---
layout: docs
page_title: Database - Secrets Engines
description: |-
  The database secrets engine generates database credentials dynamically based
  on configured roles. It works with a number of different databases through a
  plugin interface. There are a number of built-in database types and an exposed
  framework for running custom database types for extendability.
---

# Databases

The database secrets engine generates database credentials dynamically based on
configured roles. It works with a number of different databases through a plugin
interface. There are a number of built-in database types, and an exposed framework
for running custom database types for extendability. This means that services
that need to access a database no longer need to hardcode credentials: they can
request them from Vault, and use Vault's [leasing mechanism](/vault/docs/concepts/lease)
to more easily roll keys. These are referred to as "dynamic roles" or "dynamic
secrets".

Since every service is accessing the database with unique credentials, it makes
auditing much easier when questionable data access is discovered. You can track
it down to the specific instance of a service based on the SQL username.

Vault makes use of its own internal revocation system to ensure that users
become invalid within a reasonable time of the lease expiring.

### Static roles

Vault also supports **static roles** for all database secrets engines. Static
roles are a 1-to-1 mapping of Vault roles to usernames in a database. With
static roles, Vault stores and automatically rotates passwords for the
associated database user based on a configurable period of time or rotation
schedule.

When a client requests credentials for the static role, Vault returns the
current password for whichever database user is mapped to the requested role.
With static roles, anyone with the proper Vault policies can access the
associated user account in the database.

<Warning title="Do not use static roles for root database credentials">
   Do not manage the same root database credentials that you provide to Vault in
   <tt>config/</tt> with static roles.

   Vault does not distinguish between standard credentials and root credentials
   when rotating passwords. If you assign your root credentials to a static
   role, any dynamic or static users managed by that database configuration will
   fail after rotation because the password for <tt>config/</tt> is no longer
   valid.

   If you need to rotate root credentials, use the
   [Rotate root credentials](/vault/api-docs/secret/databases#rotate-root-credentials)
   API endpoint.
</Warning>

Consult the [database capabilities table](#db-capabilities-table) to determine
if your chosen database backend supports static roles.

## Setup

Most secrets engines must be configured in advance before they can perform their
functions. These steps are usually completed by an operator or configuration
management tool.

1. Enable the database secrets engine:

   ```shell-session
   $ vault secrets enable database
   Success! Enabled the database secrets engine at: database/
   ```

   By default, the secrets engine will enable at the name of the engine. To
   enable the secrets engine at a different path, use the `-path` argument.

1. Configure Vault with the proper plugin and connection information:

   ```shell-session
   $ vault write database/config/my-database \
       plugin_name="..." \
       connection_url="..." \
       allowed_roles="..." \
       username="..." \
       password="..." \
   ```

   ~> It is highly recommended a user within the database is created
   specifically for Vault to use. This user will be used to manipulate
   dynamic and static users within the database. This user is called the
   "root" user within the documentation.

   Vault will use the user specified here to create/update/revoke database
   credentials. That user must have the appropriate permissions to perform
   actions upon other database users (create, update credentials, delete, etc.).

   This secrets engine can configure multiple database connections. For details
   on the specific configuration options, please see the database-specific
   documentation.

1. After configuring the root user, it is highly recommended you rotate that user's
   password such that the vault user is not accessible by any users other than
   Vault itself:

   ```shell-session
   $ vault write -force database/rotate-root/my-database
   ```

   !> When this is done, the password for the user specified in the previous step
   is no longer accessible. Because of this, it is highly recommended that a
   user is created specifically for Vault to use to manage database
   users.

1. Configure a role that maps a name in Vault to a set of creation statements to
   create the database credential:

   ```shell-session
   $ vault write database/roles/my-role \
       db_name=my-database \
       creation_statements="..." \
       default_ttl="1h" \
       max_ttl="24h"
   Success! Data written to: database/roles/my-role
   ```

   The `{{username}}` and `{{password}}` fields will be populated by the plugin
   with dynamically generated values. In some plugins the `{{expiration}}` field is also supported.

## Usage

After the secrets engine is configured and a user/machine has a Vault token with
the proper permission, it can generate credentials.

