new commit with the same tree or at least the same
patch-id because you have already made other changes.
@end itemize

@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{poof} or @code{gone}, then that indicates
that rebase applied that commit but that you then reset @code{HEAD} to an
earlier commit (likely to split it up into multiple commits), and
that there are no uncommitted changes.

@itemize
@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{poof}, then that indicates that it
is no longer reachable from @code{HEAD}, but that it has been replaced
with one or more commits, which together have the exact same
effect.

@item
When a commit is prefixed with @code{gone}, then that indicates that it
is no longer reachable from @code{HEAD} and that we also cannot
determine whether its changes are still in effect in one or more
new commits.  They might be, but if so, then there must also be
other changes which makes it impossible to know for sure.
@end itemize
@end itemize
@end itemize

Do not worry if you do not fully understand the above.  That's okay,
you will acquire a good enough understanding through practice.

For other sequence operations such as cherry-picking, a similar section
is displayed, but they lack some of the features described above, due
to limitations in the git commands used to implement them.  Most
importantly these sequences only support "picking" a commit but not
other actions such as "rewording", and they do not keep track of the
commits which have already been applied.

@node Cherry Picking
@section Cherry Picking

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-cherry-pick,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-cherry-pick">git-cherry-pick(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-cherry-pick(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{A} (@code{magit-cherry-pick})
@kindex A
@findex magit-cherry-pick
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

When no cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the transient
features the following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{A A} (@code{magit-cherry-copy})
@kindex A A
@findex magit-cherry-copy
This command copies COMMITS from another branch onto the current
branch.  If the region selects multiple commits, then those are
copied, without prompting.  Otherwise the user is prompted for a
commit or range, defaulting to the commit at point.

@item @kbd{A a} (@code{magit-cherry-apply})
@kindex A a
@findex magit-cherry-apply
This command applies the changes in COMMITS from another branch onto
the current branch.  If the region selects multiple commits, then
those are used, without prompting.  Otherwise the user is prompted
for a commit or range, defaulting to the commit at point.

This command also has a top-level binding, which can be invoked
without using the transient by typing @code{a} at the top-level.
@end table

The following commands not only apply some commits to some branch, but
also remove them from some other branch.  The removal is performed
using either @code{git-update-ref} or if necessary @code{git-rebase}.  Both applying
commits as well as removing them using @code{git-rebase} can lead to
conflicts.  If that happens, then these commands abort and you not
only have to resolve the conflicts but also finish the process the
same way you would have to if these commands didn't exist at all.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{A h} (@code{magit-cherry-harvest})
@kindex A h
@findex magit-cherry-harvest
This command moves the selected COMMITS that must be located on
another BRANCH onto the current branch instead, removing them from
the former.  When this command succeeds, then the same branch is
current as before.

Applying the commits on the current branch or removing them from the
other branch can lead to conflicts.  When that happens, then this
command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then finish
the process manually.

@item @kbd{A d} (@code{magit-cherry-donate})
@kindex A d
@findex magit-cherry-donate
This command moves the selected COMMITS from the current branch onto
another existing BRANCH, removing them from the former.  When this
command succeeds, then the same branch is current as before.  @code{HEAD}
is allowed to be detached initially.

Applying the commits on the other branch or removing them from the
current branch can lead to conflicts.  When that happens, then this
command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then finish
the process manually.

@item @kbd{A n} (@code{magit-cherry-spinout})
@kindex A n
@findex magit-cherry-spinout
This command moves the selected COMMITS from the current branch onto
a new branch BRANCH, removing them from the former.  When this
command succeeds, then the same branch is current as before.

Applying the commits on the other branch or removing them from the
current branch can lead to conflicts.  When that happens, then this
command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then finish
the process manually.

@item @kbd{A s} (@code{magit-cherry-spinoff})
@kindex A s
@findex magit-cherry-spinoff
This command moves the selected COMMITS from the current branch onto
a new branch BRANCH, removing them from the former.  When this
command succeeds, then the new branch is checked out.

Applying the commits on the other branch or removing them from the
current branch can lead to conflicts.  When that happens, then this
command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then finish
the process manually.
@end table

When a cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the transient
instead features the following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{A A} (@code{magit-sequence-continue})
@kindex A A
@findex magit-sequence-continue
Resume the current cherry-pick or revert sequence.

@item @kbd{A s} (@code{magit-sequence-skip})
@kindex A s
@findex magit-sequence-skip
Skip the stopped at commit during a cherry-pick or revert sequence.

@item @kbd{A a} (@code{magit-sequence-abort})
@kindex A a
@findex magit-sequence-abort
Abort the current cherry-pick or revert sequence.  This discards all
changes made since the sequence started.
@end table

@anchor{Reverting}
@subsection Reverting

@table @asis
@item @kbd{V} (@code{magit-revert})
@kindex V
@findex magit-revert
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

When no cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the transient
features the following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{V V} (@code{magit-revert-and-commit})
@kindex V V
@findex magit-revert-and-commit
Revert a commit by creating a new commit.  Prompt for a commit,
defaulting to the commit at point.  If the region selects multiple
commits, then revert all of them, without prompting.

@item @kbd{V v} (@code{magit-revert-no-commit})
@kindex V v
@findex magit-revert-no-commit
Revert a commit by applying it in reverse to the working tree.
Prompt for a commit, defaulting to the commit at point.  If the
region selects multiple commits, then revert all of them, without
prompting.
@end table

When a cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the transient
instead features the following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{V V} (@code{magit-sequence-continue})
@kindex V V
@findex magit-sequence-continue
Resume the current cherry-pick or revert sequence.

@item @kbd{V s} (@code{magit-sequence-skip})
@kindex V s
@findex magit-sequence-skip
Skip the stopped at commit during a cherry-pick or revert sequence.

@item @kbd{V a} (@code{magit-sequence-abort})
@kindex V a
@findex magit-sequence-abort
Abort the current cherry-pick or revert sequence.  This discards all
changes made since the sequence started.
@end table

@node Resetting
@section Resetting

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-reset,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-reset">git-reset(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-reset(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{x} (@code{magit-reset-quickly})
@kindex x
@findex magit-reset-quickly
Reset the @code{HEAD} and index to some commit read from the user and
defaulting to the commit at point, and possibly also reset the
working tree.  With a prefix argument reset the working tree
otherwise don't.

@item @kbd{X m} (@code{magit-reset-mixed})
@kindex X m
@findex magit-reset-mixed
Reset the @code{HEAD} and index to some commit read from the user and
defaulting to the commit at point.  The working tree is kept as-is.

@item @kbd{X s} (@code{magit-reset-soft})
@kindex X s
@findex magit-reset-soft
Reset the @code{HEAD} to some commit read from the user and defaulting
to the commit at point.  The index and the working tree are kept
as-is.

@item @kbd{X h} (@code{magit-reset-hard})
@kindex X h
@findex magit-reset-hard
Reset the @code{HEAD}, index, and working tree to some commit read from the
user and defaulting to the commit at point.

@item @kbd{X k} (@code{magit-reset-keep})
@kindex X k
@findex magit-reset-keep
Reset the @code{HEAD}, index, and working tree to some commit read from the
user and defaulting to the commit at point.  Uncommitted changes are
kept as-is.

@item @kbd{X i} (@code{magit-reset-index})
@kindex X i
@findex magit-reset-index
Reset the index to some commit read from the user and defaulting to
the commit at point.  Keep the @code{HEAD} and working tree as-is, so if
the commit refers to the @code{HEAD}, then this effectively unstages all
changes.

@item @kbd{X w} (@code{magit-reset-worktree})
@kindex X w
@findex magit-reset-worktree
Reset the working tree to some commit read from the user and
defaulting to the commit at point.  Keep the @code{HEAD} and index as-is.

@item @kbd{X f} (@code{magit-file-checkout})
@kindex X f
@findex magit-file-checkout
Update file in the working tree and index to the contents from a
revision.  Both the revision and file are read from the user.
@end table

@node Stashing
@section Stashing

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-stash,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-stash">git-stash(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-stash(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{z} (@code{magit-stash})
@kindex z
@findex magit-stash
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{z z} (@code{magit-stash-both})
@kindex z z
@findex magit-stash-both
Create a stash of the index and working tree.  Untracked files are
included according to infix arguments.  One prefix argument is
equivalent to @code{--include-untracked} while two prefix arguments are
equivalent to @code{--all}.

@item @kbd{z i} (@code{magit-stash-index})
@kindex z i
@findex magit-stash-index
Create a stash of the index only.  Unstaged and untracked changes
are not stashed.

@item @kbd{z w} (@code{magit-stash-worktree})
@kindex z w
@findex magit-stash-worktree
Create a stash of unstaged changes in the working tree.  Untracked
files are included according to infix arguments.  One prefix
argument is equivalent to @code{--include-untracked} while two prefix
arguments are equivalent to @code{--all}.

@item @kbd{z x} (@code{magit-stash-keep-index})
@kindex z x
@findex magit-stash-keep-index
Create a stash of the index and working tree, keeping index intact.
Untracked files are included according to infix arguments.  One
prefix argument is equivalent to @code{--include-untracked} while two
prefix arguments are equivalent to @code{--all}.

@item @kbd{z Z} (@code{magit-snapshot-both})
@kindex z Z
@findex magit-snapshot-both
Create a snapshot of the index and working tree.  Untracked files
are included according to infix arguments.  One prefix argument is
equivalent to @code{--include-untracked} while two prefix arguments are
equivalent to @code{--all}.

@item @kbd{z I} (@code{magit-snapshot-index})
@kindex z I
@findex magit-snapshot-index
Create a snapshot of the index only.  Unstaged and untracked changes
are not stashed.

@item @kbd{z W} (@code{magit-snapshot-worktree})
@kindex z W
@findex magit-snapshot-worktree
Create a snapshot of unstaged changes in the working tree.
Untracked files are included according to infix arguments.  One
prefix argument is equivalent to @code{--include-untracked} while two
prefix arguments are equivalent to @code{--all}-.

@item @kbd{z a} (@code{magit-stash-apply})
@kindex z a
@findex magit-stash-apply
Apply a stash to the working tree.

When using a Git release before v2.38.0, simply run @code{git stash apply}
or with a prefix argument @code{git stash apply --index}.

When using Git v2.38.0 or later, behave more intelligently:

First try @code{git stash apply --index}, which tries to preserve the
index stored in the stash, if any.  This may fail because applying
the stash could result in conflicts and those have to be stored in
the index, making it impossible to also store the stash's index
there.

If @code{git stash} fails, then potentially fall back to using @code{git apply}.
If the stash does not touch any unstaged files, then pass @code{--3way} to
that command.  Otherwise ask the user whether to use that argument
or @code{--reject}.  Customize @code{magit-no-confirm} if you want to fall back
to using @code{--3way}, without being prompted.

@item @kbd{z p} (@code{magit-stash-pop})
@kindex z p
@findex magit-stash-pop
Apply a stash to the working tree.  On complete success (if the
stash can be applied without any conflicts, and while preserving
the stash's index) then remove the stash from stash list.

When using a Git release before v2.38.0, simply run @code{git stash pop}
or with a prefix argument @code{git stash pop --index}.

When using Git v2.38.0 or later, behave more intelligently:

First try @code{git stash pop --index}, which tries to preserve the index
stored in the stash, if any.  This may fail because applying the
stash could result in conflicts and those have to be stored in the
index, making it impossible to also store the stash's index there.

If @code{git stash} fails, then potentially fall back to using @code{git apply}.
If the stash does not touch any unstaged files, then pass @code{--3way} to
that command.  Otherwise ask the user whether to use that argument
or @code{--reject}.  Customize @code{magit-no-confirm} if you want to fall back
to using @code{--3way}, without being prompted.

@item @kbd{z k} (@code{magit-stash-drop})
@kindex z k
@findex magit-stash-drop
Remove a stash from the stash list.  When the region is active, offer
to drop all contained stashes.

@item @kbd{z v} (@code{magit-stash-show})
@kindex z v
@findex magit-stash-show
Show all diffs of a stash in a buffer.

@item @kbd{z b} (@code{magit-stash-branch})
@kindex z b
@findex magit-stash-branch
Create and checkout a new branch from an existing stash.  The new
branch starts at the commit that was current when the stash was
created.

@item @kbd{z B} (@code{magit-stash-branch-here})
@kindex z B
@findex magit-stash-branch-here
Create and checkout a new branch from an existing stash.  Use the
current branch or @code{HEAD} as the starting-point of the new branch.
Then apply the stash, dropping it if it applies cleanly.

@item @kbd{z f} (@code{magit-stash-format-patch})
@kindex z f
@findex magit-stash-format-patch
Create a patch from STASH@.

@item @kbd{k} (@code{magit-stash-clear})
@kindex k
@findex magit-stash-clear
Remove all stashes saved in REF's reflog by deleting REF@.

@item @kbd{z l} (@code{magit-stash-list})
@kindex z l
@findex magit-stash-list
List all stashes in a buffer.
@end table

@defopt magit-stashes-margin
This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in
stashes buffers and how it is formatted.

The value has the form @code{(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)}.

@itemize
@item
If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially.
@item
STYLE controls how to format the author or committer date.  It can
be one of @code{age} (to show the age of the commit), @code{age-abbreviated} (to
abbreviate the time unit to a character), or a string (suitable
for @code{format-time-string}) to show the actual date.  Option
@code{magit-log-margin-show-committer-date} controls which date is being
displayed.
@item
WIDTH controls the width of the margin.  This exists for forward
compatibility and currently the value should not be changed.
@item
AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown by
default.
@item
AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer.  When the name of the author
is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to do so.
@end itemize
@end defopt

@node Transferring
@chapter Transferring

@menu
* Remotes::
* Fetching::
* Pulling::
* Pushing::
* Plain Patches::
* Maildir Patches::
@end menu

@node Remotes
@section Remotes

@anchor{Remote Commands}
@subsection Remote Commands

The transient prefix command @code{magit-remote} is used to add remotes and
to make changes to existing remotes.  This command only deals with
remotes themselves, not with branches or the transfer of commits.
Those features are available from separate transient commands.

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-remote,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-remote">git-remote(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-remote(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M} (@code{magit-remote})
@kindex M
@findex magit-remote
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

By default it also binds and displays the values of some
remote-related Git variables and allows changing their values.
@end table

@defopt magit-remote-direct-configure
This option controls whether remote-related Git variables are
accessible directly from the transient @code{magit-remote}.

If @code{t} (the default) and a local branch is checked out, then
@code{magit-remote} features the variables for the upstream remote of that
branch, or if @code{HEAD} is detached, for @code{origin}, provided that exists.

