/*

Copyright (c) 2012, Lambda Foundry, Inc., except where noted

Incorporates components of WarrenWeckesser/textreader, licensed under 3-clause
BSD

See LICENSE for the license

*/

/*

Low-level ascii-file processing for pandas. Combines some elements from
Python's built-in csv module and Warren Weckesser's textreader project on
GitHub. See Python Software Foundation License and BSD licenses for these.

*/
#include "pandas/parser/tokenizer.h"
#include "pandas/portable.h"

#include <ctype.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#include "pandas/portable.h"
#include "pandas/vendored/klib/khash.h" // for kh_int64_t, kh_destroy_int64

void coliter_setup(coliter_t *self, parser_t *parser, int64_t i,
                   int64_t start) {
  // column i, starting at 0
  self->words = parser->words;
  self->col = i;
  self->line_start = parser->line_start + start;
}

static void free_if_not_null(void **ptr) {
  TRACE(("free_if_not_null %p\n", *ptr))
  if (*ptr != NULL) {
    free(*ptr);
    *ptr = NULL;
  }
}

/*

  Parser / tokenizer

*/

static void *grow_buffer(void *buffer, uint64_t length, uint64_t *capacity,
                         int64_t space, int64_t elsize, int *error) {
  uint64_t cap = *capacity;
  void *newbuffer = buffer;

  // Can we fit potentially nbytes tokens (+ null terminators) in the stream?
  while ((length + space >= cap) && (newbuffer != NULL)) {
    cap = cap ? cap << 1 : 2;
    buffer = newbuffer;
    newbuffer = realloc(newbuffer, elsize * cap);
  }

  if (newbuffer == NULL) {
    // realloc failed so don't change *capacity, set *error to errno
    // and return the last good realloc'd buffer so it can be freed
    *error = errno;
    newbuffer = buffer;
  } else {
    // realloc worked, update *capacity and set *error to 0
    // sigh, multiple return values
    *capacity = cap;
    *error = 0;
  }
  return newbuffer;
}

void parser_set_default_options(parser_t *self) {
  self->decimal = '.';
  self->sci = 'E';

  // For tokenization
  self->state = START_RECORD;

  self->delimiter = ','; // XXX
  self->delim_whitespace = 0;

  self->doublequote = 0;
  self->quotechar = '"';
  self->escapechar = 0;

  self->lineterminator = '\0'; /* NUL->standard logic */

  self->skipinitialspace = 0;
  self->quoting = QUOTE_MINIMAL;
  self->allow_embedded_newline = 1;

  self->expected_fields = -1;
  self->on_bad_lines = ERROR;

  self->commentchar = '#';
  self->thousands = '\0';

  self->skipset = NULL;
  self->skipfunc = NULL;
  self->skip_first_N_rows = -1;
  self->skip_footer = 0;
}

parser_t *parser_new(void) { return (parser_t *)calloc(1, sizeof(parser_t)); }

static void parser_clear_data_buffers(parser_t *self) {
  free_if_not_null((void *)&self->stream);
  free_if_not_null((void *)&self->words);
  free_if_not_null((void *)&self->word_starts);
  free_if_not_null((void *)&self->line_start);
  free_if_not_null((void *)&self->line_fields);
}

static void parser_cleanup(parser_t *self) {
  // XXX where to put this
  free_if_not_null((void *)&self->error_msg);
  free_if_not_null((void *)&self->warn_msg);

  if (self->skipset != NULL) {
    kh_destroy_int64((kh_int64_t *)self->skipset);
    self->skipset = NULL;
  }

  parser_clear_data_buffers(self);
  if (self->cb_cleanup != NULL) {
    self->cb_cleanup(self->source);
    self->cb_cleanup = NULL;
  }
}

int parser_init(parser_t *self) {
  /*
    Initialize data buffers
  */

  self->stream = NULL;
  self->words = NULL;
  self->word_starts = NULL;
  self->line_start = NULL;
  self->line_fields = NULL;
  self->error_msg = NULL;
  self->warn_msg = NULL;

  // token stream
  self->stream = malloc(STREAM_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(char));
  if (self->stream == NULL) {
    parser_cleanup(self);
    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }
  self->stream_cap = STREAM_INIT_SIZE;
  self->stream_len = 0;

  // word pointers and metadata
  _Static_assert(STREAM_INIT_SIZE / 10 > 0,
                 "STREAM_INIT_SIZE must be defined and >= 10");
  const int64_t sz = STREAM_INIT_SIZE / 10;
  self->words = malloc(sz * sizeof(char *));
  self->word_starts = malloc(sz * sizeof(int64_t));
  self->max_words_cap = sz;
  self->words_cap = sz;
  self->words_len = 0;

  // line pointers and metadata
  self->line_start = malloc(sz * sizeof(int64_t));

  self->line_fields = malloc(sz * sizeof(int64_t));

  self->lines_cap = sz;
  self->lines = 0;
  self->file_lines = 0;

  if (self->stream == NULL || self->words == NULL ||
      self->word_starts == NULL || self->line_start == NULL ||
      self->line_fields == NULL) {
    parser_cleanup(self);

    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  /* amount of bytes buffered */
  self->datalen = 0;
  self->datapos = 0;

  self->line_start[0] = 0;
  self->line_fields[0] = 0;

  self->pword_start = self->stream;
  self->word_start = 0;

  self->state = START_RECORD;

  self->error_msg = NULL;
  self->warn_msg = NULL;

  self->commentchar = '\0';

  return 0;
}

void parser_free(parser_t *self) {
  // opposite of parser_init
  parser_cleanup(self);
}

void parser_del(parser_t *self) { free(self); }

static int make_stream_space(parser_t *self, size_t nbytes) {
  // Can we fit potentially nbytes tokens (+ null terminators) in the stream?

  /*
    TOKEN STREAM
  */

  int status;
  char *orig_ptr = (void *)self->stream;
  TRACE(("\n\nmake_stream_space: nbytes = %zu.  grow_buffer(self->stream...)\n",
         nbytes))
  self->stream =
      (char *)grow_buffer((void *)self->stream, self->stream_len,
                          &self->stream_cap, nbytes * 2, sizeof(char), &status);
  TRACE(("make_stream_space: self->stream=%p, self->stream_len = %zu, "
         "self->stream_cap=%zu, status=%zu\n",
         self->stream, self->stream_len, self->stream_cap, status))

  if (status != 0) {
    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  // realloc sets errno when moving buffer?
  if (self->stream != orig_ptr) {
    self->pword_start = self->stream + self->word_start;

    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < self->words_len; ++i) {
      self->words[i] = self->stream + self->word_starts[i];
    }
  }

  /*
    WORD VECTORS
  */

  const uint64_t words_cap = self->words_cap;

