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    description: How to add text labels and annotations to plots in python.
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    name: Text and Annotations
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---

### Adding Text to Figures

As a general rule, there are two ways to add text labels to figures:
1. Certain trace types, notably in the `scatter` family (e.g. `scatter`, `scatter3d`, `scattergeo` etc), support a `text` attribute, and can be displayed with or without markers.
2. Standalone text annotations can be added to figures using `fig.add_annotation()`, with or without arrows, and they can be positioned absolutely within the figure, or they can be positioned relative to the axes of 2d or 3d cartesian subplots i.e. in data coordinates.

The differences between these two approaches are that:
* Traces can optionally support hover labels and can appear in legends.
* Text annotations can be positioned absolutely or relative to data coordinates in 2d/3d cartesian subplots only.
* Traces cannot be positioned absolutely but can be positioned relative to data coordinates in any subplot type.
* Traces also be used to [draw shapes](/python/shapes/), although there is a [shape equivalent to text annotations](/python/shapes/).


### Text on scatter plots with Plotly Express

Here is an example that creates a scatter plot with text labels using Plotly Express.

```python
import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder().query("year==2007 and continent=='Americas'")

fig = px.scatter(df, x="gdpPercap", y="lifeExp", text="country", log_x=True, size_max=60)

fig.update_traces(textposition='top center')

fig.update_layout(
    height=800,
    title_text='GDP and Life Expectancy (Americas, 2007)'
)

fig.show()
```

### Text on scatter plots with Graph Objects

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[1, 1, 1],
    mode="lines+markers+text",
    name="Lines, Markers and Text",
    text=["Text A", "Text B", "Text C"],
    textposition="top center"
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[2, 2, 2],
    mode="markers+text",
    name="Markers and Text",
    text=["Text D", "Text E", "Text F"],
    textposition="bottom center"
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[3, 3, 3],
    mode="lines+text",
    name="Lines and Text",
    text=["Text G", "Text H", "Text I"],
    textposition="bottom center"
))

fig.show()
```

### Text positioning in Dash

[Dash](https://plotly.com/dash/) is the best way to build analytical apps in Python using Plotly figures. To run the app below, run `pip install dash`, click "Download" to get the code and run `python app.py`.

Get started  with [the official Dash docs](https://dash.plotly.com/installation) and **learn how to effortlessly [style](https://plotly.com/dash/design-kit/) & [deploy](https://plotly.com/dash/app-manager/) apps like this with <a class="plotly-red" href="https://plotly.com/dash/">Dash Enterprise</a>.**


```python hide_code=true
from IPython.display import IFrame
snippet_url = 'https://python-docs-dash-snippets.herokuapp.com/python-docs-dash-snippets/'
IFrame(snippet_url + 'text-and-annotations', width='100%', height=1200)
```

<div style="font-size: 0.9em;"><div style="width: calc(100% - 30px); box-shadow: none; border: thin solid rgb(229, 229, 229);"><div style="padding: 5px;"><div><p><strong>Sign up for Dash Club</strong> → Free cheat sheets plus updates from Chris Parmer and Adam Schroeder delivered to your inbox every two months. Includes tips and tricks, community apps, and deep dives into the Dash architecture.
<u><a href="https://go.plotly.com/dash-club?utm_source=Dash+Club+2022&utm_medium=graphing_libraries&utm_content=inline">Join now</a></u>.</p></div></div></div></div>


### Controlling Text Size with `uniformtext`

For the [pie](/python/pie-charts), [bar](/python/bar-charts)-like, [sunburst](/python/sunburst-charts) and [treemap](/python/treemaps) traces, it is possible to force all the text labels to have the same size thanks to the `uniformtext` layout parameter. The `minsize` attribute sets the font size, and the `mode` attribute sets what happens for labels which cannot fit with the desired fontsize: either `hide` them or `show` them with overflow.


Here is a bar chart with the default behavior which will scale down text to fit.

```python
import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder(year=2007)
fig = px.bar(df, x='continent', y='pop', color="lifeExp", text='country',
             title="Default behavior: some text is tiny")
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside')
fig.show()
```

Here is the same figure with uniform text applied: the text for all bars is the same size, with a minimum size of 8. Any text at the minimum size which does not fit in the bar is hidden.

