Linux Remote-Boot mini-HOWTO: Configuring Remote-Boot Workstations with Linux, DOS, Windows 95/98 and Windows NT: The Configuration How-To

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## 4. The Configuration How-To

First, arrange to have the following two machines within arm's reach:

- the server, usually a Unix or Windows NT machine
- the client, a PC with a bootprom enabled, and nothing valuable on the hard disk.

If you want to test the configuration but you do not yet have a bootprom, you can download the TCP/IP BootProm demo diskette from InCom GmbH at `http://www.incom.de`. This diskette will make your computer behave like if it had a TCP/IP Bootprom plugged in.

If you already have a Boot ROM, you need to enable it. If you are using Incom TCP/IP Bootprom, you can do that using a special program from your network card manufacturer. If you have a PXE Bootprom, you can do it simply from BIOS setup, by changing the default boot device.

For student computers, we configured the boot on network first, and disabled hard-disk and floppy-disk boot. For assistant computers, we also configured network-boot first, but we allow hard-disk and floppy-disk boot.

## 4.1 Server-side configuration

On the server, you will need the following services:

1. A BOOTP/DHCP server
2. May be a Proxy DHCP server
3. A TFTP server

Note for PXE Boot ROM users: We found after severals hours of tedious search that PXE Boot ROMs with version before 0.99 do not follow the IP protocol and discard all packets that have the Don't Fragment (DF) flag set. That means, you will have to disable Path MTU Discovery on the server, or the Boot ROM will not see any of its packets. On Solaris, use `ndd /dev/ip ip_path_mtu_discovery` to see if you have it enabled and `ndd -set /dev/ip ip_path_mtu_discovery 0` to disable it. However, this fix only works for non-broadcast packets (ask SUN why...). That means, it will work for TFTP but not for DHCP :-(. Intel has recently fixed this bug, and if you bought your computer after June 1998, you surely have a corrected PXE implementation.

### Setting up DHCP

The role of the DHCP server is to give to the client an IP address and to make it load the file named `bpbatch.P` from the TFTP server. DHCP is a superprotocol over BOOTP. If you are using InCom TCP/IP Bootprom, you may live without DHCP (using an old BOOTP server).

On Windows NT, you will probably use the native DHCP server. If you are using InCom TCP/IP Bootprom, you will have to use a special trick to specify the boot file name (get more info from InCom WWW site). If you are using a PXE Bootrom, you will need a Proxy DHCP server, but no other trick is needed as the boot file name will be provided by the Proxy DHCP server.

On Linux, the best choice is the standard DHCP server from the Internet Software Consortium. If you are using a PXE Bootrom, in addition to the usual options, you will need to add the following ones:

- `option dhcp-class-identifier "PXEClient"`
- `option vendor-encapsulated-options ff;`

On Solaris, you can either use the Internet Software Consortium DHCP server (available on the Web), or use Solaris DHCP server (available since Solaris 2.5). However, as Solaris DHCP server does not seems to be able to insert a client class identifier in its DHCP offer, you must install a Proxy DHCP server. Morever, this Proxy DHCP server must reside on another computer since Solaris DHCP server locks the DHCP port.

We suggest giving infinite lease time for remote-boot clients. Don't forget that BOOTP/DHCP requests are bounded by subnets. If the client and the server do not reside on the same subnet, you should install a BOOTP/DHCP Relay agent on any computer between the two. For now, just assume that both machines are on the same subnet.

### Setting up a Proxy DHCP

The role of the Proxy DHCP server is to overcome limitions of some DHCP servers and to provide PXE specific extensions. A proxy DHCP server only makes sense for a PXE Boot rom.

As BpBatch itself is quite powerfull, you wont need to use any PXE specific DHCP extension (menus, etc.). However, if your DHCP server is not able to show minimal PXE compliance, you will need a Proxy DHCP server or your PXE Boot ROM will not accept to go further.

On Windows NT, you can try to use Intel WfM PDK (available from their web site), but it is not very easy to use. We rather suggest having a Linux machine on the subnet and using our small Proxy DHCP. The major advantage of our Proxy DHCP Server for BpBatch is that our server will let you specify an option 155 vendor tag that will be interpreted by BpBatch as a command line.

On Linux and Solaris, you can run our Proxy DHCP program, that simply takes as argument the TFTP server IP address, boot file name and optional arguments, and does everything for you. If the DHCP port on the server is already requested by another daemon, the proxy DHCP server will run on port 4011. In this case, it is necessary that the other daemon on DHCP port answer a DHCP offer with client class `PXEClient` so that the PXE client knows that it must try on port 4011.

If you want to understand better PXE extensions to DHCP, there is an extensive description available on Intel WWW site. However, be warned that the documents are quite confusing, as the protocol has been extended to a number of optional stages, in order to allow for a maximal flexibility. The key to understand it is that all what a PXE client needs is a complete enhanced DHCP answer. If it receives only a standard DHCP offer, it will look further until it gets

1. a client class (T60) set to `PXEClient`
2. vendor encapsulated options (T43) (possibly empty, ie. hex `ff`)
3. a non-empty boot filename

The PXE specific negociation ends as soon as all these infos are received, but can lead to a very complex process (install server discovery, etc.) if some are missing.