  /**
   * If we are reading in chunks, we need to be aware of the maximum number
   * of words we have seen in previous chunks (self->max_words_cap), so
   * that way, we can properly allocate when reading subsequent ones.
   *
   * Otherwise, we risk a buffer overflow if we mistakenly under-allocate
   * just because a recent chunk did not have as many words.
   */
  const uint64_t length = self->words_len + nbytes < self->max_words_cap
                              ? self->max_words_cap - nbytes - 1
                              : self->words_len;

  self->words =
      (char **)grow_buffer((void *)self->words, length, &self->words_cap,
                           nbytes, sizeof(char *), &status);
  TRACE(("make_stream_space: grow_buffer(self->self->words, %zu, %zu, %zu, "
         "%d)\n",
         self->words_len, self->words_cap, nbytes, status))
  if (status != 0) {
    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  // realloc took place
  if (words_cap != self->words_cap) {
    TRACE(("make_stream_space: cap != self->words_cap, nbytes = %d, "
           "self->words_cap=%d\n",
           nbytes, self->words_cap))
    int64_t *newptr = (int64_t *)realloc(self->word_starts,
                                         sizeof(int64_t) * self->words_cap);
    if (newptr == NULL) {
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    } else {
      self->word_starts = newptr;
    }
  }

  /*
    LINE VECTORS
  */
  const uint64_t lines_cap = self->lines_cap;
  self->line_start = (int64_t *)grow_buffer((void *)self->line_start,
                                            self->lines + 1, &self->lines_cap,
                                            nbytes, sizeof(int64_t), &status);
  TRACE(
      ("make_stream_space: grow_buffer(self->line_start, %zu, %zu, %zu, %d)\n",
       self->lines + 1, self->lines_cap, nbytes, status))
  if (status != 0) {
    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  // realloc took place
  if (lines_cap != self->lines_cap) {
    TRACE(("make_stream_space: cap != self->lines_cap, nbytes = %d\n", nbytes))
    int64_t *newptr = (int64_t *)realloc(self->line_fields,
                                         sizeof(int64_t) * self->lines_cap);
    if (newptr == NULL) {
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    } else {
      self->line_fields = newptr;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

static int push_char(parser_t *self, char c) {
  TRACE(("push_char: self->stream[%zu] = %x, stream_cap=%zu\n",
         self->stream_len + 1, c, self->stream_cap))
  if (self->stream_len >= self->stream_cap) {
    TRACE(("push_char: ERROR!!! self->stream_len(%d) >= "
           "self->stream_cap(%d)\n",
           self->stream_len, self->stream_cap))
    const size_t bufsize = 100;
    self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);
    snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize,
             "Buffer overflow caught - possible malformed input file.\n");
    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }
  self->stream[self->stream_len++] = c;
  return 0;
}

static inline int end_field(parser_t *self) {
  // XXX cruft
  if (self->words_len >= self->words_cap) {
    TRACE(("end_field: ERROR!!! self->words_len(%zu) >= "
           "self->words_cap(%zu)\n",
           self->words_len, self->words_cap))
    const size_t bufsize = 100;
    self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);
    snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize,
             "Buffer overflow caught - possible malformed input file.\n");
    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  // null terminate token
  push_char(self, '\0');

  // set pointer and metadata
  self->words[self->words_len] = self->pword_start;

  TRACE(("end_field: Char diff: %d\n", self->pword_start - self->words[0]));

  TRACE(("end_field: Saw word %s at: %d. Total: %d\n", self->pword_start,
         self->word_start, self->words_len + 1))

  self->word_starts[self->words_len] = self->word_start;
  self->words_len++;

  // increment line field count
  self->line_fields[self->lines]++;

  // New field begin in stream
  self->pword_start = self->stream + self->stream_len;
  self->word_start = self->stream_len;

  return 0;
}

static void append_warning(parser_t *self, const char *msg) {
  const int64_t length = strlen(msg);

  if (self->warn_msg == NULL) {
    self->warn_msg = malloc(length + 1);
    snprintf(self->warn_msg, length + 1, "%s", msg);
  } else {
    const int64_t ex_length = strlen(self->warn_msg);
    char *newptr = (char *)realloc(self->warn_msg, ex_length + length + 1);
    if (newptr != NULL) {
      self->warn_msg = newptr;
      snprintf(self->warn_msg + ex_length, length + 1, "%s", msg);
    }
  }
}

static int end_line(parser_t *self) {
  int64_t ex_fields = self->expected_fields;
  int64_t fields = self->line_fields[self->lines];

  TRACE(("end_line: Line end, nfields: %d\n", fields));

  TRACE(("end_line: lines: %d\n", self->lines));
  if (self->lines > 0) {
    if (self->expected_fields >= 0) {
      ex_fields = self->expected_fields;
    } else {
      ex_fields = self->line_fields[self->lines - 1];
    }
  }
  TRACE(("end_line: ex_fields: %d\n", ex_fields));

  if (self->state == START_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE ||
      self->state == IN_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE ||
      self->state == IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE ||
      self->state == QUOTE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE) {
    TRACE(("end_line: Skipping row %d\n", self->file_lines));
    // increment file line count
    self->file_lines++;

    // skip the tokens from this bad line
    self->line_start[self->lines] += fields;

    // reset field count
    self->line_fields[self->lines] = 0;
    return 0;
  }

  if (!(self->lines <= self->header_end + 1) && (fields > ex_fields) &&
      !(self->usecols)) {
    // increment file line count
    self->file_lines++;

    // skip the tokens from this bad line
    self->line_start[self->lines] += fields;

    // reset field count
    self->line_fields[self->lines] = 0;

    // file_lines is now the actual file line number (starting at 1)
    if (self->on_bad_lines == ERROR) {
      const size_t bufsize = 100;
      self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);
      snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize,
               "Expected %" PRId64 " fields in line %" PRIu64 ", saw %" PRId64
               "\n",
               ex_fields, self->file_lines, fields);

      TRACE(("Error at line %d, %d fields\n", self->file_lines, fields));

      return -1;
    } else {
      // simply skip bad lines
      if (self->on_bad_lines == WARN) {
        // pass up error message
        const size_t bufsize = 100;
        char *msg = (char *)malloc(bufsize);
        snprintf(msg, bufsize,
                 "Skipping line %" PRIu64 ": expected %" PRId64
                 " fields, saw %" PRId64 "\n",
                 self->file_lines, ex_fields, fields);
        append_warning(self, msg);
        free(msg);
      }
    }
  } else {
    // missing trailing delimiters
    if ((self->lines >= self->header_end + 1) && fields < ex_fields) {
      // might overrun the buffer when closing fields
      if (make_stream_space(self, ex_fields - fields) < 0) {
        const size_t bufsize = 100;
        self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);
        snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize, "out of memory");
        return -1;
      }

      while (fields < ex_fields) {
        end_field(self);
        fields++;
      }
    }

    // increment both line counts
    self->file_lines++;
    self->lines++;

    // good line, set new start point
    if (self->lines >= self->lines_cap) {
      TRACE(("end_line: ERROR!!! self->lines(%zu) >= self->lines_cap(%zu)\n",
             self->lines, self->lines_cap))
      const size_t bufsize = 100;
      self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);
      snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize,
               "Buffer overflow caught - "
               "possible malformed input file.\n");
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }
    self->line_start[self->lines] =
        (self->line_start[self->lines - 1] + fields);

    TRACE(("end_line: new line start: %d\n", self->line_start[self->lines]));

