Complex Vectors and Matrices
Author: JTC1/SC22/WG9/ARG, by Randall Brukardt, ARG Editor

Ada Reference Manual — Legal Information

# G.3.2 Complex Vectors and Matrices

#### Static Semantics

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The generic library package Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays has the following declaration:
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with Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays, Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Types;
generic
with package Real_Arrays is new
Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays (<>);
use Real_Arrays;
with package Complex_Types is new
Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Types (Real);
use Complex_Types;
package Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays is
pragma Pure(Generic_Complex_Arrays);
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-- Types
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type Complex_Vector is array (Integer range <>) of Complex;
type Complex_Matrix is array (Integer range <>,
Integer range <>) of Complex;
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-- Subprograms for Complex_Vector types
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-- Complex_Vector selection, conversion and composition operations
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function Re (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
function Im (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
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procedure Set_Re (X : in out Complex_Vector;
Re : in Real_Vector);
procedure Set_Im (X : in out Complex_Vector;
Im : in Real_Vector);
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function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re : Real_Vector)
return Complex_Vector;
function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re, Im : Real_Vector)
return Complex_Vector;
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function Modulus (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
function "abs" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector
renames Modulus;
function Argument (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
function Argument (X : Complex_Vector;
Cycle : Real'Base) return Real_Vector;
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function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Vector)
return Complex_Vector;
function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Vector;
Cycle : Real'Base)
return Complex_Vector;
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-- Complex_Vector arithmetic operations
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function "+" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function Conjugate (X : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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function "+" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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function "*" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex;
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function "abs" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex;
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-- Mixed Real_Vector and Complex_Vector arithmetic operations
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function "+" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "+" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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function "*" (Left : Real_Vector; Right : Complex_Vector)
return Complex;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector; Right : Real_Vector)
return Complex;
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-- Complex_Vector scaling operations
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function "*" (Left : Complex;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Complex) return Complex_Vector;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Complex) return Complex_Vector;
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function "*" (Left : Real'Base;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Vector;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Vector;
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-- Other Complex_Vector operations
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function Unit_Vector (Index : Integer;
Order : Positive;
First : Integer := 1) return Complex_Vector;
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-- Subprograms for Complex_Matrix types
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-- Complex_Matrix selection, conversion and composition operations
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function Re (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
function Im (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
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procedure Set_Re (X : in out Complex_Matrix;
Re : in Real_Matrix);
procedure Set_Im (X : in out Complex_Matrix;
Im : in Real_Matrix);
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function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re : Real_Matrix)
return Complex_Matrix;
function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re, Im : Real_Matrix)
return Complex_Matrix;
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function Modulus (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
function "abs" (Right : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix
renames Modulus;
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function Argument (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
function Argument (X : Complex_Matrix;
Cycle : Real'Base) return Real_Matrix;
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function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Matrix)
return Complex_Matrix;
function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Matrix;
Cycle : Real'Base)
return Complex_Matrix;
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-- Complex_Matrix arithmetic operations
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function "+" (Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function Conjugate (X : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function Transpose (X : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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function "+" (Left, Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Left, Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left, Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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function "*" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Matrix;
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function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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-- Mixed Real_Matrix and Complex_Matrix arithmetic operations
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function "+" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "+" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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function "*" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Matrix;
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function "*" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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-- Complex_Matrix scaling operations
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function "*" (Left : Complex;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Complex) return Complex_Matrix;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Complex) return Complex_Matrix;
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function "*" (Left : Real'Base;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Matrix;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Matrix;
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-- Complex_Matrix inversion and related operations
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function Solve (A : Complex_Matrix; X : Complex_Vector)
