How does IP Masquerade Work?

Linux IP Masquerade HOWTO
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# 2.5. How does IP Masquerade Work?

Based from the original IP Masquerade FAQ by Ken Eves: Here is a drawing of the most simplistic setup:

    PPP/ETH/etc.        +------------+                         +-------------+
    to ISP provider     |  Linux #1  |       PPP/ETH/etc.      | Anybox      |
                        |            |                         |             |
      <---------- modem1|            |modem2 ----------- modem3|             |
                        |            |                         |             |
        111.222.121.212 |            |           192.168.0.100 |             |
                        +------------+                         +-------------+

In the above drawing, a Linux box with IP_MASQUERADING is installed as Linux #1 and is connected to the Internet via PPP, Ethernet, etc. It has an assigned public IP address of 111.222.121.212. It also has another network interface (e.g. modem2) connected to allow incoming network traffic be it from a PPP connection, Ethernet connection, etc.

The second system (which does not need to be Linux) connects into the Linux #1 box and starts its network traffic to the Internet. This second machine does NOT have a publicly assigned IP address from the Internet, so it uses an RFC1918 private address, say 192.168.0.100. (see below for more info)

With IP Masquerade and the routing configured properly, this second machine "Anybox" can interact with the Internet as if it was directly connected to the Internet with a few small exceptions [noted later].

Quoting Pauline Middelink (the founder of Linux's IPMASQ):

"Do not forget to mention that the "ANYBOX" machine should have the Linux #1 box configured as its default gateway (whether it be the default route or just a subnet is no matter). If the "ANYBOX" machine is connected via a PPP or SLIP connection, the Linux #1 machine should be configured to support proxy arp for all routed addresses. But, the setup and configuration of proxy arp is beyond the scope of this document. Please see the PPP-HOWTO for more details."

The following is an excerpt on how IPMASQ briefly works though this will be explained in more detail later. This short text is based from a previous post on comp.os.linux.networking which has been edited to match the names used in the above example:

       o I tell machine ANYBOX that my PPP or Ethernet connected Linux box is its
         gateway.

       o When a packet comes into the Linux box from ANYBOX, it will assign the
         packet to a new TCP/IP source port number and insert its own IP address
         inside the packet header, saving the originals.  The MASQ server will
         then send the modified packet over the PPP/ETH interface onto the
         Internet.

       o When a packet returns from the Internet into the Linux box, Linux
         examines if the port number is one of those ports that was assigned
         above.  If so, the MASQ server will then take the original port and
         IP address, put them back in the returned packet header, and send
         the packet to ANYBOX.

       o The host that sent the packet will never know the difference.

Another IP Masquerading Example:

A typical example is given in the diagram below:

                      Ethernet
                     192.168.0.x
        +----------+
        |          |
        | A-box    |::::::
        |          |.2   :
        +----------+     :
                         :      +----------+   PPP/ETH
        +----------+     :   .1 |  Linux   |     link
        |          |     :::::::| Masq-Gate|:::::::::::::::::::>> Internet
        | B-box    |::::::      |          |  111.222.121.212
        |          |.3   :      +----------+
        +----------+     :
                         :
        +----------+     :
        |          |     :
        | C-box    |::::::
        |          |.4
        +----------+

        |                       |          |                           >
        | <-Internal Network--> |          | <- External Network ----> >
        |   connected via an    |          |    Connected from the     >
        |   Ethernet hub or     |          |    Linux server to your   >
        |       switch          |          |    Internet connection    >

In this example, there are (4) computer systems that we are concerned about. There is also presumably something on the far right that your PPP/ETH connection to the Internet comes through (modem server, DSL DSLAM, Cablemodem router, etc.). Out on the Internet, there exists some remote host (very far off to the right of the page) that you are interested in communicating with). The Linux system named `Masq-Gate` is the IP Masquerading gateway for ALL internal networked machines. In this example, the machines `A-box`, `B-box`, and `C-box` would have to go through the Masq-Gate to reach the Internet. The internal network uses one of several RFC-1918 assigned private network addresses, where in this case, would be the Class-C network 192.168.0.0. If you aren't familiar with RFC1918, it is encouraged to read the first few chapters of the RFC but the jist of it is that the TCP/IP addresses 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16-31.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16 are reserved. When we say "reserved", we mean that anyone can use these addresses as long as they aren't routed over the Internet. ISPs are even allowed to use this private addressing space as long as they keep these addresses within their own networks and NOT advertise them to other ISPs. Unfortunately, this isn't always the case but thats beyond the scope of this HOWTO.

Anyway, the Linux box in the diagram above has the TCP/IP address 192.168.0.1 while the other systems has the addresses:

- A-Box: 192.168.0.2

- B-Box: 192.168.0.3

- C-Box: 192.168.0.4

The three machines, `A-box`, `B-box` and `C-box`, can have any one of several operating systems, just as long as they can speak TCP/IP. Some such as Windows 95, Macintosh MacTCP or OpenTransport , or even another Linux box have the ability to connect to other machines on the Internet. When running the IP Masquerade, the masquerading system or `MASQ-gate` converts all of these internal connections so that they appear to originate from the `masq-gate` itself. MASQ then arranges so that the data coming back to a masqueraded connection is relayed to the proper originating system. Therefore, the systems on the internal network are only able to see a direct route to the internet and are unaware that their data is being masqueraded. This is called a "Transparent" connection.

NOTE: Please see Chapter 7 for more details on topics such as:

- The differences between NAT, MASQ, and Proxy servers.

- How packet firewalls work

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