```python
import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder(year=2007)
fig = px.bar(df, x='continent', y='pop', color="lifeExp", text='country',
             title="Uniform Text: min size is 8, hidden if can't fit")
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside')
fig.update_layout(uniformtext_minsize=8, uniformtext_mode='hide')
fig.show()
```

```python
import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder().query("continent == 'Asia' and year == 2007")
fig = px.pie(df, values='pop', names='country')
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside')
fig.update_layout(uniformtext_minsize=12, uniformtext_mode='hide')
fig.show()
```

### Controlling Maximum Text Size

The `textfont_size` parameter of the the [pie](/python/pie-charts), [bar](/python/bar-charts)-like, [sunburst](/python/sunburst-charts) and [treemap](/python/treemaps) traces can be used to set the **maximum font size** used in the chart. Note that the `textfont` parameter sets the `insidetextfont` and `outsidetextfont` parameter, which can also be set independently.

```python
import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder().query("continent == 'Asia' and year == 2007")
fig = px.pie(df, values='pop', names='country')
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside', textfont_size=14)
fig.show()
```

### Text Annotations

Annotations can be added to a figure using `fig.add_annotation()`.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5]
))


fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2]
))

fig.add_annotation(x=2, y=5,
            text="Text annotation with arrow",
            showarrow=True,
            arrowhead=1)
fig.add_annotation(x=4, y=4,
            text="Text annotation without arrow",
            showarrow=False,
            yshift=10)

fig.update_layout(showlegend=False)

fig.show()
```

#### Text Annotations with Log Axes

If the `x` or `y` positions of an annotation reference a log axis, you need to provide that position as a `log10` value when adding the annotation. In this example, the `yaxis` is a log axis so we pass the `log10` value of `1000` to the annotation's `y` position.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import math

dates = [
    "2024-01-01",
    "2024-01-02",
    "2024-01-03",
    "2024-01-04",
    "2024-01-05",
    "2024-01-06",
]
y_values = [1, 30, 70, 100, 1000, 10000000]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[go.Scatter(x=dates, y=y_values, mode="lines+markers")],
    layout=go.Layout(
        yaxis=dict(
            type="log",
        )
    ),
)

fig.add_annotation(
    x="2024-01-05",
    y=math.log10(1000),
    text="Log axis annotation",
    showarrow=True,
    xanchor="right",
)

fig.show()
```

### 3D Annotations

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter3d(
    x=["2017-01-01", "2017-02-10", "2017-03-20"],
    y=["A", "B", "C"],
    z=[1, 1000, 100000],
    name="z",
))

fig.update_layout(
    scene=dict(
        xaxis=dict(type="date"),
        yaxis=dict(type="category"),
        zaxis=dict(type="log"),
        annotations=[
        dict(
            showarrow=False,
            x="2017-01-01",
            y="A",
            z=0,
            text="Point 1",
            xanchor="left",
            xshift=10,
            opacity=0.7),
        dict(
            x="2017-02-10",
            y="B",
            z=4,
            text="Point 2",
            textangle=0,
            ax=0,
            ay=-75,
            font=dict(
                color="black",
                size=12
            ),
            arrowcolor="black",
            arrowsize=3,
            arrowwidth=1,
            arrowhead=1),
        dict(
            x="2017-03-20",
            y="C",
            z=5,
            ax=50,
            ay=0,
            text="Point 3",
            arrowhead=1,
            xanchor="left",
            yanchor="bottom"
        )]
    ),
)

fig.show()
```

### Font Color, Size, and Familiy

Use `textfont` to specify a font `family`, `size`, or `color`.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[1, 1, 1],
    mode="lines+markers+text",
    name="Lines, Markers and Text",
    text=["Text A", "Text B", "Text C"],
    textposition="top right",
    textfont=dict(
        family="sans serif",
        size=18,
        color="crimson"
    )
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[2, 2, 2],
    mode="lines+markers+text",
    name="Lines and Text",
    text=["Text G", "Text H", "Text I"],
    textposition="bottom center",
    textfont=dict(
        family="sans serif",
        size=18,
        color="LightSeaGreen"
    )
))

fig.update_layout(showlegend=False)

fig.show()
```

### Font Style, Variant, and Weight

*New in 5.22*

You can also configure a font's `variant`, `style`, and `weight` on `textfont`. Here, we configure an `italic` style on the first bar, `bold` weight on the second, and `small-caps` as the font variant on the third.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.medals_wide()

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.gold,
            name="Gold",
            marker=dict(color="Gold"),
            text="Gold",
            textfont=dict(style="italic"),
        ),
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.silver,
            name="Silver",
            marker=dict(color="MediumTurquoise"),
            text="Silver",
            textfont=dict(weight="bold"),
        ),
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.bronze,
            name="Bronze",
            marker=dict(color="LightGreen"),
            text="Bronze",
            textfont=dict(variant="small-caps"),
        ),
    ],
    layout=dict(barcornerradius=15, showlegend=False),
)

fig.show()

```

## Numeric Font Weight

*New in 5.23*

In the previous example, we set a font `weight` using a keyword value. You can also set font `weight` using a numeric value.