### Setting up TFTP

The TFTP server is a very simple file server. In its basic version, TFTP use 512 bytes data blocks, which are quite inefficients. InCom TCP/IP Bootprom and PXE Boot ROMs allow to use larger blocks (1408 bytes), which speeds up transfers a lot. However, this can only work with an enhanced TFTP server.

On Windows NT, we suggest using InCom enhanced TFTP server, available on their web site.

On Linux, you can use our enhanced TFTP server, available at `http://cuiwww.unige.ch/info/pc/remote-boot/soft/etftpd.tar.gz`.

On Solaris, you should use InCom enhanced TFTP serer, available on the utility disk provided with the TCP/IP Bootprom.

If you prefer using a standard TFTP daemon, remove the `P` in all boot image name extensions, in order to tell the Bootprom to use only the standard TFTP port (This trick was introduced by InCom GmbH for the TCP/IP Bootprom. We still use it as an easy way to select the default TFTP port with PXE bootproms).

## 4.2 Client-side configuration

First, we will do set up the part common to all operating systems, ie. the batch-file interpreter. Then, for each operating system, we will go through the following steps:

1. Setup a stand-alone client
2. Save its configuration on the server
3. Test it as a remote-boot client
4. Adapt it so that it works for any similar client machine

Once this is done, you will be able to setup any supplemental client just by plugging a Boot ROM in it (or buying a Wired for Management ready computer...) and adding one line in the DHCP configuration file.

Our examples assume that you have a hard disk of 1.4 Gb or more. If you have less, reduce the sizes of the partitions, but remember the you need to leave a few hundreds megabytes unallocated (that is, the last partition must not take up to the last cylinder) to leave free room for the special cache partition. Moreover, as the cache always starts at the cylinder following the last allocated cylinder, if you do not use the same total size for all your tests, you will have to download several times the same files (the cache will be automatically cleared).

Never despair. If you can't get it to work, first look in the Troubleshooting section if your problem is not already solved (get the latest version from the Web). Then, take a look in the BpBatch forum. Perhaps someone else had the same troubles as you have, and the answer can be found in the forum. Forum's URL : `http://cuiwww.unige.ch/info/pc/remote-boot/forum/`. If it still does not work, think about monitoring network traffic for network related problems (use `tcpdump` on Linux or `snoop` on Solaris). If you really cannot get it to work, you can send an E-mail to `David.Clerc@cui.unige.ch` or `Marc.VuilleumierStuckelberg@cui.unige.ch`. If your problem is strictly related with the remote-boot configuration and if we are not overflowed, we will try to solve your problem.

## 4.3 Setting Up the Boot Process

Get the `BpBatch` software, either as `.zip` or as `.tar.gz`. The executables are available at

- `http://cuiwww.unige.ch/info/pc/remote-boot/soft/bpb-exe.zip`
- `http://cuiwww.unige.ch/info/pc/remote-boot/soft/bpb-exe.tar.gz`

The source code (Assembler and C) is also available on request.

In the server `/tftpboot` directory, put the following three special boot images, which together make our pre-boot batch file interpreter:

- `bpbatch.P`, the dynamic loader (respect the uppercase !)
- `bpbatch.ovl`, the relocated interpreter
- `bpbatch.hlp`, the on-line help file

Then add an entry in the DHCP configuration file for your client, with the boot file set to `"bpbatch.P"`. Define a vendor option tag 155 (decimal) with the value `"-i"` (on the standard DHCP server, this is done by the following command: `option option-155 "-i";`). It is interpreted by `bpbatch` as the command line, and `-i` stands for "interactive".

Boot the client computer. You might shortly see

- The Boot ROM copyright
- The string `DHCP` while the client waits for a DHCP reply
- The string `TFTP` while the client waits for the first TFTP packet
- The string `Loading BpBatch` while the loader download the interpreter
- And finaly our banner, followed by a nice greather-than prompt

Congratulations ! You have started the batch interpreter... If you are curious about what you can do with it, continue reading the next section. If you are on a hurry, skip it and go directly install the operating system of your choice. If you have any doubt about a command within the interpreter, type `help`.

Note that you can run the same interpreter within DOS and Linux by running the `MrBatch` program. There are a only very few differences (the Linux version do not have graphics support and the DOS version can only send BOOTP and TFTP requests if the BootProm is not hidden by the operating system).

It may be a good idea to read now the section about the Syntax Rules of `BpBatch`, and in particular the paragraphs on File References and on The Cache Filesystem. This will help you understand the examples.

Once all operating systems will be set up, you will have to make a menu to let the user choose the one he wants. You should be able to discover by yourself how to make such a menu. All necessary commands are documented at the end of this document.

### Discovering BpBatch

Try to type `LogVars`. You should get about thirty variables listed. Roughly, the first are BpBatch settings, then come all parameters extracted from the BOOTP/DHCP reply, and the last variable is a list of disks sizes, in Megabytes.

Type `GetPartitions part`, then `LogVars` again. There should be one more variable containing the list of defined partitions on your first hard-drive. Assuming that the first partition is either BIGDOS, FAT32 or LINUX-EXT2, try `LogDir "{:1}"` to get the content of the root directory, then `LogDir "{:1}/usr"` if there is an `usr` directory. You can even try `LogTree "{:1}/etc"` to get a directory tree.