1.  Generate a new credential by reading from the `/creds` endpoint with the name
    of the role:

    ```shell-session
    $ vault read database/creds/my-role
    Key                Value
    ---                -----
    lease_id           database/creds/my-role/2f6a614c-4aa2-7b19-24b9-ad944a8d4de6
    lease_duration     1h
    lease_renewable    true
    password           FSREZ1S0kFsZtLat-y94
    username           v-vaultuser-e2978cd0-ugp7iqI2hdlff5hfjylJ-1602537260
    ```

## Database capabilities

As of Vault 1.6, all databases support dynamic roles and static roles. All plugins except MongoDB Atlas support rotating
the root user's credentials. MongoDB Atlas cannot support rotating the root user's credentials because it uses a public
and private key pair to authenticate.

<a id="db-capabilities-table" />


| Database                                                               | Root Credential Rotation | Dynamic Roles | Static Roles | Username Customization | Credential Types          |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ | ------------- | ------------ | ---------------------- |---------------------------|
| [Cassandra](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/cassandra)                         | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes (1.6+)   | Yes (1.7+)             | password                     |
| [Couchbase](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/couchbase)                         | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.7+)             | password                     |
| [Elasticsearch](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/elasticdb)                     | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes (1.6+)   | Yes (1.8+)             | password                     |
| [HanaDB](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/hanadb)                               | Yes (1.6+)               | Yes           | Yes (1.6+)   | Yes (1.12+)            | password                     |
| [InfluxDB](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/influxdb)                           | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes (1.6+)   | Yes (1.8+)             | password                     |
| [MongoDB](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/mongodb)                             | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.7+)             | password                     |
| [MongoDB Atlas](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/mongodbatlas)                  | No                       | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.8+)             | password, client_certificate |
| [MSSQL](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/mssql)                                 | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.7+)             | password                     |
| [MySQL/MariaDB](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/mysql-maria)                   | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.7+)             | password, gcp_iam            |
| [Oracle](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/oracle)                               | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.7+)             | password                     |
| [PostgreSQL](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/postgresql)                       | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.7+)             | password, gcp_iam            |
| [Redis](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/redis)                                 | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | No                     | password                     |
| [Redis ElastiCache](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/rediselasticache)          | No                       | No            | Yes          | No                     | password                     |
| [Redshift](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/redshift)                           | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.8+)             | password                     |
| [Snowflake](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/snowflake)                         | Yes                      | Yes           | Yes          | Yes (1.8+)             | password, rsa_private_key    |

## Custom plugins

This secrets engine allows custom database types to be run through the exposed
plugin interface. Please see the [custom database plugin](/vault/docs/secrets/databases/custom)
for more information.

## Credential types

Database systems support a variety of authentication methods and credential types.
The database secrets engine supports management of credentials alternative to usernames
and passwords. The [credential_type](/vault/api-docs/secret/databases#credential_type)
and [credential_config](/vault/api-docs/secret/databases#credential_config) parameters
of dynamic and static roles configure the credential that Vault will generate and
make available to database plugins. See the documentation of individual database
plugins for the credential types they support and usage examples.

## Schedule-based static role rotation

The database secrets engine supports configuring schedule-based automatic
credential rotation for static roles with the
[rotation_schedule](/vault/api-docs/secret/databases#rotation_schedule) field.
For example:

```shell-session
$ vault write database/static-roles/my-role \
    db_name=my-database \
    username="vault" \
    rotation_schedule="0 * * * SAT"
```

This configuration will set the role's credential rotation to occur on Saturday
at 00:00.

Additionally, this schedule-based approach allows for optionally configuring a
[rotation_window](/vault/api-docs/secret/databases#rotation_window) in which
the automatic rotation is allowed to occur. For example:

```shell-session
$ vault write database/static-roles/my-role \
    db_name=my-database \
    username="vault" \
    rotation_window="1h" \
    rotation_schedule="0 * * * SAT"
```

This configuration will set rotations to occur on Saturday at 00:00. The 1
hour `rotation_window` will prevent the rotation from occuring after 01:00. If
the static role's credential is not rotated during this window, due to a failure
or otherwise, it will not be rotated until the next scheduled rotation.