The font weights that are available depend on the font family that is set. If you set a font `weight` that isn't available for a particular font family, the weight will be rounded to the nearest available value.


```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.medals_wide()

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.gold,
            name="Gold",
            marker=dict(color="Gold"),
            text="Gold",
            textfont=dict(weight=900, size=17),
        ),
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.silver,
            name="Silver",
            marker=dict(color="MediumTurquoise"),
            text="Silver",
            textfont=dict(size=17),
        ),
            go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.bronze,
            name="Bronze",
            marker=dict(color="LightGreen"),
            text="Bronze",
            textfont=dict(size=17),
        ),
    ],
    layout=dict(barcornerradius=15, showlegend=False),
)

fig.show()
```

[scattergl](https://plotly.com/python/reference/scattergl) traces do not support all numeric font weights. When you specify a numeric font weight on `scattergl`, weights up to 500 are mapped to the keyword font weight "normal", while weights above 500 are mapped to "bold".


## Text Case

*New in 5.23*

You can configure text case using the `textfont.textcase` property. In this example, we set `textfont.textcase="upper"` to transform the text on all bars to uppercase.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.gapminder()

grouped = df[df.year == 2007].loc[df[df.year == 2007].groupby('continent')['lifeExp'].idxmax()]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=go.Bar(
        x=grouped['lifeExp'],
        y=grouped['continent'],
        text=grouped['country'],
        orientation='h',
        textfont=dict(
            family="sans serif",
            size=14,
            # Here we set textcase to "upper.
            # Set to lower" for lowercase text, or "word caps" to capitalize the first letter of each word
            textcase="upper"

        )
    ),
    layout=go.Layout(
        title_text='Country with Highest Life Expectancy per Continent, 2007',
        yaxis=dict(showticklabels=False)
    )
)

fig.show()
```

## Text Lines

*New in 5.23*

You can add decoration lines to text using the `textfont.lineposition` property. This property accepts `"under"`, `"over"`, and `"through"`, or a combination of these separated by a `+`.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.gapminder()

grouped = df[df.year == 2002].loc[df[df.year == 2002].groupby('continent')['lifeExp'].idxmax()]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=go.Bar(
        x=grouped['lifeExp'],
        y=grouped['continent'],
        text=grouped['country'],
        orientation='h',
        marker_color='MediumSlateBlue',
        textfont=dict(
            lineposition="under" # combine different line positions with a "+" to add more than one: "under+over"
        )
    ),
    layout=go.Layout(
        title_text='Country with Highest Life Expectancy per Continent, 2002',
        yaxis=dict(showticklabels=False)
    )
)

fig.show()
```

## Text Shadow

*New in 5.23*

You can apply a shadow effect to text using the `textfont.shadow` property. This property accepts shadow specifications in the same format as the [text-shadow CSS property](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/text-shadow).

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.gapminder()

grouped = df[df.year == 1997].loc[df[df.year == 1997].groupby('continent')['lifeExp'].idxmax()]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=go.Bar(
        x=grouped['lifeExp'],
        y=grouped['continent'],
        text=grouped['country'],
        orientation='h',
        textfont=dict(
            shadow="1px 1px 2px pink"
        )
    ),
    layout=go.Layout(
        title_text='Country with Highest Life Expectancy per Continent, 1997',
        yaxis=dict(showticklabels=False)
    )
)

fig.show()
```

### Styling and Coloring Annotations

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5]
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2]
))

fig.add_annotation(
        x=2,
        y=5,
        xref="x",
        yref="y",
        text="max=5",
        showarrow=True,
        font=dict(
            family="Courier New, monospace",
            size=16,
            color="#ffffff"
            ),
        align="center",
        arrowhead=2,
        arrowsize=1,
        arrowwidth=2,
        arrowcolor="#636363",
        ax=20,
        ay=-30,
        bordercolor="#c7c7c7",
        borderwidth=2,
        borderpad=4,
        bgcolor="#ff7f0e",
        opacity=0.8
        )

fig.update_layout(showlegend=False)
fig.show()
```