If @code{nil}, then @code{magit-remote-configure} has to be used to do so.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M C} (@code{magit-remote-configure})
@kindex M C
@findex magit-remote-configure
This transient prefix command binds commands that set the value of
remote-related variables and displays them in a temporary buffer
until the transient is exited.

With a prefix argument, this command always prompts for a remote.

Without a prefix argument this depends on whether it was invoked as
a suffix of @code{magit-remote} and on the @code{magit-remote-direct-configure}
option.  If @code{magit-remote} already displays the variables for the
upstream, then it does not make sense to invoke another transient
that displays them for the same remote.  In that case this command
prompts for a remote.
@end table

The variables are described in @ref{Remote Git Variables}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M a} (@code{magit-remote-add})
@kindex M a
@findex magit-remote-add
This command add a remote and fetches it.  The remote name and url
are read in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{M r} (@code{magit-remote-rename})
@kindex M r
@findex magit-remote-rename
This command renames a remote.  Both the old and the new names are
read in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{M u} (@code{magit-remote-set-url})
@kindex M u
@findex magit-remote-set-url
This command changes the url of a remote.  Both the remote and the
new url are read in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{M k} (@code{magit-remote-remove})
@kindex M k
@findex magit-remote-remove
This command deletes a remote, read in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{M p} (@code{magit-remote-prune})
@kindex M p
@findex magit-remote-prune
This command removes stale remote-tracking branches for a remote
read in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{M P} (@code{magit-remote-prune-refspecs})
@kindex M P
@findex magit-remote-prune-refspecs
This command removes stale refspecs for a remote read in the
minibuffer.

A refspec is stale if there no longer exists at least one branch
on the remote that would be fetched due to that refspec.  A stale
refspec is problematic because its existence causes Git to refuse
to fetch according to the remaining non-stale refspecs.

If only stale refspecs remain, then this command offers to either
delete the remote or to replace the stale refspecs with the default
refspec ("+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/REMOTE/*").

This command also removes the remote-tracking branches that were
created due to the now stale refspecs.  Other stale branches are
not removed.
@end table

@defopt magit-remote-add-set-remote.pushDefault
This option controls whether the user is asked whether they want to
set @code{remote.pushDefault} after adding a remote.

If @code{ask}, then users is always ask.  If @code{ask-if-unset}, then the user is
only if the variable isn't set already.  If @code{nil}, then the user isn't
asked and the variable isn't set.  If the value is a string, then
the variable is set without the user being asked, provided that the
name of the added remote is equal to that string and the variable
isn't already set.
@end defopt

@anchor{Remote Git Variables}
@subsection Remote Git Variables

These variables can be set from the transient prefix command
@code{magit-remote-configure}.  By default they can also be set from
@code{magit-remote}.  See @ref{Remote Commands}.

@defvar remote.NAME.url
This variable specifies the url of the remote named NAME@.  It can
have multiple values.
@end defvar

@defvar remote.NAME.fetch
The refspec used when fetching from the remote named NAME@.  It can
have multiple values.
@end defvar

@defvar remote.NAME.pushurl
This variable specifies the url used for pushing to the remote
named NAME@.  If it is not specified, then @code{remote.NAME.url} is used
instead.  It can have multiple values.
@end defvar

@defvar remote.NAME.push
The refspec used when pushing to the remote named NAME@.  It can
have multiple values.
@end defvar

@defvar remote.NAME.tagOpts
This variable specifies what tags are fetched by default.  If the
value is @code{--no-tags} then no tags are fetched.  If the value is
@code{--tags}, then all tags are fetched.  If this variable has no value,
then only tags are fetched that are reachable from fetched branches.
@end defvar

@node Fetching
@section Fetching

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-fetch,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-fetch">git-fetch(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-fetch(1) manpage.
@end iftex
 For information about the upstream and the
push-remote, see @ref{The Two Remotes}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{f} (@code{magit-fetch})
@kindex f
@findex magit-fetch
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{f p} (@code{magit-fetch-from-pushremote})
@kindex f p
@findex magit-fetch-from-pushremote
This command fetches from the current push-remote.

With a prefix argument or when the push-remote is either not
configured or unusable, then let the user first configure the
push-remote.

@item @kbd{f u} (@code{magit-fetch-from-upstream})
@kindex f u
@findex magit-fetch-from-upstream
This command fetch from the upstream of the current branch.

If the upstream is configured for the current branch and names
an existing remote, then use that.  Otherwise try to use another
remote: If only a single remote is configured, then use that.
Otherwise if a remote named "origin" exists, then use that.

If no remote can be determined, then this command is not available
from the @code{magit-fetch} transient prefix and invoking it directly
results in an error.

@item @kbd{f e} (@code{magit-fetch-other})
@kindex f e
@findex magit-fetch-other
This command fetch from a repository read from the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{f o} (@code{magit-fetch-branch})
@kindex f o
@findex magit-fetch-branch
This command fetches a branch from a remote, both of which are read
from the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{f r} (@code{magit-fetch-refspec})
@kindex f r
@findex magit-fetch-refspec
This command fetches from a remote using an explicit refspec, both
of which are read from the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{f a} (@code{magit-fetch-all})
@kindex f a
@findex magit-fetch-all
This command fetches from all remotes.

@item @kbd{f m} (@code{magit-fetch-modules})
@kindex f m
@findex magit-fetch-modules
This command fetches all submodules.  With a prefix argument, it
acts as a transient prefix command, allowing the caller to set
options.
@end table

@defopt magit-pull-or-fetch
By default fetch and pull commands are available from separate
transient prefix command.  Setting this to @code{t} adds some (but not all)
of the above suffix commands to the @code{magit-pull} transient.

If you do that, then you might also want to change the key binding
for these prefix commands, e.g.:

@lisp
(setq magit-pull-or-fetch t)
(define-key magit-mode-map "f" 'magit-pull) ; was magit-fetch
(define-key magit-mode-map "F" nil)         ; was magit-pull
@end lisp
@end defopt

@node Pulling
@section Pulling

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-pull,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-pull">git-pull(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-pull(1) manpage.
@end iftex
 For information about the upstream and the
push-remote, see @ref{The Two Remotes}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{F} (@code{magit-pull})
@kindex F
@findex magit-pull
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{F p} (@code{magit-pull-from-pushremote})
@kindex F p
@findex magit-pull-from-pushremote
This command pulls from the push-remote of the current branch.

With a prefix argument or when the push-remote is either not
configured or unusable, then let the user first configure the
push-remote.

@item @kbd{F u} (@code{magit-pull-from-upstream})
@kindex F u
@findex magit-pull-from-upstream
This command pulls from the upstream of the current branch.

With a prefix argument or when the upstream is either not
configured or unusable, then let the user first configure
the upstream.

@item @kbd{F e} (@code{magit-pull-branch})
@kindex F e
@findex magit-pull-branch
This command pulls from a branch read in the minibuffer.
@end table

@node Pushing
@section Pushing

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-push,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-push">git-push(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-push(1) manpage.
@end iftex
 For information about the upstream and the
push-remote, see @ref{The Two Remotes}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{P} (@code{magit-push})
@kindex P
@findex magit-push
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{P p} (@code{magit-push-current-to-pushremote})
@kindex P p
@findex magit-push-current-to-pushremote
This command pushes the current branch to its push-remote.

With a prefix argument or when the push-remote is either not
configured or unusable, then let the user first configure the
push-remote.

@item @kbd{P u} (@code{magit-push-current-to-upstream})
@kindex P u
@findex magit-push-current-to-upstream
This command pushes the current branch to its upstream branch.

With a prefix argument or when the upstream is either not
configured or unusable, then let the user first configure
the upstream.

@item @kbd{P e} (@code{magit-push-current})
@kindex P e
@findex magit-push-current
This command pushes the current branch to a branch read in the
minibuffer.

@item @kbd{P o} (@code{magit-push-other})
@kindex P o
@findex magit-push-other
This command pushes an arbitrary branch or commit somewhere.  Both
the source and the target are read in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{P r} (@code{magit-push-refspecs})
@kindex P r
@findex magit-push-refspecs
This command pushes one or multiple refspecs to a remote, both of
which are read in the minibuffer.

To use multiple refspecs, separate them with commas.  Completion is
only available for the part before the colon, or when no colon is
used.

@item @kbd{P m} (@code{magit-push-matching})
@kindex P m
@findex magit-push-matching
This command pushes all matching branches to another repository.

If only one remote exists, then push to that.  Otherwise prompt for
a remote, offering the remote configured for the current branch as
default.

@item @kbd{P t} (@code{magit-push-tags})
@kindex P t
@findex magit-push-tags
This command pushes all tags to another repository.

If only one remote exists, then push to that.  Otherwise prompt for
a remote, offering the remote configured for the current branch as
default.

@item @kbd{P T} (@code{magit-push-tag})
@kindex P T
@findex magit-push-tag
This command pushes a tag to another repository.
@end table

One of the infix arguments, @code{--force-with-lease}, deserves a word of
caution.  It is passed without a value, which means "permit a force
push as long as the remote-tracking branches match their counterparts
on the remote end".  If you've set up a tool to do automatic fetches
(Magit itself does not provide such functionality), using
@code{--force-with-lease} can be dangerous because you don't actually
control or know the state of the remote-tracking refs.  In that case,
you should consider setting @code{push.useForceIfIncludes} to @code{true}
(available since Git 2.30).

Two more push commands exist, which by default are not available from
the push transient.  See their doc-strings for instructions on how to
add them to the transient.

@deffn Command magit-push-implicitly args
This command pushes somewhere without using an explicit refspec.

This command simply runs @code{git push -v [ARGS]}.  ARGS are the infix
arguments.  No explicit refspec arguments are used.  Instead the
behavior depends on at least these Git variables: @code{push.default},
@code{remote.pushDefault}, @code{branch.<branch>.pushRemote},
@code{branch.<branch>.remote}, @code{branch.<branch>.merge}, and
@code{remote.<remote>.push}.

If you add this suffix to a transient prefix without explicitly
specifying the description, then an attempt is made to predict
what this command will do.  For example:

@lisp
(transient-insert-suffix 'magit-push \"p\"
  '(\"i\" magit-push-implicitly))"
@end lisp
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-push-to-remote remote args
This command pushes to the remote REMOTE without using an explicit
refspec.  The remote is read in the minibuffer.

This command simply runs @code{git push -v [ARGS] REMOTE}.  ARGS are the
infix arguments.  No refspec arguments are used.  Instead the
behavior depends on at least these Git variables: @code{push.default},
@code{remote.pushDefault}, @code{branch.<branch>.pushRemote},
@code{branch.<branch>.remote}, @code{branch.<branch>.merge}, and
@code{remote.<remote>.push}.
@end deffn

@node Plain Patches
@section Plain Patches

@table @asis
@item @kbd{W} (@code{magit-patch})
@kindex W
@findex magit-patch
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{W c} (@code{magit-patch-create})
@kindex W c
@findex magit-patch-create
This command creates patches for a set commits.  If the region marks
several commits, then it creates patches for all of them.  Otherwise
it functions as a transient prefix command, which features several
infix arguments and binds itself as a suffix command.  When this
command is invoked as a suffix of itself, then it creates a patch
using the specified infix arguments.

@item @kbd{w a} (@code{magit-patch-apply})
@kindex w a
@findex magit-patch-apply
This command applies a patch.  This is a transient prefix command,
which features several infix arguments and binds itself as a suffix
command.  When this command is invoked as a suffix of itself, then
it applies a patch using the specified infix arguments.

@item @kbd{W s} (@code{magit-patch-save})
@kindex W s
@findex magit-patch-save
This command creates a patch from the current diff.

Inside @code{magit-diff-mode} or @code{magit-revision-mode} buffers, @code{C-x C-w} is
also bound to this command.
@end table

It is also possible to save a plain patch file by using @code{C-x C-w} inside
a @code{magit-diff-mode} or @code{magit-revision-mode} buffer.

@node Maildir Patches
@section Maildir Patches

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-am,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-am">git-am(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-am(1) manpage.
@end iftex
 and 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-apply,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-apply">git-apply(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-apply(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{w} (@code{magit-am})
@kindex w
@findex magit-am
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{w w} (@code{magit-am-apply-patches})
@kindex w w
@findex magit-am-apply-patches
This command applies one or more patches.  If the region marks
files, then those are applied as patches.  Otherwise this command
reads a file-name in the minibuffer, defaulting to the file at
point.

@item @kbd{w m} (@code{magit-am-apply-maildir})
@kindex w m
@findex magit-am-apply-maildir
This command applies patches from a maildir.

@item @kbd{w a} (@code{magit-patch-apply})
@kindex w a
@findex magit-patch-apply
This command applies a plain patch.  For a longer description see
@ref{Plain Patches}.  This command is only available from the @code{magit-am}
transient for historic reasons.
@end table

When an "am" operation is in progress, then the transient instead
features the following suffix commands.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{w w} (@code{magit-am-continue})
@kindex w w
@findex magit-am-continue
This command resumes the current patch applying sequence.

@item @kbd{w s} (@code{magit-am-skip})
@kindex w s
@findex magit-am-skip
This command skips the stopped at patch during a patch applying
sequence.

@item @kbd{w a} (@code{magit-am-abort})
@kindex w a
@findex magit-am-abort
This command aborts the current patch applying sequence.  This
discards all changes made since the sequence started.
@end table

@node Miscellaneous
@chapter Miscellaneous

@menu
* Tagging::
* Notes::
* Submodules::
* Subtree::
* Worktree::
* Sparse checkouts::
* Bundle::
* Common Commands::
* Wip Modes::
* Commands for Buffers Visiting Files::
* Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs::
@end menu

@node Tagging
@section Tagging

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-tag,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-tag">git-tag(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-tag(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{t} (@code{magit-tag})
@kindex t
@findex magit-tag
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{t t} (@code{magit-tag-create})
@kindex t t
@findex magit-tag-create
This command creates a new tag with the given NAME at REV@.  With a
prefix argument it creates an annotated tag.

@item @kbd{t r} (@code{magit-tag-release})
@kindex t r
@findex magit-tag-release
This commands creates a release tag.  It assumes that release tags
match @code{magit-release-tag-regexp}.

First it prompts for the name of the new tag using the highest
existing tag as initial input and leaving it to the user to
increment the desired part of the version string.  If you use
unconventional release tags or version numbers (e.g.,
@code{v1.2.3-custom.1}), you can set the @code{magit-release-tag-regexp} and
@code{magit-tag-version-regexp-alist} variables.

If @code{--annotate} is enabled then it prompts for the message of the
new tag.  The proposed tag message is based on the message of the
highest tag, provided that that contains the corresponding version
string and substituting the new version string for that.  Otherwise
it proposes something like "Foo-Bar 1.2.3", given, for example, a
TAG "v1.2.3" and a repository located at something like
"/path/to/foo-bar".