return Complex_Vector;
function Solve (A, X : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function Inverse (A : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function Determinant (A : Complex_Matrix) return Complex;
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-- Eigenvalues and vectors of a Hermitian matrix
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function Eigenvalues(A : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Vector;
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procedure Eigensystem(A : in Complex_Matrix;
Values : out Real_Vector;
Vectors : out Complex_Matrix);
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-- Other Complex_Matrix operations
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function Unit_Matrix (Order : Positive;
First_1, First_2 : Integer := 1)
return Complex_Matrix;
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end Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays;
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The library package Numerics.Complex_Arrays is declared pure and defines the same types and subprograms as Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays, except that the predefined type Float is systematically substituted for Real'Base, and the Real_Vector and Real_Matrix types exported by Numerics.Real_Arrays are systematically substituted for Real_Vector and Real_Matrix, and the Complex type exported by Numerics.Complex_Types is systematically substituted for Complex, throughout. Nongeneric equivalents for each of the other predefined floating point types are defined similarly, with the names Numerics.Short_Complex_Arrays, Numerics.Long_Complex_Arrays, etc.
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Two types are defined and exported by Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays. The composite type Complex_Vector is provided to represent a vector with components of type Complex; it is defined as an unconstrained one-dimensional array with an index of type Integer. The composite type Complex_Matrix is provided to represent a matrix with components of type Complex; it is defined as an unconstrained, two-dimensional array with indices of type Integer.
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The effect of the various subprograms is as described below. In many cases they are described in terms of corresponding scalar operations in Numerics.Generic_Complex_Types. Any exception raised by those operations is propagated by the array subprogram. Moreover, any constraints on the parameters and the accuracy of the result for each individual component are as defined for the scalar operation.
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In the case of those operations which are defined to involve an inner product, Constraint_Error may be raised if an intermediate result has a component outside the range of Real'Base even though the final mathematical result would not.
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function Re (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
function Im (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
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Each function returns a vector of the specified Cartesian components of X. The index range of the result is X'Range.
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procedure Set_Re (X : in out Complex_Vector; Re : in Real_Vector);
procedure Set_Im (X : in out Complex_Vector; Im : in Real_Vector);
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Each procedure replaces the specified (Cartesian) component of each of the components of X by the value of the matching component of Re or Im; the other (Cartesian) component of each of the components is unchanged. Constraint_Error is raised if X'Length is not equal to Re'Length or Im'Length.
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function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re : Real_Vector)
return Complex_Vector;
function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re, Im : Real_Vector)
return Complex_Vector;
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Each function constructs a vector of Complex results (in Cartesian representation) formed from given vectors of Cartesian components; when only the real components are given, imaginary components of zero are assumed. The index range of the result is Re'Range. Constraint_Error is raised if Re'Length is not equal to Im'Length.
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function Modulus (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
function "abs" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector
renames Modulus;
function Argument (X : Complex_Vector) return Real_Vector;
function Argument (X : Complex_Vector;
Cycle : Real'Base) return Real_Vector;
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Each function calculates and returns a vector of the specified polar components of X or Right using the corresponding function in numerics.generic_complex_types. The index range of the result is X'Range or Right'Range.
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function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Vector)
return Complex_Vector;
function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Vector;
Cycle : Real'Base)
return Complex_Vector;
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Each function constructs a vector of Complex results (in Cartesian representation) formed from given vectors of polar components using the corresponding function in numerics.generic_complex_types on matching components of Modulus and Argument. The index range of the result is Modulus'Range. Constraint_Error is raised if Modulus'Length is not equal to Argument'Length.
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function "+" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of Right. The index range of the result is Right'Range.
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function Conjugate (X : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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This function returns the result of applying the appropriate function Conjugate in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of X. The index range of the result is X'Range.
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function "+" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of Left and the matching component of Right. The index range of the result is Left'Range. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length is not equal to Right'Length.
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function "*" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex;
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This operation returns the inner product of Left and Right. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length is not equal to Right'Length. This operation involves an inner product.
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function "abs" (Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex;
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This operation returns the Hermitian L2-norm of Right (the square root of the inner product of the vector with its conjugate).
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function "+" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "+" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "-" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of Left and the matching component of Right. The index range of the result is Left'Range. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length is not equal to Right'Length.
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function "*" (Left : Real_Vector; Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector; Right : Real_Vector) return Complex;
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Each operation returns the inner product of Left and Right. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length is not equal to Right'Length. These operations involve an inner product.