    // new line start with 0 fields
    self->line_fields[self->lines] = 0;
  }

  TRACE(("end_line: Finished line, at %d\n", self->lines));

  return 0;
}

int parser_add_skiprow(parser_t *self, int64_t row) {
  khiter_t k;
  kh_int64_t *set;
  int ret = 0;

  if (self->skipset == NULL) {
    self->skipset = (void *)kh_init_int64();
  }

  set = (kh_int64_t *)self->skipset;

  k = kh_put_int64(set, row, &ret);
  set->keys[k] = row;

  return 0;
}

void parser_set_skipfirstnrows(parser_t *self, int64_t nrows) {
  // self->file_lines is zero based so subtract 1 from nrows
  if (nrows > 0) {
    self->skip_first_N_rows = nrows - 1;
  }
}

static int parser_buffer_bytes(parser_t *self, size_t nbytes,
                               const char *encoding_errors) {
  int status;
  size_t bytes_read;

  status = 0;
  self->datapos = 0;
  self->data =
      self->cb_io(self->source, nbytes, &bytes_read, &status, encoding_errors);
  TRACE(
      ("parser_buffer_bytes self->cb_io: nbytes=%zu, datalen: %d, status=%d\n",
       nbytes, bytes_read, status));
  self->datalen = bytes_read;

  if (status != REACHED_EOF && self->data == NULL) {
    const size_t bufsize = 200;
    self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);

    if (status == CALLING_READ_FAILED) {
      snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize,
               "Calling read(nbytes) on source failed. "
               "Try engine='python'.");
    } else {
      snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize, "Unknown error in IO callback");
    }
    return -1;
  }

  TRACE(("datalen: %d\n", self->datalen));

  return status;
}

/*

  Tokenization macros and state machine code

*/

#define PUSH_CHAR(c)                                                           \
  TRACE(("PUSH_CHAR: Pushing %c, slen= %d, stream_cap=%zu, stream_len=%zu\n",  \
         c, slen, self->stream_cap, self->stream_len))                         \
  if (slen >= self->stream_cap) {                                              \
    TRACE(("PUSH_CHAR: ERROR!!! slen(%d) >= stream_cap(%d)\n", slen,           \
           self->stream_cap))                                                  \
    const size_t bufsize = 100;                                                \
    self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);                                         \
    snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize,                                         \
             "Buffer overflow caught - possible malformed input file.\n");     \
    return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;                                               \
  }                                                                            \
  *stream++ = c;                                                               \
  slen++;

// This is a little bit of a hack but works for now

#define END_FIELD()                                                            \
  self->stream_len = slen;                                                     \
  if (end_field(self) < 0) {                                                   \
    goto parsingerror;                                                         \
  }                                                                            \
  stream = self->stream + self->stream_len;                                    \
  slen = self->stream_len;

#define END_LINE_STATE(STATE)                                                  \
  self->stream_len = slen;                                                     \
  if (end_line(self) < 0) {                                                    \
    goto parsingerror;                                                         \
  }                                                                            \
  stream = self->stream + self->stream_len;                                    \
  slen = self->stream_len;                                                     \
  self->state = STATE;                                                         \
  if (line_limit > 0 && self->lines == start_lines + line_limit) {             \
    goto linelimit;                                                            \
  }

#define END_LINE_AND_FIELD_STATE(STATE)                                        \
  self->stream_len = slen;                                                     \
  if (end_line(self) < 0) {                                                    \
    goto parsingerror;                                                         \
  }                                                                            \
  if (end_field(self) < 0) {                                                   \
    goto parsingerror;                                                         \
  }                                                                            \
  stream = self->stream + self->stream_len;                                    \
  slen = self->stream_len;                                                     \
  self->state = STATE;                                                         \
  if (line_limit > 0 && self->lines == start_lines + line_limit) {             \
    goto linelimit;                                                            \
  }

#define END_LINE() END_LINE_STATE(START_RECORD)

#define IS_TERMINATOR(c) (c == lineterminator)

#define IS_QUOTE(c) ((c == self->quotechar && self->quoting != QUOTE_NONE))

// don't parse '\r' with a custom line terminator
#define IS_CARRIAGE(c) (c == carriage_symbol)

#define IS_COMMENT_CHAR(c) (c == comment_symbol)

#define IS_ESCAPE_CHAR(c) (c == escape_symbol)

#define IS_SKIPPABLE_SPACE(c)                                                  \
  ((!self->delim_whitespace && c == ' ' && self->skipinitialspace))

// applied when in a field
#define IS_DELIMITER(c)                                                        \
  ((!delim_whitespace && c == delimiter) || (delim_whitespace && isblank(c)))

#define _TOKEN_CLEANUP()                                                       \
  self->stream_len = slen;                                                     \
  self->datapos = i;                                                           \
  TRACE(("_TOKEN_CLEANUP: datapos: %d, datalen: %d\n", self->datapos,          \
         self->datalen));

#define CHECK_FOR_BOM()                                                        \
  if (*buf == '\xef' && *(buf + 1) == '\xbb' && *(buf + 2) == '\xbf') {        \
    buf += 3;                                                                  \
    self->datapos += 3;                                                        \
  }

static int skip_this_line(parser_t *self, int64_t rownum) {
  if (self->skipfunc != NULL) {
    PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();
    PyObject *result = PyObject_CallFunction(self->skipfunc, "i", rownum);

    // Error occurred. It will be processed
    // and caught at the Cython level.
    const int should_skip = result == NULL ? -1 : PyObject_IsTrue(result);

    Py_XDECREF(result);
    PyGILState_Release(state);

    return should_skip;
  } else if (self->skipset != NULL) {
    return (kh_get_int64((kh_int64_t *)self->skipset, self->file_lines) !=
            ((kh_int64_t *)self->skipset)->n_buckets);
  } else {
    return (rownum <= self->skip_first_N_rows);
  }
}

static int tokenize_bytes(parser_t *self, size_t line_limit,
                          uint64_t start_lines) {
  char *buf = self->data + self->datapos;

  const char lineterminator =
      (self->lineterminator == '\0') ? '\n' : self->lineterminator;

  const int delim_whitespace = self->delim_whitespace;
  const char delimiter = self->delimiter;

  // 1000 is something that couldn't fit in "char"
  // thus comparing a char to it would always be "false"
  const int carriage_symbol = (self->lineterminator == '\0') ? '\r' : 1000;
  const int comment_symbol =
      (self->commentchar != '\0') ? self->commentchar : 1000;
  const int escape_symbol =
      (self->escapechar != '\0') ? self->escapechar : 1000;

  if (make_stream_space(self, self->datalen - self->datapos) < 0) {
    const size_t bufsize = 100;
    self->error_msg = malloc(bufsize);
    snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize, "out of memory");
    return -1;
  }

  char *stream = self->stream + self->stream_len;
  uint64_t slen = self->stream_len;

  TRACE(("%s\n", buf));

  if (self->file_lines == 0) {
    CHECK_FOR_BOM();
  }

  char c;
  int64_t i;
  for (i = self->datapos; i < self->datalen; ++i) {
    // next character in file
    c = *buf++;