### Text Font as an Array - Styling Each Text Element

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scattergeo(
    lat=[45.5, 43.4, 49.13, 51.1, 53.34, 45.24, 44.64, 48.25, 49.89, 50.45],
    lon=[-73.57, -79.24, -123.06, -114.1, -113.28, -75.43, -63.57, -123.21, -97.13,
         -104.6],
    marker={
        "color": ["MidnightBlue", "IndianRed", "MediumPurple", "Orange", "Crimson",
                  "LightSeaGreen", "RoyalBlue", "LightSalmon", "DarkOrange", "MediumSlateBlue"],
        "line": {
            "width": 1
        },
        "size": 10
    },
    mode="markers+text",
    name="",
    text=["Montreal", "Toronto", "Vancouver", "Calgary", "Edmonton", "Ottawa",
          "Halifax",
          "Victoria", "Winnepeg", "Regina"],
    textfont={
        "color": ["MidnightBlue", "IndianRed", "MediumPurple", "Gold", "Crimson",
                  "LightSeaGreen",
                  "RoyalBlue", "LightSalmon", "DarkOrange", "MediumSlateBlue"],
        "family": ["Arial, sans-serif", "Balto, sans-serif", "Courier New, monospace",
                   "Droid Sans, sans-serif", "Droid Serif, serif",
                   "Droid Sans Mono, sans-serif",
                   "Gravitas One, cursive", "Old Standard TT, serif",
                   "Open Sans, sans-serif",
                   "PT Sans Narrow, sans-serif", "Raleway, sans-serif",
                   "Times New Roman, Times, serif"],
        "size": [22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13]
    },
    textposition=["top center", "middle left", "top center", "bottom center",
                  "top right",
                  "middle left", "bottom right", "bottom left", "top right",
                  "top right"]
))

fig.update_layout(
    title_text="Canadian cities",
    geo=dict(
        lataxis=dict(range=[40, 70]),
        lonaxis=dict(range=[-130, -55]),
        scope="north america"
    )
)

fig.show()
```

### HTML Tags in Text

The `text` attribute supports the following HTML tags: `<br>`,`<b>`,`<a>`, `<em>`, `<sup>` and `<span>`.
In version 5.23 and later, `<s>` and `<u>`are also supported.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[
        go.Scatter(
            x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
            y=[0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5],
            mode="lines+markers",
            name="Series 1",
        ),
        go.Scatter(
            x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
            y=[0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2],
            mode="lines+markers",
            name="Series 2",
        ),
    ],
    layout=go.Layout(
        annotations=[
            dict(
                x=2,
                y=5,
                text="Text annotation using <b>bolded text</b>, <i>italicized text</i>, <u>underlined text</u>, <br>and a new line",
                showarrow=True,
                arrowhead=1,
            ),
            dict(
                x=4,
                y=4,
                text="Text annotation with <a href='https://dash.plotly.com'>a link</a>.",
                showarrow=False,
                yshift=10,
            ),
        ],
        showlegend=False,
    ),
)

fig.show()

```

### Positioning Text Annotations Absolutely

By default, text annotations have `xref` and `yref` set to `"x"` and `"y"`, respectively, meaning that their x/y coordinates are with respect to the axes of the plot. This means that panning the plot will cause the annotations to move. Setting `xref` and/or `yref` to `"paper"` will cause the `x` and `y` attributes to be interpreted in [paper coordinates](/python/figure-structure/#positioning-with-paper-container-coordinates-or-axis-domain-coordinates).

Try panning or zooming in the following figure:

```python
import plotly.express as px

fig = px.scatter(x=[1, 2, 3], y=[1, 2, 3], title="Try panning or zooming!")

fig.add_annotation(text="Absolutely-positioned annotation",
                  xref="paper", yref="paper",
                  x=0.3, y=0.3, showarrow=False)

fig.show()
```