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function "*" (Left : Complex; Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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This operation returns the result of multiplying each component of Right by the complex number Left using the appropriate operation "*" in numerics.generic_complex_types. The index range of the result is Right'Range.
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function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector; Right : Complex) return Complex_Vector;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Vector; Right : Complex) return Complex_Vector;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of the vector Left and the complex number Right. The index range of the result is Left'Range.
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function "*" (Left : Real'Base;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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This operation returns the result of multiplying each component of Right by the real number Left using the appropriate operation "*" in numerics.generic_complex_types. The index range of the result is Right'Range.
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function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Vector;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Vector;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of the vector Left and the real number Right. The index range of the result is Left'Range.
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function Unit_Vector (Index : Integer;
Order : Positive;
First : Integer := 1) return Complex_Vector;
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This function returns a unit vector with Order components and a lower bound of First. All components are set to (0.0, 0.0) except for the Index component which is set to (1.0, 0.0). Constraint_Error is raised if Index < First, Index > First + Order – 1, or if First + Order – 1 > Integer'Last.
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function Re (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
function Im (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
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Each function returns a matrix of the specified Cartesian components of X. The index ranges of the result are those of X.
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procedure Set_Re (X : in out Complex_Matrix; Re : in Real_Matrix);
procedure Set_Im (X : in out Complex_Matrix; Im : in Real_Matrix);
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Each procedure replaces the specified (Cartesian) component of each of the components of X by the value of the matching component of Re or Im; the other (Cartesian) component of each of the components is unchanged. Constraint_Error is raised if X'Length(1) is not equal to Re'Length(1) or Im'Length(1) or if X'Length(2) is not equal to Re'Length(2) or Im'Length(2).
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function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re : Real_Matrix)
return Complex_Matrix;
function Compose_From_Cartesian (Re, Im : Real_Matrix)
return Complex_Matrix;
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Each function constructs a matrix of Complex results (in Cartesian representation) formed from given matrices of Cartesian components; when only the real components are given, imaginary components of zero are assumed. The index ranges of the result are those of Re. Constraint_Error is raised if Re'Length(1) is not equal to Im'Length(1) or Re'Length(2) is not equal to Im'Length(2).
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function Modulus (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
function "abs" (Right : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix
renames Modulus;
function Argument (X : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Matrix;
function Argument (X : Complex_Matrix;
Cycle : Real'Base) return Real_Matrix;
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Each function calculates and returns a matrix of the specified polar components of X or Right using the corresponding function in numerics.generic_complex_types. The index ranges of the result are those of X or Right.
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function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Matrix)
return Complex_Matrix;
function Compose_From_Polar (Modulus, Argument : Real_Matrix;
Cycle : Real'Base)
return Complex_Matrix;
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Each function constructs a matrix of Complex results (in Cartesian representation) formed from given matrices of polar components using the corresponding function in numerics.generic_complex_types on matching components of Modulus and Argument. The index ranges of the result are those of Modulus. Constraint_Error is raised if Modulus'Length(1) is not equal to Argument'Length(1) or Modulus'Length(2) is not equal to Argument'Length(2).
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function "+" (Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of Right. The index ranges of the result are those of Right.
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function Conjugate (X : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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This function returns the result of applying the appropriate function Conjugate in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of X. The index ranges of the result are those of X.
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function Transpose (X : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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This function returns the transpose of a matrix X. The first and second index ranges of the result are X'Range(2) and X'Range(1) respectively.
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function "+" (Left, Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Left, Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of Left and the matching component of Right. The index ranges of the result are those of Left. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length(1) is not equal to Right'Length(1) or Left'Length(2) is not equal to Right'Length(2).
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function "*" (Left, Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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This operation provides the standard mathematical operation for matrix multiplication. The first and second index ranges of the result are Left'Range(1) and Right'Range(2) respectively. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length(2) is not equal to Right'Length(1). This operation involves inner products.
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function "*" (Left, Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Matrix;
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This operation returns the outer product of a (column) vector Left by a (row) vector Right using the appropriate operation "*" in numerics.generic_complex_types for computing the individual components. The first and second index ranges of the result are Left'Range and Right'Range respectively.
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function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Vector;
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This operation provides the standard mathematical operation for multiplication of a (row) vector Left by a matrix Right. The index range of the (row) vector result is Right'Range(2). Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length is not equal to Right'Length(1). This operation involves inner products.
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function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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This operation provides the standard mathematical operation for multiplication of a matrix Left by a (column) vector Right. The index range of the (column) vector result is Left'Range(1). Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length(2) is not equal to Right'Length. This operation involves inner products.