    TRACE(("tokenize_bytes - Iter: %d Char: 0x%x Line %d field_count %d, "
           "state %d\n",
           i, c, self->file_lines + 1, self->line_fields[self->lines],
           self->state));

    switch (self->state) {
    case START_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE:
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        self->file_lines++;
        self->state = EAT_CRNL_NOP;
      } else if (IS_QUOTE(c)) {
        self->state = IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
      } else if (IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        // Do nothing, we're starting a new field again.
      } else {
        self->state = IN_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
      }
      break;

    case IN_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE:
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        self->file_lines++;
        self->state = EAT_CRNL_NOP;
      } else if (IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        self->state = START_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
      }
      break;

    case IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE:
      if (IS_QUOTE(c)) {
        if (self->doublequote) {
          self->state = QUOTE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
        } else {
          self->state = IN_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
        }
      }
      break;

    case QUOTE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE:
      if (IS_QUOTE(c)) {
        self->state = IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
      } else if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        self->file_lines++;
        self->state = EAT_CRNL_NOP;
      } else if (IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        self->state = START_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
      } else {
        self->state = IN_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
      }
      break;

    case WHITESPACE_LINE:
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        self->file_lines++;
        self->state = START_RECORD;
        break;
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        self->file_lines++;
        self->state = EAT_CRNL_NOP;
        break;
      } else if (!self->delim_whitespace) {
        if (isblank(c) && c != self->delimiter) {
        } else { // backtrack
          // use i + 1 because buf has been incremented but not i
          do {
            --buf;
            --i;
          } while (i + 1 > self->datapos && !IS_TERMINATOR(*buf));

          // reached a newline rather than the beginning
          if (IS_TERMINATOR(*buf)) {
            ++buf; // move pointer to first char after newline
            ++i;
          }
          self->state = START_FIELD;
        }
        break;
      }
      // fall through

    case EAT_WHITESPACE:
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_LINE();
        self->state = START_RECORD;
        break;
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        self->state = EAT_CRNL;
        break;
      } else if (IS_COMMENT_CHAR(c)) {
        self->state = EAT_COMMENT;
        break;
      } else if (!isblank(c)) {
        self->state = START_FIELD;
        PD_FALLTHROUGH; // fall through to subsequent state
      } else {
        // if whitespace char, keep slurping
        break;
      }

    case START_RECORD: {
      // start of record
      const int should_skip = skip_this_line(self, self->file_lines);

      if (should_skip == -1) {
        goto parsingerror;
      } else if (should_skip) {
        if (IS_QUOTE(c)) {
          self->state = IN_QUOTED_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;
        } else {
          self->state = IN_FIELD_IN_SKIP_LINE;

          if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
            END_LINE();
          }
        }
        break;
      } else if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        // \n\r possible?
        if (self->skip_empty_lines) {
          self->file_lines++;
        } else {
          END_LINE();
        }
        break;
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        if (self->skip_empty_lines) {
          self->file_lines++;
          self->state = EAT_CRNL_NOP;
        } else {
          self->state = EAT_CRNL;
        }
        break;
      } else if (IS_COMMENT_CHAR(c)) {
        self->state = EAT_LINE_COMMENT;
        break;
      } else if (isblank(c)) {
        if (self->delim_whitespace) {
          if (self->skip_empty_lines) {
            self->state = WHITESPACE_LINE;
          } else {
            self->state = EAT_WHITESPACE;
          }
          break;
        } else if (c != self->delimiter && self->skip_empty_lines) {
          self->state = WHITESPACE_LINE;
          break;
        }
      }

      // normal character - fall through
      // to handle as START_FIELD
      self->state = START_FIELD;
      PD_FALLTHROUGH;
    }
    case START_FIELD:
      // expecting field
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        self->state = EAT_CRNL;
      } else if (IS_QUOTE(c)) {
        // start quoted field
        self->state = IN_QUOTED_FIELD;
      } else if (IS_ESCAPE_CHAR(c)) {
        // possible escaped character
        self->state = ESCAPED_CHAR;
      } else if (IS_SKIPPABLE_SPACE(c)) {
        // ignore space at start of field
      } else if (IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        if (self->delim_whitespace) {
          self->state = EAT_WHITESPACE;
        } else {
          // save empty field
          END_FIELD();
        }
      } else if (IS_COMMENT_CHAR(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        self->state = EAT_COMMENT;
      } else {
        // begin new unquoted field
        PUSH_CHAR(c);
        self->state = IN_FIELD;
      }
      break;

    case ESCAPED_CHAR:
      PUSH_CHAR(c);
      self->state = IN_FIELD;
      break;

    case EAT_LINE_COMMENT:
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        self->file_lines++;
        self->state = START_RECORD;
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        self->file_lines++;
        self->state = EAT_CRNL_NOP;
      }
      break;

    case IN_FIELD:
      // in unquoted field
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        self->state = EAT_CRNL;
      } else if (IS_ESCAPE_CHAR(c)) {
        // possible escaped character
        self->state = ESCAPED_CHAR;
      } else if (IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        // end of field - end of line not reached yet
        END_FIELD();

        if (self->delim_whitespace) {
          self->state = EAT_WHITESPACE;
        } else {
          self->state = START_FIELD;
        }
      } else if (IS_COMMENT_CHAR(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        self->state = EAT_COMMENT;
      } else {
        // normal character - save in field
        PUSH_CHAR(c);
      }
      break;

    case IN_QUOTED_FIELD:
      // in quoted field
      if (IS_ESCAPE_CHAR(c)) {
        // possible escape character
        self->state = ESCAPE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD;
      } else if (IS_QUOTE(c)) {
        if (self->doublequote) {
          // double quote - " represented by ""
          self->state = QUOTE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD;
        } else {
          // end of quote part of field
          self->state = IN_FIELD;
        }
      } else {
        // normal character - save in field
        PUSH_CHAR(c);
      }
      break;

    case ESCAPE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD:
      PUSH_CHAR(c);
      self->state = IN_QUOTED_FIELD;
      break;

    case QUOTE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD:
      // double quote - seen a quote in an quoted field
      if (IS_QUOTE(c)) {
        // save "" as "

        PUSH_CHAR(c);
        self->state = IN_QUOTED_FIELD;
      } else if (IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        // end of field - end of line not reached yet
        END_FIELD();

        if (self->delim_whitespace) {
          self->state = EAT_WHITESPACE;
        } else {
          self->state = START_FIELD;
        }
      } else if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        END_FIELD();
        self->state = EAT_CRNL;
      } else {
        PUSH_CHAR(c);
        self->state = IN_FIELD;
      }
      break;

    case EAT_COMMENT:
      if (IS_TERMINATOR(c)) {
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_CARRIAGE(c)) {
        self->state = EAT_CRNL;
      }
      break;