Put a GIF file (format GIF-87a, interlaced or not, but NOT GIF-89a) on your TFTP server. We will suppose that the file is named `image.gif`. You can copy it wherever you want with the following command: `Copy "image.gif" "{:1}/temp/image.gif"`. Or you can use it directly from the server. Now type `Logvars "V*"` and look at the value of the `VESA` variable. If it is `On`, which is most probable, that means you have a VESA-compliant video adapter. You can list the available video modes using `Echo "$VESA-Modes"`. To display your image try the following command: `DrawGif "image.gif"`. The image should be on the upper left corner of the screen. You can draw it on another place by specifying X and Y coordinates after the image name. You can also draw text with `DrawText 200 200 "Hello world" yellow`. Or draw an empty window with `DrawWindow 200 200 300 150`. To insert a title when you create a new window, try `DrawWindow 200 200 300 150 "My Window"`. When you are tired of graphic mode, simply type `CloseGraph`.

Note on graphics : by default, all graphical routines work in the 800x600 VESA mode (with 256 colors), which is the first field of the `VESA-Modes` variable. If you want to use a different video mode, change the variable in order to have the requested video mode as the first field of the list.

Now take a text editor, and create a file named `test.bpb` in the `tftpboot` directory with the following content:

> `

>     :again
>     DrawWindow 150 200 400 160 "Identity check"
>     TextAttr Black LightGray
>     At 15,20 Print "Username : "
>     Input username 8
>     At 17,20 Print "Password : "
>     Getpasswd userpass 8
>     if "$username" != "smith" goto again
>     if not "$userpass" match-passwd "BpR8oiIlRR9bo" goto again
>     #
>     clear
>     DrawWindow 200 200 150 100 green blue "Congratulations"
>     DrawText 220 250 "You got it !" yellow
>     WaitForKey 3
>     CloseGraph
>     interact

> `

In your BOOTP/DHCP configuration, change the option-155 from `"-i"` to `"test"`, and reboot the client computer. The small script should run automatically, and ask you for a username and password. If you do not type `smith` and `justdoit`, you wont be able to boot the computer. Later you will learn how to use a Unix, NT or Radius server to check valid user names.

## 4.4 Setting Up Linux

In order to set up Linux, you will need to boot the floppy disk provided with the RedHat Linux distribution. BpBatch includes a command that can redirect the boot to the floppy: `FloppyBoot`.

Set up RedHat Linux on your client, with network support, and any packages you may want. You may want to recompile the kernel to better fit your hardware, but it is not necessary.

### Configuring the Client

It is probably a good idea to include BOOTP support to the kernel, so that you do not have to customize the client IP address manually.

In order to reduce network load, you might also want to setup the `filecache` for caching on the hard disk files that are loaded by NFS. Roughly, the principle of the filecache is that whenever a symbolic link from the `cache` subdirectory is followed, it is replaced by its target. If the target is itself a subdirectory, each entry of the subdirectory becomes a symbolic link to the original entry of the foreign filesystem. The filecache has been written by Unifix GmbH, and is part of Unifix Linux 2.0. It is freely distributable, and you can get the necessary files from `http://cuiwww.unige.ch/info/pc/remote-boot/soft/filecache.tar.gz`. In order to use the filecache, you have to

- apply a patch to the kernel (file `patch-filecache`), enable filecache support through `make config` or whatever you prefer, and recompile the kernel
- copy the filecache binary file to `/sbin`
- create a mount point called `/mnt/nfs` (using `mkdir`)
- copy `filecache.conf` to `/etc`. This file contains the following lines:

      Max 100 MB 50 % #
      Cache /mnt/nfs/usr /usr
      Cache /mnt/nfs/opt /opt

- copy the content of `/usr` and `/opt` to the server, export them read-only with `anon=0` (for allowing root access) and mount them under `/mnt/nfs` (add a line for that in `/etc/fstab`)
- rename `/usr` as `/usr.orig`
- link `/usr` to `/mnt/nfs/usr`
- rename `/opt` as `/opt.orig`
- link `/opt` to `/mnt/nfs/opt`
- ensure that `/usr` and `/opt` are not empty and contains the correct directories
- recursively remove `/usr.orig` and `/opt.orig`
- copy `filecache.init` to `/etc/rc.d/init.d`
- And finally link `/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S35filecache` to `/etc/rc.d/init.d/filecache.init`

If you successfully followed each of these steps, you should have the filecache working next time you boot, as long as you do not forget to use your patched kernel.

### Testing the Configuration

Copy your compressed kernel image (`zImage`, `bzImage`, `vmlinuz` or whatever you call it) to the server `/tftpboot` directory as `linux.krn`. If you had to unplug the bootprom from the PC, you can now plug it again. When `BpBatch` starts, type `LinuxBoot "linux.krn" "root=/dev/hda1 BOOT_IMAGE=linux"` (assuming that the root ext2 filesystem is on the first partition). Alternatively, if you did setup your configuration on a computer without bootprom, just boot let it boot using the loader you installed (lilo, ...). But in the later case, if you want the filecache to work, you should have explicitely installed your kernel with filecache support at the right place.

Wait until the system comes up. If you installed the filecache, you can check that `/usr` has exploded into a directory with some symlinks and some already-exploded directories. Now start the programs that the end-users will use most of the time, in order to load them once for all to the hard disk.

You can still make adjustements to your configuration, like on any stand-alone linux station.