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function "+" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "+" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "-" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of Left and the matching component of Right. The index ranges of the result are those of Left. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length(1) is not equal to Right'Length(1) or Left'Length(2) is not equal to Right'Length(2).
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function "*" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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Each operation provides the standard mathematical operation for matrix multiplication. The first and second index ranges of the result are Left'Range(1) and Right'Range(2) respectively. Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length(2) is not equal to Right'Length(1). These operations involve inner products.
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function "*" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Matrix;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Matrix;
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Each operation returns the outer product of a (column) vector Left by a (row) vector Right using the appropriate operation "*" in numerics.generic_complex_types for computing the individual components. The first and second index ranges of the result are Left'Range and Right'Range respectively.
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function "*" (Left : Real_Vector;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Vector;
Right : Real_Matrix) return Complex_Vector;
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Each operation provides the standard mathematical operation for multiplication of a (row) vector Left by a matrix Right. The index range of the (row) vector result is Right'Range(2). Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length is not equal to Right'Length(1). These operations involve inner products.
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function "*" (Left : Real_Matrix;
Right : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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Each operation provides the standard mathematical operation for multiplication of a matrix Left by a (column) vector Right. The index range of the (column) vector result is Left'Range(1). Constraint_Error is raised if Left'Length(2) is not equal to Right'Length. These operations involve inner products.
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function "*" (Left : Complex; Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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This operation returns the result of multiplying each component of Right by the complex number Left using the appropriate operation "*" in numerics.generic_complex_types. The index ranges of the result are those of Right.
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function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix; Right : Complex) return Complex_Matrix;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Matrix; Right : Complex) return Complex_Matrix;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of the matrix Left and the complex number Right. The index ranges of the result are those of Left.
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function "*" (Left : Real'Base;
Right : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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This operation returns the result of multiplying each component of Right by the real number Left using the appropriate operation "*" in numerics.generic_complex_types. The index ranges of the result are those of Right.
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function "*" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Matrix;
function "/" (Left : Complex_Matrix;
Right : Real'Base) return Complex_Matrix;
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Each operation returns the result of applying the corresponding operation in numerics.generic_complex_types to each component of the matrix Left and the real number Right. The index ranges of the result are those of Left.
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function Solve (A : Complex_Matrix; X : Complex_Vector) return Complex_Vector;
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This function returns a vector Y such that X is (nearly) equal to A * Y. This is the standard mathematical operation for solving a single set of linear equations. The index range of the result is A'Range(2). Constraint_Error is raised if A'Length(1), A'Length(2), and X'Length are not equal. Constraint_Error is raised if the matrix A is ill-conditioned.
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function Solve (A, X : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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This function returns a matrix Y such that X is (nearly) equal to A * Y. This is the standard mathematical operation for solving several sets of linear equations. The index ranges of the result are A'Range(2) and X'Range(2). Constraint_Error is raised if A'Length(1), A'Length(2), and X'Length(1) are not equal. Constraint_Error is raised if the matrix A is ill-conditioned.
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function Inverse (A : Complex_Matrix) return Complex_Matrix;
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This function returns a matrix B such that A * B is (nearly) equal to the unit matrix. The index ranges of the result are A'Range(2) and A'Range(1). Constraint_Error is raised if A'Length(1) is not equal to A'Length(2). Constraint_Error is raised if the matrix A is ill-conditioned.
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function Determinant (A : Complex_Matrix) return Complex;
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This function returns the determinant of the matrix A. Constraint_Error is raised if A'Length(1) is not equal to A'Length(2).
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function Eigenvalues(A : Complex_Matrix) return Real_Vector;
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This function returns the eigenvalues of the Hermitian matrix A as a vector sorted into order with the largest first. Constraint_Error is raised if A'Length(1) is not equal to A'Length(2). The index range of the result is A'Range(1). Argument_Error is raised if the matrix A is not Hermitian.
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procedure Eigensystem(A : in Complex_Matrix;
Values : out Real_Vector;
Vectors : out Complex_Matrix);
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This procedure computes both the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hermitian matrix A. The out parameter Values is the same as that obtained by calling the function Eigenvalues. The out parameter Vectors is a matrix whose columns are the eigenvectors of the matrix A. The order of the columns corresponds to the order of the eigenvalues. The eigenvectors are mutually orthonormal, including when there are repeated eigenvalues. Constraint_Error is raised if A'Length(1) is not equal to A'Length(2). The index ranges of the parameter Vectors are those of A. Argument_Error is raised if the matrix A is not Hermitian.
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function Unit_Matrix (Order : Positive;
First_1, First_2 : Integer := 1)
return Complex_Matrix;
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This function returns a square unit matrix with Order**2 components and lower bounds of First_1 and First_2 (for the first and second index ranges respectively). All components are set to (0.0, 0.0) except for the main diagonal, whose components are set to (1.0, 0.0). Constraint_Error is raised if First_1 + Order – 1 > Integer'Last or First_2 + Order – 1 > Integer'Last.