@item @kbd{t k} (@code{magit-tag-delete})
@kindex t k
@findex magit-tag-delete
This command deletes one or more tags.  If the region marks multiple
tags (and nothing else), then it offers to delete those.  Otherwise,
it prompts for a single tag to be deleted, defaulting to the tag at
point.

@item @kbd{t p} (@code{magit-tag-prune})
@kindex t p
@findex magit-tag-prune
This command offers to delete tags missing locally from REMOTE, and
vice versa.
@end table

@node Notes
@section Notes

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-notes,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-notes">git-notes(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-notes(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{T} (@code{magit-notes})
@kindex T
@findex magit-notes
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{T T} (@code{magit-notes-edit})
@kindex T T
@findex magit-notes-edit
Edit the note attached to a commit, defaulting to the commit at
point.

By default use the value of Git variable @code{core.notesRef} or
"refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined.

@item @kbd{T r} (@code{magit-notes-remove})
@kindex T r
@findex magit-notes-remove
Remove the note attached to a commit, defaulting to the commit at
point.

By default use the value of Git variable @code{core.notesRef} or
"refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined.

@item @kbd{T p} (@code{magit-notes-prune})
@kindex T p
@findex magit-notes-prune
Remove notes about unreachable commits.
@end table

It is possible to merge one note ref into another.  That may result in
conflicts which have to resolved in the temporary worktree
".git/NOTES@math{_MERGE}@math{_WORKTREE}".

@table @asis
@item @kbd{T m} (@code{magit-notes-merge})
@kindex T m
@findex magit-notes-merge
Merge the notes of a ref read from the user into the current notes
ref.  The current notes ref is the value of Git variable
@code{core.notesRef} or "refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined.
@end table

When a notes merge is in progress then the transient features the
following suffix commands, instead of those listed above.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{T c} (@code{magit-notes-merge-commit})
@kindex T c
@findex magit-notes-merge-commit
Commit the current notes ref merge, after manually resolving
conflicts.

@item @kbd{T a} (@code{magit-notes-merge-abort})
@kindex T a
@findex magit-notes-merge-abort
Abort the current notes ref merge.
@end table

The following variables control what notes reference @code{magit-notes-*},
@code{git notes} and @code{git show} act on and display.  Both the local and global
values are displayed and can be modified.

@defvar core.notesRef
This variable specifies the notes ref that is displayed by default
and which commands act on by default.
@end defvar

@defvar notes.displayRef
This variable specifies additional notes ref to be displayed in
addition to the ref specified by @code{core.notesRef}.  It can have
multiple values and may end with @code{*} to display all refs in the
@code{refs/notes/} namespace (or @code{**} if some names contain slashes).
@end defvar

@node Submodules
@section Submodules

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-submodule,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-submodule">git-submodule(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-submodule(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@anchor{Listing Submodules}
@subsection Listing Submodules

The command @code{magit-list-submodules} displays a list of the current
repository's submodules in a separate buffer.  It's also possible to
display information about submodules directly in the status buffer of
the super-repository by adding @code{magit-insert-modules} to the hook
@code{magit-status-sections-hook} as described in @ref{Status Module Sections}.

@deffn Command magit-list-submodules
This command displays a list of the current repository's populated
submodules in a separate buffer.

It can be invoked by pressing @code{RET} on the section titled "Modules".
@end deffn

@defopt magit-submodule-list-columns
This option controls what columns are displayed by the command
@code{magit-list-submodules} and how they are displayed.

Each element has the form @code{(HEADER WIDTH FORMAT PROPS)}.

HEADER is the string displayed in the header.  WIDTH is the width
of the column.  FORMAT is a function that is called with one
argument, the repository identification (usually its basename),
and with @code{default-directory} bound to the toplevel of its working
tree.  It has to return a string to be inserted or nil.  PROPS is
an alist that supports the keys @code{:right-align}, @code{:pad-right} and
@code{:sort}.

The @code{:sort} function has a weird interface described in the
docstring of @code{tabulated-list--get-sort}.  Alternatively @code{<} and
@code{magit-repolist-version<} can be used as those functions are
automatically replaced with functions that satisfy the interface.
Set @code{:sort} to @code{nil} to inhibit sorting; if unspecified, then the
column is sortable using the default sorter.

You may wish to display a range of numeric columns using just one
character per column and without any padding between columns, in
which case you should use an appropriate HEADER, set WIDTH to 1,
and set @code{:pad-right} to 9. @code{+} is substituted for numbers higher than 9.
@end defopt

@anchor{Submodule Transient}
@subsection Submodule Transient

@table @asis
@item @kbd{o} (@code{magit-submodule})
@kindex o
@findex magit-submodule
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end table

Some of the below commands default to act on the modules that are
selected using the region.  For brevity their description talk about
"the selected modules", but if no modules are selected, then they act
on the current module instead, or if point isn't on a module, then the
read a single module to act on.  With a prefix argument these commands
ignore the selection and the current module and instead act on all
suitable modules.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{o a} (@code{magit-submodule-add})
@kindex o a
@findex magit-submodule-add
This commands adds the repository at URL as a module.  Optional PATH
is the path to the module relative to the root of the super-project.
If it is nil then the path is determined based on URL@.

@item @kbd{o r} (@code{magit-submodule-register})
@kindex o r
@findex magit-submodule-register
This command registers the selected modules by copying their urls
from ".gitmodules" to "$GIT@math{_DIR}/config".  These values can then be
edited before running @code{magit-submodule-populate}.  If you don't need
to edit any urls, then use the latter directly.

@item @kbd{o p} (@code{magit-submodule-populate})
@kindex o p
@findex magit-submodule-populate
This command creates the working directory or directories of the
selected modules, checking out the recorded commits.

@item @kbd{o u} (@code{magit-submodule-update})
@kindex o u
@findex magit-submodule-update
This command updates the selected modules checking out the recorded
commits.

@item @kbd{o s} (@code{magit-submodule-synchronize})
@kindex o s
@findex magit-submodule-synchronize
This command synchronizes the urls of the selected modules, copying
the values from ".gitmodules" to the ".git/config" of the
super-project as well those of the modules.

@item @kbd{o d} (@code{magit-submodule-unpopulate})
@kindex o d
@findex magit-submodule-unpopulate
This command removes the working directory of the selected modules.

@item @kbd{o l} (@code{magit-list-submodules})
@kindex o l
@findex magit-list-submodules
This command displays a list of the current repository's modules.

@item @kbd{o f} (@code{magit-fetch-modules})
@kindex o f
@findex magit-fetch-modules
This command fetches all populated modules.  With a prefix argument,
it acts as a transient prefix command, allowing the caller to set
options.

Also fetch the super-repository, because @code{git fetch} does not
support not doing that.
@end table

@node Subtree
@section Subtree

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-subtree,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-subtree">git-subtree(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-subtree(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{O} (@code{magit-subtree})
@kindex O
@findex magit-subtree
This transient prefix command binds the two sub-transients; one for
importing a subtree and one for exporting a subtree.

@item @kbd{O i} (@code{magit-subtree-import})
@kindex O i
@findex magit-subtree-import
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

The suffixes of this command import subtrees.

If the @code{--prefix} argument is set, then the suffix commands use that
prefix without prompting the user.  If it is unset, then they read
the prefix in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{O i a} (@code{magit-subtree-add})
@kindex O i a
@findex magit-subtree-add
This command adds COMMIT from REPOSITORY as a new subtree at PREFIX@.

@item @kbd{O i c} (@code{magit-subtree-add-commit})
@kindex O i c
@findex magit-subtree-add-commit
This command add COMMIT as a new subtree at PREFIX@.

@item @kbd{O i m} (@code{magit-subtree-merge})
@kindex O i m
@findex magit-subtree-merge
This command merges COMMIT into the PREFIX subtree.

@item @kbd{O i f} (@code{magit-subtree-pull})
@kindex O i f
@findex magit-subtree-pull
This command pulls COMMIT from REPOSITORY into the PREFIX subtree.

@item @kbd{O e} (@code{magit-subtree-export})
@kindex O e
@findex magit-subtree-export
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

The suffixes of this command export subtrees.

If the @code{--prefix} argument is set, then the suffix commands use that
prefix without prompting the user.  If it is unset, then they read
the prefix in the minibuffer.

@item @kbd{O e p} (@code{magit-subtree-push})
@kindex O e p
@findex magit-subtree-push
This command extract the history of the subtree PREFIX and pushes it
to REF on REPOSITORY@.

@item @kbd{O e s} (@code{magit-subtree-split})
@kindex O e s
@findex magit-subtree-split
This command extracts the history of the subtree PREFIX@.
@end table

@node Worktree
@section Worktree

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-worktree,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-worktree">git-worktree(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-worktree(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@table @asis
@item @kbd{Z} (@code{magit-worktree})
@kindex Z
@findex magit-worktree
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{Z b} (@code{magit-worktree-checkout})
@kindex Z b
@findex magit-worktree-checkout
Checkout BRANCH in a new worktree at PATH@.

@item @kbd{Z c} (@code{magit-worktree-branch})
@kindex Z c
@findex magit-worktree-branch
Create a new BRANCH and check it out in a new worktree at PATH@.

@item @kbd{Z m} (@code{magit-worktree-move})
@kindex Z m
@findex magit-worktree-move
Move an existing worktree to a new PATH@.

@item @kbd{Z k} (@code{magit-worktree-delete})
@kindex Z k
@findex magit-worktree-delete
Delete a worktree, defaulting to the worktree at point.
The primary worktree cannot be deleted.

@item @kbd{Z g} (@code{magit-worktree-status})
@kindex Z g
@findex magit-worktree-status
Show the status for the worktree at point.

If there is no worktree at point, then read one in the minibuffer.
If the worktree at point is the one whose status is already being
displayed in the current buffer, then show it in Dired instead.
@end table

@node Sparse checkouts
@section Sparse checkouts

Sparse checkouts provide a way to restrict the working tree to a
subset of directories.  See 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-sparse-checkout,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-sparse-checkout">git-sparse-checkout(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-sparse-checkout(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@strong{Warning}: Git introduced the @code{git sparse-checkout} command in version
2.25 and still advertises it as experimental and subject to change.
Magit's interface should be considered the same.  In particular, if
Git introduces a backward incompatible change, Magit's sparse checkout
functionality may be updated in a way that requires a more recent Git
version.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{>} (@code{magit-sparse-checkout})
@kindex >
@findex magit-sparse-checkout
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{> e} (@code{magit-sparse-checkout-enable})
@kindex > e
@findex magit-sparse-checkout-enable
This command initializes a sparse checkout that includes only the
files in the top-level directory.

Note that @code{magit-sparse-checkout-set} and
@code{magit-sparse-checkout-add} automatically initialize a sparse
checkout if necessary.  However, you may want to call
@code{magit-sparse-checkout-enable} explicitly to re-initialize a sparse
checkout after calling @code{magit-sparse-checkout-disable}, to pass
additional arguments to @code{git sparse-checkout init}, or to execute
the initialization asynchronously.

@item @kbd{> s} (@code{magit-sparse-checkout-set})
@kindex > s
@findex magit-sparse-checkout-set
This command takes a list of directories and configures the sparse
checkout to include only files in those subdirectories.  Any
previously included directories are excluded unless they are in the
provided list of directories.

@item @kbd{> a} (@code{magit-sparse-checkout-add})
@kindex > a
@findex magit-sparse-checkout-add
This command is like @code{magit-sparse-checkout-set}, but instead adds
the specified list of directories to the set of directories that is
already included in the sparse checkout.

@item @kbd{> r} (@code{magit-sparse-checkout-reapply})
@kindex > r
@findex magit-sparse-checkout-reapply
This command applies the currently configured sparse checkout
patterns to the working tree.  This is useful to call if excluded
files have been checked out after operations such as merging or
rebasing.

@item @kbd{> d} (@code{magit-sparse-checkout-disable})
@kindex > d
@findex magit-sparse-checkout-disable
This command restores the full checkout.  To return to the previous
sparse checkout, call @code{magit-sparse-checkout-enable}.
@end table

A sparse checkout can also be initiated when cloning a repository by
using the @code{magit-clone-sparse} command in the @code{magit-clone} transient
(see @ref{Cloning Repository}).

If you want the status buffer to indicate when a sparse checkout is
enabled, add the function @code{magit-sparse-checkout-insert-header} to
@code{magit-status-headers-hook}.

@node Bundle
@section Bundle

Also see 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-bundle,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-bundle">git-bundle(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-bundle(1) manpage.
@end iftex

@deffn Command magit-bundle
This transient prefix command binds several suffix commands for
running @code{git bundle} subcommands and displays them in a temporary
buffer until a suffix is invoked.
@end deffn

@node Common Commands
@section Common Commands

@deffn Command magit-switch-to-repository-buffer
@end deffn
@deffn Command magit-switch-to-repository-buffer-other-window
@end deffn
@deffn Command magit-switch-to-repository-buffer-other-frame
@end deffn
@deffn Command magit-display-repository-buffer
These commands read any existing Magit buffer that belongs to the
current repository from the user and then switch to the selected
buffer (without refreshing it).

The last variant uses @code{magit-display-buffer} to do so and thus
respects @code{magit-display-buffer-function}.
@end deffn

These are some of the commands that can be used in all buffers whose
major-modes derive from @code{magit-mode}.  There are other common commands
beside the ones below, but these didn't fit well anywhere else.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-w} (@code{magit-copy-section-value})
@kindex C-w
@findex magit-copy-section-value
This command saves the value of the current section to the
@code{kill-ring}, and, provided that the current section is a commit,
branch, or tag section, it also pushes the (referenced) revision to
the @code{magit-revision-stack}.

When the current section is a branch or a tag, and a prefix argument
is used, then it saves the revision at its tip to the @code{kill-ring}
instead of the reference name.

When the region is active, this command saves that to the
@code{kill-ring}, like @code{kill-ring-save} would, instead of behaving as
described above. If a prefix argument is used and the region is
within a hunk, then it strips the diff marker column and keeps
only either the added or removed lines, depending on the sign of
the prefix argument.

@item @kbd{M-w} (@code{magit-copy-buffer-revision})
@kindex M-w
@findex magit-copy-buffer-revision
This command saves the revision being displayed in the current buffer
to the @code{kill-ring} and also pushes it to the @code{magit-revision-stack}.  It
is mainly intended for use in @code{magit-revision-mode} buffers, the only
buffers where it is always unambiguous exactly which revision should
be saved.