### Building the Disk Image

When you are happy with your configuration, login as `root`, go to the `/tmp` directory and run our `mrzip` program. `MrZip` is a command interpreter like `BpBatch`, but it can understand more commands than `BpBatch` does. In particular, it can understand the following commands:

> `

>     showlog
>     filter -"tmp/*"
>     filter -"var/log/*"
>     fullzip "/" "/tmp/linux.imz"

> `

This will create a disk image in `/tmp/linux.imz`. Move it to the server `/tftpboot` directory. Then copy the following batch file to `/tftpboot/linux.bpb`:

> `

>     hidelog
>     setpartitions "linux-ext2:992 linux-swap:32"
>     fullunzip "linux.imz" 1
>     clean 2
>     linuxboot "linux.krn" "root=/dev/hda1 BOOT_IMAGE=linux"

> `

The `BOOT_IMAGE` argument is to stay compatible with `lilo` for RedHat 5.1 and later `rc.sysinit`.

Your remote-boot linux configuration is ready ! You can now either set the BOOTP-option-155 to `"linux"`, or type `include "linux.bpb"` from within BpBatch to test it.

### System Maintenance and Upgrades

If you want later to upgrade software, install bug fixes and security fixes, proceed as follow:

- Remote-boot a client computer to get a fresh linux install
- Make your changes
- Redo the disk image
- Copy the new image in place of the old one on the server

That means, you can upgrade software on your server-based configuration as if it were a purely local install.

## 4.5 Setting up DOS 6 and Windows 3.1

On the client computer, boot on your favorite dos floppy disk (either remove the bootprom or type `FloppyBoot` within BpBatch). Format the dos partition of your hard-drive with the `/S` option, in order to put the operating system on it. The size of the partition is not important, as disk archives created with `MrZip` Create a `DOS` subdirectory, copy DOS in it. Install your favorite network client (for instance Microsoft LanManager), Windows 3.1, and so on. If you use Microsoft LanManager, do not use DHCP for the IP configuration as it is a very poor implementation that will almost surely fail with reasonable network load. To do that, add the following lines in your `protocol.ref` file, in the section that loads `tcptsr` (of course, replaces the `xxx` by your true IP parameters):

            IPADDRESS0 = xxx xxx xxx xxx
            SUBNETMASK0 = 255 255 xxx xxx
            DEFAULTGATEWAY0 = xxx xxx xxx xxx
            DISABLEDHCP = 1

Do not be afraid to use EMM386 to optimize the memory usage, and even to include the area where you put your network adapter ROM, since it is not used anymore at this time. But carefully exclude the network adapter RAM, or you will not be able to connect to your server. Use the `NOEMS` parameter.

If you want to ensure that the client machine cannot be used without a valid login name, download our `nobreak` pseudo-device driver (available at `http://cuiwww.unige.ch/info/pc/remote-boot/soft/nobreak.zip`) and run it at the beginning of your `config.sys`. Then add something like this to your `autoexec.bat`:

> `

>     rem -- we use the dummy file c:\logged as a flag
>     del c:\logged >nul
>     :loginneeded
>     cls
>     echo Please type in your login name and password
>     echo.
>     net logon *
>     rem -- the login script should have created c:\logged
>     if not exist c:\logged goto loginneeded
>     del c:\logged
>     rem -- now enable break again
>     echo Yes >NOBRK

> `

Ensure that your client boot well by rebooting the client and evaluating the following commands within `BpBatch` interactive mode:

            HideBootprom
            HdBoot

### Building the Disk Image

On the server, make a share called `admin` for instance, on which you will put some stuff for the system administrator. If the server is a Unix machine, it is a good opportunity to put in `admin` a softlink to the `/tftpboot` subdirectory, so that you can put images in it directly from the client. Within `admin`, create a `/utils` subdirectory and put the following files in it:

- `mrbatch.exe`, the DOS version of `BpBatch`
- `mrzip.exe`, the DOS version of the program for building disk images
- `bpbatch.hlp`, the on-line help file

You might also like to put in the same directory a simple MrZip script named `zipdos.mrz` file that contains the commands needed for building a DOS image, like this one:

> `

>     showlog
>     filter -"lanman.dos/lmuser.ini"
>     filter -"temp/*"
>     filter -"*.swp"
>     fullzip "c:/" "L:/tftpboot/dos.imz"

> `

Now go back to your client, mount the `admin` volume on drive `L:`, go to your `utils` directory and type the following command:

            mrzip -b zipdos

One minute later, you will have a new file in the server `/tftpboot` subdirectory called `dos.imz`, which is a compressed image of your hard disk. Copy the following batch file to `/tftpboot/dos.bpb`:

> `

>     hidelog
>     setpartitions "bigdos:1024"
>     setbootpart 1
>     fullunzip "dos.imz" 1
>     hidebootprom
>     hdboot :1

> `

Your remote-boot DOS configuration is ready ! You can now either set the BOOTP-option-155 to `"dos"`, or type `include "dos.bpb"` from within BpBatch to test it.