    // only occurs with non-custom line terminator,
    // which is why we directly check for '\n'
    case EAT_CRNL:
      if (c == '\n') {
        END_LINE();
      } else if (IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        if (self->delim_whitespace) {
          END_LINE_STATE(EAT_WHITESPACE);
        } else {
          // Handle \r-delimited files
          END_LINE_AND_FIELD_STATE(START_FIELD);
        }
      } else {
        if (self->delim_whitespace) {
          /* XXX
           * first character of a new record--need to back up and
           * reread
           * to handle properly...
           */
          i--;
          buf--; // back up one character (HACK!)
          END_LINE_STATE(START_RECORD);
        } else {
          // \r line terminator
          // UGH. we don't actually want
          // to consume the token. fix this later
          self->stream_len = slen;
          if (end_line(self) < 0) {
            goto parsingerror;
          }

          stream = self->stream + self->stream_len;
          slen = self->stream_len;
          self->state = START_RECORD;

          --i;
          buf--; // let's try this character again (HACK!)
          if (line_limit > 0 && self->lines == start_lines + line_limit) {
            goto linelimit;
          }
        }
      }
      break;

    // only occurs with non-custom line terminator,
    // which is why we directly check for '\n'
    case EAT_CRNL_NOP: // inside an ignored comment line
      self->state = START_RECORD;
      // \r line terminator -- parse this character again
      if (c != '\n' && !IS_DELIMITER(c)) {
        --i;
        --buf;
      }
      break;
    default:
      break;
    }
  }

  _TOKEN_CLEANUP();

  TRACE(("Finished tokenizing input\n"))

  return 0;

parsingerror:
  i++;
  _TOKEN_CLEANUP();

  return -1;

linelimit:
  i++;
  _TOKEN_CLEANUP();

  return 0;
}

static int parser_handle_eof(parser_t *self) {
  const size_t bufsize = 100;

  TRACE(("handling eof, datalen: %d, pstate: %d\n", self->datalen, self->state))

  if (self->datalen != 0)
    return -1;

  switch (self->state) {
  case START_RECORD:
  case WHITESPACE_LINE:
  case EAT_CRNL_NOP:
  case EAT_LINE_COMMENT:
    return 0;

  case ESCAPE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD:
  case IN_QUOTED_FIELD:
    self->error_msg = (char *)malloc(bufsize);
    snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize,
             "EOF inside string starting at row %" PRIu64, self->file_lines);
    return -1;

  case ESCAPED_CHAR:
    self->error_msg = (char *)malloc(bufsize);
    snprintf(self->error_msg, bufsize, "EOF following escape character");
    return -1;

  case IN_FIELD:
  case START_FIELD:
  case QUOTE_IN_QUOTED_FIELD:
    if (end_field(self) < 0)
      return -1;
    break;

  default:
    break;
  }

  if (end_line(self) < 0)
    return -1;
  else
    return 0;
}

int parser_consume_rows(parser_t *self, size_t nrows) {
  if (nrows > self->lines) {
    nrows = self->lines;
  }

  /* do nothing */
  if (nrows == 0)
    return 0;

  /* cannot guarantee that nrows + 1 has been observed */
  const int64_t word_deletions =
      self->line_start[nrows - 1] + self->line_fields[nrows - 1];

  /* if word_deletions == 0 (i.e. this case) then char_count must
   * be 0 too, as no data needs to be skipped */
  const uint64_t char_count =
      word_deletions >= 1 ? (self->word_starts[word_deletions - 1] +
                             strlen(self->words[word_deletions - 1]) + 1)
                          : 0;

  TRACE(("parser_consume_rows: Deleting %d words, %d chars\n", word_deletions,
         char_count));

  /* move stream, only if something to move */
  if (char_count < self->stream_len) {
    memmove(self->stream, (self->stream + char_count),
            self->stream_len - char_count);
  }
  /* buffer counts */
  self->stream_len -= char_count;

  /* move token metadata */
  // Note: We should always have words_len < word_deletions, so this
  //  subtraction will remain appropriately-typed.
  int64_t offset;
  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < self->words_len - word_deletions; ++i) {
    offset = i + word_deletions;

    self->words[i] = self->words[offset] - char_count;
    self->word_starts[i] = self->word_starts[offset] - char_count;
  }
  self->words_len -= word_deletions;

  /* move current word pointer to stream */
  self->pword_start -= char_count;
  self->word_start -= char_count;

  /* move line metadata */
  // Note: We should always have self->lines - nrows + 1 >= 0, so this
  //  subtraction will remain appropriately-typed.
  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < self->lines - nrows + 1; ++i) {
    offset = i + nrows;
    self->line_start[i] = self->line_start[offset] - word_deletions;
    self->line_fields[i] = self->line_fields[offset];
  }
  self->lines -= nrows;

  return 0;
}

static size_t _next_pow2(size_t sz) {
  size_t result = 1;
  while (result < sz)
    result *= 2;
  return result;
}

int parser_trim_buffers(parser_t *self) {
  /*
    Free memory
   */

  /**
   * Before we free up space and trim, we should
   * save how many words we saw when parsing, if
   * it exceeds the maximum number we saw before.
   *
   * This is important for when we read in chunks,
   * so that we can inform subsequent chunk parsing
   * as to how many words we could possibly see.
   */
  if (self->words_cap > self->max_words_cap) {
    self->max_words_cap = self->words_cap;
  }

  /* trim words, word_starts */
  size_t new_cap = _next_pow2(self->words_len) + 1;
  if (new_cap < self->words_cap) {
    TRACE(("parser_trim_buffers: new_cap < self->words_cap\n"));
    self->words = realloc(self->words, new_cap * sizeof(char *));
    if (self->words == NULL) {
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }
    self->word_starts = realloc(self->word_starts, new_cap * sizeof(int64_t));
    if (self->word_starts == NULL) {
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }
    self->words_cap = new_cap;
  }

  /* trim stream */
  new_cap = _next_pow2(self->stream_len) + 1;
  TRACE(("parser_trim_buffers: new_cap = %zu, stream_cap = %zu, lines_cap = "
         "%zu\n",
         new_cap, self->stream_cap, self->lines_cap));
  if (new_cap < self->stream_cap) {
    TRACE(("parser_trim_buffers: new_cap < self->stream_cap, calling "
           "realloc\n"));
    void *newptr = realloc(self->stream, new_cap);
    if (newptr == NULL) {
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    } else {
      // Update the pointers in the self->words array (char **) if
      // `realloc`
      //  moved the `self->stream` buffer. This block mirrors a similar
      //  block in
      //  `make_stream_space`.
      if (self->stream != newptr) {
        self->pword_start = (char *)newptr + self->word_start;

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < self->words_len; ++i) {
          self->words[i] = (char *)newptr + self->word_starts[i];
        }
      }

      self->stream = newptr;
      self->stream_cap = new_cap;
    }
  }

  /* trim line_start, line_fields */
  new_cap = _next_pow2(self->lines) + 1;
  if (new_cap < self->lines_cap) {
    TRACE(("parser_trim_buffers: new_cap < self->lines_cap\n"));
    void *newptr = realloc(self->line_start, new_cap * sizeof(int64_t));
    if (newptr == NULL) {
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    } else {
      self->line_start = newptr;
    }
    newptr = realloc(self->line_fields, new_cap * sizeof(int64_t));
    if (newptr == NULL) {
      return PARSER_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    } else {
      self->line_fields = newptr;
      self->lines_cap = new_cap;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