!> The `rotation_period` and `rotation_schedule` fields are
mutually exclusive. One of them must be set but not both.

## Password generation

Passwords are generated via [Password Policies](/vault/docs/concepts/password-policies).
Databases can optionally set a password policy for use across all roles or at the
individual role level for that database. For example, each time you call
`vault write database/config/my-database` you can specify a password policy for all
roles using `my-database`. Each database has a default password policy defined as:
20 characters with at least 1 uppercase character, at least 1 lowercase character,
at least 1 number, and at least 1 dash character.

The default password generation can be represented as the following password policy:

```hcl
length = 20

rule "charset" {
	charset = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
	min-chars = 1
}
rule "charset" {
	charset = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
	min-chars = 1
}
rule "charset" {
	charset = "0123456789"
	min-chars = 1
}
rule "charset" {
	charset = "-"
	min-chars = 1
}
```

## Disable character escaping

As of Vault 1.10, you can now specify the option `disable_escaping` with a value of `true ` in
some secrets engines to prevent Vault from escaping special characters in the username and password
fields. This is necessary for some alternate connection string formats, such as ADO with MSSQL or Azure
SQL. See the [databases secrets engine API docs](/vault/api-docs/secret/databases#common-fields) and reference
individual plugin documentation to determine support for this parameter.

For example, when the password contains URL-escaped characters like `#` or `%` they will
remain as so instead of becoming `%23` and `%25` respectively.

```shell-session
$ vault write database/config/my-mssql-database \
plugin_name="mssql-database-plugin" \
connection_url='server=localhost;port=1433;user id={{username}};password={{password}};database=mydb;' \
username="root" \
password='your#StrongPassword%' \
disable_escaping="true"
```

## Unsupported databases

### AWS DynamoDB

Amazon Web Services (AWS) DynamoDB is a fully managed, serverless, key-value NoSQL database service. While
DynamoDB is not supported by the database secrets engine, you can use the [AWS secrets engine](/vault/docs/secrets/aws)
to provision dynamic credentials capable of accessing DynamoDB.

1. Verify you have the AWS secrets engine enabled and configured.

1. Create a role with the necessary permissions for your users to access DynamoDB. For example:

   ```shell-session
   $ vault write aws/roles/aws-dynamodb-read \
           credential_type=iam_user \
           policy_document=-<<EOF
   {
   	"Version": "2012-10-17",
   	"Statement": [
   		{
   			"Effect": "Allow",
   			"Action": [
   				"dynamodb:DescribeTable",
   				"dynamodb:GetItem",
   				"dynamodb:GetRecords"
   			],
   			"Resource": "arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-1:1234567891:table/example-table"
   		},
   		{
   			"Effect": "Allow",
   			"Action": "dynamodb:ListTables",
   			"Resource": "*"
   		}
   	]
   }
   EOF
   ```

1. Generate dynamic credentials for DynamoDB using the `aws-dynamodb-read` role:

   ```shell-session
   $ vault read aws/creds/aws-dynamodb-read
   Key                Value
   ---                -----
   lease_id           aws/creds/my-role/kbSnl9WSDzOXQerd8GiVh75N.DACNl
   lease_duration     1h
   lease_renewable    true
   access_key         AKALMNOP123456
   secret_key         xY4XhS3AsM3s+R33tCaybsT2XI6BVL+vF+khbbYD
   security_token     <nil>
   ```

1. Use the dynamic credentials generated by Vault to access DynamoDB. For example, to connect with the
   the [AWS CLI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/dynamodb/).

   ```shell-session
   $ aws dynamodb list-tables --region us-east-1
   {
       "TableNames": [
           "example-table"
       ]
   }
   ```

## Tutorial

Refer to the following step-by-step tutorials for more information:

- [Secrets as a Service: Dynamic Secrets](/vault/tutorials/db-credentials/database-secrets)
- [Database Root Credential Rotation](/vault/tutorials/db-credentials/database-root-rotation)
- [Database Static Roles and Credential Rotation](/vault/tutorials/db-credentials/database-creds-rotation)

## API

The database secrets engine has a full HTTP API. Please see the [Database secret
secrets engine API](/vault/api-docs/secret/databases) for more details.