### Adapting the configuration for other machines

If you want to customize some settings according to the machine, typically the IP settings since Micro$oft DHCP is buggy, you can setup `BpBatch` to change some files before booting. Firsti go to the `lanman.dos` directory and do

            copy *.ini *.ref

Then edit the `.ref` files and replace all fixed parameters with BOOTP variable names as in the following examples:

            computername = ${BOOTP-Host-Name}
            ipaddress0 = ${MS-IPAddress}
            subnetmask0 = ${MS-IPSubnet}
            defaultgateway = ${MS-IPRouter}

Then rebuild the disk image as previously. Note that for IP parameters, we do not use the BOOTP variables directly because LanManager needs then as space-separated numbers instead of dot-separated numbers. Change `dos.bpb` to the following:

> `

>     hidelog
>     setpartitions "bigdos:1024"
>     setbootpart 1
>     fullunzip "dos.imz" 1
>     set MS-IPAddress="$BOOTP-Your-IP"/.= /
>     set MS-IPSubnet="$BOOTP-Subnet-Mask"/.= /
>     set MS-IPRouter="$BOOTP-Routers"/.= /
>     patch "{:1}lanman.dos/protocol.ref" "{:1}lanman.dos/protocol.ini"
>     patch "{:1}lanman.dos/tcpputils.ref" "{:1}lanman.dos/tcputils.ini"
>     patch "{:1}lanman.dos/lanman.ref" "{:1}lanman.dos/lanman.ini"
>     hidebootprom
>     hdboot :1

> `

If you prefer, you can also put the `.ref` files in the server `/tftpboot` directory instead of in the disk image.

We like to be able to easily change the computers configuration without rebuilding the image. To do that, copy your `autoexec.bat` and `config.sys` as `autoexec.ref` and `config.ref` to the server `/tftpboot` and add the following two lines to the batch file above:

            patch "autoexec.ref" "{:1}autoexec.bat"
            patch "config.ref" "{:1}config.sys"

You can then freely change the files and even customize them with machine-dependant values obtained from BOOTP.

After making any change to the client machine configuration, do not forget to rebuild the disk image using `mrzip` if you want to preserve your changes.

### System Maintenance and Upgrades

If you want later to add new software or change anything else, proceed as follow:

- Remote-boot a client computer to get a fresh install
- Make your changes
- Redo the disk image
- Copy the new image in place of the old one on the server

That means, you can upgrade software on your server-based configuration as if it were a purely local install.

## 4.6 Setting up Windows 95

In previous versions of this document, we used the Microsoft server-based installation of Windows 95, but it was really too much pain and not much worth:

- It is very, very bogus
- Many software package do not support it and their install will fail. Among them, Microsoft Internet Explorer, OnNet 32, Novell's Protected-mode client (which is MUCH more secure than Microsoft Client for Netware).
- It cannot be used with the Microsoft Network client over TCP/IP, since Microsoft provides no real-mode driver for TCP/IP compatibe with Windows 95. That means, it cannot be used with Samba
- It makes software upgrades almost impossible since every client turned on will lock many DLLs on the server, and thus produce sharing violations if you try to upgrade them.

Consequently, we throwed away of this document all the informations and bug-workaround collected during months (you can still find them as a HTML document at http://cuiwww.unige.ch/info/pc/remote-boot/win95old/win95old.html) and turned to our new disk-based remote-boot concept. Basically, the configuration for Windows 95 is now almost as easy the configuration for DOS.

### Setting up a Stand-Alone Client

Setup a regular Windows 95 client, either starting from scratch as explained in the configuration of a DOS client, starting from the DOS client and installing over the network (that is what we did). You can also start with a preconfigured Windows machine, but you will probably have less knowledge of what stuff is on the hard disk.

Proceed as described above for a DOS client. It is usually NOT necessary to use EMM386 with Windows 95. If you are using Windows 95 OSR2 (alias MSWIN 4.1, alias Windows 95 service pack 1, alias Windows 95 with Internet Explorer), you should add the following line in the `[Options]` section of `MSDOS.SYS` (yes, it is a text file):

> `

>     AUTOSCAN=0

> `

This will let Windows know that you do not want ScanDisk to be runned automatically at boot time.

If you want to reduce network and server load (which will improve your system performances) while keeping all softwares on the server, you should consider installing the excellent Shared LAN Cache, from Measurement Techniques, Inc (see http://www.lancache.com). This software runs on each client computer, and caches to the local hard disk every data obtained from the network. Even MS-Office starts much faster the second time you run it... You need one license per client computer, but it is not very expensive, and the firm make special prices for universities and colleges. The best thing to do is to go to their Web site and download the free evaluation copy.

### Building the Disk Image

Your MrZip script will be named `zipwin95.mrz` and contain:

> `

>     showlog
>     filter -"temp/*"
>     filter -"*.swp"
>     fullzip "c:/" "L:/tftpboot/win95.imz"

> `

To build the image, mount the `admin` volume on drive `L:`, go to your `utils` directory and type the following command:

            mrzip -b zipwin95

A few minutes later, you will have a new file if the server `/tftpboot` subdirectory called `win95.imz`, which is a compressed image of your hard disk. If your compressed image was bigger than 87 MB, it has probably been splitted in two or more fragments. These fragments will automatically loaded one after the other when needed. Note that an image bigger than 87 MB will usually take More than one minute to uncompress and may irritate your users. Our Windows 95 image is only 70 MB big, because most software (except Office and Explorer) completely reside on the server. Only 45 seconds are needed to uncompress the image and restore the full disk.