/*
  nrows : number of rows to tokenize (or until reach EOF)
  all : tokenize all the data vs. certain number of rows
 */

static int _tokenize_helper(parser_t *self, size_t nrows, int all,
                            const char *encoding_errors) {
  int status = 0;
  const uint64_t start_lines = self->lines;

  if (self->state == FINISHED) {
    return 0;
  }

  TRACE(
      ("_tokenize_helper: Asked to tokenize %d rows, datapos=%d, datalen=%d\n",
       nrows, self->datapos, self->datalen));

  while (1) {
    if (!all && self->lines - start_lines >= nrows)
      break;

    if (self->datapos == self->datalen) {
      status = parser_buffer_bytes(self, self->chunksize, encoding_errors);

      if (status == REACHED_EOF) {
        // close out last line
        status = parser_handle_eof(self);
        self->state = FINISHED;
        break;
      } else if (status != 0) {
        return status;
      }
    }

    TRACE(("_tokenize_helper: Trying to process %d bytes, datalen=%d, "
           "datapos= %d\n",
           self->datalen - self->datapos, self->datalen, self->datapos));

    status = tokenize_bytes(self, nrows, start_lines);

    if (status < 0) {
      // XXX
      TRACE(("_tokenize_helper: Status %d returned from tokenize_bytes, "
             "breaking\n",
             status));
      status = -1;
      break;
    }
  }
  TRACE(("leaving tokenize_helper\n"));
  return status;
}

int tokenize_nrows(parser_t *self, size_t nrows, const char *encoding_errors) {
  return _tokenize_helper(self, nrows, 0, encoding_errors);
}

int tokenize_all_rows(parser_t *self, const char *encoding_errors) {
  return _tokenize_helper(self, -1, 1, encoding_errors);
}

/*
 * Function: to_boolean
 * --------------------
 *
 * Validate if item should be recognized as a boolean field.
 *
 * item: const char* representing parsed text
 * val : pointer to a uint8_t of boolean representation
 *
 * If item is determined to be boolean, this method will set
 * the appropriate value of val and return 0. A non-zero exit
 * status means that item was not inferred to be boolean, and
 * leaves the value of *val unmodified.
 */
int to_boolean(const char *item, uint8_t *val) {
  if (strcasecmp(item, "TRUE") == 0) {
    *val = 1;
    return 0;
  } else if (strcasecmp(item, "FALSE") == 0) {
    *val = 0;
    return 0;
  }

  return -1;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementation of xstrtod

//
// strtod.c
//
// Convert string to double
//
// Copyright (C) 2002 Michael Ringgaard. All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
// are met:
//
// 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
// 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
//    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
//    without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND
// ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
// LIABLE
// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
// OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
// HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
// LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
// OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
// SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modifications by Warren Weckesser, March 2011:
// * Rename strtod() to xstrtod().
// * Added decimal and sci arguments.
// * Skip trailing spaces.
// * Commented out the other functions.
// Modifications by Richard T Guy, August 2013:
// * Add tsep argument for thousands separator
//

double xstrtod(const char *str, char **endptr, char decimal, char sci,
               char tsep, int skip_trailing, int *error, int *maybe_int) {
  const char *p = str;
  if (maybe_int != NULL)
    *maybe_int = 1;
  // Skip leading whitespace.
  while (isspace_ascii(*p))
    p++;

  // Handle optional sign.
  int negative = 0;
  switch (*p) {
  case '-':
    negative = 1;
    PD_FALLTHROUGH; // Fall through to increment position.
  case '+':
    p++;
    break;
  }

  int exponent = 0;
  int num_digits = 0;
  int num_decimals = 0;

  // pessimistic but quick assessment,
  // assuming that each decimal digit requires 4 bits to store
  // TODO: C23 has UINT64_WIDTH macro that can be used at compile time
  const int max_int_decimal_digits = (sizeof(unsigned int) * 8) / 4;

  // Process string of digits.
  unsigned int i_number = 0;
  while (isdigit_ascii(*p) && num_digits <= max_int_decimal_digits) {
    i_number = i_number * 10 + (*p - '0');
    p++;
    num_digits++;

    p += (tsep != '\0' && *p == tsep);
  }
  double number = i_number;

  if (num_digits > max_int_decimal_digits) {
    // process what's left as double
    while (isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
      number = number * 10. + (*p - '0');
      p++;
      num_digits++;

      p += (tsep != '\0' && *p == tsep);
    }
  }

  // Process decimal part.
  if (*p == decimal) {
    if (maybe_int != NULL)
      *maybe_int = 0;
    p++;

    while (isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
      number = number * 10. + (*p - '0');
      p++;
      num_digits++;
      num_decimals++;
    }

    exponent -= num_decimals;
  }

  if (num_digits == 0) {
    *error = ERANGE;
    return 0.0;
  }

  // Correct for sign.
  if (negative)
    number = -number;

  // Process an exponent string.
  if (toupper_ascii(*p) == toupper_ascii(sci)) {
    if (maybe_int != NULL)
      *maybe_int = 0;

    // Handle optional sign.
    negative = 0;
    switch (*++p) {
    case '-':
      negative = 1;
      PD_FALLTHROUGH; // Fall through to increment position.
    case '+':
      p++;
      break;
    }

    // Process string of digits.
    num_digits = 0;
    int n = 0;
    while (isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
      n = n * 10 + (*p - '0');
      num_digits++;
      p++;
    }

    if (negative)
      exponent -= n;
    else
      exponent += n;

    // If no digits, after the 'e'/'E', un-consume it
    if (num_digits == 0)
      p--;
  }

  if (exponent < DBL_MIN_EXP || exponent > DBL_MAX_EXP) {
    *error = ERANGE;
    return HUGE_VAL;
  }

  // Scale the result.
  double p10 = 10.;
  int n = exponent;
  if (n < 0)
    n = -n;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) {
      if (exponent < 0)
        number /= p10;
      else
        number *= p10;
    }
    n >>= 1;
    p10 *= p10;
  }

  if (number == HUGE_VAL) {
    *error = ERANGE;
  }

  if (skip_trailing) {
    // Skip trailing whitespace.
    while (isspace_ascii(*p))
      p++;
  }

  if (endptr)
    *endptr = (char *)p;
  return number;
}

double precise_xstrtod(const char *str, char **endptr, char decimal, char sci,
                       char tsep, int skip_trailing, int *error,
                       int *maybe_int) {
  const char *p = str;
  const int max_digits = 17;