#### Implementation Requirements

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Accuracy requirements for the subprograms Solve, Inverse, Determinant, Eigenvalues and Eigensystem are implementation defined.
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For operations not involving an inner product, the accuracy requirements are those of the corresponding operations of the type Real'Base and Complex in both the strict mode and the relaxed mode (see G.2).
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For operations involving an inner product, no requirements are specified in the relaxed mode. In the strict mode the modulus of the absolute error of the inner product X*Y shall not exceed g*abs(X)*abs(Y) where g is defined as
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g = X'Length * Real'Machine_Radix**(1 – Real'Model_Mantissa)
for mixed complex and real operands
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g = sqrt(2.0) * X'Length * Real'Machine_Radix**(1 – Real'Model_Mantissa)
for two complex operands
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For the L2-norm, no accuracy requirements are specified in the relaxed mode. In the strict mode the relative error on the norm shall not exceed g / 2.0 + 3.0 * Real'Model_Epsilon where g has the definition appropriate for two complex operands.

#### Documentation Requirements

155/2
Implementations shall document any techniques used to reduce cancellation errors such as extended precision arithmetic.

#### Implementation Permissions

156/2
The nongeneric equivalent packages may, but need not, be actual instantiations of the generic package for the appropriate predefined type.
157/2
Although many operations are defined in terms of operations from numerics.generic_complex_types, they need not be implemented by calling those operations provided that the effect is the same.

#### Implementation Advice

158/2
Implementations should implement the Solve and Inverse functions using established techniques. Implementations are recommended to refine the result by performing an iteration on the residuals; if this is done then it should be documented.
159/2
It is not the intention that any special provision should be made to determine whether a matrix is ill-conditioned or not. The naturally occurring overflow (including division by zero) which will result from executing these functions with an ill-conditioned matrix and thus raise Constraint_Error is sufficient.
160/2
The test that a matrix is Hermitian should use the equality operator to compare the real components and negation followed by equality to compare the imaginary components (see G.2.1).
161/2
Implementations should not perform operations on mixed complex and real operands by first converting the real operand to complex. See G.1.1.

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