Copy the following batch file to `/tftpboot/win95.bpb`:

> `

>     hidelog
>     setpartitions "bigdos:1024"
>     setbootpart 1
>     fullunzip "win95.imz" 1
>     hidebootprom
>     hdboot :1

> `

Your remote-boot Windows 95 configuration is ready ! You can now either set the BOOTP-option-155 to `"win95"`, or type `include "win95.bpb"` from within BpBatch to test it.

### Adapting the configuration for other Machines

The big difference between Windows 3.1 and Windows 95 is that the later includes code for Plug-and-play , ie. automatic detection of your hardware. This not a bad thing in itself, but the trouble is that it is often too sensible, and that it sometimes fails.

If you try to start another client with exactly the same boot image, you will probably get several messages during startup telling that Windows has detected new hardware: a new sound card, a new hard-disk, a new network card, and even a new mouse... There can be two reasons for that:

- the devices may not use the same ressources (for instance the mouse is not connected on the same port, or the sound card is not connected in the same slot - yes, that is detected)
- the devices may tell to Windows 95 their personal serial number (for instance, every Windows 95 differenciate every network card on the basis of its world-wide unique ethernet address)

The fact that Windows 95 discover that the hardware has changed may not be a problem if the plug-and-play works as-is, but it become a problem when the plug-and-play does not work. For instance, Windows 95 plug-and-play for our Logitech PS2/aux mouse does not work, and result in no mouse at all. To solve such kind of problems, arrange to have all computers as similar as possible, or make different images for different hardware. Later, you will discover that you can simply use the same image and just have several copies of the registery, that you can copy after having restoring the disk image but before booting.

The thing you cannot avoid to differ between computers is the network card. PCI cards usually do not mind, but ISA Plug and Play do. Bad luck for us, the plug-and-play code for our SMC EtherEZ card hangs the computer. The only solution is to let Windows 95 believe that it already know the network card, and that it is not necessary to trigger plug-and-play. The trick for doing that is to automatically insert an entry for the network card in Windows 95 registery, before starting it. Note that this trick is not any more needed with most PCI cards.

Move the `autoexec.bat` to the server as described above for DOS. Edit it (on the server) and add the following lines:

    rem --- Patch Windows registery in order to avoid plug-and-play detection
    regedit /L:c:\windows\system.dat /R:c:\windows\user.dat c:\temp\patch.reg

`regedit` is a standard Windows 95 program that let you browse the registery if you start it from within Windows 95, or do simple operations on the registery if you call it from DOS. Run `regedit` under Windows 95, search for your network card, usually under

            HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Enum\ISAPNP

and export the branch using the File menu. This will create a text file, that you should same as `patch.ref` in the server `/tftpboot` diretory. Edit this file and find out where the card ethernet address is stored (do that on two different machines and compare the files if you can't find it by yourself). Replace it by a pettern in the form `${MACID}`. Then add lines to the `win95.bpb` script like this:

            set macid = "$BOOTP-Client-ID"
            patch "patch.ref" "{:1}temp/patch.reg"

(do any necessary string manipulation for setting `MACID` if it is not exactly the client Ethernet address). That's all, your clients should not any more try to autodect the network card.

Once again, this whole trick is not necessary when using PCI network adapters. Incidentally, we can use the same mechanism for automatically configuring the hostname, which Windows 95 does not seem to take into account when configuring through DHCP. We just add the following line to our `patch.ref` file:

> `

>     [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\VNETSUP]
>     "ComputerName"="${BOOTP-Host-Name}"

>     [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\MSTCP]
>     "HostName"="${BOOTP-Host-Name}"

>     [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\control\ComputerName\ComputerName]
>     "ComputerName"="${BOOTP-Host-Name}"

> `

Using this small registery trick, your configuration should normally be portable for all machines with similar configurations. If you cannot avoid that Windows detect some hardware as new on one machine, try to rebuild the disk image from this machine. This will include the registery configuration specific to this machine into the image, and hopefully supress the problem.

### System Maintenance and Upgrades

If you want later to upgrade software, install bug fixes and security fixes, proceed as follow:

- Remote-boot a client computer to get a fresh install
- Make your changes
- Redo the disk image
- Copy the new image in place of the old one on the server

That means, you can upgrade software on your server-based configuration as if it were a purely local install.

## 4.7 Setting up Windows NT

We do not use Windows NT for remote-boot client computers but we have tested our system to ensure that it work as well. And it works.

As our utilities currently have no support for NTFS (we neither have the documentation nor the time to do that, but I would be happy to help anyone who is interested in doing it), you will have to install NT on FAT16 (simply do not convert your partitions to NTFS during the setup).

Copy your `win95.bpb` boot script to `winnt.bpb`. Change the `setpartitions` line in `winnt.bpb` to the following:

            setpartitions "BIGDOS:512 BIGDOS:512"

Then boot Windows 95 using this script, and install your NT client on drive C. Do not worry about the second partition for now. Do not install too much stuff, or you will get a really large and slow-to-uncompress image. Remove Windows 95 from the disk disk C, you do not need it in a Windows NT image (the boot menu is handled by the bootprom, not by NT boot loader).

Reboot your computer in without overwriting the hard disk, ie. do not execute the `winnt` script but just

            hidebootprom
            hdboot

Your NT station should start-up correctly. Make any necessary customization.