  if (maybe_int != NULL)
    *maybe_int = 1;
  // Cache powers of 10 in memory.
  static double e[] = {
      1.,    1e1,   1e2,   1e3,   1e4,   1e5,   1e6,   1e7,   1e8,   1e9,
      1e10,  1e11,  1e12,  1e13,  1e14,  1e15,  1e16,  1e17,  1e18,  1e19,
      1e20,  1e21,  1e22,  1e23,  1e24,  1e25,  1e26,  1e27,  1e28,  1e29,
      1e30,  1e31,  1e32,  1e33,  1e34,  1e35,  1e36,  1e37,  1e38,  1e39,
      1e40,  1e41,  1e42,  1e43,  1e44,  1e45,  1e46,  1e47,  1e48,  1e49,
      1e50,  1e51,  1e52,  1e53,  1e54,  1e55,  1e56,  1e57,  1e58,  1e59,
      1e60,  1e61,  1e62,  1e63,  1e64,  1e65,  1e66,  1e67,  1e68,  1e69,
      1e70,  1e71,  1e72,  1e73,  1e74,  1e75,  1e76,  1e77,  1e78,  1e79,
      1e80,  1e81,  1e82,  1e83,  1e84,  1e85,  1e86,  1e87,  1e88,  1e89,
      1e90,  1e91,  1e92,  1e93,  1e94,  1e95,  1e96,  1e97,  1e98,  1e99,
      1e100, 1e101, 1e102, 1e103, 1e104, 1e105, 1e106, 1e107, 1e108, 1e109,
      1e110, 1e111, 1e112, 1e113, 1e114, 1e115, 1e116, 1e117, 1e118, 1e119,
      1e120, 1e121, 1e122, 1e123, 1e124, 1e125, 1e126, 1e127, 1e128, 1e129,
      1e130, 1e131, 1e132, 1e133, 1e134, 1e135, 1e136, 1e137, 1e138, 1e139,
      1e140, 1e141, 1e142, 1e143, 1e144, 1e145, 1e146, 1e147, 1e148, 1e149,
      1e150, 1e151, 1e152, 1e153, 1e154, 1e155, 1e156, 1e157, 1e158, 1e159,
      1e160, 1e161, 1e162, 1e163, 1e164, 1e165, 1e166, 1e167, 1e168, 1e169,
      1e170, 1e171, 1e172, 1e173, 1e174, 1e175, 1e176, 1e177, 1e178, 1e179,
      1e180, 1e181, 1e182, 1e183, 1e184, 1e185, 1e186, 1e187, 1e188, 1e189,
      1e190, 1e191, 1e192, 1e193, 1e194, 1e195, 1e196, 1e197, 1e198, 1e199,
      1e200, 1e201, 1e202, 1e203, 1e204, 1e205, 1e206, 1e207, 1e208, 1e209,
      1e210, 1e211, 1e212, 1e213, 1e214, 1e215, 1e216, 1e217, 1e218, 1e219,
      1e220, 1e221, 1e222, 1e223, 1e224, 1e225, 1e226, 1e227, 1e228, 1e229,
      1e230, 1e231, 1e232, 1e233, 1e234, 1e235, 1e236, 1e237, 1e238, 1e239,
      1e240, 1e241, 1e242, 1e243, 1e244, 1e245, 1e246, 1e247, 1e248, 1e249,
      1e250, 1e251, 1e252, 1e253, 1e254, 1e255, 1e256, 1e257, 1e258, 1e259,
      1e260, 1e261, 1e262, 1e263, 1e264, 1e265, 1e266, 1e267, 1e268, 1e269,
      1e270, 1e271, 1e272, 1e273, 1e274, 1e275, 1e276, 1e277, 1e278, 1e279,
      1e280, 1e281, 1e282, 1e283, 1e284, 1e285, 1e286, 1e287, 1e288, 1e289,
      1e290, 1e291, 1e292, 1e293, 1e294, 1e295, 1e296, 1e297, 1e298, 1e299,
      1e300, 1e301, 1e302, 1e303, 1e304, 1e305, 1e306, 1e307, 1e308};

  // Skip leading whitespace.
  while (isspace_ascii(*p))
    p++;

  // Handle optional sign.
  int negative = 0;
  switch (*p) {
  case '-':
    negative = 1;
    PD_FALLTHROUGH; // Fall through to increment position.
  case '+':
    p++;
    break;
  }

  double number = 0.;
  int exponent = 0;
  int num_digits = 0;
  int num_decimals = 0;

  // Process string of digits.
  while (isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
    if (num_digits < max_digits) {
      number = number * 10. + (*p - '0');
      num_digits++;
    } else {
      ++exponent;
    }

    p++;
    p += (tsep != '\0' && *p == tsep);
  }

  // Process decimal part
  if (*p == decimal) {
    if (maybe_int != NULL)
      *maybe_int = 0;
    p++;

    while (num_digits < max_digits && isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
      number = number * 10. + (*p - '0');
      p++;
      num_digits++;
      num_decimals++;
    }

    if (num_digits >= max_digits) // Consume extra decimal digits.
      while (isdigit_ascii(*p))
        ++p;

    exponent -= num_decimals;
  }

  if (num_digits == 0) {
    *error = ERANGE;
    return 0.0;
  }

  // Correct for sign.
  if (negative)
    number = -number;

  // Process an exponent string.
  if (toupper_ascii(*p) == toupper_ascii(sci)) {
    if (maybe_int != NULL)
      *maybe_int = 0;

    // Handle optional sign
    negative = 0;
    switch (*++p) {
    case '-':
      negative = 1;
      PD_FALLTHROUGH; // Fall through to increment position.
    case '+':
      p++;
      break;
    }

    // Process string of digits.
    num_digits = 0;
    int n = 0;
    while (num_digits < max_digits && isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
      n = n * 10 + (*p - '0');
      num_digits++;
      p++;
    }

    if (negative)
      exponent -= n;
    else
      exponent += n;

    // If no digits after the 'e'/'E', un-consume it.
    if (num_digits == 0)
      p--;
  }

  if (exponent > 308) {
    *error = ERANGE;
    return HUGE_VAL;
  } else if (exponent > 0) {
    number *= e[exponent];
  } else if (exponent < -308) { // Subnormal
    if (exponent < -616) {      // Prevent invalid array access.
      number = 0.;
    } else {
      number /= e[-308 - exponent];
      number /= e[308];
    }

  } else {
    number /= e[-exponent];
  }

  if (number == HUGE_VAL || number == -HUGE_VAL)
    *error = ERANGE;

  if (skip_trailing) {
    // Skip trailing whitespace.
    while (isspace_ascii(*p))
      p++;
  }

  if (endptr)
    *endptr = (char *)p;
  return number;
}

/* copy a decimal number string with `decimal`, `tsep` as decimal point
   and thousands separator to an equivalent c-locale decimal string (striping
   `tsep`, replacing `decimal` with '.'). The returned memory should be free-d
   with a call to `free`.
*/

static char *_str_copy_decimal_str_c(const char *s, char **endpos, char decimal,
                                     char tsep) {
  const char *p = s;
  const size_t length = strlen(s);
  char *s_copy = malloc(length + 1);
  char *dst = s_copy;
  // Skip leading whitespace.
  while (isspace_ascii(*p))
    p++;
  // Copy Leading sign
  if (*p == '+' || *p == '-') {
    *dst++ = *p++;
  }
  // Copy integer part dropping `tsep`
  while (isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
    *dst++ = *p++;
    p += (tsep != '\0' && *p == tsep);
  }
  // Replace `decimal` with '.'
  if (*p == decimal) {
    *dst++ = '.';
    p++;
  }
  // Copy fractional part after decimal (if any)
  while (isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
    *dst++ = *p++;
  }
  // Copy exponent if any
  if (toupper_ascii(*p) == toupper_ascii('E')) {
    *dst++ = *p++;
    // Copy leading exponent sign (if any)
    if (*p == '+' || *p == '-') {
      *dst++ = *p++;
    }
    // Copy exponent digits
    while (isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
      *dst++ = *p++;
    }
  }
  *dst++ = '\0'; // terminate
  if (endpos != NULL)
    *endpos = (char *)p;
  return s_copy;
}