Most other Magit buffers usually show more than one revision, in
some way or another, so this command has to select one of them, and
that choice might not always be the one you think would have been
the best pick.
@end table

Outside of Magit @code{M-w} and @code{C-w} are usually bound to @code{kill-ring-save} and
@code{kill-region}, and these commands would also be useful in Magit buffers.
Therefore when the region is active, then both of these commands
behave like @code{kill-ring-save} instead of as described above.

@node Wip Modes
@section Wip Modes

Git keeps @strong{committed} changes around long enough for users to recover
changes they have accidentally deleted.  It does so by not garbage
collecting any committed but no longer referenced objects for a
certain period of time, by default 30 days.

But Git does @strong{not} keep track of @strong{uncommitted} changes in the working tree
and not even the index (the staging area).  Because Magit makes it so
convenient to modify uncommitted changes, it also makes it easy to
shoot yourself in the foot in the process.

For that reason Magit provides a global mode that saves @strong{tracked} files
to work-in-progress references after or before certain actions.  (At
present untracked files are never saved and for technical reasons
nothing is saved before the first commit has been created).

Two separate work-in-progress references are used to track the state
of the index and of the working tree: @code{refs/wip/index/<branchref>} and
@code{refs/wip/wtree/<branchref>}, where @code{<branchref>} is the full ref of the
current branch, e.g., @code{refs/heads/master}.  When the @code{HEAD} is detached
then @code{HEAD} is used in place of @code{<branchref>}.

Checking out another branch (or detaching @code{HEAD}) causes the use of
different wip refs for subsequent changes.

@defopt magit-wip-mode
When this mode is enabled, then uncommitted changes are committed
to dedicated work-in-progress refs whenever appropriate (i.e., when
dataloss would be a possibility otherwise).

Setting this variable directly does not take effect; either use the
Custom interface to do so or call the respective mode function.

For historic reasons this mode is implemented on top of four other
@code{magit-wip-*} modes, which can also be used individually, if you want
finer control over when the wip refs are updated; but that is
discouraged.  See @ref{Legacy Wip Modes}.
@end defopt

To view the log for a branch and its wip refs use the commands
@code{magit-wip-log} and @code{magit-wip-log-current}.  You should use @code{--graph} when
using these commands.

@deffn Command magit-wip-log
This command shows the log for a branch and its wip refs.
With a negative prefix argument only the worktree wip ref is shown.

The absolute numeric value of the prefix argument controls how many
"branches" of each wip ref are shown.  This is only relevant if the
value of @code{magit-wip-merge-branch} is @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@deffn Command magit-wip-log-current
This command shows the log for the current branch and its wip refs.
With a negative prefix argument only the worktree wip ref is shown.

The absolute numeric value of the prefix argument controls how many
"branches" of each wip ref are shown.  This is only relevant if the
value of @code{magit-wip-merge-branch} is @code{nil}.
@end deffn

@table @asis
@item @kbd{X w} (@code{magit-reset-worktree})
@kindex X w
@findex magit-reset-worktree
This command resets the working tree to some commit read from the
user and defaulting to the commit at point, while keeping the @code{HEAD}
and index as-is.

This can be used to restore files to the state committed to a wip
ref.  Note that this will discard any unstaged changes that might
have existed before invoking this command (but of course only after
committing that to the working tree wip ref).
@end table

Note that even if you enable @code{magit-wip-mode} this won't give you
perfect protection.  The most likely scenario for losing changes
despite the use of @code{magit-wip-mode} is making a change outside Emacs and
then destroying it also outside Emacs.  In some such a scenario,
Magit, being an Emacs package, didn't get the opportunity to keep you
from shooting yourself in the foot.

When you are unsure whether Magit did commit a change to the wip refs,
then you can explicitly request that all changes to all tracked files
are being committed.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-x magit-wip-commit}
@findex magit-wip-commit
This command commits all changes to all tracked files to the index
and working tree work-in-progress refs.  Like the modes described above,
it does not commit untracked files, but it does check all tracked
files for changes.  Use this command when you suspect that the modes
might have overlooked a change made outside Emacs/Magit.
@end table

@defopt magit-wip-namespace
The namespace used for work-in-progress refs.  It has to end with
a slash.  The wip refs are named @code{<namespace>index/<branchref>} and
@code{<namespace>wtree/<branchref>}.  When snapshots are created while
the @code{HEAD} is detached then @code{HEAD} is used in place of @code{<branchref>}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-wip-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for @code{magit-wip--mode}.
@end defopt

@anchor{Wip Graph}
@subsection Wip Graph

@defopt magit-wip-merge-branch
This option controls whether the current branch is merged into the
wip refs after a new commit was created on the branch.

If non-nil and the current branch has new commits, then it is
merged into the wip ref before creating a new wip commit.  This
makes it easier to inspect wip history and the wip commits are
never garbage collected.

If nil and the current branch has new commits, then the wip ref
is reset to the tip of the branch before creating a new wip
commit.  With this setting wip commits are eventually garbage
collected.
@end defopt

When @code{magit-wip-merge-branch} is @code{t}, then the history looks like this:

@example
  *--*--*--*--*--*       refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master
 /     /     /
A-----B-----C            refs/heads/master
@end example

When @code{magit-wip-merge-branch} is @code{nil}, then creating a commit on the real
branch and then making a change causes the wip refs to be recreated to
fork from the new commit.  But the old commits on the wip refs are not
lost.  They are still available from the reflog.  To make it easier to
see when the fork point of a wip ref was changed, an additional commit
with the message "restart autosaving" is created on it (@code{xxO} commits
below are such boundary commits).

Starting with

@example
      BI0---BI1    refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master
     /
A---B              refs/heads/master
     \
      BW0---BW1    refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master
@end example

and committing the staged changes and editing and saving a file would
result in

@example
      BI0---BI1        refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master
     /
A---B---C              refs/heads/master
     \   \
      \   CW0---CW1    refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master
       \
        BW0---BW1      refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master@@@{2@}
@end example

The fork-point of the index wip ref is not changed until some change
is being staged.  Likewise just checking out a branch or creating a
commit does not change the fork-point of the working tree wip ref.  The
fork-points are not adjusted until there actually is a change that
should be committed to the respective wip ref.

@anchor{Legacy Wip Modes}
@subsection Legacy Wip Modes

It is recommended that you use the mode @code{magit-wip-mode} (which see) and
ignore the existence of the following modes, which are preserved for
historic reasons.

Setting the following variables directly does not take effect; either
use the Custom interface to do so or call the respective mode
functions.

@defopt magit-wip-after-save-mode
When this mode is enabled, then saving a buffer that visits a file
tracked in a Git repository causes its current state to be committed
to the working tree wip ref for the current branch.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-wip-after-apply-mode
When this mode is enabled, then applying (i.e., staging, unstaging,
discarding, reversing, and regularly applying) a change to a file
tracked in a Git repository causes its current state to be committed
to the index and/or working tree wip refs for the current branch.
@end defopt

If you only ever edit files using Emacs and only ever interact with
Git using Magit, then the above two modes should be enough to protect
each and every change from accidental loss.  In practice nobody does
that.  Two additional modes exists that do commit to the wip refs
before making changes that could cause the loss of earlier changes.

@defopt magit-wip-before-change-mode
When this mode is enabled, then certain commands commit the existing
changes to the files they are about to make changes to.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-wip-initial-backup-mode
When this mode is enabled, then the current version of a file is
committed to the worktree wip ref before the buffer visiting that
file is saved for the first time since the buffer was created.

This backs up the same version of the file that @code{backup-buffer} would
save.  While @code{backup-buffer} uses a backup file, this mode uses the
same worktree wip ref as used by the other Magit Wip modes.  Like
@code{backup-buffer}, it only does this once; unless you kill the buffer
and visit the file again only one backup will be created per Emacs
session.

This mode ignores the variables that affect @code{backup-buffer} and can be
used along-side that function, which is recommended because it only
backs up files that are tracked in a Git repository.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-wip-after-save-local-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for @code{magit-wip-after-save-local-mode}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-wip-after-apply-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for @code{magit-wip-after-apply-mode}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-wip-before-change-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for @code{magit-wip-before-change-mode}.
@end defopt

@defopt magit-wip-initial-backup-mode-lighter
Mode-line lighter for @code{magit-wip-initial-backup-mode}.
@end defopt

@node Commands for Buffers Visiting Files
@section Commands for Buffers Visiting Files

By default Magit defines a few global key bindings.  These bindings
are a compromise between providing no bindings at all and providing
the better bindings I would have liked to use instead.  Magit cannot
provide the set of recommended bindings by default because those key
sequences are strictly reserved for bindings added by the user.
Also see @ref{Global Bindings} and @ref{Key Binding Conventions,,,elisp,}.

To use the recommended bindings, add this to your init file and
restart Emacs.

@lisp
(setq magit-define-global-key-bindings 'recommended)
@end lisp

If you don't want Magit to add any bindings to the global keymap at
all, add this to your init file and restart Emacs.

@lisp
(setq magit-define-global-key-bindings nil)
@end lisp

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c f} (@code{magit-file-dispatch})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f s} (@code{magit-stage-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f s} (@code{magit-stage-buffer-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f u} (@code{magit-unstage-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f u} (@code{magit-unstage-buffer-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f , x} (@code{magit-file-untrack})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f , r} (@code{magit-file-rename})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f , k} (@code{magit-file-delete})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f , c} (@code{magit-file-checkout})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f D} (@code{magit-diff})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f d} (@code{magit-diff-buffer-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f L} (@code{magit-log})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f l} (@code{magit-log-buffer-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f t} (@code{magit-log-trace-definition})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f M} (@code{magit-log-merged})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f B} (@code{magit-blame})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f b} (@code{magit-blame-additions})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f r} (@code{magit-blame-removal})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f f} (@code{magit-blame-reverse})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f m} (@code{magit-blame-echo})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f q} (@code{magit-blame-quit})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f p} (@code{magit-blob-previous})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f n} (@code{magit-blob-next})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f v} (@code{magit-find-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f V} (@code{magit-blob-visit-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f g} (@code{magit-status-here})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f G} (@code{magit-display-repository-buffer})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f c} (@code{magit-commit})
@itemx @kbd{C-c f e} (@code{magit-edit-line-commit})
@kindex C-c f
@kindex C-c f s
@kindex C-c f s
@kindex C-c f u
@kindex C-c f u
@kindex C-c f , x
@kindex C-c f , r
@kindex C-c f , k
@kindex C-c f , c
@kindex C-c f D
@kindex C-c f d
@kindex C-c f L
@kindex C-c f l
@kindex C-c f t
@kindex C-c f M
@kindex C-c f B
@kindex C-c f b
@kindex C-c f r
@kindex C-c f f
@kindex C-c f m
@kindex C-c f q
@kindex C-c f p
@kindex C-c f n
@kindex C-c f v
@kindex C-c f V
@kindex C-c f g
@kindex C-c f G
@kindex C-c f c
@kindex C-c f e
@findex magit-file-dispatch
@findex magit-stage-file
@findex magit-stage-buffer-file
@findex magit-unstage-file
@findex magit-unstage-buffer-file
@findex magit-file-untrack
@findex magit-file-rename
@findex magit-file-delete
@findex magit-file-checkout
@findex magit-diff
@findex magit-diff-buffer-file
@findex magit-log
@findex magit-log-buffer-file
@findex magit-log-trace-definition
@findex magit-log-merged
@findex magit-blame
@findex magit-blame-additions
@findex magit-blame-removal
@findex magit-blame-reverse
@findex magit-blame-echo
@findex magit-blame-quit
@findex magit-blob-previous
@findex magit-blob-next
@findex magit-find-file
@findex magit-blob-visit-file
@findex magit-status-here
@findex magit-display-repository-buffer
@findex magit-commit
@findex magit-edit-line-commit
Each of these commands is documented individually right below,
alongside their default key bindings.  The bindings shown above
are the recommended bindings, which you can enable by following
the instructions further up.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g} (@code{magit-file-dispatch})
@kindex C-c M-g
@findex magit-file-dispatch
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
and displays them in a temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g s} (@code{magit-stage-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c M-g s} (@code{magit-stage-buffer-file})
@kindex C-c M-g s
@kindex C-c M-g s
@findex magit-stage-file
@findex magit-stage-buffer-file
Stage all changes to the file being visited in the current buffer.
When not visiting a file, then the first command is used, which
prompts for a file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g u} (@code{magit-unstage-file})
@itemx @kbd{C-c M-g u} (@code{magit-unstage-buffer-file})
@kindex C-c M-g u
@kindex C-c M-g u
@findex magit-unstage-file
@findex magit-unstage-buffer-file
Unstage all changes to the file being visited in the current buffer.
When not visiting a file, then the first command is used, which
prompts for a file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g , x} (@code{magit-file-untrack})
@kindex C-c M-g , x
@findex magit-file-untrack
This command untracks a file read from the user, defaulting to the
visited file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g , r} (@code{magit-file-rename})
@kindex C-c M-g , r
@findex magit-file-rename
This command renames a file read from the user, defaulting to the
visited file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g , k} (@code{magit-file-delete})
@kindex C-c M-g , k
@findex magit-file-delete
This command deletes a file read from the user, defaulting to the
visited file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g , c} (@code{magit-file-checkout})
@kindex C-c M-g , c
@findex magit-file-checkout
This command updates a file in the working tree and index to the
contents from a revision.  Both the revision and file are read
from the user.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g D} (@code{magit-diff})
@kindex C-c M-g D
@findex magit-diff
This transient prefix command binds several diff suffix commands and
infix arguments and displays them in a temporary buffer until a
suffix is invoked.  See @ref{Diffing}.

This is the same command that @code{d} is bound to in Magit buffers.
If this command is invoked from a file-visiting buffer, then the
initial value of the option (@code{--}) that limits the diff to certain
file(s) is set to the visited file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g d} (@code{magit-diff-buffer-file})
@kindex C-c M-g d
@findex magit-diff-buffer-file
This command shows the diff for the file of blob that the current
buffer visits.
@end table

@defopt magit-diff-buffer-file-locked
This option controls whether @code{magit-diff-buffer-file} uses a dedicated
buffer.  See @ref{Modes and Buffers}.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c M-g L} (@code{magit-log})
@kindex C-c M-g L
@findex magit-log
This transient prefix command binds several log suffix commands and
infix arguments and displays them in a temporary buffer until a
suffix is invoked.  See @ref{Logging}.