### Building the Disk Image

The trouble with Windows NT is that direct disk access is prohibed by the kernel. That means, `MrZip` will not even be able to read the boot sectors. The best way to do an image is then to boot Windows 95 and to run `MrZip` from a DOS window. To do that, change the `winnt.bpb` script so that the Windows 95 image is not restored on the first but on the second partition:

> `

>     hidelog
>     setpartitions "BIGDOS:512 BIGDOS:512"
>     setbootpart 2
>     fullunzip "win95.imz" 2
>     hidebootprom
>     hdboot :2

> `

(if you have any supplementary patch, change the `"{:1}"` to `"{:2}"`). Boot with this script; you should have Windows 95 running, but a new drive `D:` should be available, with Windows NT inside.

Make your disk image as usual (but on `D:`, of course), and save it as `winnt.imz` on the server `/tftpboot` directory. Edit one last time the `winnt.bpb` script like this:

> `

>     hidelog
>     setpartitions "BIGDOS:512 BIGDOS:512"
>     setbootpart 1
>     fullunzip "winnt.imz" 1
>     clean 2
>     #fullunzip "win95.imz" 2
>     hidebootprom
>     hdboot :1

> `

Your Windows NT remote-boot configuration is ready. Of course, if you do not like to have two partitions, you can setup a single partition instead. But when you have to rebuild the image, you will have to setup the second partition again for booting Windows 95.

### System Maintenance and Upgrades

If you want later to upgrade software, install bug fixes and security fixes, proceed as follow:

- Remote-boot a client computer to get a fresh install
- Make your changes
- Edit `winnt.bpb`: comment the `clean` and winnt `fullunzip`, uncomment win95 `fullunzip`
- Redo the disk image
- Copy the new image in place of the old one on the server

That's all, folks !

## 4.8 Troubleshooting (FAQ)

This section lists most frequently encountered problems.

The image download never ends

  You are probably using a standard TFTP server, and it cannot handle more than 65535 packets of 512 bytes (or even 32767 packets for the Solaris server). That is, your image must be fragmented in pieces of no more than 30 MB (or 15 MB for Solaris). See under CopyArchive for instructions on fragmenting an existing image. But you should seriously thing about using InCom's extended TFTP server, as it is much more efficient (it uses packets of 1408 bytes instead of 512 bytes).

The archive decompression fails immediately

  There are three possibilities. Either the image is really corrupted on the server (try use MrZip to see if it is the case), or the file transfer has failed because of TFTP timeout, or because of incompatible protocol.

  TFTP timeout occurs when the network is too heavily loaded (for instance if you try to download a huge image with more than four clients at a time). In this case, `BpBatch` does not retry indefinitely because it would not help. Shut down a few computers and retry with no more than four computers (or maybe even three). If you often need to download images for a lot of computers, you can try our special Broadcast TFTP server (see the section dedicated to it).

  Incompatible protocol is caused by using a standard TFTP server (typically the one built-in in your UNIX server) while asking BpBatch to work with enhanced TFTP. If you use a standard TFTP server, you should remove the .P extension (see the explanation in the next question).

The computer hangs instead of downloading/unzipping (1)

  If you are using Incom's TFTP server, try to add -s 1408 59 to the command line. If you are not using an enhanced TFTP server, remove the `.P` extension from BpBatch filename on the server and in `bootptab`.

  Detailed explanation : this problem occurs if you did not setup an extended TFTP server but you used `bpbatch.P` as the bootfilename DHCP/BOOTP tag. BpBatch will indeed try to connect to an extended TFTP server when the bootfilename ends with a `.P` extension. To solve this problem, you can either remove the `.P` extension at the end of the bootfilename (it will tell BpBatch to use standard TFTP) or install an extended TFTP server. The only supported extended TFTP server today is the one provided by Incom. You can find compiled binaries on their web site, or on our distribution directory. For Incom's TFTP server to properly work with the extended TFTP feature, you must add `-s 1408 59` to the command line.

The computer hangs instead of downloading/unzipping (2)

  May be your computer has a bad VESA support. Try giving the `-v` command-line argument or setting the VESA variable to `"OFF"`.

VESA scrolling is broken

  We use a VESA 1.1 function for scrolling. If your video adapter does not support VESA 1.1, forget it. If the scrolling works for one page, but then produces a strange strippled pattern, do not worry. This is a known bug, I will fix it as soon as I have time for it (VESA scrolling is not really essential...)

There is a corrupted file in the cache

  When a file in the cache is corrupted by an external program, it is automatically removed from the cache. When a file in the cache is not fully written (because the computer is turned off during the file transfer), it is also automatically removed. But if the server transmits a corrupted file or if the transfer aborts from the server side, it is possible that this file stays in the cache. You can clean-up the cache simply by holding both shift down while `BpBatch` access it for the first time. Alternatively, you can evaluate `clean -1` in interactive mode.

The EXIT command does not work in a batch file

  This is not a bug. Exit is not a command. There is no exit or quit command because it does not make any sense to exit from a boot script without booting. And MrBatch is really the same program as BpBatch. What you can do instead is calling HdBoot. This makes sense, and the DOS version will cleanly exit instead of rebooting. Note that you can exit from the DOS version at any time by pressing Ctrl-Break. This will restore all hooked interrupts before leaving.

The Print command does not print

  If you try to print something and immediately enter interactive mode, you may not see your text. This is because your text was written on the runtime screen and the `Interact` command has switched the display to the Log screen. Just put a `GetKey` after the print commands and you will see the text output.