double round_trip(const char *p, char **q, char decimal, char Py_UNUSED(sci),
                  char tsep, int skip_trailing, int *error, int *maybe_int) {
  // 'normalize' representation to C-locale; replace decimal with '.' and
  // remove thousands separator.
  char *endptr;
  char *pc = _str_copy_decimal_str_c(p, &endptr, decimal, tsep);
  // This is called from a nogil block in parsers.pyx
  // so need to explicitly get GIL before Python calls
  PyGILState_STATE gstate = PyGILState_Ensure();
  char *endpc;
  const double r = PyOS_string_to_double(pc, &endpc, 0);
  // PyOS_string_to_double needs to consume the whole string
  if (endpc == pc + strlen(pc)) {
    if (q != NULL) {
      // report endptr from source string (p)
      *q = endptr;
    }
  } else {
    *error = -1;
    if (q != NULL) {
      // p and pc are different len due to tsep removal. Can't report
      // how much it has consumed of p. Just rewind to beginning.
      *q = (char *)p; // TODO(willayd): this could be undefined behavior
    }
  }
  if (maybe_int != NULL)
    *maybe_int = 0;
  if (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL)
    *error = -1;
  else if (r == Py_HUGE_VAL)
    *error = (int)Py_HUGE_VAL;
  PyErr_Clear();

  PyGILState_Release(gstate);
  free(pc);
  if (skip_trailing && q != NULL && *q != p) {
    while (isspace_ascii(**q)) {
      (*q)++;
    }
  }
  return r;
}

// End of xstrtod code
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

void uint_state_init(uint_state *self) {
  self->seen_sint = 0;
  self->seen_uint = 0;
  self->seen_null = 0;
}

int uint64_conflict(uint_state *self) {
  return self->seen_uint && (self->seen_sint || self->seen_null);
}

int64_t str_to_int64(const char *p_item, int64_t int_min, int64_t int_max,
                     int *error, char tsep) {
  const char *p = p_item;
  // Skip leading spaces.
  while (isspace_ascii(*p)) {
    ++p;
  }

  // Handle sign.
  const bool isneg = *p == '-' ? true : false;
  // Handle sign.
  if (isneg || (*p == '+')) {
    p++;
  }

  // Check that there is a first digit.
  if (!isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
    // Error...
    *error = ERROR_NO_DIGITS;
    return 0;
  }

  int64_t number = 0;
  if (isneg) {
    // If number is greater than pre_min, at least one more digit
    // can be processed without overflowing.
    int dig_pre_min = -(int_min % 10);
    int64_t pre_min = int_min / 10;

    // Process the digits.
    char d = *p;
    if (tsep != '\0') {
      while (1) {
        if (d == tsep) {
          d = *++p;
          continue;
        } else if (!isdigit_ascii(d)) {
          break;
        }
        if ((number > pre_min) ||
            ((number == pre_min) && (d - '0' <= dig_pre_min))) {
          number = number * 10 - (d - '0');
          d = *++p;
        } else {
          *error = ERROR_OVERFLOW;
          return 0;
        }
      }
    } else {
      while (isdigit_ascii(d)) {
        if ((number > pre_min) ||
            ((number == pre_min) && (d - '0' <= dig_pre_min))) {
          number = number * 10 - (d - '0');
          d = *++p;
        } else {
          *error = ERROR_OVERFLOW;
          return 0;
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    // If number is less than pre_max, at least one more digit
    // can be processed without overflowing.
    int64_t pre_max = int_max / 10;
    int dig_pre_max = int_max % 10;

    // Process the digits.
    char d = *p;
    if (tsep != '\0') {
      while (1) {
        if (d == tsep) {
          d = *++p;
          continue;
        } else if (!isdigit_ascii(d)) {
          break;
        }
        if ((number < pre_max) ||
            ((number == pre_max) && (d - '0' <= dig_pre_max))) {
          number = number * 10 + (d - '0');
          d = *++p;

        } else {
          *error = ERROR_OVERFLOW;
          return 0;
        }
      }
    } else {
      while (isdigit_ascii(d)) {
        if ((number < pre_max) ||
            ((number == pre_max) && (d - '0' <= dig_pre_max))) {
          number = number * 10 + (d - '0');
          d = *++p;

        } else {
          *error = ERROR_OVERFLOW;
          return 0;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Skip trailing spaces.
  while (isspace_ascii(*p)) {
    ++p;
  }

  // Did we use up all the characters?
  if (*p) {
    *error = ERROR_INVALID_CHARS;
    return 0;
  }

  *error = 0;
  return number;
}

uint64_t str_to_uint64(uint_state *state, const char *p_item, int64_t int_max,
                       uint64_t uint_max, int *error, char tsep) {
  const char *p = p_item;
  // Skip leading spaces.
  while (isspace_ascii(*p)) {
    ++p;
  }

  // Handle sign.
  if (*p == '-') {
    state->seen_sint = 1;
    *error = 0;
    return 0;
  } else if (*p == '+') {
    p++;
  }

  // Check that there is a first digit.
  if (!isdigit_ascii(*p)) {
    // Error...
    *error = ERROR_NO_DIGITS;
    return 0;
  }

  // If number is less than pre_max, at least one more digit
  // can be processed without overflowing.
  //
  // Process the digits.
  uint64_t number = 0;
  const uint64_t pre_max = uint_max / 10;
  const uint64_t dig_pre_max = uint_max % 10;
  char d = *p;
  if (tsep != '\0') {
    while (1) {
      if (d == tsep) {
        d = *++p;
        continue;
      } else if (!isdigit_ascii(d)) {
        break;
      }
      if ((number < pre_max) ||
          ((number == pre_max) && ((uint64_t)(d - '0') <= dig_pre_max))) {
        number = number * 10 + (d - '0');
        d = *++p;

      } else {
        *error = ERROR_OVERFLOW;
        return 0;
      }
    }
  } else {
    while (isdigit_ascii(d)) {
      if ((number < pre_max) ||
          ((number == pre_max) && ((uint64_t)(d - '0') <= dig_pre_max))) {
        number = number * 10 + (d - '0');
        d = *++p;

      } else {
        *error = ERROR_OVERFLOW;
        return 0;
      }
    }
  }

  // Skip trailing spaces.
  while (isspace_ascii(*p)) {
    ++p;
  }

  // Did we use up all the characters?
  if (*p) {
    *error = ERROR_INVALID_CHARS;
    return 0;
  }

  if (number > (uint64_t)int_max) {
    state->seen_uint = 1;
  }

  *error = 0;
  return number;
}