This is the same command that @code{l} is bound to in Magit buffers.
If this command is invoked from a file-visiting buffer, then the
initial value of the option (@code{--}) that limits the log to certain
file(s) is set to the visited file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g l} (@code{magit-log-buffer-file})
@kindex C-c M-g l
@findex magit-log-buffer-file
This command shows the log for the file of blob that the current
buffer visits.  Renames are followed when a prefix argument is used
or when @code{--follow} is an active log argument.  When the region is
active, the log is restricted to the selected line range.
@end table

@defopt magit-log-buffer-file-locked
This option controls whether @code{magit-log-buffer-file} uses a dedicated
buffer.  See @ref{Modes and Buffers}.
@end defopt

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-c M-g t} (@code{magit-log-trace-definition})
@kindex C-c M-g t
@findex magit-log-trace-definition
This command shows the log for the definition at point.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g M} (@code{magit-log-merged})
@kindex C-c M-g M
@findex magit-log-merged
This command reads a commit and a branch in shows a log concerning
the merge of the former into the latter.  This shows multiple commits
even in case of a fast-forward merge.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g B} (@code{magit-blame})
@kindex C-c M-g B
@findex magit-blame
This transient prefix command binds all blaming suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.

For more information about this and the following commands also see
@ref{Blaming}.

In addition to the @code{magit-blame} sub-transient, the dispatch transient
also binds several blaming suffix commands directly.  See @ref{Blaming}
for information about those commands and bindings.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g p} (@code{magit-blob-previous})
@kindex C-c M-g p
@findex magit-blob-previous
This command visits the previous blob which modified the current
file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g n} (@code{magit-blob-next})
@kindex C-c M-g n
@findex magit-blob-next
This command visits the next blob which modified the current file.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g v} (@code{magit-find-file})
@kindex C-c M-g v
@findex magit-find-file
This command reads a revision and file and visits the respective
blob.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g V} (@code{magit-blob-visit-file})
@kindex C-c M-g V
@findex magit-blob-visit-file
This command visits the file from the working tree, corresponding
to the current blob.  When visiting a blob or the version from the
index, then it goes to the same location in the respective file in
the working tree.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g g} (@code{magit-status-here})
@kindex C-c M-g g
@findex magit-status-here
This command displays the status of the current repository in a
buffer, like @code{magit-status} does.  Additionally it tries to go to
the position in that buffer, which corresponds to the position
in the current file-visiting buffer (if any).

@item @kbd{C-c M-g G} (@code{magit-display-repository-buffer})
@kindex C-c M-g G
@findex magit-display-repository-buffer
This command reads and displays a Magit buffer belonging to the
current repository, without refreshing it.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g c} (@code{magit-commit})
@kindex C-c M-g c
@findex magit-commit
This transient prefix command binds the following suffix commands
along with the appropriate infix arguments and displays them in a
temporary buffer until a suffix is invoked.  See @ref{Initiating a Commit}.

@item @kbd{C-c M-g e} (@code{magit-edit-line-commit})
@kindex C-c M-g e
@findex magit-edit-line-commit
This command makes the commit editable that added the current line.

With a prefix argument it makes the commit editable that removes the
line, if any.  The commit is determined using @code{git blame} and made
editable using @code{git rebase --interactive} if it is reachable from
@code{HEAD}, or by checking out the commit (or a branch that points at it)
otherwise.
@end table

@node Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs
@section Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs

The @code{magit-blob-mode} enables certain Magit features in blob-visiting
buffers.  Such buffers can be created using @code{magit-find-file} and some
of the commands mentioned below, which also take care of turning on
this minor mode.  Currently this mode only establishes a few key
bindings, but this might be extended.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{p} (@code{magit-blob-previous})
@kindex p
@findex magit-blob-previous
Visit the previous blob which modified the current file.

@item @kbd{n} (@code{magit-blob-next})
@kindex n
@findex magit-blob-next
Visit the next blob which modified the current file.

@item @kbd{q} (@code{magit-kill-this-buffer})
@kindex q
@findex magit-kill-this-buffer
Kill the current buffer.
@end table

@node Customizing
@chapter Customizing

Both Git and Emacs are highly customizable.  Magit is both a Git
porcelain as well as an Emacs package, so it makes sense to customize
it using both Git variables as well as Emacs options.  However this
flexibility doesn't come without problems, including but not limited
to the following.

@itemize
@item
Some Git variables automatically have an effect in Magit without
requiring any explicit support.  Sometimes that is desirable - in
other cases, it breaks Magit.

When a certain Git setting breaks Magit but you want to keep using
that setting on the command line, then that can be accomplished by
overriding the value for Magit only by appending something like
@code{("-c" "some.variable=compatible-value")} to
@code{magit-git-global-arguments}.

@item
Certain settings like @code{fetch.prune=true} are respected by Magit
commands (because they simply call the respective Git command) but
their value is not reflected in the respective transient buffers.
In this case the @code{--prune} argument in @code{magit-fetch} might be active or
inactive, but that doesn't keep the Git variable from being honored
by the suffix commands anyway.  So pruning might happen despite the
@code{--prune} arguments being displayed in a way that seems to indicate
that no pruning will happen.
@end itemize

I intend to address these and similar issues in a future release.

@menu
* Per-Repository Configuration::
* Essential Settings::
@end menu

@node Per-Repository Configuration
@section Per-Repository Configuration

Magit can be configured on a per-repository level using both Git
variables as well as Emacs options.

To set a Git variable for one repository only, simply set it in
@code{/path/to/repo/.git/config} instead of @code{$HOME/.gitconfig} or
@code{/etc/gitconfig}.  See 
@ifinfo
@ref{git-config,,,gitman,}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@html
the <a href="http://git-scm.com/docs/git-config">git-config(1)</a> manpage.
@end html
@end ifhtml
@iftex
the git-config(1) manpage.
@end iftex

Similarly, Emacs options can be set for one repository only by editing
@code{/path/to/repo/.dir-locals.el}.  See @ref{Directory Variables,,,emacs,}.
For example to disable automatic refreshes of file-visiting buffers in
just one huge repository use this:

@itemize
@item
@code{/path/to/huge/repo/.dir-locals.el}

@lisp
((nil . ((magit-refresh-buffers . nil))))
@end lisp
@end itemize

It might only be costly to insert certain information into Magit
buffers for repositories that are exceptionally large, in which case
you can disable the respective section inserters just for that
repository:

@itemize
@item
@code{/path/to/tag/invested/repo/.dir-locals.el}

@lisp
((magit-status-mode
  . ((eval . (magit-disable-section-inserter 'magit-insert-tags-header)))))
@end lisp
@end itemize

@defun magit-disable-section-inserter fn
This function disables the section inserter FN in the current
repository.  It is only intended for use in @code{.dir-locals.el} and
@code{.dir-locals-2.el}.
@end defun

If you want to apply the same settings to several, but not all,
repositories then keeping the repository-local config files in sync
would quickly become annoying.  To avoid that you can create config
files for certain classes of repositories (e.g., "huge repositories")
and then include those files in the per-repository config files.
For example:

@itemize
@item
@code{/path/to/huge/repo/.git/config}

@example
[include]
        path = /path/to/huge-gitconfig
@end example

@item
@code{/path/to/huge-gitconfig}

@example
[status]
        showUntrackedFiles = no
@end example

@item
@code{$HOME/.emacs.d/init.el}

@lisp
(dir-locals-set-class-variables 'huge-git-repository
   '((nil . ((magit-refresh-buffers . nil)))))

(dir-locals-set-directory-class
   "/path/to/huge/repo/" 'huge-git-repository)
@end lisp
@end itemize

@node Essential Settings
@section Essential Settings

The next three sections list and discuss several variables that many
users might want to customize, for safety and/or performance reasons.

@anchor{Safety}
@subsection Safety

This section discusses various variables that you might want to
change (or @strong{not} change) for safety reasons.

Git keeps @strong{committed} changes around long enough for users to recover
changes they have accidentally been deleted.  It does not do the same
for @strong{uncommitted} changes in the working tree and not even the index
(the staging area).  Because Magit makes it so easy to modify
uncommitted changes, it also makes it easy to shoot yourself in the
foot in the process.  For that reason Magit provides three global
modes that save @strong{tracked} files to work-in-progress references after or
before certain actions.  See @ref{Wip Modes}.

These modes are not enabled by default because of performance
concerns.  Instead a lot of potentially destructive commands require
confirmation every time they are used.  In many cases this can be
disabled by adding a symbol to @code{magit-no-confirm} (see @ref{Completion and Confirmation}).  If you enable the various wip modes then you should
add @code{safe-with-wip} to this list.

Similarly it isn't necessary to require confirmation before moving a
file to the system trash - if you trashed a file by mistake then you
can recover it from there.  Option @code{magit-delete-by-moving-to-trash}
controls whether the system trash is used, which is the case by default.
Nevertheless, @code{trash} isn't a member of @code{magit-no-confirm} - you
might want to change that.

By default buffers visiting files are automatically reverted when the
visited file changes on disk.  This isn't as risky as it might seem,
but to make an informed decision you should see @ref{Risk of Reverting Automatically}.

@anchor{Performance}
@subsection Performance

After Magit has run @code{git} for side-effects, it also refreshes the
current Magit buffer and the respective status buffer.  This is
necessary because otherwise outdated information might be displayed
without the user noticing.  Magit buffers are updated by recreating
their content from scratch, which makes updating simpler and less
error-prone, but also more costly.  Keeping it simple and just
re-creating everything from scratch is an old design decision and
departing from that will require major refactoring.

Meanwhile you can tell Magit to only automatically refresh the current
Magit buffer, but not the status buffer.  If you do that, then the
status buffer is only refreshed automatically if it is the
current buffer.

@lisp
(setq magit-refresh-status-buffer nil)
@end lisp

You should also check whether any third-party packages have added
anything to @code{magit-refresh-buffer-hook}, @code{magit-pre-refresh-hook}, and
@code{magit-post-refresh-hook}.  If so, then check whether those additions
impact performance significantly.

Magit can be told to refresh buffers verbosely using @code{M-x
magit-toggle-verbose-refresh}.  Enabling this helps figuring out which
sections are bottlenecks. Each line printed to the @code{*Messages*} buffer
contains a section name, the number of seconds it took to show this
section, and from 0 to 2 exclamation marks: the more exclamation marks
the slower the section is.

Magit also reverts buffers for visited files located inside the
current repository when the visited file changes on disk.  That is
implemented on top of @code{auto-revert-mode} from the built-in library
@code{autorevert}.  To figure out whether that impacts performance, check
whether performance is significantly worse, when many buffers exist
and/or when some buffers visit files using TRAMP@.  If so, then this
should help.

@lisp
(setq auto-revert-buffer-list-filter
      'magit-auto-revert-repository-buffer-p)
@end lisp

For alternative approaches see @ref{Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers}.

If you have enabled any features that are disabled by default, then
you should check whether they impact performance significantly.  It's
likely that they were not enabled by default because it is known that
they reduce performance at least in large repositories.

If performance is only slow inside certain unusually large
repositories, then you might want to disable certain features on a
per-repository or per-repository-class basis only.  See
@ref{Per-Repository Configuration}.  For example it takes a long time to
determine the next and current tag in repository with exceptional
numbers of tags.  It would therefore be a good idea to disable
@code{magit-insert-tags-headers}, as explained at the mentioned node.

@anchor{Log Performance}
@subsubheading Log Performance

When showing logs, Magit limits the number of commits initially shown
in the hope that this avoids unnecessary work.  When @code{--graph} is
used, then this unfortunately does not have the desired effect for
large histories.  Junio, Git's maintainer, said on the Git mailing
list (@uref{https://www.spinics.net/lists/git/msg232230.html}): "@code{--graph} wants
to compute the whole history and the max-count only affects the output
phase after @code{--graph} does its computation".

In other words, it's not that Git is slow at outputting the
differences, or that Magit is slow at parsing the output - the problem
is that Git first goes outside and has a smoke.

We actually work around this issue by limiting the number of commits
not only by using @code{-<N>} but by also using a range.  But unfortunately
that's not always possible.

When more than a few thousand commits are shown, then the use of
@code{--graph} can slow things down.

Using @code{--color --graph} is even slower.  Magit uses code that is part of
Emacs to turn control characters into faces.  That code is pretty slow
and this is quite noticeable when showing a log with many branches and
merges.  For that reason @code{--color} is not enabled by default anymore.
Consider leaving it at that.

@anchor{Diff Performance}
@subsubheading Diff Performance

If diffs are slow, then consider turning off some optional diff
features by setting all or some of the following variables to @code{nil}:
@code{magit-diff-highlight-indentation}, @code{magit-diff-highlight-trailing},
@code{magit-diff-paint-whitespace}, @code{magit-diff-highlight-hunk-body}, and
@code{magit-diff-refine-hunk}.

When showing a commit instead of some arbitrary diff, then some
additional information is displayed.  Calculating this information
can be quite expensive given certain circumstances.  If looking at
a commit using @code{magit-revision-mode} takes considerably more time than
looking at the same commit in @code{magit-diff-mode}, then consider setting
@code{magit-revision-insert-related-refs} to @code{nil}.

When you are often confronted with diffs that contain deleted files,
then you might want to enable the @code{--irreversible-delete} argument.  If
you do that then diffs still show that a file was deleted but without
also showing the complete deleted content of the file.  This argument
is not available by default, see @ref{Enabling and Disabling Suffixes,,,transient,}.  Once you have done that you should enable it and save that
setting, see @ref{Saving Values,,,transient,}.  You should do this in both
the diff (@code{d}) and the diff refresh (@code{D}) transient popups.

@anchor{Refs Buffer Performance}
@subsubheading Refs Buffer Performance

When refreshing the "references buffer" is slow, then that's usually
because several hundred refs are being displayed.  The best way to
address that is to display fewer refs, obviously.

If you are not, or only mildly, interested in seeing the list of tags,
then start by not displaying them:

@lisp
(remove-hook 'magit-refs-sections-hook 'magit-insert-tags)
@end lisp

Then you should also make sure that the listed remote branches
actually all exist.  You can do so by pruning branches which no longer
exist using @code{f-pa}.

@anchor{Committing Performance}
@subsubheading Committing Performance

When you initiate a commit, then Magit by default automatically shows
a diff of the changes you are about to commit.  For large commits this
can take a long time, which is especially distracting when you are
committing large amounts of generated data which you don't actually
intend to inspect before committing.  This behavior can be turned off
using:

@lisp
(remove-hook 'server-switch-hook 'magit-commit-diff)
(remove-hook 'with-editor-filter-visit-hook 'magit-commit-diff)
@end lisp

Then you can type @code{C-c C-d} to show the diff when you actually want to
see it, but only then.  Alternatively you can leave the hook alone and
just type @code{C-g} in those cases when it takes too long to generate the
diff.  If you do that, then you will end up with a broken diff buffer,
but doing it this way has the advantage that you usually get to see
the diff, which is useful because it increases the odds that you spot
potential issues.