MrZip says `Malloc failed`

  MrZip needs a lot of conventional memory to run. If you encounter this problem, first ensure that you have unloaded the bootprom either using `HideBootprom` or using InCom's `bputil`. If you run MrZip from bare MS-DOS (not within Windows 95 DOS box), you should use EMM386 to load the network drivers high in order to get as much conventional memory as possible. From a Windows 95 DOS box, there is usually no problem (as long as you have not left your old 16-bit stuff in your `autoexec.bat` when you installed Windows 95).

MrZip aborts while reading directories

  This bug has already been fixed once. Get the latest release of `MrZip`. If the problem persists, try to build your image with `Trace` set to `"ON"` (and usually `PauseLog` set to `"OFF"`); this will let you discover which file causes the problem. Send a detailled bug report.

MrZip cannot access some file

  MrZip is probably trying to read a locked, open or special file, such as Windows swap file. Such files should usually not be included in the image and should be filtered out (using the `filter` command). It is also possible that the operating system is playing you a trick. If MrZip does not tell you what file causes the problem, try to build your image with `Trace` set to `"ON"` (and usually `PauseLog` set to `"OFF"`). You can also try to use direct disk access (that is, do not refer the source partition as `"C:"` or `"/"` but as `"{:1}"` or whatever partition it is). Using direct disk access is usually slower because we have less buffers than the operating system, but it may be sometimes more reliable.

Disk images are always reloaded from the server

  Disk images are stored in the special cache area and should not be reloaded if they have not changed on the server. However, as the cache area always starts after the last used partition, changing the total size of partitions will move the location of the cache and thus destroy its content. Another possible reason for a file disappearing from the cache is that the previous file has grown more than one-and-an-half times its initial size. The file would then have been overwritten and need to be downloaded once again. This should almost never occurs. A third possible reason is a too small cache area. If the free space left outside the partitions is less than one-and-an-half times the sum of all compressed image sizes, only the most recently used images will be present in the cache and the other will have to be reloaded on demand.

Red Hat Linux 5.1 does not boot properly

  This distribution assumes Linux was booted using `lilo` and checks for the `BOOT_IMAGE` command line argument (in `/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit`). Simply add it in the `linuxboot` call, or change your `rc.sysinit`.

The broadcast TFTP ramdisk hangs (Got in bound state)

  Linux dhcp client is a program that dynamically changes the IP address of the client according to DHCP offers. If the address is offered forever (infinite lease time), the DHCP client just set the address and returns (this is what we expect). However, if the lease time is limited, the DHCP client must remain loaded and ask for new addresses every few minutes. And if the DHCP client does not return, MrBatch will never be loaded... The solution is to give an infinite lease time (sometimes encoded as -1).

File access hangs under BpBatch, but not under MrBatch

  This problem occured on an AMI BIOS dated 94/07/25. We investigated a little bit, and found no solution. It seems that this problem is due to a bug in this BIOS (some register or memory location must be destroyed).

Unzip of a fragmented archive fails (Malloc failed)

  This problem was introduced with PXE compatibility, but has now been fixed. Please get the latest version.

MrBatch and MrZip complain about the terminal under RedHat 5.x

  This problem has been fixed in the 9th of August version of MrBatch/MrZip. There was a problem with a new version of ncurses which has been released with RedHat 5.1.

"libncurses.so.3.0: cannot open shared object file" under Linux

  MrZip has been linked to the version 3.0 of libncurses. You can use other versions of libncurses only if they are newer than version 3.0. To use a newer libncurses, all you have to do is to create a soft link from libncurses.so.3.0 to your libncurses.so.xx file. With RedHat 5.1, you can use the following command : `cd /usr/lib ; ln -s libncurses.4.2 libncurses.3.0` You can also download a version recent version of mrzip/mrbatch. Starting from the 10/25/98, mrbatch is now compiled under RedHat 5.1.

MrBatch and MrZip do not start under Linux (file not found)

  This problem is the reverse of the previous one. Now that the distribution is libc6 ready, it cannot be used any more with libc5. If you encounter this problem, simply upgrade your Linux box (Well, if we hear too much complaints, we might try to keep two distributions...).

I can not access other mode than the default 800x600 VESA mode

  You should first display the contents of the `VESA-Modes` variable, to see if your hardware support the mode you would like to use. Then, try one of the two ways to select a special VESA mode :

  - `InitGraph "mode"`: Try InitGraph "1024x768", and then run the graphical primitive you are interested in (e.g `DrawGif`).
  - `VESA-Modes`: The first field of the `VESA-Modes` variable is the name of the default mode. If you change the VESA-Modes variable, all graphical primitive will use the mode you specified.
BpBatch prints a "Malloc failed" message when restoring multiple fragments images

  We corrected a bug in the memory allocation functions of BpBatch. You should make sure that you have a version of BpBatch which has been released after september the 22nd 1998.

Fullunzip using the Linux version of MrBatch always fails

  We corrected this problem in the 09/22/1998 release.

Scandisk says my disk is corrupted

  The 10/25/98 release did correct a problem with large images. Try to download a recent version of BpBatch.

My RedHat boot floppydisk does not work with FloppyBoot

  This bug has been corrected in the 10/25/98 release.

My FAT32 disk image does not boot properly

  This bug has been corrected in the 02/09/99 release.

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