### Adding Annotations Referenced to an Axis

To place annotations relative to the length or height of an axis, the string
`' domain'` can be added after the axis reference in the `xref` or `yref` fields.
For example:

```python
import plotly.express as px
import plotly.graph_objects as go

df = px.data.wind()
fig = px.scatter(df, y="frequency")

# Set a custom domain to see how the ' domain' string changes the behaviour
fig.update_layout(xaxis=dict(domain=[0, 0.5]), yaxis=dict(domain=[0.25, 0.75]))

fig.add_annotation(
    xref="x domain",
    yref="y domain",
    # The arrow head will be 25% along the x axis, starting from the left
    x=0.25,
    # The arrow head will be 40% along the y axis, starting from the bottom
    y=0.4,
    text="An annotation referencing the axes",
    arrowhead=2,
)

fig.show()
```

### Specifying the Text's Position Absolutely

The text coordinates / dimensions of the arrow can be specified absolutely, as
long as they use exactly the same coordinate system as the arrowhead. For
example:

```python
import plotly.express as px
import plotly.graph_objects as go

df = px.data.wind()
fig = px.scatter(df, y="frequency")

fig.update_layout(xaxis=dict(domain=[0, 0.5]), yaxis=dict(domain=[0.25, 0.75]))
fig.add_annotation(
    xref="x domain",
    yref="y",
    x=0.75,
    y=1,
    text="An annotation whose text and arrowhead reference the axes and the data",
    # If axref is exactly the same as xref, then the text's position is
    # absolute and specified in the same coordinates as xref.
    axref="x domain",
    # The same is the case for yref and ayref, but here the coordinates are data
    # coordinates
    ayref="y",
    ax=0.5,
    ay=2,
    arrowhead=2,
)

fig.show()
```

### Customize Displayed Text with a Text Template

To show an arbitrary text in your chart you can use [texttemplate](https://plotly.com/python/reference/pie/#pie-texttemplate), which is a template string used for rendering the information, and will override [textinfo](https://plotly.com/python/reference/treemap/#treemap-textinfo).
This template string can include `variables` in %{variable} format, `numbers` in [d3-format's syntax](https://github.com/d3/d3-3.x-api-reference/blob/master/Formatting.md#d3_forma), and `date` in [d3-time-format's syntax](https://github.com/d3/d3-time-format).
`texttemplate` customizes the text that appears on your plot vs. [hovertemplate](https://plotly.com/python/reference/pie/#pie-hovertemplate) that customizes the tooltip text.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(go.Pie(
    values = [40000000, 20000000, 30000000, 10000000],
    labels = ["Wages", "Operating expenses", "Cost of sales", "Insurance"],
    texttemplate = "%{label}: %{value:$,s} <br>(%{percent})",
    textposition = "inside"))

fig.show()
```

### Customize Text Template

The following example uses [textfont](https://plotly.com/python/reference/scatterternary/#scatterternary-textfont) to customize the added text.

```python
import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(go.Scatterternary(
    a = [3, 2, 5],
    b = [2, 5, 2],
    c = [5, 2, 2],
    mode = "markers+text",
    text = ["A", "B", "C"],
    texttemplate = "%{text}<br>(%{a:.2f}, %{b:.2f}, %{c:.2f})",
    textposition = "bottom center",
    textfont = {'family': "Times", 'size': [18, 21, 20], 'color': ["IndianRed", "MediumPurple", "DarkOrange"]}
))

fig.show()
```

### Set Date in Text Template

The following example shows how to show date by setting [axis.type](https://plotly.com/python/reference/layout/yaxis/#layout-yaxis-type) in [funnel charts](https://plotly.com/python/funnel-charts/).
As you can see [textinfo](https://plotly.com/python/reference/funnel/#funnel-textinfo) and [texttemplate](https://plotly.com/python/reference/funnel/#funnel-texttemplate) have the same functionality when you want to determine 'just' the trace information on the graph.

```python
from plotly import graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Funnel(
    name = 'Montreal',
    orientation = "h",
    y = ["2018-01-01", "2018-07-01", "2019-01-01", "2020-01-01"],
    x = [100, 60, 40, 20],
    textposition = "inside",
    texttemplate = "%{y| %a. %_d %b %Y}"))

fig.add_trace(go.Funnel(
    name = 'Vancouver',
    orientation = "h",
    y = ["2018-01-01", "2018-07-01", "2019-01-01", "2020-01-01"],
    x = [90, 70, 50, 10],
    textposition = "inside",
    textinfo = "label"))

fig.update_layout(yaxis = {'type': 'date'})

fig.show()
```

#### Reference

See https://plotly.com/python/reference/layout/annotations/ for more information and chart attribute options!