@anchor{Microsoft Windows Performance}
@subsubheading Microsoft Windows Performance

In order to update the status buffer, @code{git} has to be run a few dozen
times.  That is problematic on Microsoft Windows, because that
operating system is exceptionally slow at starting processes.  Sadly
this is an issue that can only be fixed by Microsoft itself, and they
don't appear to be particularly interested in doing so.

Beside the subprocess issue, there are also other Windows-specific
performance issues. Some of these have workarounds.  The
maintainers of "Git for Windows" try to improve performance on Windows.
Always use the latest release in order to benefit from the latest
performance tweaks.  Magit too tries to work around some
Windows-specific issues.

According to some sources, setting the following Git variables can also
help.

@example
git config --global core.preloadindex true   # default since v2.1
git config --global core.fscache true        # default since v2.8
git config --global gc.auto 256
@end example

You should also check whether an anti-virus program is affecting
performance.

@anchor{MacOS Performance}
@subsubheading MacOS Performance

Before Emacs 26.1 child processes were created using @code{fork} on macOS@.
That needlessly copied GUI resources, which is expensive.  The result
was that forking took about 30 times as long on Darwin than on Linux,
and because Magit starts many @code{git} processes that made quite a
difference.

So make sure that you are using at least Emacs 26.1, in which case the
faster @code{vfork} will be used.  (The creation of child processes still
takes about twice as long on Darwin compared to Linux.)  See @footnote{@uref{https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnu-emacs/2017-04/msg00201.html}}
for more information.

Additionally, @code{git} installed from a package manager like @code{brew} or @code{nix}
seems to be slower than the native executable. Profile the @code{git}
executable you're running against the one at @code{/usr/bin/git}, and if
you notice a notable difference try using the latter as
@code{magit-git-executable}.

@anchor{Global Bindings}
@subsection Global Bindings

@defopt magit-define-global-key-bindings
This option controls which set of Magit key bindings, if any, may
be added to the global keymap, even before Magit is first used in
the current Emacs session.

@itemize
@item
If the value is @code{nil}, no bindings are added.

@item
If @code{default}, maybe add:

@multitable {aaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @code{C-x g}
@tab @code{magit-status}
@item @code{C-x M-g}
@tab @code{magit-dispatch}
@item @code{C-c M-g}
@tab @code{magit-file-dispatch}
@end multitable

@item
If @code{recommended}, maybe add:

@multitable {aaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @code{C-x g}
@tab @code{magit-status}
@item @code{C-c g}
@tab @code{magit-dispatch}
@item @code{C-c f}
@tab @code{magit-file-dispatch}
@end multitable

These bindings are strongly recommended, but we cannot use
them by default, because the @code{C-c <LETTER>} namespace is
strictly reserved for bindings added by the user (see
@ref{Key Binding Conventions,,,elisp,}).
@end itemize

The bindings in the chosen set may be added when
@code{after-init-hook} is run.  Each binding is added if, and only
if, at that time no other key is bound to the same command,
and no other command is bound to the same key.  In other words
we try to avoid adding bindings that are unnecessary, as well
as bindings that conflict with other bindings.

Adding these bindings is delayed until @code{after-init-hook} is
run to allow users to set the variable anywhere in their init
file (without having to make sure to do so before @code{magit} is
loaded or autoloaded) and to increase the likelihood that all
the potentially conflicting user bindings have already been
added.

To set this variable use either @code{setq} or the Custom interface.
Do not use the function @code{customize-set-variable} because doing
that would cause Magit to be loaded immediately, when that form
is evaluated (this differs from @code{custom-set-variables}, which
doesn't load the libraries that define the customized variables).

Setting this variable has no effect if @code{after-init-hook} has
already been run.
@end defopt

@node Plumbing
@chapter Plumbing

The following sections describe how to use several of Magit's core
abstractions to extend Magit itself or implement a separate extension.

A few of the low-level features used by Magit have been factored out
into separate libraries/packages, so that they can be used by other
packages, without having to depend on Magit.  See @ref{Top,,,with-editor,} for
information about @code{with-editor}.  @code{transient} doesn't have a manual yet.

If you are trying to find an unused key that you can bind to a
command provided by your own Magit extension, then checkout
@uref{https://github.com/magit/magit/wiki/Plugin-Dispatch-Key-Registry}.

@menu
* Calling Git::
* Section Plumbing::
* Refreshing Buffers::
* Conventions::
@end menu

@node Calling Git
@section Calling Git

Magit provides many specialized functions for calling Git.  All of
these functions are defined in either @code{magit-git.el} or @code{magit-process.el}
and have one of the prefixes @code{magit-run-}, @code{magit-call-}, @code{magit-start-},
or @code{magit-git-} (which is also used for other things).

All of these functions accept an indefinite number of arguments, which
are strings that specify command line arguments for Git (or in some
cases an arbitrary executable).  These arguments are flattened before
being passed on to the executable; so instead of strings they can also
be lists of strings and arguments that are @code{nil} are silently dropped.
Some of these functions also require a single mandatory argument
before these command line arguments.

Roughly speaking, these functions run Git either to get some value or
for side-effects.  The functions that return a value are useful to
collect the information necessary to populate a Magit buffer, while
the others are used to implement Magit commands.

The functions in the value-only group always run synchronously, and
they never trigger a refresh.  The function in the side-effect group
can be further divided into subgroups depending on whether they run
Git synchronously or asynchronously, and depending on whether they
trigger a refresh when the executable has finished.

@anchor{Getting a Value from Git}
@subsection Getting a Value from Git

These functions run Git in order to get a value, an exit
status, or output.  Of course you could also use them to run Git
commands that have side-effects, but that should be avoided.

@defun magit-git-exit-code &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns its exit code.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-success &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns @code{t} if the exit code is @code{0}, @code{nil}
otherwise.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-failure &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns @code{t} if the exit code is @code{1}, @code{nil}
otherwise.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-true &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns @code{t} if the first line printed by
git is the string "true", @code{nil} otherwise.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-false &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns @code{t} if the first line printed by
git is the string "false", @code{nil} otherwise.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-insert &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and inserts its output at point.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-string &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns the first line of its output.  If
there is no output or if it begins with a newline character, then
this returns @code{nil}.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-lines &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns its output as a list of lines.
Empty lines anywhere in the output are omitted.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-items &rest args
Executes git with ARGS and returns its null-separated output as a
list.  Empty items anywhere in the output are omitted.

If the value of option @code{magit-git-debug} is non-nil and git exits with
a non-zero exit status, then warn about that in the echo area and
add a section containing git's standard error in the current
repository's process buffer.
@end defun

@defun magit-process-git destination &rest args
Calls Git synchronously in a separate process, returning its exit
code.  DESTINATION specifies how to handle the output, like for
@code{call-process}, except that file handlers are supported.  Enables
Cygwin's "noglob" option during the call and ensures unix eol
conversion.
@end defun

@defun magit-process-file process &optional infile buffer display &rest args
Processes files synchronously in a separate process.  Identical to
@code{process-file} but temporarily enables Cygwin's "noglob" option during
the call and ensures unix eol conversion.
@end defun

If an error occurs when using one of the above functions, then that
is usually due to a bug, i.e., using an argument which is not
actually supported.  Such errors are usually not reported, but when
they occur we need to be able to debug them.

@defopt magit-git-debug
Whether to report errors that occur when using @code{magit-git-insert},
@code{magit-git-string}, @code{magit-git-lines}, or @code{magit-git-items}.  This does
not actually raise an error.  Instead a message is shown in the echo
area, and git's standard error is insert into a new section in the
current repository's process buffer.
@end defopt

@defun magit-git-str &rest args
This is a variant of @code{magit-git-string} that ignores the option
@code{magit-git-debug}.  It is mainly intended to be used while handling
errors in functions that do respect that option.  Using such a
function while handing an error could cause yet another error and
therefore lead to an infinite recursion.  You probably won't ever
need to use this function.
@end defun

@anchor{Calling Git for Effect}
@subsection Calling Git for Effect

These functions are used to run git to produce some effect.  Most
Magit commands that actually run git do so by using such a function.

Because we do not need to consume git's output when using these
functions, their output is instead logged into a per-repository
buffer, which can be shown using @code{$} from a Magit buffer or @code{M-x
magit-process} elsewhere.

These functions can have an effect in two distinct ways.  Firstly,
running git may change something, i.e., create or push a new commit.
Secondly, that change may require that Magit buffers are refreshed to
reflect the changed state of the repository.  But refreshing isn't
always desirable, so only some of these functions do perform such a
refresh after git has returned.

Sometimes it is useful to run git asynchronously.  For example, when
the user has just initiated a push, then there is no reason to make
her wait until that has completed.  In other cases it makes sense to
wait for git to complete before letting the user do something else.
For example after staging a change it is useful to wait until after
the refresh because that also automatically moves to the next change.

@defun magit-call-git &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS@.
@end defun

@defun magit-call-process program &rest args
Calls PROGRAM synchronously with ARGS@.
@end defun

@defun magit-run-git &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS and then refreshes.
@end defun

@defun magit-run-git-with-input &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS and sends it the content of the
current buffer on standard input.

If the current buffer's @code{default-directory} is on a remote
filesystem, this function actually runs git asynchronously.  But
then it waits for the process to return, so the function itself is
synchronous.
@end defun

@defun magit-git &rest args
Calls git synchronously with ARGS for side-effects only.  This
function does not refresh the buffer.
@end defun

@defun magit-git-wash washer &rest args
Execute Git with ARGS, inserting washed output at point.  Actually
first insert the raw output at point.  If there is no output call
@code{magit-cancel-section}.  Otherwise temporarily narrow the buffer to
the inserted text, move to its beginning, and then call function
WASHER with ARGS as its sole argument.
@end defun

And now for the asynchronous variants.

@defun magit-run-git-async &rest args
Start Git, prepare for refresh, and return the process object.
ARGS is flattened and then used as arguments to Git.

Display the command line arguments in the echo area.

After Git returns some buffers are refreshed: the buffer that was
current when this function was called (if it is a Magit buffer and
still alive), as well as the respective Magit status buffer.
Unmodified buffers visiting files that are tracked in the current
repository are reverted if @code{magit-revert-buffers} is non-nil.
@end defun

@defun magit-run-git-with-editor &rest args
Export GIT@math{_EDITOR} and start Git.  Also prepare for refresh and
return the process object.  ARGS is flattened and then used as
arguments to Git.

Display the command line arguments in the echo area.

After Git returns some buffers are refreshed: the buffer that was
current when this function was called (if it is a Magit buffer and
still alive), as well as the respective Magit status buffer.
@end defun

@defun magit-start-git input &rest args
Start Git, prepare for refresh, and return the process object.

If INPUT is non-nil, it has to be a buffer or the name of an
existing buffer.  The buffer content becomes the processes
standard input.

Option @code{magit-git-executable} specifies the Git executable and option
@code{magit-git-global-arguments} specifies constant arguments.  The
remaining arguments ARGS specify arguments to Git.  They are
flattened before use.

After Git returns, some buffers are refreshed: the buffer that was
current when this function was called (if it is a Magit buffer and
still alive), as well as the respective Magit status buffer.
Unmodified buffers visiting files that are tracked in the current
repository are reverted if @code{magit-revert-buffers} is non-nil.
@end defun

@defun magit-start-process &rest args
Start PROGRAM, prepare for refresh, and return the process object.

If optional argument INPUT is non-nil, it has to be a buffer or
the name of an existing buffer.  The buffer content becomes the
processes standard input.

The process is started using @code{start-file-process} and then setup to
use the sentinel @code{magit-process-sentinel} and the filter
@code{magit-process-filter}.  Information required by these functions is
stored in the process object.  When this function returns the
process has not started to run yet so it is possible to override the
sentinel and filter.

After the process returns, @code{magit-process-sentinel} refreshes the
buffer that was current when @code{magit-start-process} was called (if it
is a Magit buffer and still alive), as well as the respective Magit
status buffer.  Unmodified buffers visiting files that are tracked
in the current repository are reverted if @code{magit-revert-buffers} is
non-nil.
@end defun

@defvar magit-this-process
The child process which is about to start.  This can be used to
change the filter and sentinel.
@end defvar

@defvar magit-process-raise-error
When this is non-nil, then @code{magit-process-sentinel} raises an error if
git exits with a non-zero exit status.  For debugging purposes.
@end defvar

@node Section Plumbing
@section Section Plumbing

@anchor{Creating Sections}
@subsection Creating Sections

@defmac magit-insert-section &rest args
Insert a section at point.

TYPE is the section type, a symbol.  Many commands that act on the
current section behave differently depending on that type.  Also if
a variable @code{magit-TYPE-section-map} exists, then use that as the
text-property @code{keymap} of all text belonging to the section (but this
may be overwritten in subsections).  TYPE can also have the form
@code{(eval FORM)} in which case FORM is evaluated at runtime.

Optional VALUE is the value of the section, usually a string that is
required when acting on the section.

When optional HIDE is non-nil collapse the section body by default,
i.e., when first creating the section, but not when refreshing the
buffer.  Otherwise, expand it by default.  This can be overwritten using
@code{magit-section-set-visibility-hook}.  When a section is recreated
during a refresh, then the visibility of predecessor is inherited
and HIDE is ignored (but the hook is still honored).

BODY is any number of forms that actually insert the section's
heading and body.  Optional NAME, if specified, has to be a symbol,
which is then bound to the struct of the section being inserted.

Before BODY is evaluated the @code{start} of the section object is set to
the value of @code{point} and after BODY was evaluated its @code{end} is set to
the new value of @code{point}; BODY is responsible for moving @code{point}
forward.

If it turns out inside BODY that the section is empty, then
@code{magit-cancel-section} can be used to abort and remove all traces of
the partially inserted section.  This can happen when creating a
section by washing Git's output and Git didn't actually output
anything this time around.
@end defmac

@defun magit-insert-heading &rest args
Insert the heading for the section currently being inserted.

This function should only be used inside @code{magit-insert-section}.

When called without any arguments, then just set the @code{content} slot of
the object representing the section being inserted to a marker at
@code{point}.  The section should only contain a single line when this
function is used like this.

When called with arguments ARGS, which have to be strings, then
insert those strings at point.  The section should not contain any
text before this happens and afterwards it should again only contain
a single line.  If the @code{face} property is set anywhere inside any of
these strings, then insert all of them unchanged.  Otherwise use the
@code{magit-section-heading} face for all inserted text.

The @code{content} property of the section struct is the end of the heading
(which lasts from @code{start} to @code{content}) and the beginning of the body
(which lasts from @code{content} to @code{end}).  If the value of @code{content} is nil,
then the section has no heading and its body cannot be collapsed.
If a section does have a heading then its height must be exactly one
line, including a trailing newline character.  This isn't enforced;
you are responsible for getting it right.  The only exception is
that this function does insert a newline character if necessary.
@end defun

@defun magit-cancel-section
Cancel the section currently being inserted.  This exits the
innermost call to @code{magit-insert-section} and removes all traces of
what has already happened inside that call.
@end defun

@defun magit-define-section-jumper sym title &optional value
Define an interactive function to go to section SYM@.  TITLE is the
displayed title of the section.
@end defun

@anchor{Section Selection}
@subsection Section Selection

@defun magit-current-section
Return the section at point.
@end defun

@defun magit-region-sections &optional condition multiple
Return a list of the selected sections.

When the region is active and constitutes a valid section
selection, then return a list of all selected sections.  This is
the case when the region begins in the heading of a section and
ends in the heading of the same section or in that of a sibling
section.  If optional MULTIPLE is non-nil, then the region cannot
begin and end in the same section.

When the selection is not valid, then return nil.  In this case,
most commands that can act on the selected sections will instead
act on the section at point.

When the region looks like it would in any other buffer then
the selection is invalid.  When the selection is valid then the
region uses the @code{magit-section-highlight} face.  This does not
apply to diffs where things get a bit more complicated, but even
here if the region looks like it usually does, then that's not
a valid selection as far as this function is concerned.

If optional CONDITION is non-nil, then the selection not only
has to be valid; all selected sections additionally have to match
CONDITION, or nil is returned.  See @code{magit-section-match} for the
forms CONDITION can take.
@end defun

@defun magit-region-values &optional condition multiple
Return a list of the values of the selected sections.

Return the values that themselves would be returned by
@code{magit-region-sections} (which see).
@end defun

@anchor{Matching Sections}
@subsection Matching Sections

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-x magit-describe-section-briefly}
@findex magit-describe-section-briefly
Show information about the section at point.  This command is
intended for debugging purposes.
@end table

@defun magit-section-ident section
Return an unique identifier for SECTION@.  The return value has the
form @code{((TYPE . VALUE)...)}.
@end defun

@defun magit-get-section ident &optional root
Return the section identified by IDENT@.  IDENT has to be a list as
returned by @code{magit-section-ident}.
@end defun

@defun magit-section-match condition &optional section
Return @code{t} if SECTION matches CONDITION@.
SECTION defaults to the section at point.  If SECTION is not
specified and there also is no section at point, then return
@code{nil}.

CONDITION can take the following forms:
@itemize
@item
@code{(CONDITION...)}

matches if any of the CONDITIONs matches.

@item
@code{[CLASS...]}

matches if the section's class is the same
as the first CLASS or a subclass of that;
the section's parent class matches the
second CLASS; and so on.

@item
@code{[* CLASS...]}

matches sections that match @code{[CLASS...]} and
also recursively all their child sections.

@item
@code{CLASS}

matches if the section's class is the same
as CLASS or a subclass of that; regardless
of the classes of the parent sections.
@end itemize

Each CLASS should be a class symbol, identifying a class that
derives from @code{magit-section}.  For backward compatibility CLASS
can also be a "type symbol".  A section matches such a symbol
if the value of its @code{type} slot is @code{eq}.  If a type symbol has
an entry in @code{magit--section-type-alist}, then a section also
matches that type if its class is a subclass of the class that
corresponds to the type as per that alist.

Note that it is not necessary to specify the complete section
lineage as printed by @code{magit-describe-section-briefly}, unless
of course you want to be that precise.
@end defun

@defun magit-section-value-if condition &optional section
If the section at point matches CONDITION, then return its value.

If optional SECTION is non-nil then test whether that matches
instead.  If there is no section at point and SECTION is nil,
then return nil.  If the section does not match, then return
nil.

See @code{magit-section-match} for the forms CONDITION can take.
@end defun

@defun magit-section-case &rest clauses
Choose among clauses on the type of the section at point.

Each clause looks like (CONDITION BODY@dots{}).  The type of the
section is compared against each CONDITION; the BODY forms of the
first match are evaluated sequentially and the value of the last
form is returned.  Inside BODY the symbol @code{it} is bound to the
section at point.  If no clause succeeds or if there is no
section at point return nil.

See @code{magit-section-match} for the forms CONDITION can take.
Additionally a CONDITION of t is allowed in the final clause and
matches if no other CONDITION match, even if there is no section at
point.
@end defun

@defvar magit-root-section
The root section in the current buffer.  All other sections are
descendants of this section.  The value of this variable is set by
@code{magit-insert-section} and you should never modify it.
@end defvar

For diff related sections a few additional tools exist.

@defun magit-diff-type &optional section
Return the diff type of SECTION@.

The returned type is one of the symbols @code{staged}, @code{unstaged}, @code{committed},
or @code{undefined}.  This type serves a similar purpose as the general
type common to all sections (which is stored in the @code{type} slot of the
corresponding @code{magit-section} struct) but takes additional information
into account.  When the SECTION isn't related to diffs and the
buffer containing it also isn't a diff-only buffer, then return nil.

Currently the type can also be one of @code{tracked} and @code{untracked}, but
these values are not handled explicitly in every place they should
be.  A possible fix could be to just return nil here.

The section has to be a @code{diff} or @code{hunk} section, or a section whose
children are of type @code{diff}.  If optional SECTION is nil, return the
diff type for the current section.  In buffers whose major mode is
@code{magit-diff-mode} SECTION is ignored and the type is determined using
other means.  In @code{magit-revision-mode} buffers the type is always
@code{committed}.
@end defun

@defun magit-diff-scope &optional section strict
Return the diff scope of SECTION or the selected section(s).

A diff's "scope" describes what part of a diff is selected, it is a
symbol, one of @code{region}, @code{hunk}, @code{hunks}, @code{file}, @code{files}, or @code{list}.  Do not
confuse this with the diff "type", as returned by @code{magit-diff-type}.

If optional SECTION is non-nil, then return the scope of that,
ignoring the sections selected by the region.  Otherwise return the
scope of the current section, or if the region is active and selects
a valid group of diff related sections, the type of these sections,
i.e., @code{hunks} or @code{files}.  If SECTION (or if the current section that
is nil) is a @code{hunk} section and the region starts and ends inside
the body of a that section, then the type is @code{region}.

If optional STRICT is non-nil then return nil if the diff type of
the section at point is @code{untracked} or the section at point is not
actually a @code{diff} but a @code{diffstat} section.
@end defun

@node Refreshing Buffers
@section Refreshing Buffers

All commands that create a new Magit buffer or change what is being
displayed in an existing buffer do so by calling @code{magit-mode-setup}.
Among other things, that function sets the buffer local values of
@code{default-directory} (to the top-level of the repository),
@code{magit-refresh-function}, and @code{magit-refresh-args}.

Buffers are refreshed by calling the function that is the local value
of @code{magit-refresh-function} (a function named @code{magit-*-refresh-buffer},
where @code{*} may be something like @code{diff}) with the value of
@code{magit-refresh-args} as arguments.

@defmac magit-mode-setup buffer switch-func mode refresh-func &optional refresh-args
This function displays and selects BUFFER, turns on MODE, and
refreshes a first time.

This function displays and optionally selects BUFFER by calling
@code{magit-mode-display-buffer} with BUFFER, MODE and SWITCH-FUNC as
arguments.  Then it sets the local value of @code{magit-refresh-function}
to REFRESH-FUNC and that of @code{magit-refresh-args} to REFRESH-ARGS@.
Finally it creates the buffer content by calling REFRESH-FUNC with
REFRESH-ARGS as arguments.

All arguments are evaluated before switching to BUFFER@.
@end defmac

@defun magit-mode-display-buffer buffer mode &optional switch-function
This function display BUFFER in some window and select it.  BUFFER
may be a buffer or a string, the name of a buffer.  The buffer is
returned.

Unless BUFFER is already displayed in the selected frame, store the
previous window configuration as a buffer local value, so that it
can later be restored by @code{magit-mode-bury-buffer}.

The buffer is displayed and selected using SWITCH-FUNCTION@.  If that
is @code{nil} then @code{pop-to-buffer} is used if the current buffer's major mode
derives from @code{magit-mode}.  Otherwise @code{switch-to-buffer} is used.
@end defun

@defvar magit-refresh-function
The value of this buffer-local variable is the function used to
refresh the current buffer.  It is called with @code{magit-refresh-args} as
arguments.
@end defvar

@defvar magit-refresh-args
The list of arguments used by @code{magit-refresh-function} to refresh the
current buffer.  @code{magit-refresh-function} is called with these
arguments.

The value is usually set using @code{magit-mode-setup}, but in some cases
it's also useful to provide commands that can change the value.  For
example, the @code{magit-diff-refresh} transient can be used to change any
of the arguments used to display the diff, without having to specify
again which differences should be shown, but @code{magit-diff-more-context},
@code{magit-diff-less-context} and @code{magit-diff-default-context} change just
the @code{-U<N>} argument.  In both case this is done by changing the value
of this variable and then calling this @code{magit-refresh-function}.
@end defvar

@node Conventions
@section Conventions

Also see @ref{Completion and Confirmation}.

@anchor{Theming Faces}
@subsection Theming Faces

The default theme uses blue for local branches, green for remote
branches, and goldenrod (brownish yellow) for tags.  When creating a
new theme, you should probably follow that example.  If your theme
already uses other colors, then stick to that.

In older releases these reference faces used to have a background
color and a box around them.  The basic default faces no longer do so,
to make Magit buffers much less noisy, and you should follow that
example at least with regards to boxes.  (Boxes were used in the past
to work around a conflict between the highlighting overlay and text
property backgrounds.  That's no longer necessary because highlighting no
longer causes other background colors to disappear.)  Alternatively
you can keep the background color and/or box, but then have to take
special care to adjust @code{magit-branch-current} accordingly.  By default
it looks mostly like @code{magit-branch-local}, but with a box (by default
the former is the only face that uses a box, exactly so that it sticks
out).  If the former also uses a box, then you have to make sure that
it differs in some other way from the latter.

The most difficult faces to theme are those related to diffs,
headings, highlighting, and the region.  There are faces that fall
into all four groups - expect to spend some time getting this right.

The @code{region} face in the default theme, in both the light and dark
variants, as well as in many other themes, distributed with Emacs or
by third-parties, is very ugly.  It is common to use a background
color that really sticks out, which is ugly but if that were the only
problem then it would be acceptable.  Unfortunately many themes also
set the foreground color, which ensures that all text within the
region is readable.  Without doing that there might be cases where
some foreground color is too close to the region background color to
still be readable.  But it also means that text within the region
loses all syntax highlighting.

I consider the work that went into getting the @code{region} face right to be
a good indicator for the general quality of a theme.  My
recommendation for the @code{region} face is this: use a background color
slightly different from the background color of the @code{default} face, and
do not set the foreground color at all.  So for a light theme you
might use a light (possibly tinted) gray as the background color of
@code{default} and a somewhat darker gray for the background of @code{region}.
That should usually be enough to not collide with the foreground color
of any other face.  But if some other faces also set a light gray as
background color, then you should also make sure it doesn't collide
with those (in some cases it might be acceptable though).

Magit only uses the @code{region} face when the region is "invalid" by its
own definition.  In a Magit buffer the region is used to either select
multiple sibling sections, so that commands which support it act on
all of these sections instead of just the current section, or to
select lines within a single hunk section.  In all other cases, the
section is considered invalid and Magit won't act on it.  But such
invalid sections happen, either because the user has not moved point
enough yet to make it valid or because she wants to use a non-magit
command to act on the region, e.g., @code{kill-region}.

So using the regular @code{region} face for invalid sections is a feature.  It
tells the user that Magit won't be able to act on it.  It's acceptable
if that face looks a bit odd and even (but less so) if it collides
with the background colors of section headings and other things that
have a background color.

Magit highlights the current section.  If a section has subsections,
then all of them are highlighted.  This is done using faces that have
"highlight" in their names.  For most sections, @code{magit-section-highlight}
is used for both the body and the heading.  Like the @code{region} face, it
should only set the background color to something similar to that of
@code{default}.  The highlight background color must be different from both
the @code{region} background color and the @code{default} background color.

For diff related sections Magit uses various faces to
highlight different parts of the selected section(s).  Note that hunk
headings, unlike all other section headings, by default have a
background color, because it is useful to have very visible separators
between hunks.  That face @code{magit-diff-hunk-heading}, should be different
from both @code{magit-diff-hunk-heading-highlight} and
@code{magit-section-highlight}, as well as from @code{magit-diff-context} and
@code{magit-diff-context-highlight}.  By default we do that by changing the
foreground color.  Changing the background color would lead to
complications, and there are already enough we cannot get around.
(Also note that it is generally a good idea for section headings to
always be bold, but only for sections that have subsections).

When there is a valid region selecting diff-related sibling sections,
i.e., multiple files or hunks, then the bodies of all these sections
use the respective highlight faces, but additionally the headings
instead use one of the faces @code{magit-diff-file-heading-selection} or
@code{magit-diff-hunk-heading-selection}.  These faces have to be different
from the regular highlight variants to provide explicit visual
indication that the region is active.

When theming diff related faces, start by setting the option
@code{magit-diff-refine-hunk} to @code{all}.  You might personally prefer to only
refine the current hunk or not use hunk refinement at all, but some of
the users of your theme want all hunks to be refined, so you have to
cater to that.

(Also turn on @code{magit-diff-highlight-indentation},
@code{magit-diff-highlight-trailing}, and @code{magit-diff-paint-whitespace}; and
insert some whitespace errors into the code you use for testing.)

For added lines you have to adjust three faces:
@code{magit-diff-added}, @code{magit-diff-added-highlight}, and
@code{diff-refined-added}.  Make sure that the latter works well with both
of the former, as well as @code{smerge-other} and @code{diff-added}.  Then do the
same for the removed lines, context lines, lines added by us, and
lines added by them.  Also make sure the respective added, removed,
and context faces use approximately the same saturation for both the
highlighted and unhighlighted variants.  Also make sure the file and
diff headings work nicely with context lines (e.g., make them look
different).  Line faces should set both the foreground and the
background color.  For example, for added lines use two different
greens.

It's best if the foreground color of both the highlighted and the
unhighlighted variants are the same, so you will need to have to find
a color that works well on the highlight and unhighlighted background,
the refine background, and the highlight context background.  When
there is an hunk internal region, then the added- and removed-lines
background color is used only within that region.  Outside the region
the highlighted context background color is used.  This makes it
easier to see what is being staged.  With an hunk internal region the
hunk heading is shown using @code{magit-diff-hunk-heading-selection}, and so
are the thin lines that are added around the lines that fall within
the region.  The background color of that has to be distinct enough
from the various other involved background colors.

Nobody said this would be easy.  If your theme restricts itself to a
certain set of colors, then you should make an exception here.
Otherwise it would be impossible to make the diffs look good in each
and every variation.  Actually you might want to just stick to the
default definitions for these faces.  You have been warned.  Also
please note that if you do not get this right, this will in some cases
look to users like bugs in Magit - so please do it right or not at
all.

@node FAQ
@appendix FAQ

The next two nodes lists frequently asked questions.  For a list of
frequently @strong{and recently} asked questions, i.e., questions that haven't
made it into the manual yet, see
@uref{https://github.com/magit/magit/wiki/FAQ}.

Please also see @ref{Debugging Tools}.

@menu
* FAQ - How to @dots{}?::
* FAQ - Issues and Errors::
@end menu

@node FAQ - How to @dots{}?
@appendixsec FAQ - How to @dots{}?

@anchor{How to pronounce Magit?}
@appendixsubsec How to pronounce Magit?

Either @code{mu[m's] git} or @code{magi@{c => t@}} is fine.

The slogan is "It's Magit! The magical Git client", so it makes sense
to pronounce Magit like magic, while taking into account that C and T
do not sound the same.

The German "Magie" is not pronounced the same as the English "magic",
so if you speak German, then you can use the above rationale to justify
using the former pronunciation; @code{Mag@{ie => it@}}.

You can also choose to use the former pronunciation just because you
like it better.

Also see @uref{https://magit.vc/assets/videos/magic.mp4}.
Also see @uref{https://emacs.stackexchange.com/questions/13696}.

@anchor{How to show git's output?}
@appendixsubsec How to show git's output?

To show the output of recently run git commands, press @code{$} (or, if that
isn't available, use @code{M-x magit-process-buffer}).  This shows a buffer
containing a section per git invocation; as always press @code{TAB} to expand
or collapse them.

By default, git's output is only inserted into the process buffer if
it is run for side-effects.  When the output is consumed in some way,
also inserting it into the process buffer would be too expensive.
For debugging purposes, it's possible to do so anyway, using @code{M-x
magit-toggle-git-debug}.

@anchor{How to install the gitman info manual?}
@appendixsubsec How to install the gitman info manual?

Git's manpages can be exported as an info manual called @code{gitman}.
Magit's own info manual links to nodes in that manual instead of the
actual manpages, simply because Info doesn't support linking to
manpages.

Unfortunately some distributions do not install the @code{gitman} manual by
default and you would have to install a separate documentation package
to get it.

Magit patches info, adding the ability to visit links to the @code{gitman}
info manual, by instead viewing the respective manpage.  If you prefer
that approach, then set the value of @code{magit-view-git-manual-method} to
one of the supported Emacs packages @code{man} or @code{woman}, e.g.:

@lisp
(setq magit-view-git-manual-method 'man)
@end lisp

@anchor{How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?}
@appendixsubsec How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?

Git supports showing diffs for encrypted files, but has to be told to
do so.  Since Magit just uses Git to get the diffs, configuring Git
also affects the diffs displayed inside Magit.

@example
git config --global diff.gpg.textconv "gpg --no-tty --decrypt"
echo "*.gpg filter=gpg diff=gpg" > .gitattributes
@end example

@anchor{How does branching and pushing work?}
@appendixsubsec How does branching and pushing work?

Please see @ref{Branching} and @uref{https://emacsair.me/2016/01/18/magit-2.4}

@anchor{Should I disable VC@?}
@appendixsubsec Should I disable VC@?

If you don't use VC (the built-in version control interface) then
you might be tempted to disable it, not least because we used to
recommend that you do that.

We no longer recommend that you disable VC@.  Doing so would break
useful third-party packages (such as @code{diff-hl}), which depend on VC
being enabled.

If you choose to disable VC anyway, then you can do so by changing
the value of @code{vc-handled-backends}.

@node FAQ - Issues and Errors
@appendixsec FAQ - Issues and Errors

@anchor{Magit is slow}
@appendixsubsec Magit is slow

See @ref{Performance} and @ref{I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable}.

@anchor{I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable}
@appendixsubsec I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable

Magit is currently not expected to work well under such conditions.
It sure would be nice if it did.  Reaching satisfactory performance
under such conditions will require some heavy refactoring.  This is no
small task but I hope to eventually find the time to make it happen.

But for now we recommend you use the command line to complete this one
commit.  Also see @ref{Performance}.

@anchor{I am having problems committing}
@appendixsubsec I am having problems committing

That likely means that Magit is having problems finding an appropriate
@code{emacsclient} executable.  See @ref{Configuring With-Editor,,,with-editor,}
and @ref{Debugging,,,with-editor,}.

@anchor{I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit}
@appendixsubsec I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit

It's almost certain that Magit is only incidental to this issue.  It
is much more likely that this is a configuration issue, even if you
can push on the command line.

Detailed setup instructions can be found at
@uref{https://github.com/magit/magit/wiki/Pushing-with-Magit-from-Windows}.

@anchor{I am using macOS and SOMETHING works in shell but not in Magit}
@appendixsubsec I am using macOS and SOMETHING works in shell, but not in Magit

This usually occurs because Emacs doesn't have the same environment
variables as your shell.  Try installing and configuring
@uref{https://github.com/purcell/exec-path-from-shell}.  By default it
synchronizes @code{$PATH}, which helps Magit find the same @code{git} as the one you
are using on the shell.

If SOMETHING is "passphrase caching with gpg-agent for commit and/or
tag signing", then you'll also need to synchronize @code{$GPG_AGENT_INFO}.

@anchor{Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear}
@appendixsubsec Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear

This is probably caused by a customization of a @code{diff.*} Git variable.
You probably set that variable for a reason, and should therefore only
undo that setting in Magit by customizing @code{magit-git-global-arguments}.

@anchor{Point is wrong in the @code{COMMIT_EDITMSG} buffer}
@appendixsubsec Point is wrong in the @code{COMMIT_EDITMSG} buffer

Neither Magit nor @code{git-commit.el} fiddle with point in the buffer used
to write commit messages, so something else must be doing it.

You have probably globally enabled a mode, which restores point in
file-visiting buffers.  It might be a bit surprising, but when you
write a commit message, then you are actually editing a file.

So you have to figure out which package is doing it.  @code{saveplace},
@code{pointback}, and @code{session} are likely candidates.  These snippets might
help:

@lisp
(setq session-name-disable-regexp "\\(?:\\`'\\.git/[A-Z_]+\\'\\)")

(with-eval-after-load 'pointback
  (lambda ()
    (when (or git-commit-mode git-rebase-mode)
      (pointback-mode -1))))
@end lisp

@anchor{The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date}
@appendixsubsec The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date

Magit is not responsible for the version control information that is
being displayed in the mode-line and looks something like @code{Git-master}.
The built-in "Version Control" package, also known as "VC", updates
that information, and can be told to do so more often:

@lisp
(setq auto-revert-check-vc-info t)
@end lisp

But doing so isn't good for performance.  For more (overly optimistic)
information see @ref{VC Mode Line,,,emacs,}.

If you don't really care about seeing this information in the
mode-line, but just don't want to see @emph{incorrect} information,
then consider simply not displaying it in the mode-line:

@lisp
(setq-default mode-line-format
              (delete '(vc-mode vc-mode) mode-line-format))
@end lisp

@anchor{A branch and tag sharing the same name breaks SOMETHING}
@appendixsubsec A branch and tag sharing the same name breaks SOMETHING

Or more generally, ambiguous refnames break SOMETHING@.

Magit assumes that refs are named non-ambiguously across the
"refs/heads/", "refs/tags/", and "refs/remotes/" namespaces (i.e., all
the names remain unique when those prefixes are stripped).  We
consider ambiguous refnames unsupported and recommend that you use a
non-ambiguous naming scheme.  However, if you do work with a
repository that has ambiguous refnames, please report any issues you
encounter, so that we can investigate whether there is a simple fix.

@anchor{My Git hooks work on the command-line but not inside Magit}
@appendixsubsec My Git hooks work on the command-line but not inside Magit

When Magit calls @code{git} it adds a few global arguments including
@code{--literal-pathspecs} and the @code{git} process started by Magit then passes
that setting on to other @code{git} process it starts itself.  It does so by
setting the environment variable @code{GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS}, not by calling
subprocesses with the @code{--literal-pathspecs} argument.  You can therefore
override this setting in hook scripts using @code{unset
GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS}.

@anchor{@code{git-commit-mode} isn't used when committing from the command-line}
@appendixsubsec @code{git-commit-mode} isn't used when committing from the command-line

The reason for this is that @code{git-commit.el} has not been loaded yet
and/or that the server has not been started yet.  These things have
always already been taken care of when you commit from Magit because
in order to do so, Magit has to be loaded and doing that involves
loading @code{git-commit} and starting the server.

If you want to commit from the command-line, then you have to take
care of these things yourself. Your @code{init.el} file should contain:

@lisp
(require 'git-commit)
(server-mode)
@end lisp

Instead of `(require 'git-commit)` you may also use:

@lisp
(load "/path/to/magit-autoloads.el")
@end lisp

You might want to do that because loading @code{git-commit} causes large
parts of Magit to be loaded.

There are also some variations of @code{(server-mode)} that you might want to
try. Personally I use:

@lisp
(use-package server
  :config (or (server-running-p) (server-mode)))
@end lisp

Now you can use:

@example
$ emacs&
$ EDITOR=emacsclient git commit
@end example

However you cannot use:

@example
$ killall emacs
$ EDITOR="emacsclient --alternate-editor emacs" git commit
@end example

This will actually end up using @code{emacs}, not @code{emacsclient}.  If you do
this, then you can still edit the commit message but @code{git-commit-mode}
won't be used and you have to exit @code{emacs} to finish the process.

Tautology ahead.  If you want to be able to use @code{emacsclient} to connect
to a running @code{emacs} instance, even though no @code{emacs} instance is running,
then you cannot use @code{emacsclient} directly.

Instead you have to create a script that does something like this:

Try to use @code{emacsclient} (without using @code{--alternate-editor}).  If that
succeeds, do nothing else.  Otherwise start @code{emacs &} (and @code{init.el} must
call @code{server-start}) and try to use @code{emacsclient} again.

@anchor{Point ends up inside invisible text when jumping to a file-visiting buffer}
@appendixsubsec Point ends up inside invisible text when jumping to a file-visiting buffer

This can happen when you type @code{RET} on a hunk to visit the respective
file at the respective position.  One solution to this problem is to
use @code{global-reveal-mode}.  It makes sure that text around point is
always visible.  If that is too drastic for your taste, then you may
instead use @code{magit-diff-visit-file-hook} to reveal the text, possibly
using @code{reveal-post-command} or for Org buffers @code{org-reveal}.

@anchor{I am no longer able to save popup defaults}
@appendixsubsec I am no longer able to save popup defaults

Magit used to use Magit-Popup to implement the transient popup menus.
Now it used Transient instead, which is Magit-Popup's successor.

In the older Magit-Popup menus, it was possible to save user settings
(e.g., setting the gpg signing key for commits) by using @code{C-c C-c} in
the popup buffer.  This would dismiss the popup, but save the settings
as the defaults for future popups.

When switching to Transient menus, this functionality is now available
via @code{C-x C-s} instead; the @code{C-x} prefix has other options as well when
using Transient, which will be displayed when it is typed.  See
@uref{https://magit.vc/manual/transient/Saving-Values.html#Saving-Values} for
more details.

@node Debugging Tools
@chapter Debugging Tools

Magit and its dependencies provide a few debugging tools, and we
appreciate it very much if you use those tools before reporting an
issue.  Please include all relevant output when reporting an
issue.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-x magit-version}
@findex magit-version
This command shows the currently used versions of Magit, Git, and
Emacs in the echo area.  Non-interactively this just returns the
Magit version.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-emacs-Q-command}
@findex magit-emacs-Q-command
This command shows a debugging shell command in the echo area and
adds it to the kill ring.  Paste that command into a shell and run
it.

This shell command starts @code{emacs} with only @code{magit} and its
dependencies loaded.  Neither your configuration nor other installed
packages are loaded.  This makes it easier to determine whether some
issue lays with Magit or something else.

If you run Magit from its Git repository, then you should be able to
use @code{make emacs-Q} instead of the output of this command.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-toggle-git-debug}
@findex magit-toggle-git-debug
This command toggles whether additional git errors are reported.

Magit basically calls git for one of these two reasons: for
side-effects or to do something with its standard output.

When git is run for side-effects then its output, including error
messages, go into the process buffer which is shown when using @code{$}.

When git's output is consumed in some way, then it would be too
expensive to also insert it into this buffer, but with this command
that can be enabled temporarily.  In that case, if git returns with
a non-zero exit status, then at least its standard error is inserted
into this buffer.

Also note that just because git exits with a non-zero status and
prints an error message, that usually doesn't mean that it is an
error as far as Magit is concerned, which is another reason we
usually hide these error messages.  Whether some error message is
relevant in the context of some unexpected behavior has to be judged
on a case by case basis.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-toggle-verbose-refresh}
@findex magit-toggle-verbose-refresh
This command toggles whether Magit refreshes buffers verbosely.
Enabling this helps figuring out which sections are bottlenecks.
The additional output can be found in the @code{*Messages*} buffer.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-toggle-subprocess-record}
@findex magit-toggle-subprocess-record
This command toggles whether subprocess invocations are recorded.

When enabled, all subprocesses started by @code{magit-process-file} are
logged into the buffer specified by @code{magit-process-record-buffer-name}
using the format @code{magit-process-record-entry-format}.  This is for
debugging purposes.

This is in addition to and distinct from the default logging done by
default, and additional logging enabled with @code{magit-toggle-git-debug}.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-debug-git-executable}
@findex magit-debug-git-executable
This command displays a buffer containing information about the
available and used @code{git} executable(s), and can be useful when
investigating @code{exec-path} issues.

Also see @ref{Git Executable}.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-profile-refresh-buffer}
@findex magit-profile-refresh-buffer
This command profiles refreshing the current Magit buffer and then
displays the results.

@item @kbd{M-x magit-toggle-profiling}
@findex magit-toggle-profiling
This command starts profiling Magit and Forge, or if profiling is
already in progress, it instead stops that and displays the results.

@item @kbd{M-x with-editor-debug}
@findex with-editor-debug
This command displays a buffer containing information about the
available and used @code{emacsclient} executable(s), and can be useful
when investigating why Magit (or rather @code{with-editor}) cannot find
an appropriate @code{emacsclient} executable.

Also see @ref{Debugging,,,with-editor,}.
@end table

@noindent
Please also see @ref{FAQ}.

@node Keystroke Index
@appendix Keystroke Index

@printindex ky

@node Function and Command Index
@appendix Function and Command Index

@printindex fn

@node Variable Index
@appendix Variable Index

@printindex vr

@bye
